1 10 48 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/34e4d34bccbce37335164e2ada7c5c0b.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=u0ZjYPgauIxMAVd9pIGekrkQDnaZP91V6DG7ZA-HalrBGu8kHIYixpoTH3KBUMUkCLIzmB%7E0Uc4Vldy-C3WBICMZFO5svG%7EaRgB6sYqFGpwWa5c14pBrhoLTyZhWeqac4qtZN4P9SUE-sKJv8dSFvuf2qR3GPHhveFT18bGwzgKMzstnuSi2D%7EQibdYKg6C1HJie%7EDgdSei7UyPleKg5IIougS2sIV%7EE1gfAqBVxWQosH4X1su00qiC377Xq8Lm%7EVAsrFzraJ4ibWfufioCPmpWo38NATZJs-4DKk1-0Xi1F4EnivIgLP42hMcZhIhSMi1x2zovCPb85fLD%7EYQRf0A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 820ff7857592a662fb85a4afaf78a9fe PDF Text Text l4l THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM more , the effective implementation of this inadequate program is not assured as yet . If the reported diversion to Italy of a 17 , 000 ton wheat shipment destined for Austria should take place it would have disastrous nutritional and political consequences . This week brief scattered strikes involving s everal thousand workers have begun to occur in Vienna as a protest against the food situation. Addl scattered strikes are expected, and the possibility of a general strike continues to threaten. Disillusionment with the western democracies has resulted from t 'rie inadequacy of the UNRRA relief program to date 11 I trust the State Dept is making every effort to obtain an increase in UNRRA 1 s program for Austria and effective execution of it . It will also be appreciated if the State Dept could obtain clarification of the responsibilities of UNRRA and the War Dept . The latter has terminated its responsibility for civilian . supplies for Austria and its responsibility for preventing disease and unrest . (See W~ 85514 , Apr 24 and ~7896, l4 May . ) UNRRA. however has assumed responsibility only for the items within its program and to the extent of its funds . Therefore , it appears that no agency is responsible for assuring Austria ' s minimum requirements pf coal , and the other relief and rehabilitation supplies which are essential to the long-term US objectives in Austria . "While much less important than credits and the UNRRA program, various measures lying within the power of the US element of the Allied Cow.mission are being taken in Vienna to facilitate tpe economic reconstruction of Austria . Such measures include pressing for quadripartite .approval of (a) provisional exchange rates , (b) instructions to the Austrian Government requiring more vigorous measures of food col l ection, (c) arrangements for obtaining from Germany minimum essential imports , (d) trade arrangements with other countries, and ( e) Austrian membership in international organizations . Such measures also include, in the US zone , arrangj_ng for the sale to Austrians for Schillings of OEM, chiefly vehicles . , 11 We are keeping in view long-r ang3 measu.res for economic devel,opment in Austria, including cooperative pro.jects for the development of the whole Danube Basin under UN auspices , but until the present emergency is past and political factors become more clear no planning for such matters can usefully be undertaken . " 1 ( * * * * HINTERSTODER, JUNE 21, 1946: General C~ark left his lodge at 1000 hours and spent the entire day fishing . In the evening he went hunting and shot a buck deer . Mrs . Clark and Ann drove from Wels and joined the General at the lodge . * �l HIN~ERSTODER; JUNE 22 19/46: General Clark left the lodge at 09.30 ho'llI's and spent the entire day fishing . * * * HINTERSTODER, JUNE 2.3, 1946 : General Clark left his lodge accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Ann and Captain Jordan and motored to Gmunden where he was met by General Collins . Here the party embarked in a yacht and toured to the other end of the lake where they were picked up by the automobiles and motored to Salzburg. After lunch at General Collins 1 villa, General Clark' s party drove to Bercht esgaden where they saw the famed Hitler 1 s Eagle Nest . Thereafter they returned to Salzburg and toured the grounds of the Schloss Klessheim where the General had had his headquarters last fall . The party then returned to General Collins ' villa where they had an early dinner and then boarded General Clark ' s private car which was attached to the Mozart , and returned to Vienna . * ( * * VIENNA, JUNE 24, 1946: General Clark arrived in Vienna at 0715 hours and went to the villa . H~ arrived at his headquarters at 0900 hours and :immediately saw General McMahon, followed by Mr . Erhardt . He again saw General McMahon, accompanied by Colonel Lloyd, and later saw Colonel Martin on Austrian marriages . Later General McMahon br ought in Colonel LaDue and next Colonel Flory. General Clark had lunch at the Bank Building after which he went to his villa where he spent the remainder of the day . At 1920 hours the General left his villa for Sch8nbrunn Palace where he, Mrs . Clark and Ann were the guests of General Steele at a dinner which preceded the performance of Tattoo . This show lasted until mi dnight . General Clark sent the following personal·message to General Gruenther (CG-062401 RESTRICTED): "Your message on confirmation by Senate came during my absence in zone with Collins . A great relief to me . You know how grateful I am to you for the work you have accomplished in my behalf . Am writing to all concerned •1t * * * * If VIENNA, JUNE 25 , 1946: General Clark left Schonbrunn Palace at 0020 hours and went directly to Franz Josef Bahnhof where he boarded his private train for Milan. Accompanying him were Mrs . Clark, Ann and Bill., Colonel and Mrs . Howard, Captains Luther and Jordan. The party spent the day on the train. At Innsbruck, the General was met by Gener al Voizard, Military Governor of the French Section of Austria , who rode to the Brenner with the General . General Clark received the following telegram sent i' ARCOS for Norstad ., Info for Clark, from Lincoln (Ref . No . OCD-22 SECRET) : �"Secretary of State asks that instructions be sent to Clark so that Clark can give US approval to riew control ·agreement for Austria at AOC meeting on 28th . DELSEC 621 to State Dept contains same request as above sentence . " General Clark received the foltowing message from USMA Prague signed Koenig (Ref . No . TB-210): 11 Genl Bocek Chief of Staff of the Czechoslovak Army has requested me to extend on behalf' of his govt a cordial invitation t,o Genl Clark and such officers as he may designate to visit Prague sometime between June 30 and July 6 both dates inclusive for purpose of being guests of Czechoslovak Govt . Information desired earliest by Genl Bocek is names of party dates of visit, mode of travel and which of pai·ty already have Czech decorations and which ones they have . tt * ( * * MILAN, JUNE 26 1946: General Clark 1 s train arrived at Milan at 0100 hours and the General , accompanied by his party, left the train for the Hotel Diana which was t o be his headquarters while in Milan. The party spent the morning shopping and sightseeing around Milan and at 1215 hours, accompanied by Colonel Hume and Mr . Alfredo Pizzoni, General Clark went to the Credito Italiano where he met the leading bankers who had financed the Partisan movement in t he liberation of northern Italy . General Clark returned to the hotel at 1245 hours where he was joined by the rest of his party . At 1300 hours the acting mayor of Milan gave a luncheon at Castle Sforzesco, this being the first occasion a meal was served in the castle . At the luncheon General Clark was presented with a bronze placque by the city of Milan. After lunch the General returned to the hotel where he rested for a short time , and at 1730 hours returned to the square of the Castle where he presented a group of forty -five Partisans with the bronze staff medal . An elaborate ceremony had been prepared and the General was received with the usual great enthusiasm . General Clark returned to the hotel where he gave a cocktail and dinner party at 1930 hours . Among the guests were General and Mrs . Cardona , Chi ef of Staff of the Italian Army, Mr . and Mrs . Pizzoni ., Count and Countess Castelbarco . -The Countess is Maestro Tcscinini 1 s daughter . At'2045 hours, General C~ark, accompanied by his guests, proceeded to the LaScala opera house where he was the honored guest at the last concert of Arturo Toscinini. Gene;-al Clark occupied the Royal Box . After the concert the Maestro received General Clark in his dressing room which was the breaking of ahother precedent. Immediately after this General Clark left for the station where he d-eparted for Vi enna in his private train. Ainembassy Paris sent the following message to SECSTATE, repeated to Vienna and London (Ref . No . 101 , SEX:;RET): 11 All the factors involved having been considered further, I feel the new control agreement for Austria should be given approval immed~ately. (This is DELSEC 629; sent as 3120 to Dept, reptd as �477 to London and 101 t o Vienna) . 11 General Clark received the following message from USFET signed McNarney : (Ref No . SC- 30484): · "War Dept advises that para 1 War Dept Number 139 dated 22 June curr ent announces appointment as Major General Regular Army of General Mark w. Clark, 0- 5309, US Army with rank from 7 October 1944 . 1• General Clark received the following message from Walter Lippman; nThe Senate has acted as it was bound to do on t he merits and as all your friends and admirers wanted i t to . Warm regards ." * ENROUTE , June 27 , 1946: General Clark spent all day on the train . At 1630 hours he arrived in Salzburg where he was met by General Collins . Here General Clark, Mrs . Clark , Ann, Bill and Captain Luther boarded a B-17 and arrived at Tulln Airfield in Vienna at 1800 hours . General Clark flew in his cub from Tulln to the cub strip in Vienna and returned to his villa . In the evening he attended a birthday party given for General Tate at General Tate•s villa. ( * * * * VIE1NA, JUNE 28, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and immediately saw General Tate on the briefing for the Allied Council meeting to be held at 1100 hours. After covering the agenda , the General discussed several items with Mr . Erhardt . After seeing General McMahon for a short time, General Clark, accompanied by General Tate and Mr . Erhardt, left the Headquarters for the Allied Commission Building., The General ret~rned from the meeting at 1600 hours and shortly thereafter held a press conference . After the press conference , General Clark saw Generals Lewis, Haynes and McMahon and Colonels Smith ' and Yarborough on the incidents between Russian soldiers in the American zone and the military police . General Clark left his Headquarters at 1745 hours and went to his villa where he spent the rest of the day . * * VIENNA, JUNE 29, 1946.: General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours and after working on accumulated correspondence saw Colonel McLean at 1000 hours on three court martial cases which the Colonel had ready for action . At 1030 hours Colonel Moran talked with the General, accompanied by General McMahon. General Schuyler, head of .ACC Rumania , c alled on t he General at 1100 hours to pay his respects . After seeing Generals Tate and McMahon .the General left his Headquarters at 1245 hours and went to his villa where he spent the rest of the day . At 1930 hours General Clark, accompanied by Mrs . Clark and Ann, had dinner with Colonel and Mrs . Sullivan. General Clark sent the following letter to Col . Ge~eral L.V. �Kurasov , Deputy Commander, Soviet Forces Austria: ( \ 11 Yesterday afternocn I called in my Commanding General of the Vienna Area Command and his Provost Marshal and other senior commanders in order to emphasize my instructions to take all possible precautions to avoid and minimize incidents with troops of other Allied forces in Vienna . · During thi s conference , the Provost ~larshal stated that from time to time cases had occurred in t he United States Zone of Vienna of drunkenness, assaults , alleged rapes and other offenses committed by Allied soldiers . Ordinarily such incidents have not been brought to the personal notice of t he Commanders - in-Chief concerned . In order that you may be informed of such cases , in the future I shall send to you every f orty-eight hours any cases involving members of the Soviet Forces . I will apprec·i ate in return any similar reports from the Soviet districts in Vienna concerning United States soldiers . I hope that by our combined and cooperative efforts such reports will be very few in number . 11 Please be assured of my firm intent to prevent further incidents between our troops . 11 General Clark sent the following telegram to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, information to Amembassy Moscow and Amembassy, Paris for DELS&;:;(Ref . No . P-0568, S&;RET): 11 Reference is made 1;,o message number 1990 from Ambassador Moscow to Secstate dated 25 June relaying translation of letter from Deputy Foreign Affairs USSR concerning repatriation of Soviet citizens in US Zone Austria . In this connection attention is invited to my messages P-1666, P-4575, P-5453, P-6046 and P-8751 . "Statement by Deputy Foreign Affairs in his letter concerning admission by Lt Col. McFeely to Major Genl Foreign Ministl""J in American Zone that there are 21,600 registered Soviet citizens in the US Zone Austria is incorrect . Such a statement was written into Soviet minutes , following conference in Vienna on 15 April. This statement was not accepted by Lt . Col. MoFeely when Soviet minutes of meeting were circulated . Statement was denied by Col. .McFeely in a letter sent to Col . Starov, dated 8 May. Soviet authorities here have repeatedly used the basis of this erroneous statement in the minutes of meeting 15 April to justify the return of a Soviet Mission to the US Zone . The situation in the US Zone is as stated in my message P-8751 0 "Soviets here have repeatedly made accusations regarding publication of anti-Soviet propaganda in Ukranian, Baltic and White Russian displaced persons camps . The disseminatfons of such propaganda is being watched by .the authorities in the US Zone . Wherever any articles ap• pear which carry any semblance of anti-Soviet propaganda steps are taken to punish offenders in military government courts . Posters are displayed in all camps warning against any act, publication or other activity tending towar d 4uiti-Sovi et propaganda . These posters warn as to consequences of violations . 11 .Arguments put forth by the USSR Deputy Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Moscow are same as those used here by General Zheltov and other Soviet officials to justify return of a Soviet lission to the US Zone . I am convinced that the main object behind Soviet insistence on estab- �( lishing another mission in the US Zone is for intelligence purposes , which activity previous Soviet missions to the US Zone engaged in , as reported in my message P-1666 . 11So far I have been unable to reach any agreed basis for the return of a Soviet Mission to my zone. 'As stated in my message P-4575 I am prepared to allow a Soviet mission to return to the US Zone when a scheme of operations of such a mission has been worked out here , or at governmental level . "Request you relay copy my message P- 8751 to Ambassador Moscow for his information." General Clark sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department (Ref . P- 0560 SECRET): 11 1 . At .Ulied Council meeting 28 June Genl Kurasov represented Marshal Konev who has not yet returned to Vienna . 11 2. New control agreement including French Amendment Arti cle 5 was signed by four Commanders . Summary of agreement was included in communique ., Press here and Austrian Govt have been informed . "3 . Council took act i on to (a) relax control over aircraft flights within Austria; (b) establish procedure for procurement and allocation of coal ; (c.) clar ify status of foreign missions; and (d) recommend measures to Austrian Government for improvement in food supply . 11 4. Sov;i.et member made statement pointi."lg out slowness Austrian . Government in carrying out .tA.llied Council directives concerning deNazification . Council agreed to thorough discussion this subject at next meeting 12 July after receipt of reports from Austrian Government· officials . · 11 5. Fot"r Commanders held informal discussion after Allied Council meeting concerning funds for occupation costs for next guarter . No agreement r eached due to excessive demands by Soviets . Until agreement has been reached Soviets will be unable to obtain any funds for occupation costs . British, F~ench and U.S. elements each have sufficient funds remaining fr om earlier allocations to continue payment occupation costs . In view of favorable monetary pos i tion, all three elements will continue pressure to make Soviets. reduce their occupation costs . 11 * * * H1NTERSTODER, JUNE 30, 1946: General Clark left the cub strip , piloted by Ma jor Oswalt at 0600 hours and landed at Hinterstoder at 0715 hours . The General was accompanied in a second cub by Colonel Lloyd . They were met by fishermen at the lodge and went fishing immediately. Because of poor fishing , General Clark returned to Vienna at 1400 hours and went to the villa . At 1800 hours the General, Mrs~ Clark and Ann went to Franz Josef Bahnhof where they witnessed the arrival of the dependents • train . The family had dinner at the villa . * * * * VIENNA, JtTLY 1, 1946 : General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . He worked on accumulated correspondence and official papers until 1000 hours and . then saw General Tate an:i later General McMahon . After con- �£erring with Colonel Pesek and General McMahon on arrangements for the trip to Prague, General Clark talked for a short time with Mr . Erhardt . At 1300 hours General Clark left hiscffice for his villa and had lunch with Mrs . Clark and Ann . He spent the rest of the afternoon resting and playing tennis and at 2100 hours boarded his private train at Franz Josef Bahnhof for Prague . Guests included General and Mrs . Tate , Mr . and Mrs . Erhardt, General and Mrs . Snavely, Colonels Mccaffrey, Grogan, Rundell , McLean, Lt . Colonels Shineman and McFeely , and Captain Luther . The train departed at 2200 hours . * * * PRAGUE, JULY 2 1946: General Clark arrived at Prague at 0845 hours at the Wilson Station . He was met by General Bocek , Chief ·of Staff of the Czechoslovak Army , who was to act as his host during his stay in Czechoslovakia . After reviewing an honor guard made up of soldiers of the Czech Army , General Clark and his party went to the Esplanade Hotel where they were to stay while in Prague . At 0930 hours General Clark, accompanied by the officers in his party, left the hotel and paid a courtesy visit to General Ludwig Svoboda , Minister of National Defense . Here the General presented each of his officers to the Mi nister and after talking for a short time they departed for the monastary at Loretto . After visiting Loretto, the party proceeded to Hradcany Castle where they were received by President Bern~s . General Clark at this time was decorated by the President with the Order of the White Lion for Victory, First Class, a decoration which only a very small number of people have received so far . After an informal chat with the President, the General ' s party vis ited the cathedral adjoining the Castle and then returned to the Hotel Esplanade where an informal luncheon was held . In the afternoon the General's party, including the ladies , visited Karstein Castle which was approximately one hour's drive from Prague . The Castle was built by Charles the Fourth as a stronghold for the crown jewels . Before leaving the Castle the party had tea at the Hotel Charles the Fourth and then returned to Prague . In the evening, General Clark was guest of honor at a d_, nner given at an outdoor restaurant, Barrandov, overlooking the city and river . General and Mrs . Clark returned to the hotel shortly after midnight . ' General Clark sent the following personal telegram to General Gruenther (Restricted , CG- 070201): "Your letter 24 June received today . Thanks for all details . Am greatly interested in McCarthy Project . Hope I can discuss details when I come early September for r.:1asonic affair at which time definite decision could be made . Reports could be discussed at that time . Will this arrangement be satisfactory? Your interest greatly appreciated . u * * * PRAGUE, JULY 3, 1946: The General ' s party l eft the hotel at 0900 hours for Lozne Podebardy which was an hour's drive from Prague . Here General Clark and his party t oured a glass factory which produces cutglass, and they witnessed the entire process from the blowing of the original glass to the cutting of the final product . At .1300 hours the party lunched at the hotel, after which they returned to Prague at 1700. Colonel �• ( Koenig, Military Attache , gave a cocktail party and buffet supper at his home , after which General Clark ' s party left for the National Theater for a performance of The Bartered Bride . At 2200 hours General Clark returned to his train where he reviewed an honor guard , shortly after which the train departed . G~neral Clark received the following letter from Colonel General Kurasov of the Russian Element in Austria: 1 am glad to express to you my gratitude for your personal efforts and enactments, directed toward the prevention of incidents among the Allied Armed Forces in Vienna; I am also glad to give you my coment to inform you reciprocally concerning incidents in the Soviet Zone of Vienna . nBut at the same time I believe our reciprocal information alone is not sufficient to prevent re:rmt,ition of such occt:rr ence, in the future, provided the guilty parties are not punished accordingly . 11 0n my own~ side , I am always ready to support all of your directives aimed at the prevention of incidents among our military personnel in the future and presently I am enacting many firm measures the fulfill ment of which should free me from writing unpleasant letters addressed to you. 11 11 * ( * * * VIENNA, JULY 4, 1946: General Clark 1 s train arrived at Franz Josef ' s Bahnhof at 0715 hours from where t he General and I!lrs . Clark arid Ann left for the vil la . The General spent the day at home and in the evening attended a concert -given by the famous violinist, Yehudi lilenuhin, at the Grosser Musikvereinsaal . Following the concert , General and Mrs . Clark gave a dinner at the Hotel Bristol in honor of this artist . The General received the following letter from Colonel General Kurasov of the Russian Element in Austria: "In the name of all the personnel of the armed forces of the Soviet Union and the Soviet .Allied Commission, I send you my sincerest congratulations and the best wishes to you personally , and to those under your command, both military and ci vilian, on the occasion of Independence Day . nr believe that the friendship of our armies and of our peoples who so gloriously triumphed over the trials of the past war , will become even stronger for the benefit of our peoples and for the interests of world peace . 1 · * ( * * * VIENNA, JULY 5, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 . hours and imrnedia~ely saw Colonel Oxx, who has just joined the Headquarters from Italy as assistant to General Tate . Shortly thereafter General Clark onferred v1ith Colonel Grogan regarding preparations to be made for the reception of the group of editors who will a.rrive on Sunday . He next talked with Colonel Rich, at which time he discussed arrangements �( for Mrs . Clark I s trip to Bad Gastein next week . Commarrler Musmanno saw t he General on several personal problems and was followed by Colonel Martin, who discussed four Austrian marriage cases with the General ._ Later General Clark saw Colonel Burr:Lll concerning Colonel McCrory , General Brann 1 s son- in-law , bringing Mrs . Brann and her mother to the , ETO . After seeing General Haynes and Colonel Paxson, General Clark left his office and had lunch at his villa where he spent the rest of the day . General Clark sent t he following letter to Colonel General L. V. Kurasov , Commander-in-Chief of Soviet Occupation Forces Austria: ( "It was with deep regret t hat I learned yesterday afternoon, imrr:ediately followin g the incident, of the shoot ing and killing of a Soviet soldier in the 7th District , Vienna . 11 It was also regrettable that the occurrence shouJ.d take place on the anniversary of our Independence Day and at approximately the time that I received your kind fel icitations thereon . 1tI immediately directed my Inspector General to conduct a thorough investigation in conjunction with the officers of your staff . Find ing the investigation would be somewhat prolonged, I direct 3d a general officer of my staff to convey to you, personally, my sincere regrets . "Preliminary results of the investigation indicate •that at about 1600 hours on July 4, a drunken Soviet soldier , waving a pistol in ,his hand , was observed for some time in the neighborhood of Lerchenf-elderstrasse and Neubaugasse . At least two calls were received at the District Uilitary Police Station reporting the incident , the general location of the soldier and transmitting the information that he was menacing civilians with the weapon. At about ' 1610 hours , an American Military Police Radio Patrol car overt9ok the Soviet soldier who pointed his pistol at one of the Mi l itary Policemen and opened fire . The American Military Police returned the fire in self-defense and the Soviet sold ier was hit . He was immediately taken to the Soviet hospital in t he 7th Bezirk by the International Patrol . "Points worthy of note thus far disclosed by the investigation are: (a) That this is an additional ins tance of an armed Soviet soldier · being in the American zone in violatlon of the Quadripartite agreement and of my agreement with you as entered into on 28 June 1946. (b) Complying with my instructions , none of the American Military Police drew their weapons until after the Soviet soldier had fired directly at them . (c) One American Military Pol i ceman advanced empty- handed to within ten feet of the drunken soldier in an effort to disarm him without bloodshed . (d) The measures adopted were made necessary by the fact that many civilians in the vicinity had been menaced . Previous to arrival of the Military Police , t he Soviet soldier had threatened to shoot ' two civilie.n women . ( e) We have contacted and obtained testimony from many witnesses to this incident , both military and civilian. 11 1/iy positive instructions to our M il i tary Police have been and still are to assist any inebriated members of our Allied forces by ar- �. resting ' and disarming them and escorting them to the District Police Headquarters to be turned over to the Kor.unandat ura of the Ally involved . This policy will continue in effect . 11 I desire to reaffirm my previous statement to you that incidents such as tnis are a matter of deepest concern to me , and that I stand ready to do anything within• my power to prevent recurrence . As I have told you before, I am convinced that a great step will have been taken toward the achievement of our mutual objective in this respect, if you can enforce your instructions designed to keep armed Soviet soldiers out of the.American zone in Vienna . 11 1 A telegram similar in detail to the above letter was dispatched to WARCOS, pass to State Department for relay to U. S • .Ambassador USSR Moscow from Clark, information to CG USFET, western base pass to SECSTATE Byrnes (SECRET, Reference No . P- 0.796) . * * * * VIENNA, JULY 6, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and after going over his accumulated correspondence saw General Tate , who later arranged a conference at 1030 hours with Colonels Paul , Rundell and Marget , and Messrs . Erhardt and Mellen . At this time they dis cussed thB peace treaty with Austria . At 1130 hours General Clark · held a press conference concerning the seizure by the Russians accord- , ing to the Potsdam Agreement of all the German assets in the Russian zone of Austria . Following the press conference , General Clark returned to his villa where he had lunch with Mrs . , Clark and Ann . In the afternoon he played tennis with Ann and in the evening had dinner with his family at the villa . General Clark sent the following letter to Colonel General L. V. Kurasov, Commander- in-Chief of Soviet Occupation Troops in Austria: • nMy attention has been called to an order of the Supreme Commander of the Soviet Occupation Troops in Austria as published under a TASS dispatch dated 27 June 1946 concerning the immediate transfer of German property in Eastern Austria to the ovmership of the USSR . In this order , which claims to be justified on the basis of an agreement made by my Government, notice is given that all German-owned property in Eastern Austria has passed into the possession of the USSR as reparations , and all Austrian authorities and officials and all private · business officials concerned are directed to take necessary steps to effectuate and record tbe possession of such property by the _USSR . 11 I note that in your order no definition of German property is given. I feel this is unfortunate , since it leaves unsettled the important question of whether Austrian property ~eized by Germany in Eastern Austria after ' the Anschluss is to revert to Austrian control , You will recall that this has been the subject of much discussion in the Allied Commission since September 1945, with no results to date due solely to the reluctance of the Soviet Element to consider the question. �l51 0 I assure you that my Government adheres fully to the decisions of the Potsdam conference providing that no reparations should be exacted from Austria; that Allied claims to German reparations should be. satisfj_ed in part from appropriate German external assets; and that the various signatories renounced all claims to German property located in specified areas of ~ustria . Accordingly , my Government has never questioned the right of the USSR to take over possession and ownership of bona-fide German assets located in Eastern Austria . However, cases have arisen in which the Soviet authorities have cited the Potsdam Agreement as authority for the seizure of property which had been taken from former Austrian owners by the German Government or German Nationals by forced transfer during the period of German cont rol of ./Austria. In the view of my Government no assets in Austria may be claimed as German external assets on the authority of the Pots dam Agreement if those assets were acquired by the Government or Nationals of Germany through looting or forced transfer in the sense of the London Declaration of JanUB.r'IJ 1943 . nr trust that the views of my Government will be respected by the Soviet Element in executing your recent order referred to above . 11 General Clark sent thetfollowing message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department (SECRET , REF . No . 0874) : 11 Subject is POL requirements for Austria . References are made to my messages P-8027 , P- ?866 and P- 0072 and your message WAR 91318 . ttDuring May and June Soviet el ement contributed full needs of POL products except 2400 tons gasoline each month . Shortages this item for May and June were supplied by US, Brit and .French elements. In May and June great difficulty was experienced in getting Sov element to state contributions POL products . In each case no firm commitment was made by Sovs until matter reached Allied Council. There was great reluctance on part of lower level Sov officials to make any commitments . This pr~ctice resulted in delay in determining Sov monthly contributions until middle of month in _wbich POL products required . Furthermore Sov gasoline monthly offers have approximated needs only of Sov Zone and all of Vienna . Bulk of gasoline needs in US , Brit and French Zones for May and June have been met from contributions made by each of these 3 occupation powers . 11 The July POL requirement for all of Aus was considered by the Exec Committee on 5 July . The Sov e~ement decl ined to make any statement regarding its contributions from indigenous sources , adding that t ne Sov element was prepared to consider any Aus bid for sale of indigenous POL when such bid was received by the Sov element from the Aus Govt ; This statement is obviously intended to indicate that the Sov element plans in the future only to deal with the ,Aus Govt in the matter of indigenous POL supply, thus eliminating the Allied Council from this controversial subject . I am convinced that by these tactics the Sovs have hopes of forcing the Aus Govt to conclude an agreement with respect to the Zistersdorf oil fields. The US rep of the Exec Committee refused to accept the statement of the Sov member and insisted that the matter be referred to the Allied Council at its meeting 12 July . �11 I propose to press this matter vigorously at the Allied Council meeting. In doing so , hO\!ever , I must consider my present position as regards gasoline supply for the US zone . It will be recalled that at the ·time the .Allied Council considered the UNRF.A agreement in March and, acting under instructions from my Gov, I refused to accept the agreement unless assurance could be given that indigenous resources , including oil, would be supplied to implement the UNRRA program . Later , these instructions fromnu Gov were modified so as to nable me to ac cept the agreement with the understanding that the US element would supply its share of POL requirements for the month of April only . This action on my part forced the Sovs to make a substantial POL contribution in May . At that time I recommended in my P- 8027 that no action be taken by my Gov to force the Sovs to contribute the fu ,l POL needs of Austria . · 11 For May and June I met my share of the gasoline shortage from reserve stocks which had been accumulated . These stocks are now exhausted . Message TT.AR 91318 advises that in the future I must look to UNRRA to supply any POL shortages in the US zone . UNRRA mission in Aus has informed me that it has no funds to procure POL products not• supplied from indigenous sources to the Aus Gov, nor does there appear to be any prospect of acquiring such funds in the future for this purpose • .Accordingly, I have no assured supply of gasoline for my zone , for July and subsequent months . · "In the Allied Council meeting on 12 July I propose to use every device to force the Sovs to supply the full July PeL requirements, and I will refuse to recognize the right of the Sov element to deal directly with the Aus Gov in placing bids for indigenous oil products . I 5hall insist that the POL needs of Aus is a concern of the ,lilied Council until the question of German assets is fully settled . I am c011vinced that the only way I can impress the Sov element to respect my views is to warn them regardinf the sanctions contained in UNRR.A Resolution No . 91 and to fufo.11ll them that I shall recommend to my Gov that such sanctions be imposed in the Sov zone unl ess they agree to make full use of indigenous oil for the economy of Austria . I am convinced this is the only way to force the Sovs t>yield . I shall proceed along this course of action unless otherwise instructed . ••Since the Brit element agreed in March to contribute its share of POL products in order to get UNRRA into Aus they are in no position to take the 1ead in recommending the impo~ition of sanctions under UNRRA Resolution No . 91 . They are prepared , however, to support my fight with the Sovs to force t~e maximum use of indigenous oil in the economy of Aus . The French element is contributing only a fraction of the shortage because of their own supply difficulties , so I am sure they will give support to my proposal . 11 1 have discussed my plan with Parminter who is prepared to support a recommendation for applying sanctions in the Sov Zone if the Sovs refuse to contribute indigenous oil resources to meet the needs of .Aus economy . " General Clark sent the following telegram to AGWAR for Joint Chiefs of Staff , Pass to State Department , info to Western Base Section Paris inform US Embassy for Delsec \'!AR pass to Military Attache Moscow, SECRET , Ref . No . P- 0877: �l53 "Austri ans first reaction to Soviet Commanders order quoted m:y unclassified message P-0876 declaring all German assets in eastern Austria had become Soviet state property under Potsdam was that it ~ave bulk of all property in eastern Austria to USSR and stripped entire Austrian economy to point where country ' s independence im os • sible . "Immediately upon reading it the Chancellor got in touch with us ·about our position. I reiterated to him by letter the US posit ion as already defined in earlier directives . I als o suggested to him that the Austrian Govt issue a clearcut definition of its own conception of the meaning of German assets (which corresponds with ours) for the guidance of Austrians complying with Kurasov 1 s order . I also sent a letter to the Chancellor urging him to block efforts of Soviets to withdraw funds from Vienna banks standing to credit of owners of Soviet property . I have also addressed a strong letter to Kurasov pointing out that his order contains no definition of German assets , and that he has persistently refused to discuss such definition with me in spite of the fact that USSR tries to justify its claims on the basis of a US Govt agreement . British informed of my steps . 0 Peoples Party press did not publish text of order but merely a statement about it promising Austrian Govt would ascertain of- '_ ficial status of order . All other Saturday morning papers published text . _ 1tA1though published July 5 order was dated June 27 one day before signature of new control agreement. "Special session of Cabinet called for this afternoon to consider question of German property . Extraordinary session of Austrian Parliament scheduj.ed for July 10 to give public expression to Austrian views . 11 In response to W AR 92600 I am recommending under para 9 my message P- 0870 dispatched today early public renunciation by the US of all claims to German assets in Austria , including German interest in enterprises in Austria , under reparations . I feel strongly that such renunciation should be made and indications are that US Govt has this in mind . In view of today's announcement by Soviets that all German assets in their zones will be absorbed by them and the extremely adverse effect of this announcement, I bel:ieve that constructive prestiee of U.S. and western policies would be greatly forwarded by our immediate repeat immediate renunciation of claims to German assets in Austria . ' "I realize that as custodians of such assets for UN nations the policy could not be implemented without consent of other UN countries (besides Soviets) . If British and French could be persuaded to make similar pronouncement it would increase pressure on balance to concur . But even without British or French concurrence and to take full advantage of timing I ask authority tomake the announcement -now in name of U. S. 11 If German assets here were turned over to Austria, they could be offset against Austrian claims to property in Germany, and repara• tions nations claims could then all be directed towards Germany . 11 The effect of this immediate announcement of US renunciation �of German assets would be specially forceful in view of today ' s Soviet declaration ~~ich has caused real consternation here . Controls would still be maintained until agreement other UN nations obtained , and such strong US position publicly declared would press other UN nations to go along and wo~ld do more to stimulate business confidence and to re store faith in !iestern orientat:ion lost through Potsdam agreement and failure of UNRRA and South Tyrol than anything else . · "Erhardt fully concurs . 11 General Clark sent the following letter to Chancellor Figl : "In addition to the general observations presented in a separate letter of today , with respect to the definition of "German assets 11 , I wish to call your particular attention to the letter sent on 6 February 1946 on my behalf by my Deputy to various Austrian banking institutions on whom the Soviet authorities had made demands for the release of funds standing to the credit of various shipping companies . In that letter these companies were informed that the assets demanded covld not be regarded as Soviet prcperty until they were determined by quad ripartite action t o be Soviet property ; and that for a.riy banking institution to pay ovt funds belonging to these companies on the basis of a unilateral assertion that they are Soviet property would represent a premature disposition of assets whose ownership should , in the U.S. view, be determined only on a quadripartite basis . In that letter the U.S. element objected to the withdrawal of any funds from the accounts indicated until a quadripartite decision had been taken. 11 0n the matter of further demands from Soviet authorities for withdrawal of funds from bank ac counts standing in the name of physical pr juridical persons whose ownership is claimed by the Soviets under the terms of the Potsdam agreement , the UeS. position remains exactly as stated in our letter d6ted 6 February 1946 . I trust , therefore , that you will , through the I!iinistry cf Finance , take steps similar to those taken in February in order to prevent the withdrawal of funds standing to the credit of all physical and juridical persons whose assets are alleg to have become Soviet property under the recent order published by the Supreme Commander of Soviet troops in Austria . u General Clark sent the followi1;g letter to Chancellor Figl: "Uty attention has been called to an order of the Supreme Commander of the Soviet Occupation Troops in Austria concerning the t ransfer of German property in Eastern Austria to the ovmership of the USSR . In this order notice is given that all German- ovmed prorerty in Eastern Austria has passed into the possession of the USSR as reparations , and all Austrian auth,)rities and officials and all private business of ficials concerned are d:j.rec ted to take necessary stars to effectuate and record the possession of such property by the USSR . 11 1 should like to advise you of my position in this matter . My Government adheres fully to the decisions of the Potsdam Conference providing that no reparations should be exacted from Austria , that Al - �lied claims to German reparations should be satisfied in part from appropriate German external assets, and that the various signatories renounced all claims to German assets located in specified areas of Austria . Accordingly, my Government has never questioned the right of the USSR to take over possession ar:d ownership of bona fide German assets located in Eastern Austria . However, cases have arisen in which Soviet authorities have cited the Potsdfu~ Agreement as authority for the seizure of property which had been taken from former Austrian owners by the German Government or German nationals by forced transfer during the period of German control of Austria . In my Government's view, no assets in Austria may be claimed as German external assets on the authority of the Potsdam Agreement if those assets were acquired by the Government or nationals of Germany through looting or forced transfer in the sense of the London Declaration of . January 194.3 . In that Declaration the Governments of the USA, the USSR, arrl sixteen other Allied countries solemnly recorded their solidarity in warning that they would not consider themselves bound by forced transfers of property to German ownership in territories which came under occupation or control of Germany , whether such transfers took the form of open looting or plunder , or of transactions apparently legal in form even though purporting to be voluntarily effected . " * * * * VI~NNA, JULY J, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and immediately saw Colonels Paxson and Pesek and General Haynes concerning arrangements for the reception of the group of editors who will arrive this morning. Word was later received that the plane had to turn back to Frankfurt because of bad weather and would be delayed until after lunch . General Clark saw Colonel Kretzmann, who reported the results of his night session with Chancellor Figl concerning the Russian seizure , and again saw .General Haynes and Colonel Pesek . After talking with Colonel McFeely in order to obtain correct DP figures ., General Clark talked with Colonel i'.ilartin, who brought him up to date on troop strength figures . The General next saw General Haynes and then Colonel Marget of the Finance Division . General C llins , who will be returning to the States next week for a short leave , came to Vienna this morning to pay his re~pects to the General.' General Clark had lunch at the villa with Mrs . Clark and returned to his office at 1500 hours in order to see the editors who arrived in Vienna at 1545 hours . The group included: 1 .Arthur H. Sulzberger Roy W. Howard Lyle C. Wilson John C. Oestreicher John D. Fergu$on Wm . E. Christenson Wm . S . Gilmore Lu.dwell Denny .&lward Kilman Herbert F. Corn Lee Hills Hugh Robertson President-Publisher President Asst . Genl Manager Foreign .&liter Editor-President Editor Editor Chief Editorialist Editor Managing Editor Managing Editor Miami Herald Editor in Chief New York Times Scripps Howard United Press International News 1iilwaukee Journal Omaha World Herald Detroit News Scripps Howard Houston Post v, ashington Star Knight Newspapers Macy Westchester �_ ( General Clark briefed the newspaper editors and executives in his office on the overall picture of Austria after which the party left the Headquarters at 1800 hours . General Clark arrived a,t the Hotel Bristol at 1920 hours at which time he gave a cocktail party and dinner for t~e newspaper executives . Later he took his guests to the Bristol Club where they witnes sed th~ floor show . General Clark sent the f ollowing personal message to General Gruenther , RESTRICTED, Ref . No . CG-070701: tt1t . General Charles E. Mast, Resi dent General of France in Tunis was decorated by the U.S . Government , probably in 1943 , in recognition of his services in connection with the North Africa submarine landing in 1942 . Please check with War Dept as to what specific award was given General Mast and advise me. 11 * * * * VIENNA, JULY 8, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office ~t 0900 hours and immediately conferred with Colonel O:xx . Later t he General talked with General Tate who was followed by Colonel Grogan. At 1000 hours the group of visiting newspaper executiYes called on General Clark at his office a£ter which they were taken to the Conference Room in the Bank BuiJ_ding where the USACA briefing officers were assembled to give them a more detailed description of the problems in Austria and the work and progress being made on them . General Clark discussed at great length with N,r . Erhardt the problem of the Russian seizure of German assets and after going over all accumulated correspondence and off id.al papers saw General Haynes with Colonel Paxson. The .:ieneral left his Headquarters at 1300 hours and had lunch at his villa with Ann . At 1630 hours General Clark gave a cocktail party for the group of visiting editors , at Hotel Bristol . Commanders of the other powers and heads of military missions were also guests . The General returned to his villa at 1900 hours where he had dinner . General Clark sent the following .message to AGl:AR for Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, info to Western Base Section for Amembassy Paris for DELSEC; SECRET , P-0928 .: 1•At 1800 hours yesterday 7 July a Russian order was broadcast calling f Gr i~mediate deportation of all Volksdeutsche as well as Reichs deutsche from Soviet Zone of Vienna, Lower Austri a and Burgenland . Deportees ordered gather at 0600 hours today carrying only 15 kilos pers cnal baggage for concentration at Melk for shipment to French Zone of Germany. Thi s order unexpectedly interrupted efforts Austrians have.been making recently to get Russians to agree to at least reasonable exceptions and orderly, humane handling . · 11 1!, hen news reached Chancellor Figl he was dining with me and newspaper publishers now visiting Vienna. After consultation with me he ordered radio broadcast stating Austrian Govt considered order should not be app~icable to persons resident permanently in Austria before Anschluss or to such persons who had acquired Austrian citizenship since new Government had been established . �l51 ( "I immediately addressed letter to the Chancellor giving my views backing his stand . I also sent protest to Soviet Commander . 11 During last night and this morning Russian troors implemented part of the order calling for the evacuation. It is reported that armed troop units went to the magistrates and forcibly removed the lists of registered Vclksdeutsche . '.',ith these lists a house to house search was instituted in the Soviet Zone and those persons found were given only ,everal minutes to pack a few belongings . In Vienna only the 20th and 21st Bezirks have been affected . An estimated 4 , 500 Volksdeutsche were sent away early this morning from the Nor dbahnhof , after having been · concentrated in a barbed wire enclosed Lager located in the 20th Dis trict . This Lager was reported g~arded by Russian soldiers armed with machine pistols . 11 ccording to information gathered today , it is estimated that , 14 , 000 additional r-ersons will be expelled from the Soviet Zone Vienna on 9 July . "I talked with the Chancellor at 1800 hours this evening and he confirmed the conditions reported above . "If carried out in accordance with Russian interpretation Austrian officials estimate that the expulsion order will move 54 , 000 persorm, and will include residents who had acquired Austrian citizenship prior to Anschluss as well as those acquiring citizenship subsequent thereto . " · General Clark sent the following message to General Collins , SECF...ST , P- 0885; "Last night Sov~et authorities issued order directing that all non-Austrian persons residing ·n Soviet Zone must leave Soviet Zone not later than 0600 hours 8 July . Austrian Government officials estimate about 54 , 000 persons involved . I issued statement ov1r local radio that none of these people could be accom:noda 1 ed in ti .s. zone . Desire that you increase border guard immediately particularly at Enns to turn back any of these people who attempt to enter U.S. Zone . Be particularly watchf ,1 of railroads . Do not clear any train movements carrying these expellees without prior approval from me . Soviets have required these people to concentrate at ra~lroad stations in Russian area of Vienna and at 1!elk . Acknowledge by phone call to Tate . 11 * * * VI3rN~ , JULY 9, 1946 : General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours and imrJediately conferred with u1r . Erhardt . The General spent the greater portion of the morning going over official documents and correspondence and left his Headquarters at 1200 hours to go to his villa where he entertained General and Lady Steele and Colonel Marµn at luncheon . General Clark spent the e~ternoon at his villa . In the evening he had dinner at the villa and then went to the train with ~.1rs . Clark, v,ho is going to Bad Gastein with · Mrs . Sullivan for two weeks . General Clark sent the following letter to Chancellor Figl : "I understand thata:i order has been issued by the Soviet Commander in Chief in Austria calling for the immerliate expulsion of �( ( all Volksdeutsche arrl Reichsdeutsche now in the Soviet Zone of Vienna , Lower ustria and the Burgenland . "I wish to inform you that this step was taken without consultation with me and without my knowledge . -At the same time I wish to make clear that I cannot permit any sudden movement of such persons into the United States Zone, where I do not have adequate facilities to care for them . "The principles to 11.b ich my government subscribes are set out in the Potsdam Agreement, also signed by the Government of the USSR , where it is provided that the movement of Germanic populations into Germany will make place in an orderly and humane manner after appropriate arrangements have been made for their reception in the areas to which they are destined . I understand that such arrangements have not been made in the case of the .present expulsion order . "Moreover , it is my view that such an order should not apply to persons who were permanent residents of Austria before the Anschluss , nor to persons who rightfully obtained Austrian citizenship subsequent thereto under approved legislation regarding such citizenship . In my opinion, any expulsion measures that do appear appropriate for execution ~hould be so timed and carried out as to avoid disturbance of the Austrian economy , especially the agricultural economy in the present food situation, through the sudden withdrawal of wbrkers needed for bringing in the harvest and other essential purposes .-u General Clark received the following letter from the visiting newspaper _men: 11 As we leave the area of your command we ta.ke this means , ~ir , ·of expressing our deep thanks faryour hospitality and our admiration for the snap and precision, the efficiency and high morale of your staff . 11 Nowhere on our trip have we found greater enthusiasm for a commanding officer than your men have for you; and we see in your leadership a reflection of the best traditions of the American Anny . 11 You make us all proud to be Americans . "We wish for you an early and successful completion of your mis sion in this troublesome area , and an opportunity for the rest which you so well deserve . 11 A respectful civilian salute to you! The Roving E.ditors of, July 1946" (Signed) Herbert F. Corn Hugh W. Rober tson J . c. Oestreicher Ludwell Denny Lyle C. ·wnson Walter E. Christenson J . D. Ferguson Roy W. Howard Ed Kilman 1Lee Hills A. H. Sulzberger . s. Gilmore * * * * VIENNA, JULY 10, 1946 : General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours and after seeing Captain Melton on the possibility of making a �l 5°1 trip over the weekend in his train, he saw General Tate: Mr . Erhardt and Colonel Kretzmann concerning Russian seizure of German assets in ustria . The General next saw General Haynes and later Colonel Paxson . The General had lunch at his villa and at 1430 hours received a call from Secretary of State Byrnes in Paris giving him instructions as to the U.S . policy regarding German assets in Austria . At 1500 hours he returned to his office and immediately dictated a letter to be given to Chancellor Figl stating further the ·poliJy of the U.S. Government conc,erning former German assets in Austria . After talking with Mr . Erhardt, the General left for his villa and in the evening had dinner with Ann at the home of Colonel and Mrs . Lewis . General Clark sent the following message to Commanding General 88th Division, Ref . No . P-1022: 11 1ly congratulations and best wishes to you and your Blue Devils of the 88th Division on this its fourth birthday. I shall always recall the gallantry and fighting spirit displayed by the 88th in our difficult campaigns irr Italy, and the part it played in gaining our final victory there . Today Blue Devils everywhere can be justly proud of the 88th 1 s magnificent combat record, and equally proud of the splendid work which it is presently performing in helping secure the peace that it fought so hard to achieve . 11 • General Clark sent the followi ng lettei: to Chancellor :B'igl: · nr take pleasure in informing you that the President of the United States , as one of the signers of the Potsdam Agreement, has directed me to inform the Austrian Government that the United .S tates Government is now prepared to enter into negotiations withother Allied Governments and with the ..Austrian Government looking towards the renunication, of the United States share in German assets in Austria as part of the general settlement of German assets in Austria. 11 While these negotiations are under way, the United States Government now agrees to turn over to the Austrian Government, as trustee, all German assets now physically located in the United States Zone . It assures the ~ustrian Government that such assets may immediately be used for purposes of reconstruction in Austria without fear of removal of the plants and equipment from the United States Zone in Austria, but with the question of ownership to be resolved later . 0 The United States Government also wishes to make clear that it will recognize no physical transfer of property as conforming to the terms of the Potsdam Agreement which does not also conform to the terms of the United Nations Declaration on forced transfers of January 1943 and which does not leave to Austria the sovereign control of an independent country over the resources within its boI'ders which were envisaged in the Moscow Declaration of 1943 . 11 (Copies also sent to French and British Elements) * ( * * VIENNA, JULY 11 , 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours and immediately saw Colonel Grogan . After talking with General Tate , the General decorated tw0 of his drivers who are leaving for �{60 f the States . General Clark spent the remainder of the morning with General Tate discussing the agenda for the -Allied Council meeting to be held tomorrow . Later he saw Colonel Luther on t_hree marriage cases and later saw Thomas s . Estes of the State Department, who dropped in to say goodbye . i·/lr . and Mrs . Estes are departing Vienna for a leave in the States . General Clark had lunch in the CG Mess and at 1400 hours received Chancellor Figl in his office . The General went to his villa at 1515 hours where he spent the rest of the afternoon. At 1845 General Clark and Ann met the trainload of dependent s at Franz Josef Bahnhof and then returned t o his villa where 1hey- h~ dinner . General. Clark sent the foll owing letter to Colonel General L. V. Kurasov , Comman~er in Chief of Soviet Occupation Forces; "On behalf of the officers , men and .Jmerican civilians under my command I wish to thank you , the .Armed Forces of the Soviet Union and t he Soviet Element of the .Allied Comriission for sending vs congratulations on our Independence Day . ·"This year Independence Day meant even more to us because, through the collaboration of our great iAllied Armies , we were able to celebrate this anniversary in peace for the first time since 1941. 11 * ( * * VIENNA, JULY 12 , 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0830 hours and after going over certain items on the agenda for the .A:Llied Co11ncil meeting .discussed these with General Tate and Mr. Erhardt . Colonel Kretzmann was also called in on the conference as well as Colonel '!.cF'eely of the DP Division. General Clark with General Tate, Mr . Erhardt and Colonel O.:xx left the Headquarters at 10.30 hours f or the A.l1ied Council meeting . He returned to his office at 18/45 hours where he held a press conference . After the conference he went to his villa where he hurriedly packed and went to Franz J osef Bahnhof where he boarded his train for Hinterstoder. The train departed from the station at 2000 hours . General Clark spent the rest of the night on the train • .Accompanying the General were Ann , Colonel Sullivan, Captain Jordan and Lt . Decker . Colonel Paxson made the following report to General Clark re Foreign Ministers Council Meeting in Paris: "Received the following message at 1730 this afternoon from Col . Bonesteel who is working with Secretary of State Byrnes in Paris . 11 Col . Bonesteel reported that Sec . Byrnes wished General Clark to have the following information on the progress of the meeting of the Council of For:eign Ministers in Paris today . 11 sec . Byrnes proposed to the Council that the Deputies start drafting the Austrian peace treaty . Mr . Molotov did not agree with Sec . Byrnes' proposal but made the following counter-proposal: 11 This proposal was in four parts . Part 1. That the council of F'oreign Ministers notes that the new control agreement for Austria extends the scope of the Government and aids in the democratization of Austria and in the preparation of the country for its .separation from Germany . �n art 2 c The Council of Foreign •.tinisters recognize that there are in the <estern Zones of Austria 450,000 foreigners including Chetnik, Yugoslav, Czech, Fhite Russian and other subversiv~ peoples who constitute grave danger not only to Austria but to neighboring democratic countries These persons should be removed at once . HPart 3. The Council of Foreign Ministers considers that the suc cessful completion of the above task wi1l make possible a peace with Austria . 0 Part 4. The Council of F'oreign !.'Iinisters instruct the Deputies to proceed without delay, after the treaties for Italy and the Balkans have been completed , to draft the treaty on Austria . "Colonel Bonesteel requested that I give him the June JO figures· on Displaced Persons in Austria . I gave .him the total of approximately 203,000, ex. . enemy sub-total of 159,500 and the United Nations sub- total of 43,500 . I then gave him the breakdown of the larger categories . · ncolonel Bonesteel stated that the Council of Foreign Ministers is deadlocked on the subject of a peace treaty for Austria because Secretary Byrnes would not agree to the 4-part proposal of ~;Ir . Iv1olotov as listed above , al though he did agree to Part 4 alone $ ·v1r . Molotov likewise did not agree to \/Ir .. Byrnes. simple proposal that the Leputies proceed with drafting an Justrian Treaty . Mr . Molotov insisted that the first 3 parts of his proposal be agreed to before the Deputies proceed with the drafting of the ustri.an Treaty . The Council was to reconvene at 1800 hours Vienna time to further consider the matter . 1' m I * ( * * HINTERSTODER, JULY 13 , 19/4.6: The General arose early· and had breakfast at 0330 hours The J!gers, Burnslager and Knie Wasser , met him at the train and the General went hunting at 0400 . He shot one Rehbock t) At 0800 hours he went fishing and caught eight mountain trout . He returned to the train at 1400 hours after which he took a short nap . t 1600 hours Bunslager and the General went fishing again until 2000 hours at which time Knie VJasser went hUr."1ting with the General, killing another Rehbock. General Clark had dinner on the train about 2200 hours and left for Bad Gastein by trajn at 2300 hours . , General Clark sent the fo2.lowing message to Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Dept . , ECHET, Ref . No 0 P-1166: r L, Ref is made to para 6, my message P-1164 and to my message -0874 regarding the supply of gasoline in the US Zone. n2., As stated in my message P-0874 the July POL plan was placed on the agenda for the Allied Council meeting 12. July . I ade a statement pointing out that the amount of gasoline cont!ibuted monthly by the .,.oviets was not suf'f icient to meet the needs •of the· several zones of • ustria; that t:1eir c ontributicns for May and June had been dis tributed onl.y in the Soviet Zone and in Vien.ria; that this' practice made it necessar,J for the other zone commanders to supply gasoline for their own zones . I further stated that my Govt considers that the sup-ply of oil products from indj genovs sources is just as much a part �[(o1 of the UNRR program in · 'ustria as 1s the supply of indigenous food . I pointed out that UNEf Hesolution No 91 envisaged making fulJ use of indigenous products for the U~~-OlA program, and that this resolution indicated steps which might be taken by UNhR when required indigenous supplies , whe n available , were not f orthc_oming . J .3 .. T .:.e Soviet Commander agreed to supply all POL Herrs except the full amount of easoline On the basis of this contribution I will be short between 600 and 800 tons of gasolin~ in my zone . "4 In view of the fact that I am unable to obtain any gasoline from UNF.P am I authorized to contr:i.bute my share cf the deflcit from military stocks , r is my Govt prepared to take steps leading to the application of sanctions under UIJ' ~esolution 91 . t~ General Clark sent the fo]_l.ovling message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Dept ., and to 7Jestern Base for DEL SEC , S CRET , Ref No P-1164· "l . At Allied Council meeting 12 July Gen . Kurasov again repre sented Sov element . Other commanders were prqsent tt2 . s result of 'ov pressure at Council meeting 28 June subject of denazification was ,1aced. on agenda for meeting 12 July Draft r·esol ution which came before Council was prepared on lower level with much dif f ic1.1.l ty as Sov element insisted that the Aus Govt be taken to task for ·the way in which it has carried out the denazification pro -. gram , and that the Chancellor and l'Unisters of Interior and Justice be required to appear before the Allied Council to explain why the Aus Govt has not taken more vigorous action in the solution of this problem . In the light of developments at the meeting of the Council of Foreign •.~inisters at Paris and the many occasions taken by the Sovs here in the past to use denazification as a means for justifying large number of Sov troops in s , I proposed a solut1on to the resolutiop whic.h will not allow the Sovs to make immediate political. capital on this subject and will , I feel , result in ,b etter results locally . 11 3 .. Council adopted certain procedures for handling Aus legislation under the new control agreement . 1 4 . So"i.r Command~r attempted to repudiate Exec Comm action taken on behalf of the lied Council on 9 July relaxing control on movements of persons within us us Govt had already been notifi~ . Finally agreed to consider cfrmges 'desired by rov Commander as a separate matter at next meeting of .£:xec Comm without recalling letter a.lr1eady dis patched to Aus Govt o . '5 . Due to Sov insistence during past two weeks resolution was presented designed (1) to allow Sovs to take an active part in dealing with displaced persons in otber zones , and (2) to get Allied CoULcil to agree that handling of displaced persons in Aus was not satis factory Because of the implications of the resolution I succeeded in gett i ng the item removed from the agenda . The motive behind this Sov move is now clear in light of Mr . I,~olotov 1 s proposals on 12 July at Paris conference . I shall contJriue my opposition to c•ov proposals which in arry way are designed to conflict with instructi.ons from my Govt coricerning the handling of displaced persons in the _US zone . 0 6. Liquid fuel plan for July was discussed • ..L made reference to mm.1--:, sanctions under Resolution 91 . cepar at e message on this subject is being dispatched . �l03 "7 . Counci :;. considered Aus law concerning the (10 , OOO ,ooo credit to purchase surplus property . Law is required under :us Constitution to implement. foreign loans . Sovs refused to approve law on basis not necessa~J under Art .. 6( a) new control agreement for any law which concerns an agreement with one of the four powers to come before Allied Council . Other 3 powers did not agree 'with Sov interpretation Art . 6(a) . This question of interpretation Art . 6(a) referred to Exec Comm .. Law referred back to Legal Div . It will ,automatically become law after 31 days . ng . Council approved Aus Budget for 19.4.6 with certain amendment .. tt9 . After meeting , the four commanders discussed occupation costs for current quarter . No agreement reached . n * * * BAD GASTEIN, JULY 14 , 1946 : General Clark had breakfast at 0830 hours and left hi.s train shortly thereafter to go to the Hotel Mozart where llfrs . Clark and Llirs . Sullivan are staying in ·Bad Gastein . In the middle of the morning , the General went fishing and returned to the hotel for a late luncheon , after which he and ivirs . Clark rested . A late dinner was scheduled . Colonel Hume came down fron Salzburg to discuss some business details with the General . After his departure the General retired . * ( * * * B G STErn , JULY 15 1946: The General slept rather late and had break.fast at the hotel with ii/lrs Clark and Ann .. Thep: he prepared to take a motor trip to Zell , See , departing Bad Gastein at 1130 hours ~ He arrived at Zell Am See about 1300 hours and he e.nd his party were luncheon guests of Lt . Col. Smith, Commandant of the Zone Command NCO School . After lunch the General took a boat ride on the lake , returning t o Bad Ga.stein about 1600 hours . At 1800 hours the General attended a movie (The Harvey Girls) wit~ 1drs . Clark and Ann at the Hotel Mozart and then went to the ' train where he had dinner . After dinner Mrs . Clark left the train , and the General departed by train for Linz at 2300 hours . At 1900 hours Chancellor Figl and Federal Minister Krauland went. to the Hote-1 Imperial for a discussion on German assets in Austria w:ith the Russian element, memo of same repo:r;-ted as follov1s : ''Col . Gen . Kurasov opened the debate in rather violent. tones and reproached -the Chancellor with the fact that ~ustria had exhausted itself in criticism of the Potsdam llgreement and his order No ., 17 , and that he ( the Chancellor) had declared that ustria had received no help from Russia and that Austria was anxious to interest the Allied Council or other Allied powers in this problem . _ n It was his ( Kurasov ' s) opinion that his order No . 17 had noth:; ng to do with the Allied Council and he would therefore not engage in debate with any other pov1er about his order . He recognized no other definition of the Potsdam Agreement than the one issued by Moscow. 11 In the enst.ung convers a tion Col . Gen . Kurasov presented the general principles of Russ i a in the matter of German property and set forth the following 7 points as unconditional demands : "German propert y is . .: �( ttl) As such property everything must be recognized which was German property before 15 March 1938 . (In specific individual cases deviation can be made from this demand , if proof is presented ., that the owner , although a German national on 15 March 1938, had always had his business in Austria and had actively resisted National Socialism). n2) Likewise to be considered as German property are all those assets which passed into the possession of German citizens or the German Reich on the basis of sale or purchase, irrespective of whether these assets bel9nged , before 15 March 1938, to Austrians , to citizens of neutral states , or to citizens of states included in the, United Nations , as property . Uif in such cases it can indisputably be established that pressure wa~ exercised in the transfer of property or that the price was not . paid in full , the USSR Kommandatura can return the assets in question to the former owners if the former owner pays to the UuSR Kommandatura the sum received at the time , or the U&SR Kommandatura can, vice-versa , claim the property rights for itself and pay to the formErr Ov\'11er the difference (increase in value) between the buying price at the time and the present value . tt3) German property are furthermore a1. l the rights which Germa.n firms and private persons acquired in Austria after 15 Ifarch 1°38; included among them is also the right to exploit the natural reso1;rces of the country; furthermore all those installations which have been founded or developed on the basis of German investments since that year , i . e . after the 15 :11arch 1938 (with the aid of Russian Prisoners· of -~;ar , of foreign workers , over against which the claims of Austria concerning the participation of Austrian workers , of .Austrian materials , etc . in the development of these installations /must be taken into consideration/) . 0 4., All patents and trademarks of German citizens are German property irrespective of the fact whether they belong to physical or juridical persons . "5 ., illl . accounts and val uabloo which physical or juridical pers.ons of German c:i-tizenship or their representatives have deposited in Austrian banking or credit institutions a~e German property . tt6 . The property .o.f all public German Reichs oreanizaticns as well as t he private property of German citizens is German property insofar as it cannot be proven that this property was expropriated under duress from a former ovn1er . . n7) All state , community and other property which up till 15 'Vlarch 1938 belonged unabiguously to the .Austrian State or to Austrian citizens and which was transferred after 15 M~rch 193? without recompense to the possession of the Gerr.ian Reich or German citizens in the cours·e of fusing the t 1 0 administrations is not to be considered as German property . "In this manner expropriated credit institutions , as well as all organized property must be returned tcthe former owner insofar as he was an r.ustrian up to the schluss . An exception to this rule is the case of voluntary transfer and increase of value of the property by reason of German investments . · ncol. Gen . ~urasov then spoke again of tpe discriminatory attitude and conduct of Austrian authorities in this question and emphasized , e . g. that the Chamber of Commerce had gone on furlough without working till 1 �( a solution of this- question was achieved . He a gain em1,hasized that the other Allied powers had nothing to say in this matter . He made reference particularly to the letter of General Clark and m~intained that Russia had do:rie far more for Austrfa than all the other All· es together . VJ hat were 280 factories in the US zone in comparison to the many, many valuable industries in the Russian zone? He expressly stated that the property · which is transferred into Russian hands will not be taken out of Aus'tria , but would remain here in the same place . Col . Gen . Kurasov asked us if vie had properly understood him in this matter . llif the negotiaticns on the basis of .the above mentioned seven point~ , concerning v.hich he would refuse to argue in the Allied Qouncil and from which he would not deviate in his viewpoint , would not -lead to a solution agreeable to both parties, then Order No 17 would be ruth lessly carried out 11 Col Gen . Kurasov further declared: I , Kurasov, desire personally ana solely to discuss all questions relating to Order No . 17 with the Austrian Government for purposes of clarification ·• t1Chancellor Figl and i,'lj_nister Krauland stated that they were not competent to take a definitive positi tc these various points nor to make a final decision in tne entire rr..atter . They wE , however , accept these points as a basis of discussion for further negotiations After consultation with their experts they will render a written answer to the Russians by ~ednesday 2.4 July 1946 at the very latest and they will subsequently be avail.able for further negotiations . '·The Al:.s trian representatives were further assured that tomorrow, Tuesday , 16 July 1946 the Russian original text of the above mentioned seven points will be f,;rnished to the l:'ederal Chancellor , so that the Chancellor may have the seven points in question more clearly defined 'in every respect for ~:ore detailed study . u (Fussian element attending. Col . C-en Kurasov, General Tsinev, General 1.iorosov, Pol Adv . Koptelov , 1st Lt . i1elovit, interpreter) . * * * LINZ , JULY 16, 1946: The General had breal<..fast on the train at Linz at 0830 hours . Colonels Linden and Ross were breakfast guests . The General prepared for a forthcomings eech until 1000 hours, at which time he took - a tour of Linz , escorted by Colonels Linden and Ross , and then returned to the train . He arrived at 1230 hours for a ceremony - the return of the U0 Iron and Steel Plant at Linz to he Austrian Gcvernment . Chancel• lor Figl represented the Austrian Governmept and received the industrial plant rom General Clark . After the ceremony the General returned to the train and had ltmcb enroute to Vienna . Chancellor Figl , Vice Chancellor Schaerf , Austrian iilinister Heinl , Minister of Property and Econom.I. c Plan ning Krauland , State Secretary Franz Rauscher , Colonels Grogan, Junius R. Smith, James .... . Rundell , Sullivan, Lt . Colonel Kretzmann and Mr Erhardt were luncheon guests and accompanied tne General back to Vienna , arriving at 1800 hours . The General ir;1Jr1ediately went to his villa . t 2000 hours , General Clark entertained .Ambassador Pauley and his entire party at a b~fet supper at his villa . General Clark sent the following lettel;' to Col of the Russian element: Gen . Ltt V. Kurasov 1rury sincere thanks for your letter of .fay 25 answering my request of May 13 for Soviet cooperation in the matter of searching the Soviet- �Mill. C SADOR PAUL;Py ts p ARTY Ambassador·Edwin W Pauley Personal Representative of Dr Luther Gulick Josiah Dubois Martin T. Bennett President Truman. Government Organization xpert . Former Assistant Secretary of the' Treasury Industrial Engineer . General George Schulgen Representative of Cecretary of Viar . Lawrence Richardson B. inig Transportation pert . I'}aohine Tool xpert . 1 arl L. Shaner N. M. Elias Colonel Gail S . Car·ter .. ic hard Ga or John Matles Captain IAartin Fenical Publisher of :lagazine STEEL . Chemic al Engineer . 1 War Department Photographer. Pauley 1 s Private Secretary Aide Interpreter . ~·J ar Department Photographer �occupied territory for erican war dead . You state that you have no objection to having 'certain of your (U S ) representativ -:.s on t¾e teams from the Red Army which investigate graves 0 HI am v1riting to you today regarding the implementation of such a joint search A U. S Graves Registration Unit has recently arrived in Vienna It is composed cf s::i,.x officers , 3L~ enlisted men am four civilian employees whose mission is to search for , exhume, and identify all deceased personnel of the .American Army located in, or presumed t o be, buried in the Soviet Zone in.Austria ~ 11 I am especially anxious to have this personnel attached to Russian my tearr s , in full agree~ent with the terms of ·your letter of 25 ::Iay . The request for this personnel as to passes, a'"' to att chment to Red Army teams and as to billeting when necess-ary , will be cleared through routine channels To identify the US personnel concerned , however, each request will refer specifically to your letter of 25 1✓1ay 1946 as the governing authority . It is believed that no more personnel than the numbers given above will be necessary, unless the concentration of S Army dead proves to be much greater than pre~ent information would indicate . H In this regard, vre now possess data covering some .300 burials in the Soviet Zo~e of ustria, the exact location of which will , of course, have to be verified . The US ~-rar Departr1ent is very desirous of pro ceeding with the exh ·mation of all known cases at once , preparatory to their shipment to 1:;ational Cemeteries in the US for ultimate interment . It is therefore most desirable that the exhumation schedule be carried out in conjunction with the search and investigation operations . HBodies, after exhumati, n and possible , wiJ.l be transported to a by truck , then sent by rail or air identification proc dure, awaiting States . identification at grtweside whenever central collecting point in Vienna to ctrasbourg, France, for further f1.nal water transport to the United "It is hardly necessary for me to mention the continuing inte.rest takiJn t-,, the government and the people of the US. in the prompt repatriation of ot.r war dead The cooperation cf the <-"oviet Forces in this matter is deeply a preciated $u Chancellor Figl received the following letter from the Russian Element: (2 translations received, translation ,'12 ) HBy order of tne Commander- in- Chief of the Soviet Occupational Forces in Austria and in accordance with your reqv.est, which you exf ressed in conversation with the Commander-in-Chief on 15 July 1946 , I send you the following Soviet settlement of German assets in · ustriai 11 1 . The Soviet Command considers transferred int ·property of the Soviet Union all German titles and assets in ast Austria: ita) r:hich were such before 15 narch 19.38; 'b) V~hich , by any means whatever passed over to Germ:any from her Allied tates and satellites after, as well as before 1938; nc) "lhich passed over to Germany and German citizens and as 1 �sociations after 15 jarch 1938 on a unilateral (purchase- sale) basis from f'irms of citizens of the neutral and United Nations , as well as from Au .. trian owners; · Note: If in the latter cases an element of violence or of incomplete payment is established (con.firmed by documents) , the Soviet Command v7:tll , in such cases , either go about returning the assets to their former owner , on the condition that reparation be made to the Sovi t Command for all sums received by t:e latter from the Germans; or , vice versa , may agree , in the event of retaining to itself the right of ownership , to pay the cJ.ff.e rence ( to the former owner) betv,een the sur:1 actually received by him and the real valve of the property , according to its condition on the day of the negotiatfons . In both cases , the accovnts will be effected in currency or goods at prices corresponding to the real value received by the o~ner at the time of the property transfer . Hd) All rights reacquired by German firms and private persons after 1938 to the exploitation of the natural wealth of the country , a 1 enterprises that came into existence and wer., developed after this year on th, basis of German investments . ne) atents and trac1 e marks of German legal and physical persons . f) Deposits and securities of all possible types in ·ustrian financ i e.l credit institutions , belongir:g to German legal and physical person . r, g) :Property of German imperial public organizations and the private property of German citizens , insofar as it is Y1ot proved that it had been taken away by means of violence from its old ovmers . 11 2 . State , Community , and other property which belonged to the i;s trian State or ustrie.n citizens before 15 Marc h 1938 and later passed over into the hands of the German State or German citizens without any con pensation whatever , in-t he course of the amalgamation of State , credit , or other institutions , or in the course of Aryan:..zation, must be re . turn .d to the owners who had possession of it before the Anschluss . tfm exception in the given case is that of the voluntary transfer and increase of capit 1 at the expense German investments ~tt fsigned Major General Tsiniev) · · of * * * * VI lJN, JULY 17 , 1946 : General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . Ee first saw Colonel Kretzmann to receive a report on the results of the ceremony held in Lin z yesterday . At 1000 hours ,.,r . Pauley, JAr . Bennett and General Schulgen called on the General and held an hour I s conference . Immediately following this :, Mr ., aulcy held a press confer nee in Hr . ·rhardt 1 s office . General Clark worked on official papers and at 1200 hours bade 11Ir . Pauley goodbye . After seeing General T te , the General had lunch in the Bank Building and later saw General ... : yp.es, who was accompanied b,f Colonel Lloyd . , He left 1'1is office at 1500 hot.rs and werjt to his villa where. he played tennis wit h ltnn. In the evening he ha~ dinner at his villa . * * * * �( VIENN , JULY 18 , 1946: General Clark arriv~ at his office at 0930 hours e At 1000 hours IVlr e Erhardt conferred with the General., after which General Clark saw General Tate . General Haynes discussed several current issues . with the General at 1100 hours . Rabbi Bernstein, Jewish Adviser to General \1cNarney arrived from USFEr at _1200 urs and had lu:nch with the General in the -CG Mess after a long conference on Jewish affairs . Shortly after lunch General Clark left for the villa where he spent the afternoon . t 2000 hours General Clark and Ann, accompanied by Captain Luther , had dinner with Monsieur and hadame De Monicaul t at their vill.~ . 1 General Clark sent the following personal message to Gener al Gruenther: uyour. message on the 10th received and an airmail lett?r sent you the same day . I asked for your estimate of the situation~ Don't see how I possibly can return before early September . Might make it last week in ugust if this would do any good , but feel it important · to• at tend Salerno Day celebration at Salerno on September 9 . Vlould leave following day for U. • Let me now what you. think of entire project . n General Clark sent the following personal message to General Eisenhower : HYour letter of 3 July received . Am replying by radio in order you may have details of my proposed trip . Ceremony in Pittsburgh extends from 20 September to 26 September . I had planned to leave here about 10 f1aptember arriving U S 11 or 12 and taking three weeks leave in U.S . at that time . The City of Salerno is having a celebration commemorating the 3rd anniversa:r;r of our landing there on 9 September . I should attend this . Attending this affair and the Pitts burgh ceremonies I could leave U.S . by end of month . Would be delighted to accompany iviontgomery back to-- U. K. if he could postpone his trip a few days . If my leaving here earlier than September 10 would help you with Montgomery ' s trip to the ·u.s I will pass up Salerno affair . Have talked with John . He is not entitled to any accrued leave without signing up for an additional year which he i s not sure he desires to do . J~ it would fit in with your plans I oou d bring him back with me on detached service . I think he would like this providing it was entirely -acceptable to you. Letter follows . n General Clark sent the f ollovJing letter to Col . Gen . L V. Kurasov,· Russian "lement: ( ttin accordance with your statement in the lied Council meeting of 12 June 1946 to. the effect that I should i:nform you of any discrepancies in POL shipments from the Soviet Zone , I beg to inform you that your representative on the Fuel arrl Pov1er Subcommittee of the conomic Directorate assured al l elements that extension. of permits to obtain the balance of the June allocations at the refineries would be granted to 20 July 1946 . · ttThese quantities were not taken within the date limit 30 June , set by the Soviets , for the reason that 60 oil tank cars sent from the UnJted States zone to move the goods were impounded by Soviet �authorities at Jedlersdorf (Soviet Zone), about 25 June, and were not released until 2 July, too late to effect delivery . HBased on the information the.t the time for delivery had been ext ,ended , the vstrian Go,nrnment applied a few days ago to tr e Sovietische Oil Administration Offj_ce for releases of June allocated } 01 ~ The Covietische Mmin:.istration Office would not recois•nize the order given by the uoviet Petroleum and Fuel ?ection, conomics Division, and refuses to release the goods :inquestion . nr will appreciate your action in alleviating this difficulty .- " 1 General Clark sent the following message to AGLTAR for Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, Rl!;CTRICTED , Ref . ro . P- 1400: t Ref . my P-0297 Hungarian mission a rived Vienna. 16 .July . Program for· restitution of Hungarian property in Austria is now being inaugurated in accordance with VJARX 99226 as amended by WAP.X 86853, /ARX 82436, W 914 71 and -JA11X 92218 . Am immediately resti tuting property of Hungarian National Bank except gold , securities and foreign currency . Will also immediately restitute several trains of damaged freight cars if Hungar• ians can arrange trans-it through Soviet zone . Re plan requested in W 99226 for restitution of serviceable rolling stock, I plan to restore such material (consisting in ustria mainly of 3 locomotives and a few cars) in exchange for equal German or lmstrian rolling stock in accordance with precedent recommended by CITO in case of Polish rolling stock . ,·~·1ans for restituti n of i.ndust ial equipment are awaithg satisfactory proof of forced removal be\,ween dates specified . r n arrival here 3sterday ryarardi expressed view that term ncaptured enemy material·• should no longer be 'Sed with respect to Eungary . He eemed to exp ect to recover large quantities of horses and other livestock, clothing , food and medicine captured from the German or Hungarian armies in ustria, much of which has been absorbed in " us trie.n economy under disease and unrest formula or otherwise dissipat.ed . See report o.n this subject in dispatch lfo . 721 of 18 January 1946 from .urhardt to State Dept Re property classifiable as CE::! I plan to restitute avtomobile now in USF custody possibly so classifiable but to take no acti n regarding horses ai:d other liyestock, clothing, food and medicine taken earlier as captured enemy material from German and Hungarian armed forces . " 1 0 * VI 1 M * , JULY 19, 19.lG: The General had breakfast at 0800 hours after which he went to the office for a couple of hours . He left the cub strip at 1000 hours_ for Tulln , dep---rting T lln at 1030 hot.rs in his B17, piloted- by Lt . Col., :,core , for a weekend visit to Florence . The General was accompanied by n and Captain Jordan . He had a cold chicken lunch on the ·olane and arrived a~, Pisa at 1300 hours vthere he was met by Lt . Colonel 1Jygaard , who accompanied him on a 1 1/2 hour mo or drive to Florence . He was met 2t the 7 celsior Hotel at 1420 r hours by· Comnander 11lusmanno . The Gen0ral spent the remainder of the afternoon at the hotel and had dinner there with Colonel Nygaard , Commander 1Jusmanno, and Colonels 1.'100~ and Robb . ter dinner the General retired . * * * * �t'll VIENN , _JULY 19, 1946 : General Clark sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, SEC1 1 , Ref . No . 1440: nr was greatly surprised when I learned today in a message from rSFEr that UI\}rl Direct~r General LaGuardia' s visit to Europe does not include Austria in itinerary . In my opinion Austria is the-sore spot of 3Drope and demand his personal attention . In this connection I sent him a J1ersonal invitation through USFE'.11 on 16 July to visit 1..:stria. ( "It will not be understood by the Austrimp~ople , ~ho look upon UNF?J?.A as an luner ican institution, if he fails personally to take cognizance of the critical state which has , and will continue to prevail in ustria for some tiine. .On the other hand , his failure to visit Austria will give the Soviets an opportunity for damaging propaganda . rnr . Hoover has already publicly announced that .Austria was as critical a place as he found anywhere in the world . Furthermore , th0. attitude taken b:T the Soviets in releasing indioenous oil for the economy of the country , as well as recent land grabs reported in a separate message today , are matters on which the Director General should get first - hand information . A.lso, I feel he should see personally the other difficulties under which u:r:Rr operates in Austria . I 'Rec,uest you take every step possible to see that he visits ustria . 0 ' ; �FLOHENCE, JULY 20, 1946: The General had a late break.fast at the :, celsior Hotel . lfost cf the morning he posed for Annigone and Berti ., After lunch he again posed fer the artist and sculptor . In the evening the General was dinner guest of the former Italian .Ambassador to Russia , ~Ir . Rosso , and his wife at their villa • .After dinner he.played pingpong. and bridge·with his hosts and returned to the hotel and retired by 2,300 hours . The General sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff · ass to State Departn:ent, SECitIT, Ref • . Io . P-1511: Hief is made to my messages P-0874 and P-1166 on subject of suppiy of gasoline ..At Allied Council meeting 12 July , Genl Kura ov agreed to supply 1800 tons of indigenous gasoline t the .3 .. estern Zones . In am eting of the conomic ffr3ctorate 18 July, the Soviet member insisted that Genl Kurasov•s offer was meant to include the areat1 of Vienna occupied by the 3 ·; estern powers as well as the Western Zone.J of .ustria, and that the needs of Vienna was to have priority over the ~:estern Zones of Austria . He also insisted that the full needs o t he Soviet Zone be met fron indigenous sources . The net resv.lt of this Soviet view i'-s that the .3 v;estern zones of ustria will receive only 55-5 tons of' indigenous gasoline, instead of the 1800 tons anticipated from General Kurasov ' s s_tatement in the JC . 1ot1ing was said in the meeting which indicated that the 1800 tons would have to be ( used to supply Vienna . irr bis matter was discussed by the Executive Committee at its m·eting on 19 July , and the views of the Soviet representative on the conomic .uirectorate were confirmed by the ' 'oviet member of the Exec or.unittee . It is apparent therefore that the 3 ~:estern zones of Austria will not receive ~ore than 555 tons of indigenous gasoline to· implement the mm.P program in those zones . This amount represents only 18;' of the total needs of the three western zones as determined by the Aus trian Government . In Vienna and in the Soviet zone 100% of the gasoline requirements will be met from i.lld.igenous sources . "The disproportionate distribution insisted upon b: ' the ('l·oviets was pointed out in the ~xec Comm , and it was recommended ' by the reps of the .3 Western powers that since the total Soviet contribution of indigenous gasoline represented 59% of the recuirements for all of Austria , distribution to all zones , incJ.uding Vienna , be made on that basis . The Soviet rep rejected this proposal . t·1at th'3 stand taken by the Soviets in distributing indigenous gasoline on the basis of 10~ to the Soviet Zone and Vienna and only 18% to the 3 ~:astern zones of ~ustria violates the fundamental principles of U~R supply . It is pov1 clear to me that the Sovs do not intend to permit the A1.,s Govt to make an even distribution of indigenous gasoline , or to allow the us g vt to have any control over or voic e in disposition of oil products produced in ustria . I urgently rec ommend that .my Govt take appropriate steps under Ul Resolution t~o . 91 , or by some other means , to force the Sovs to take a reasorable attitude on the use of indigenous oil products in the UJlP program nr consider in Austria . ~ ~ �113 ( General Clark sent the following message to AG~Ju, for Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to SECSTAT"', SECREr, Ref.. No . P-1510 . ,This repeats the letter sent by Major General Tsinev to ,Chancellor Figl, dated July 16, concerning German assets in Eastern· Austria, already quoted in.this diary , under that date . * * * * FLOREf~?, JULY 21 , 1946: The General had a late breakfast and posed again .. The then attended church with Commander Musmanno and Ann. The General had lunch at th8 hotel with some of his friends , including Mrs . Prichard and daughter, who came back to Vienna with him ., After lunch he drove to Pisa leaving at 1600 hours . The plane encounterea bad weather over the Alps and had to detour over Yugoslavia and Hungary , delaying the time of arrival in Vienna until 1930 hours . The General and mn flew in from Tulln by cubs and went directly to the villa where they had dinner . * * * VIENNA, JULY 22, 1946: The General had breakfast at the villa · and ar- ( rived at his office at 0930 hours .. ;,1ost _of the morning was spent catching up on correspondence . I-le had lunch at the Bank Building rr- ess and spent a very busy afternoon on roi.; tine matters . Colonel Prichard ., formerly =1aj or General Prichard of the 1st Armored Division, arrived from Paris at 1600 hours and joined Mrs . Prichard·, who returned from ~taly with the General. The General returned to his villa in the middle of the af'tern on . After resting he prepared for a party , celebrating -Ann I s 20th birthday . The Prichards were also guests at the party . Late in the evening· the General 6k 1 d an lmportant top secret cable to General Eisenhcwer regarding current problems in Vienna . General Clark sent the following letter to Col . General L. V. Kurasov df the Soviet Element: nAt the Allied Council meeting 12 July 1946 you s.t ~ted that the S.oviet Element would contribute 3500 tons of· gasoline for July consumption, and , that of this amount, 1800 tons would be supplied to the three 1' estern zones . · · nrt now develops , as result of discussions with your subordinates in the Economic iirectorate and the Executive Commi.ttee ,, that the 1800 tons of gasoline offered by you to the three 1Yestern zones is be distributed in the areas of Vienna occupied by the three Western powers and the three 'destern zones of Austria This method of distribution , was not my understanding v,hen you made your offer in the illlied Council . I was definitely of the opinion that the 1800 tons would be supplied to the three 1.;estern zones, exclusive of Vienna. 11 Since your subordinates now insist that the needs of Vienna (other than the Soviat area ~. n Vienna) be met from the 1800 tons., there will only remain 555 tons of indigenous gasoline available to meet the needs of the UNH.F..A program ln the three r;estern zones of .. ustria, or about 18% of the total requirements • .Inasmuch as you have reserved 1700 tons of the 3500 tons of gasoline for the Soviet zone and the Soviet zone of Vienna, it is clearly obvious that 100;;; of the needs of Soviet occupied to ( �( territory in Austria vdll be ;net from ind:genous sources . nr am sure you will agree with me that the distribution plan pro posed by you:r subordinate d(?eS not com. ly with thr-: m.L greemont and supporting Dr· resolutions covering relief operations of that organization, wherein such a plan e1 :vi ages 100;1 of the gasolLe re quirements in the Soviet zone and in Vienna being met from indigenous sources , whereas only 181. of the requirements of the three ;Vestern zones is met from the same source You will recall that the UNRR Agreement and resolutions provide for even distribution of indigenous resources available to implement· any Ul program . "Obviovsly , cannot accept the distribution plan proposed by your subordinates , and I call upon you to iss e instructions which wil al low the Austrian Government to c'istribute indigenous oil products on a ba is proportionate to the needs in all zones . Since the 3500 tons of gasoline you have o~fered represents about 5~ of the needs of all of ustria , tne ·ustrian Government should ·be allov,ed to make distri bution in each zone on that basis, including Vienna . _fl If you will recall in the Allied Colmcil , you gave me definite and positive assurances that the promises you made wou1d be carried out . · I trust that I shall receive a favorable reply in the very near future 11 * ( VI:SNN.tc, SULY 23 , 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours . -He talked with Colonel Paxson and General Haynes, and after w·orking on accumulated ·correspondence saw Colonel l1IcLean on five court martial cases at 1030 .,ours . At 1100 hours General Clark decorated and promoted 47 ·officers and men in the Confe:t-ence Room of the Bank Building, after which he saw Colonel r.:artin and then General Haynes , accompanied by Colonel Lloyd . The General left the office at 1300 hours aricl had lunch at his villa where he spent ,the remainder of the day •. In the evening General Clark entertained Colonel and Hrs . Ladue at dinner . On July 16 President Renner addressed the _followi ng letLer to General Clark: JOn the occasion of the adjournment of this month I s conferences , I hasten t o expres sincere thanks in the name of my fatherland for your kind hearted and effective protection of Austria's interests . V/e have o.nce more advanced a co:nsiderable st-1p , al though we must bitterly lament the postponement of ovx main issues until autumn . u lease accept , dear General~ the aPsurance of sincerest and thankful esteem . , 1 To the above letter , the General replied : ( itr wish to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your kind letter of J :y 16 . You may be assured that I sh9.ll continue to endeavor to do what lies within my power towards the reconstitution of a free and indepeia.dent ustria . Accept , ;~ir . President , the assurance of my highest consideration. ' �cEc General Clark sent the follovdng ·message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , P-1613: r,, Infornation requested as to supply plans for reli~f and rehabilitation in ustria after Ul:FI..t program is terminated on 31 Lecemb,.,r 1946 . ustrian agricultural and raw material resources have always been inadequate and will fall far short of minimum needs for 1947 . Spare parts and machinery are also desperately pecessary . Highly important that plan for supply be adopted at early date for period after UII'r.E.. program has beeri completed so that plans here c n be made accordingly . ,r · · * ( * * * VIEYN , JULY 21,, 191+6 : The General arrived at his office at 0930 hours and immediately saw Colonel Ladue , head of ISB, on arrangements for the Lawrence 'ribbett concert to be held tomorrov, e~rening and a _dinner following . Shortly thereafter , Colonel Grogan conferred with the General giving him details concerning Miss 'l1oni Howard , war correspondent , who nas to s_ee the General at 1000 hours • ·jis s Howard interviewed the General for forty- five minutes on the overall picture of the work and problems in Austria . At 10i5 hours , Colonel Prichard dropped in to bid goodbye to G neral Clark . Colonel richard will return to Paris this afternoon b. · plane , 1.1hile ..lrs . Prichard will travel by train . Colonel axson then saw the General , and v1as followed at 1055 hours by Colone·i Burrill , Colonel Lewis and r:.ajor Butler , who talked with the General on the subject of dependents I real estate . At 1110 ·hours '.mbassador Sch nf eld of th•1 erican Embassy in Hungary ca1led on General Clark . After seeing General rrate and ,;r o i:!rhardt , the General had lunch in the CG 1,;ess of the Bank Building. After lunch the General conferred again with General Tate and called Colonel Howard in on tie conference . l-Ie left his Headqvarters at 1500 hours an went to the villa where he spent the rest of the afternoon . At 1930 hours General Clark received the followine; group cf visiting Cone;ressmen. at •his · home· Jsenator Allen Joseph ~llender - Houma, Louisiana . Senator Hugh Butler - Omaha, Nebraska Representative J . Jill Robinson - Provo, Utah Representa ive Fred L . Crawford - Saginaw, l'J~ichigan Representative George P . r.1il1 er - California Presidential Adviser J . ~-elden Jones Bureau of Budget) ~ r:ar Dept ) Chief . Ude of Party - Colonel Frank A. Kurtz ~7ar Dept J'I Captain Cunningham ( War Dept ) 1st Lt . Rothberg . Lt . Colonel Hall (USr-'T) l After holding an hour ' s briefing on the setup in ustria, the problems and progress being made, the General entertained his guests at a buffet sup:r.,er . The vi~iting Congressional party :eft the villa at 1100 hours . • �General Clar k sent the following l etter to General Kurasov : non 26 September 191+5 , I informed Marshal Konev that the villa at Number 29 Glaastrasse , XIX District was ass i gned to the Soviet Element for occupancy by Lt . General Blagadatov. 'I am ·now informed that General Blagadatov no loneer occupies. this villa; that it is noi.·1 occasionally used for social gatherings by Hed Army personnel , and.that the top floors are occupied by rel tively junior Red .Army personnel. "In view of the fact that this villa was made available by me f OJ: occupancy only by General Blagadatov, and since I am having difficulty in finding suitable housing accommodations for families of my officers , I rec~uest that this villa be released to me not later thaxi 1 August . When this property is vacated by your personnel· I desire that it be inspected jointly by our respective billeting authorities in order that we may both be satisfied as to condition , inventory , etc ., I request that you advise me of a st:itable date and hour for this joint inspection and relea1;Je of this property . General Clark sent the following letter to President Renner: ( " take · great pleasure in prosenting to you , on behalf' of the re ,ident of the United States , ten of the food packages prepared by CJ ;.E (Cooperative for Jmerican ~emittances to ;urope , Inc . ) . CAR? is a non -profit , Government - sponsored. organization , formed by the combined efforts of twenty-four different religious , relief and labor groups . It is engaged in sending foodstuffs to countries of Eur.rope which , at the present time , are experiencing with particular severity the world food shortage dvice from rew York indicates that this program is developing rapidly with a particularly high proportion of the packages purchased destined for ustria . "Presidey; t Truman in his personal capacity purcha~ed one hundred of thes·e gift packages and is presenting ten of them for distribution amonc the needy to the Clliefs of State cf ten countries whose suffering has been especially acute . t the sarre time I am pleased to infor~ you of the arrival in Vienna of the first shipments of three thousand CARE packages , which are r,.ow ready for distribution, with new shipments of twenty- eight thousar.d enroute . t ccept , Mr . r~sident , the assurances of my highest co:nsideration . n General Clark sent the following message to Justice Jackson, P- 1665• tcorry that I have been unabl~ to visit you there 1,Jeve1cheless am pleased that you are receiving this opr,ortunit.y to retur11 home for a well-earned rest I and my associates have followed with keen interest your magnificent leadership in the conduct of the International trials . Hope to see you in America in t}1e not too distant future Please accept my sincere wishes for your continued hap1-,iness and success . n * * * �·m. , JULY 25, 1946: General Clark left h] s villa at 0925 hot rs, accompanied by , and went to the home of General Bethouart wnere he met General de Lattre de Tassigny and General Bethouart .Jlt 1000 hours the Generals walked to a park across from General Bethouart ' s home and attended a joint French-American decoration cerer1ony , at which time General de Lattre ·de Tassigny decorated five American officers and a few French officers, and General Clark decorated folr French officers, one beil.g· General · rioll , who had served with him in Italy . Following the decoration ceremony, General Cla.rk returned to his Headquarters at 11.30 hours and after seeing Mr . · ·"'rhardt left his office, accompanied by •f:1r ., ~rhardt , . "r Geier , Colonel Kretzmann and Captain Luther , to zo to see Dr . Renner, at which time he turned over to the President the first of the C packages . This was one ·of ten which President Truman, as a private citizen, had bought and had sert to Aw.. tria , In the name of the fresident of the USA , General Clark p sented one to President Renner . This inaugurates tne CARE program of sending packages to Austrja . neral •Clark returned to his off ice at 1230 hours and at 1300 hours received if.rs . Alfred Knopf , his publisher frorr. New York .. ·:1i th 11Irs,, Knopf , he had 1unch i'n the CG m':>SS of the Bank Building t 1430 ' hours General Clark sa1 ~Jr . and ;,Irs . Lawrence Tibbett, and shortly after left his office for his villa . t 1900 hours General Clark attended a concert given by Mr . Tibbett in the 1 ex Theater , imm8diately afterwards going to the home of General Bethouart for a dinner given in honor of General de Lattre de Tassigny . VI General Cla.rk received the folloviing letter from General Kurasov urn the vill:,.a which you so kindly offered to General Blagodatov, at the present time is living my political adviser, Kissilev ., now on leave . urn view of the great destruction brought by the war to the .J1astern Zone of Austria and particularly to J:enna , I do not have the opP.ortunity of offering quarters to Kissilev in the Soviet Zone of Vienna , and for this reason request you to l eave for him the villa of General Blagodatov. !t General Clark sent the f ollowing message to Joint Chiefs of f'.taff , pass to State Department, SECRET P-1713: Ref is made to my P-1460 Figures supplementary to those submitted in reference message have been obtained from the Austrian Government . No substantial changes are noted , in the totals, but significant is the figure of 3 ,~89 hectares- of organized rroperty now listed as claimed by the :lussians as German property urder Order No . 17 . This including the 388, hectares property of the Stein Brothers at Gaenserndorf; the 624 hectare property of the ilheim Brothers at erngers; the Gaenserndorf and I1ictelbach properties of the Loew family totaling 2 , 604 hectares, and the 273 hectare Baden property of .Ale:x~nder .7eiss . All but the -·'eiss -property had been taken over b~r the German Settlement Society In addition to the properties listed above are'Aother former Jewish properties totaling 1 , 213 rectares listed as requisitioned . u · 1 \ General Clark received the foll'owing Jetter from Colonel General Kurasov nrn connection with your letter of the 5·t.h of July 1946 I carried on a careful investigation of the individual who was shot by American Patrols in the 8th District of the City of Vienna on the 4th of July 1946 . �"The investigation could not identify the unknown as a serviceman rmy . His clothing and the oresence of numerous tattoos on his body testify to the killed man ' s beionging to the criminal world . 1here· js a basis for assuming that the man who was killed could be an emigrant from a camp of. Vlasov 1 s .Army or of other German formations made up of the criminal, morally decayed element ' of the Red * VI&Ili , JDLY 26 , 1946· General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours and after g in•:-r over accumulated papers saw r l atirbov, i1is hussian interpreter , who ·ust returned from T1 Y in the ctates After a confer1 ence with General Tate and Colonel Rundell , the General talked ,·,dth 1,lr . rhardt and then departed at 1040 hcurs for the .Allied Council meetin~ He returned from the meeting at 16.30 hours and immediately heJ:d a press conference, attended by the following . · • ':i . Fodor John .. ;acCormac Chicago Sun New York Times Albion I oss New Ycrk '1 imes arnest Piske _ Seymour }reidin James Long Douglas ,Ierner eggy oor Toni Hovard Chr · stian Science .. onitor New York rierald Tribune sociated ress United Press Kurt Steinbrenner ISB 1 1 ( ms .1.~ews eek Immediately follovdng the press conference , the fieneral left for his villa wher.J he s pent .the remainder uf the evening * * * * VI:El-. , J rrY 27~ 1946: General Clark arrived at his ' office at 0900 11 rs and imm8dfately ccnferred with Colon.,l Kretzmann . At 0930 nours the General saw.Colonel Grogan concerning plans to be made for the reception of' .Assistant /;ecretar-J of ilar for ~r \J ,, S s·y mington . fter talking 1ith General Tate, G.neral Clark sa Colonel Ladue , Colonel Grogan a d 1:r . Cass on the I SB covering press conf'erenceC! . which General Clark holds t 1030 hours tne General saw Lr Giraud, brother of 1}8neral Giraud of France, who uas in ustria a a tourist After seeing Gen ral Tate Ge~ eral Clark worked on his ac c umulated corr s . . ~ondence and n d lunch at the villa with ~:rs Clark an/· :irs Bl nche Knopf , who had arrived earli r in tho 7eek . In the evenin General Clark had Colonel and ~Jrs Ladue as dinner 0 uests '· General Clark sent the follovTing letter to General Kui..asov. 1 have your letter dated 25 July , in reply to my l0tter dat"ed concerffing the Villa at 29 GJ aastrassc , XD: District I:n my letter to 1 arc-hal Konev dated 26 Sep:te· ber, tJ· e Vil a at .J:i • ,33 Kobenzlgasse ,. X : District, is listed for occupancy by ..~ ., Kissi] ev .. · 11 2L1 July �11 You vlill recall t~ at I disc ssed this matter with you yesterday at the 1lied Council meeting f,ince I need accommodatie,ns for famili~s of my of' ficers I shall appreciate 7our releasing one of these Villas, either the one at 33 Kober..zlgasse or ~9 Glaastrasse, by August 1946.' 1 General Clark receive~" the follov:ing letter from the French element: ti it ,~overnment has asb:;;d ine to inform the Allied Council that the 'oly c ee has acquainted it with its desire to recognize the RepubJ ic of ·ustria officially and to so inform the members of the Co ncil . In discharging this cffic , I am very ha:--·oy to rec mmend favorably my colleagues the request which will do tlessly be a~dressed very shortly by th Austrian Government to the llied CouncH, nar:1ely the authorization of the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between ustria and Papacy . . nr b,ave only to add that as a result of information rec eived by the French Government :it is known that the Holy See intends, should this authorization be grant d to name only Vienna Nuncio . 11 Pleas_e accert, my dear General, the expr· ssion f my sincerity and cevotion " to General lark sent the fol ovling . essage to Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to Stote Dept, info to . :es tern Base for· eric an •mbassy, aris for Seer .tary Byrn..,s; S.20:'."'Zr P 1880 :· 1 ( tti. This repo:i:-t of Alli d Covncil meeting 26 July . 1 conmanders were present Ge11l Zheltov retv.rned to Vienna 25 ~'lay and was present at meeting~ ··:e spent .ost cf his time advi ing _lJrasov .. :us attitude ·ms extremely unfriendly . ' 11 2 : .eetin:; lasted 7 hovrs ,·j th no results accomplished due largely to tle obstr .ctionist tactics displayed by the Soviet Element . ~genda contained only 4 items of importance, namely (1) denazificatfon, (2) dispositicn f vstrian foreign exchange assets, (3) po~icy concerning indigenous oil products, and (4) July ~01 di[tributi n lan. In the discussion, items 3 anc; 4 mre merged . 11 3 . enazification. Cnancellor Figl, ..,,,.. ce Chanc~l.lor Cchaerf and . Ainister Graf ap1 eared e.t '.':leeting as res t of invitation arr. made stttements on progress of denazification and plans for the f:iture in dealing vr:ith this s bject . tho Soviets attempted to disc~edit acconp lishments of Govt thus far, the Chancellor effectively presented his case and stood his ground. r1 :1 other commanders encoura._;ed tl1e Chancel lor for i..he ma,')ne..,.. in which "l,he Go rernrnent •Nas dealine, and p anning to deal, with t.~ is im ortant matter . Sovs ap.:1eared snnoyerl. with the 'd~ole proceedin:s becauoe of the: r inability to pr~ss tjieir claims that denazification was not. bei g accomplished effectively by the 1-;strian Govt. · r ~'le Council dec1ded to c:is cv":s this subject again at its next meeti't g on 9 U[fust. Separate essage b ing c-ent containing pertinent information ro'dded by Chancellor befo-r0 · lied Council 0 4. Dispositi1;m of . . u.strian foreign exchange assets .c1.esclution presented atter;1pt'3d to obtain acireement a, :on~ 4 command .;r t:1at payu ent for relief s1;;.ppB es contributed to ustria by the L, powe:rs world not be c·1 airn':3d -0°fore '31 December 1917' Purpose of resoltiti n -1as to make it possible for ustrian Govt to use foreign ·e ychang arsets for purchase of vitally needed rew materials, equipment an other supplies to rebuild econo□ of country. Brit, ·,-.ench and US elements' agreed to resolution, Q J �Sov member stated he covld not agree as he could not commit his Govt th.at far ahead . "5 . l)olicy conc·erning indigenous oil products and July 01 distribu .-& tion plan . Sovs ri;;;ft:sed to discu:::s l.Jol1cy , stating than any policy concerning production , allocatj_ on and distribution of indigenous on was a matter 1 1hich concerned onl.y tLe Sov e::_ement and the us Govt; that such matters d:i.d not concern the \.0 ., It was further stated that the A.us Govt would make c;reatsr progress in the soh1tic n of this :natter if they would cease writing to the AC about it and instead deal onJy with the Sov ele~ent . The other co :manders did not accept tl:is view of the [~ovs " Other Commanders insisted that since the oil is in the ground in Aus it rightfully beloµgs to Aus and the .AD has a definite interest in the settlement of this qrestion .. The Covs remained firm in their view so no decisions were reached .,. In considering the JU~Y POL distribution plan, the Sovs would r. ct recoinize t.:-~e demands of the western powers , fer distribution of :indiJenous on on a parity basis., so no decisior-1 was reached . I made statement po1ntj_ng out that I could not recognize Sov c:emand wherein 10~. of POL needs in t11eir zone and in Vienna is "()et from ind:i.__:;eno-us sources, and only 181 of t-he gasoline needs of the 3 vvestern zones is provided from indigenous sources ., :Burther, the.t deliveries promised by the 1Sovs to the 3 western zones in the past has n0t been fulfi led . For the past 3 .rnonths tl1ere is a backJ og of und livered POL to US zone -alone of over 4000 tons . 0 6. It. is rerfectly clear to me -that the Sovs do not intend to relinquish control over production, allocation and distribution of indigenous oil products exce~t on their own terms . I nm also conv:i. ":Ced that they will not discuss any subject in the .AD which deals with this matter ., They have fully made up their minds that the rn.atter will only be settled by direct dealings between Soviet authorities and the Aus Gov-t . The AC is to be denied the right to engage in any negotiations or settlery'e~t which they might possibly r.ake with the .Av.s Govt . \ n7 . In cormection with the subject of indigenous oil attention is invited to my m,3ssages P-0874 , P- 116_6 and P- 1511 ., I urge that strong action be taken by my Govt to force the Sovs to utilize indigenous oil products on a reasonable basis .. I have y01. r message 956Li-l and I wiJl dis cuss' indigenous oil and land gra~., subjects vdth LaGuardia and Tyler Hood . "8 . In .AC dealings t}:ere :is incre~sing evidence that the Sovs plan to disregard the AC in settling matters ::..n their zone ·Time and again they object ,to items on the agenda on the grounds that they concern only the Sov elem~nt , and the ~us Govt and therefore srou1d be removed from the agenda. . '1l1e effect of such action is to render the .:!Hied Council impotent in,settling t:ie major issues concerned wit~ reestablishing Aus as a free and independent state vii th· a sound economy . t the present time hours are wasted in .Allied Commission Commlttees and in the tC try, ing to .'.3et the Sovs to discuss r"'.aj or economic isst~es , but to no avail . ,:hen they refuse to discuss a subject m progress is made . On svcb. a basis, thP- AC can nake no constructive ·0rogress The situation is .getting intolerable and is proving most ernbarrassine to the 3 western .Al lies . The Sovs manifest greater interest in matters s1:lch as , denazif icatj_on, de1r:ilitarization , displaced persons and other ncnconstructi ve subjects . l,cne of these give any r:iaterial assistance to Ai.;stria . They are all political issu s which they drag ovt repeatedly with the sole purpose of confvsing the maih issue in Austria , to ,'iscredit the Govt, to juDtify their remaining in .J1us indefinite]y , to build vp e. case against a peace T 1 1 1 ci �treaty , aLd for use as propa ganda The on·1 y realistic solution to the · problem is an early 1 cace treaty, follo·,ed by econom · c assistance from t"rie Govts of' the 1.·.estern powers The continued \lierl ad·dnistration and occupation of Aus on the present basis of Sov non- cooperation can lead only to chaos and economic ruin for ustria . n * * * VIEI!IJ.. , JULY 28 , 19Li.6 i General Clark arr:i ved at his office at· 0930 ho .rs and aft0r talking ::Tith General Tate departed for the cub strip at 1030 hours and flev1 to Tulln to ff!e-et ~.:r 1c'ymington •_s I arty , which included· ..:r. Symington Lt General Cannon Colonel ~·csterColonel Carey . I.~a j or General "d vards · General Clark flew Llr . E'ymington ' s party by cub to V:lenna and after arriving at his office the party had lu11ch in the CG 1 iess . Immediately fol1o~dDg lunch General Clark briefed the members of the .Assistant E. .ecretary ' o party on the general picture in .. ustria , and in the evening gave a dinr er at t .1e villa for· .r Symington . * ( * * * j , JuLY 29 , 1911-6: Gen9:ral Clark arrived at the Ho-tel Bristol at 0850 hours and acco!:1panied .1r . Symin[:,rton on his drive to Tulln Airbase . Ir1mediately after the take-off General Clark returned by cub to Viem ..a . and spent the rest of the ri orni-ng in his office . He first saw ; :r . Erhardt , ,1ho was follm1ed oy_ Colonel ~:t-:ndell and later he tal'{ed with ,,.r .A.dar'is . He conferred with Gen'3ral Tate and then Colonel I:artin on several A1-1strian marriages ~ Aft~r having lunch at the CG mess , General Clark talked with G0neral Haynes. and aftnr going over sev ral official papers he weLt to his vHle. where he spent the remainder of the day . t 12 5 hours the General received Hayer 1,aGuardia of ~ew York Cit; , present head of Ul'F · , at which tine he briefed him on the worldngs of U.1.Z"C .. ~Ir . LaGuardia tnen talked with ~vlrs . Clark for some time and left t .e villa at 2030 hours ., T:'1e General had dinner with .1rs . Clark and n at the villa . VIEIJN! General Clark received the fol.lowing personal message from .AR from ,:1JLC J ; ~:fl.R- 95585 , J11ly 29, SJlCP.ET: Fol is personal message to yo1::, from S.~.srn nrrs for yo r- consideration prior to AC meetin~ 26 July . 1 .1y, discucsion r f Aus treaty with Iolotov in CF · 12 J ly and receipt cf yot.r report :i-'-J lU,. J~y 13 and AUS r1ADS 948 July 11 have impressed me ·,,vith necessitJ of proposing in / C a constructive r:ove d.es.:.s,r1ed to solve the 2 questions of denazHication and displaced persons ., Sov attitude expressed in J:'iiJ m,eetin~ July 12 fully corresponds vJith Molotov ' s statement in C?M in refusing to submit draft treaty to deputies • .de charged "½hat 437 , 000 HFascist ien Displaced :Persons' nou in ,11estern zone mad e consi·eration of treat:, impossible and presented security threat to neighboring states •. ]e a so c .. arger! 1azi laws are still in force in us . 1 �1 ( I me.de clear in C:F'!i.1 and reiterated in speech July 15 u~ position on DPs, stating thnt re cannot agree to any action co1,cerning repatriation whfoh conflicts in any ·:,ay with agreed .lied rolicy and uhich fails to distinguish among DPs those cat ggori'3s which s11pported a111ed ob.j ecti ves or W'1re victims of He.z i ersecution ., Like ·wise, I consider that· 'Ve should not agree to forceful rep< triation of any 'J-ermans resident _in A s prior to nschlu::s as stated in JOur directive I approve , therefore , your action in AC Jul~r 12 in withdravdng resolution on DPs and proposing alternative resolution on denazification Any solution. reached for these 2 problems should not reflect on work of r, or b used as ..1olitical ueapon by any occupying pow9r against .. :us Govt u am informed that Brit member will introduce resolution July 26 ca., ling for ..C report on denazif ication to CFL'I Brit Fu OFF , however , is not convinced that AC can issue an aere ed report In that event, Brit me-iber will pr pose that majority anc. minority r ports be submitted to C~, ' . In tiy estimation , failure_ of i.C to agr ~e to unified report -v·o· ld only serve to delay consideration of ii.US treaty and would be 1.ost ndes.:.rable . 1 In view of di.fficul ties encountered in submitting "- us treaty, and cf ob~ective of completing the libe:ration of us at earliest pos sible ·U1ne, I recommend that you introduce into the .:..c r,~solutions on the followi·1 6 2 items: 11 ( 1) that a commit tee be a~,pointcd to investigate the progress already mDde in dena.zification of Aus and to recomr:1end what furthA:r steps may be re_uir~d or mav be desirable in ord .... r to fulfill 1 lied obj.~ctivet;, ard to meet the current criticism by the 00v mem er of AD and the Sov or3ign _:Iinister . Such a committee shonld examine the 1 aws Jas . .;ed by the iS Govt as well as analyze the dif'ficul ties encounter9d by the us Govt in carrJinc out the denazification pro[ raCT . I agree with yo·r state □ ent of policy in the July 12 that cat~gories in wnich alleged l.azis have important ~ositicns s~1culd e listed and instr1:ctions iL;su0d to the Aus Govt t remove them progrecs:i vely from their · ositiorr ~:uch action 1ould not provide ar y occUD7 il1g power with .._1olitic 1 capital and would be of mated 1 a'·sistance to the us G vt. If Brit resolvtion is consistey1t with f regoing , you may in your discretion s pport that ratner than introd'l7ce a serJarate t-S pro· )OS al . . 1 (2) a c ommittee sho ld alco be a inted to investigat~ the oir:.:placed persons r)roblem and to report on the nu""'lbe::" and general catego:riJ of disp~aced persons in each zone .. This coL1mi tt0e should likeYdse . eco·~mend -realfatic s~eps .1h; ch can be ta.ken tovmrds :repatria,I; tion . "1 fter comr)letion of their worlr , tr,ese 2 cornrnittees coPld submit re, orts tu the 'C which in turn wct1 ld be forv arded to the CFH in order th8.t the Avstrian treaty may be discussed at our f orthcom::.ng meeting followine t 1e peace confei-·ence . n In vi ·w1 of the di:I'f ici.:l ties already encountered :.tn the ' 'uadripa:ctite mach:Lnery dealing with denazification anc• displaced persons , I SV[: est t·:.at these 2 committees be apf,ointed to or'erate outside the existing <:uadri ..,artite mach.:.nery , althourh no objsction is seen to usin[€ \CJ peronncl. TLe comrr~itteos should consist of 1 reprsenta-tivc from 9ach of the occup:Ting p wers, furthermor..,, in order to assist 1 ( �( the .Aus Govt in every way , : rcconnerd that the "4.us Govt be associated in both inqui~ies , lea vi lg to yol~r d~i.sc ration whether o:r not yov. propose that an ,. us mem::>'-'1r be added to the 4- power c.ommittee or other provisions made for the cooperation of the Jim rovt . Yo should base your proposal for the .a ssociation of the A s Govt on the aims of t 3 of the new control machinery agreement . · nrn addition to the meast:xes proposed in the foregoing recommendations , I wish to call your attn to the fact , that the full expression of UC poli.cy I( i th regard to all categories of refugees and JJ s was pre sented at the London meeting of tle exec committee of IGC . A resolu· tion to expa~d IGC activity to cover emigration and resettlement was ad.opted July 16 . The details of this rlan have already been transmitted to you . I realize magnitude of displaced persons question in Aus and fear that any measures wl1ich may be taken by Ji£ canriot solve tllis complex ::robl em to the satisfaction of all ccc1.·, ,ying powers . Therefore , I am considering possibility of reqvesting IGC to send commission to .Pus to supplenent measures taken b~ by .for ,mlating exact reset tler.ient scheme Likewise , I sha· 1 recomnend to other povr~rs that arran .:ements be I'l de to give priority to rerrtov 1 of displac9d persons . from us over re:noval from Gernany ( USPOL '1 C 1018 July 22) • I shall a so call o the attn cf the .ACC , 3erlin , the large n r bers of Sudete n . Gerr.ans and other Volksdeutsche who are now present in , and recommend that steps be taken to absorb c•uaeten population under terms of ACC dec ision of Nov 20 191,.5 . · nr wish to express to you my complete ap::iroval for your work in the r,e not on~.y on these 2 troublesome questions b ·t in 01 r whole policy for t:he attaini~ent of Aus independence tr General · Clark s'ent the fol lowing mes sage to LAP. for Joint Chiefs · o' ::taff, pac-s to r•ECsrr t:.TE , info to 1' estern Base Sec. pass to Ji embassy for SEC B.r~:·nes , SEC!' 1936 : 1 n. . roblem of position of Am oil interests in us is most urgent . On it _al,._..o depend 1artly .q esti ns of equitable use of indigenous petroleum products in UNRL.i re-ief r..,rogram and E;ov domination of oil . industry in us ction on all this has been held in abeyance by instructions contained in :r-93599 8 July pending arr ivai of Brandon Grove . · un vmuld be seriously prejudiced further by further delay . Since Grove has not repeat not returned , I vlil.l proceed without him to institute clairrcs for Ii reischurfe . Fer thi please send me evidence rnentioned in ·. ·93599 ~-•s havine been given to him . . 11 I wot;j.d not file claims for t e ccmpanie as ~uch since they have ncveF76£aimed by ovs ther selves . Re the companies as s uch I propo e to initiate formal staterneni;, to Sov Comnander that ,Iacuum Oil Co .. is 100% n o med , and that l G and Oesterreichische ,Jlincra.loel1erke are 50% . owned and 50. Brit; demand that Sov ins ectors and other officers no, in or interferinc with operations of these compan• ies b . withdrawn ; and take the position in AC that crude production of' 1 G is not repeat not in any w~ -- claimable as Sov under Potsdam because it has continvously been property of a Brit and ovmed us c ompany never claimed by Germru s even and th ·s should be for free al location by ..us Govt in UllRl program witho t the regulation to which �( al. oil is now subjected in: Aus by Sov I,Iin'3ral il Jldministration on ground that certain oil properties became 2ov state property under Potsdam a greement These ayJproaches rnuld not mention Freischurf e one way or the other thus leaving them to be handled separately . nI wi.1-l inform the :3rit of foregoing but wiLl not wait for them to make para~ lel ap roach since they have been s1. r:)risingly slow in facing the ussians on property m tters in Aus _:::rhardt concurs . " 1 * * vr~11i , JIDJY 30 , 1946~ General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and immediately conferred with General Tate and L!r . rhardt concer:ning U ~1 t 0930 hours he talked with Colonel Tyler ;,ood, a member of · ,Ir .. LaGuardia ' s party . Mter an hour ' s discussion G neral Clark left his off ice to go to UJ.~ Headquarters where he again conferred v:: th i.Ir LaGuardia at 1100 r cl s . After returning to his office at 1215· hours the General had lunch at the CG . ·ess in the Bank Buildjng . .Pe then went over several officii;;d dociunents and then received ;:r . c arnoff, former Ia,jor General , nd now president of' RC Tl--1e General talked with · Ir Sarnoff for considsrable time ter the departure of .<r . tarnoff , General Clark left fo ~ his villa w1ere he_ (3pent the remainder of the day . ( · General Clark sent the following letter to Brig . :iarminter, .Chief of t'J'~F ustria: n1 . fieference is· t1ade to recent exchanges of correspondence bet,lleen this Headquarters and your office on the subject of l1I"l:ill assistance in !Jrocurement of coal for . ustria . 'I' he following is commtmicated ·t."io you as strongly held U S policy . n 2 Tl:e on2.y source cf payment for Austrian coal imports , in addition to proceeds f . vstr ian exports , is UlLl funds . It is understood that the U. . - ,..li budget for ~ustria is now set at ·("117 ,500 , 000 and cc,ntain provision for industrial mnterials , i e . co Al. Unless m I:FJ assists in payment for coal imports , they will cease or be drastically reduced to level v1hich barter deals T: erm:i.t . Ti·.e t . ~. Gcvermwmt desires largest po::- sible coal imports in present circumstances for Austria . F1Jll :res.eonsibil:ity for propel use of cornbined export proceeds and UIT1 budget rests· \dth the , ustrian Go rernment , the rstr:i.an UC~ ~Jissicn and the Ulied Council The ,.nited States expects UNRP to provide f·nds for coal in amounts believed necessa!"'J . r 3 . T1 is statement of T .s . policy in tvstria is furnished you for consideratj on in formulatiL yo T procram L."1 com.ection ·dth the f 117,500 , 000 budeet allotm~nt . 11 General Clark sent the following letter to Colonel General h:urasov· HYour letter i~o . 1113 of cs" June 19L:,6 , kindly info:rmed me that you h d ...;i ven instructions for pay~1ent by the c oviet dneral Oil ·Ad ministration in ustria of its indebtedness to the 11 facuum Oil �Com:Janyn, i ~ohoel1:5ev;innungs A,. G ' , and ncesterreichis-che i1i1 eraloeJ.. ... wer·ken f'o1. . t e oil and otr-0r petr 1 et pr ducts supplied b r the I r-·6ret to have to i.nform you that your instructi nc• have rot been carried out 7he S. 0.. did ma e sm J l partial payments on 21 June 1946 to the last two companies named , 1 t has mo.de n _,ayments whatever to t:1e Vacuum Oil C r p,· ny ., i'irce then, all tl ·ee comp,. Dies ha .,e continued to deliver :..,uppli s to the S. 0, so th t the -a1ount ... indebtedness has azain increased ,;, rnj n:· u~:& of schiLings Gince o la~t corres1ondence on the subject 11 Instead of making payr.ents as reque:-;ted by the C ·., Cor11 anies, these requests are counte .. ed w:..th derands f :r the submission o.f detailed statei entG of op ,ratj n...., co""ts, shov.ring Ylhy funds are neede6. ,. s ..,. pointed ot t in my letter of 14 June l 9L 6 to you , ~. t-~ amount of indebtedness is de uermined simply by the 1uanti t:· ,f :;rod: cts de· ... live . . . ed on the bas:.s of the standard o_fficial prices ciuly fixed for a~ l such products .. T'!ere is n rea"'on why t,l es compaides, wh·"ch are all .it~ner w_ olly or half' 'rorican ovmed_, shoulc reveal their financial data to the Soviet t.ti10rities, and -- do not 1:1ish th .,m to .1 dos t,: therefore req est yo1- kinr 1lv to in'"'tr1:ct t.he S QA to cease recp '3Sting s1)ch data from them and t make payment for the products deliv0rea .' t the prices established for such products. I sbould a1~prec · at ..., it if you wot.ld let me know when you have dor.e so 11 * I * * VI ~] A, -_J.JY .31, 1946; General Clark arrived Pt his off ice c.t 0945 hours. le f.i..rst \'lO:rk ;d on corresponderce and ""everal doc e ts i.:ind letr-ir ~ a·,7 Gene~aJ. : ate· At 1030 Lo· rs Gen ral C ark conferred with 1 r °'rhardt and w.1s fol:1.owed hy Col nel Lazar on arrangements :~'or th,:_i one1 ing of the ,_,a] zburg r; ctSic }.i os-ti vaJ • t 1100 hours the Genc➔ ral rec9rded his speech to be delivered on t 1e radio tomorrow in hono:r of rm~ ... i:r Force Da.y " t 12/1.5 hours General Clark entertained . Ir c a:rnoff, Ge.i eral Lanahan, ..lr . CahiJ 1 ( a laember of ·Tr. S,.snoff I s· party) and Colone] rorn at lunc:h at tr.e CG ess o Ju't9:r lunch the Gern:~ra. coriferr .. d \ ..... th . r ..1rhardt a~1d 1.ater w· ',h General Tete . ~ter seeing G~neral Harnes ~a left hjs office ~or h1s Vi], . Gene:cal Clark boarded his · rain at ~ r riz J sef' :3ahnhof at 1s·.:o hours and :tmmedfauely d0p"rted f r falz urc· Acccm~an;.,-ing h:i.r.n ·1ere 1.rs ~ Clark and &rm, Colonel and ':rs $ Jov,a:rd, Co. one:. and l 1rs ~ S livan, Colonel e.nd l rs .. J~~d e, their two chi dre· , und Colonel ·art in t.) 1 * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diaries, June 21 - July 31, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from June 21 - July 31, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1675 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/a4742a438efa0471ae6df48addf7f29f.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=a9velZWJoRJ0mOO9%7E8PfA7sxEZfaO%7EuNC5dAT5GdzKSRCdGmwlrrq2E587vCLylNw1WUezfQn9uqv%7E-4RXaIDGVmBlJXT-hq0IWMcBhK%7E5-UPw3K83ViRz1mXv7Mv7%7E07fc3ACSZj144vHCIFYZZJx2LjVUCiVzLSfdzTIwPQ2nncEmP38cS2STFGMNjBDsoE-fZkd2VIJqU4SOAwrakr4HwTzbxwnaH0TQwvaTqiFJwIbmGmyhRwQBLGdSStuBhyW%7ExWf8EG2jcljP8z1wkUaV-I5H6OvZB%7EM81ZMRc52Phyvj3rRk6NytDY8PiFpIdW-%7EMvd0YXOeqDvbqUU%7EO9g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM af5ed591272f3f0d48eeaed333b33581 PDF Text Text . ~ This is Volume VII of the War Diary of Lieutenant General Mark w. Clark. Volume I, covering period 28 June, 1942 to Sep- tember 24, 1942; Volume II, covering period 25 September 1942 to 5 January 1943; Volume III, covering period 6 January 1943 to 6 June 1943; and Volume IV, covering period 7 June 1943 to 29 August 1943, are held in safekeeping at the Army War College, Washington, D. c. Volume V, covering period August JO, 1943 to December 31, 1943; and Volume VI, covering period January 1, 1944 to March 31, 1944 are being held in safekeeping in the Commanding General's safe. �3 SAN MARCO-•APRIL 1, 1944--An early morning promotion ceremony was held at the Forward Echelon, Fifth Army. It began e.t 0900. General Clark addressed the 45 officers,who were to be promoted1for a few minutes and then passed down the line and pinned on their bars, leaves or eagles. The ceremony lasted about half an hour. All of those promoted were Headquarters Fifth Army per• sonnel. Immediately after the ceremony Eric Severeid, CBS broadcaster, visited General Clark. General Clark was astounded at his lack of understanding of the situation and problems on the Italian front. He talked to him for about 45 minutes. After a few Headquarters visits, General Evetts, Assistant Chief of the Imperial General Staff, conferred with General Clark. Shortly after General Evetts departed, General Clark went into conference with Generals Brann, Gruenther, Tate and Keiser reference offensive operations of the Fifth Army and the coordination necessary with the Eighth Army. Shortly after the conference General Brann went to the Eighth Army command post, submitting proposals for coordination between the Eighth and Fifth Armies. He returned with the•. fu.11 concurrence and approval of the Eighth Arey of this plan, which pleased and surprised General Clark inunensely. During the afternoon, General Clark worked on administrative nntters and conferred with General Gruenther on several occasions. Major Metcalfe, PRO Section, was invited for supper. Generals Clark and Gruenther discussed at some length with Major Metcalfe the correspondents' viewpoint of the Cassino situation and criticized Correspondent Sultzberger's over-estimation of the tonnage dropped on Cassino by the Strategic Air Force. General Clark was very desirous that Sultzberger be straightened out on this matter in case he might make any further statements on the .bombing of Cassino. * * * SAN MARCO-•APRIL 2, 1944-•The first Sunday in April turned out to be a very spring-like day. General Clark worked on administrative mtters and held a conference with Generals Gruenther, Brann, Keiser and Tate prior to attending a meeting at AAI Headqua.r ters in Caserta. At 0930 General Clark left for the Caserta conference preµired to spend the following three or four days in Sorrento. The conference in Sorrento is covered full7 at the end of this day's diary. After the meeting, Generals Clark and Brann proceeded to Naples where they had lunch with General Wilson, new Commanding General of the Penin~1lar Base Section. After lunch the General oontinued on to Sorrento where he was going to take a much-needed rest after the gruelling and trying days during and following the Cassino attack. The following notes pertaining to future operations of the Allied Armies in Italy, covered at the meeting in Caserta, were compiled by Generals Gruenther and Keiser: "1. General Alexander opened meeting by calling upon BGSI Airey for estimate of the enemy situation. This was given as we knew the situation existed. �The BGSI's conclusions were: a. That the German 90th and 29th Divs would be utilized to defend their switchline. )2. That the enemy will defend strongly routh of Rot!le. ,2. That the ma.in .front (Cassino) will probably not be reinforced. "2. The C in C then went into a general discussion am reading of the directive •Future Operations' 48/G (ops) 25 NE.rch 1944. ' "He covered the tasks for each Army a?Xl V Corps as in Par. 1, and the breakdown of tasks as in Par. 2; stating that these tasks 1110uld not neces• sarily follow in the order as arranged in the directive. "In summation and deducing a time for the operation he stated that due t-o troop movements, regrouping of the armies particularly the Eighth :Army and V Corps that it was evident that it could not occur prior to the first week in May. He asked the Army Commanders a.bout this timing to which General Clark answered that the Fifth Army could do it any time ~fter 25 April; Gene• ral Leese said Eighth Army oould not do it prior to 10 May. "3. The C in C then discussed the phases of the moon which eventually wound up in referring to an air drop (sabotage operations in mind) and the ) availability of air transport. General Eaker replied to this that the air transport oomma.nd had steadily been required to transfer its ships to other theatres and that the chances of having more than one squadron (30 ships) were remote. Those are all the transport ships available here. "4. Next subject mentioned by C in C was the 'Timing of the Attacks' by the Main Front and the beachhead forces. Would they be simultaneous or one precede the other? The C in C stated he believed the main front attack should be first. Reasons that this would draw troops from beachhead where the enemy is strong and then when enemy has drawn troops from beachhead area the breakout from the beachhead could follow when the opportunity was evident. "Both Army Comnanders agreed to this, GenerAl Clark stating that the lead off should be on the main front with both the Fifth and Eighth Armies attacking simultaneously. General Leese also a.greed to that view. "5. General Alexander next mentioned the date for the attack as probably 10 May and upon being questioned General Clark stated that the Fifth Army is ready at any time; that is after 25 April, whereas General Leese, Eighth Army, replied that he needed time for rehearsals and that the 10th of May was still the earliest he oould be ready. "6. The C in C then stated that he believed the main battle would no doubt last a.bout a week before the position lossens up and that if the ma.in front opens up on the loth that Anzio should be ready to push out four days later. General Clark said that the beachhead forces could be set to go with 24 hours' notice and that he had not yet decided on extra divisions to go in· there. · / 1 �s "7. General Alexander then decided that D-day therefore was to be set tentatively for 10 May; that the main front attack was to be delivered first and that Anzio was to be prepared to push out on 24 hours notice any time after 14 May and that the decision on extra divisions into the beachhead would be given later. tt8. General Eaker then said that in regard to the air he considered both these fronts together as one battle and that the air could support both fronts. He stated that it must be known that their attack was now going on against the communications and that one month from now their effectiveness and value at the time of our attack would be im. terially reduced. This would be due to •war weariness' of personnel as well as probable future losses to OVERLORD and other theatres. "9. General Clark next stated th~t he had been to Anzio two days ago and that he had discussed the timing of the attacks with all commanders there and that they (the oomrnarrlers) were all agreed that the timing plan (main front attack to be first) was correct. He further stated that he wanted to place CCB in the beachhead at an early date. That he had not yet decided on whether to put in the 88th or 36th Div there and that he would reserve decision on that matter until around 15 April. He further stated that if the beachhead attack goes well it would be practicable to reinforce it at once with an RCT from the main front with little trouble and thAt he would draw plans to do so. "10. Admiral Morse next discussed the shipping situation and the Elba mission. He stated that 26 new LCT 1 s were arriving soon with JO additional ones now at Anzio (these need repair soon). There are also 50 LCI(L)'s in the area end plenty of LCA 1 s. They have lifted for. 6000 personnel end 100 vehicles. The difficulty with Elba 190uld be a:fr cover which the Navy badly needs for the operation. "General Eaker replied air could not give the support. That air cover now over the beachhead was a drain on them and even though reduced from 28 to 8 missions that they would not take on another air cover job such as Elba even from groups in Sardinia or Corsica. "11. Gen. Gammell said Elba planning was still going on et AFHQ. not be undertaken unless the a:fr objection was overcome. It would "12. General Clark then stated that the 509th Para. Bn. was now coming out of the beachhead and that plans were to be drawn as to its probable drop to help Fifth Army operations. He indicated that they would need a little training if possible and General Eaker remarked that only the one group would be availRble and then only if it was not being used on other transport missions or training missions now going on in Sicily. General Alexander said go ahead and pJ.t.in to use them. "13. General Leese stressed the importance of making the Allied troops in Italy feel that they were a rart of the OVERLCRD force. General Alexander said he would issue an Order of the Day covering this point. "14. General Alexander next took up the 2d phases of the attack as stated ·~ �in the directive. He talked about 'Speed and Punch'. "15. General Cannon next asked if ANVIL was on or off. To this General Alexander replied that he had no knowledge of it, but General Gammell, on being questioned, inferred that from his impressions it appeared to be off. "General Cannon remarked that if ANVIL is on then from D-47 the AAI loses 2/3 of_its air support. "Also, that if the armies are south of Rome we will lose our air the next month and 60% of it within 6 weeks. 30% of \ } "The present air plan to include 10 Mly is to: "Cut lines of communication. The air is all out on this now. The light and fighter bombers only to be used south of Rome. There is no need for mediums oouth of Rome. They must go beyond. Air forces will be weaker on D day than now. "He believes the lirt for the 509th Par. Bn. can be handled. He brought up the Elba situation again. The air can support the initial landing l;>ut can't continue defense. May be coastal command can do it. Beyond Rome-control reverts to original plan, i.e. XII ASC to Fifth Army. "16. Admiral Morse then remarked about the difficulties in defending Anzio port because of: ~• Increase in Limpits ]2. Human torpedoes ,g. Mines "They do not want to man too many ports bece.use it is costly in ships and personnel overhead and they haven't the defending craft necessary. "17. General Robertson then discussed Q matters. He spoke of congestion in the areas and to have armies agree to keep troops back until they actually move in to attack. "Also to get all unnecessary paraphernalia out of forward zones such as laundries, bath units, etc. "He stated that casualties are necessarily heavy in first few days of attack and that for pla:rming purposes the A:rrrry Surgeons should be advised of this and to have them plan accordingly. Camouflage of dumps etc. to be done to hide direction or area of attack. Also have troops get rid of the junk they have been collecting. He stressed the necessity of a drastic reduction in equipment to be carried wheh the pursuit actually begins. "Support of air forces a major problem." * * * �SAN MA.RCO--APRIL 3, 1944--General Clark enjoyed a very restful day at Sorrento. During his absence, General Gruenther hB.d as dinner guests Maj. Gen. David Barr, Chief of Staff to General Devers; General Tate, Fifth Army G-4; Col. Barron, War Department Assistant G-4, OPD. General Barr and General Gruenther entered into a general discussion concerning the Cassino operation. General Barr stated thPt he knew the u. s. wa.s disappointed in the failure of the Cassino attack and that he did not think the attack was followed up aggressively enough; that the casualty report did not indicate this. General Gruenther cited the total casualties a"i about 2100, which surprised General Barr, who did not think that they were tha.t great. The discussion brought out the difficulty facing General Clark in that all the troops involved were either British, New Zealand or Indian, with a few American troops part1cipating, such as Engineers and Tanks. It was also brought up that General Clark could not have relieved General Freyberg, due to his reputation and the political complications involved. General Barr asked if the Divisional Commanders went forward to actively direct operations, and General Gruenther stated that to his knowledge he didn't think that General Parkinson, Commanding the New Zealand Division did. As to the others, he was not sure, but in any case the re~ sults of the operation would not indicate that they did. General Barr then discussed how in the last war when an important objective had to be taken it necessarily was costly in men and that in the Cassino attack in order to capture the monastery heavy casualties should have been expected. General Gruenther then pointed out the difficulty in replacements for British divisions and other empire troops and said that that particular subject would, and always has, come up when these troops a.r e employed. * * SAN 111.ARCO•-AI'R.IL 4, 1944--General Clark remained at Sorrento and visited and spent the night at the Isle of Capri. During his absence General Gruenther had as his dinner guests General li:tartin, Anrty Surgeon; General Bowman, Army Engineer; Colonel Avery, ~.rmy Inspector General; and Colonel Weaver of the PWB Section. General ATartin had just returned from Anzio and told how they were really digging in the hospitals on the beachhead. The question of malaria control was also discussed, and General Bmman brought out the fact that they would get four of the seven pumps going in the Mondragone area to drain out the marshy area. General Martin also explained that he would powder spray with airplane this swampy area and then oil spray the ditches and other areas where the plane spray would not be effective. He said that atebrine would be taken by all personnel as of April 15th. Colonel Weaver brought some samples of German propaganda with him and pointed out that some of them were very well prei:itred and with a keen insight into American psychology. Others, however, were completely ineffective. He stated that our policy was educating the German with facts, with no t . ndency e to emggeration or bold statements. This policy is being pursued so that when we oontinue our efforts, in increasing intensity, our propaganda will be able to greatly affect German morale. He pointed out that the Russian type of propaganda was so fantastic that German prisoners indicated that they placed no concern nor belief in it. Colonel Weaver pointed out that we wouldn't want our propaganda to be so oonsidered by the German • .. ,/' �SAN MARCO--Al'RIL 5, 1944-•General Clark was still enjoying his rest a.t Sorrento and Capri. The following is a compilation of the casualties incurred by the New Zealand Corps from 0600 hom:-s 15 March 1944 to 060o hours 26 March 1944: 26 officers and 261 enlisted men killed, 108 officers and 1474 enlisted men 'l'IOunded, 6 officers and 231 enlisted men missing. The following letter 1VI'itten by General Clark to General Eaker is quoted in full: ttI understand that there has been some comment in the press that the unsuccessful outcome of the recent Cassino battle was due to the failure of the Air forces to perform properly their tasks in the combined operation. I do not share that view. I feel that the results obtained by the air bombardment of Cassino were those predicted by General Saville, and I can assure you that if there is any tendency to blame the Air Forces for the result of the operation, it has not been inspired by my headquarters. "As I have told :vt,u before, it is my conviction that no aerial oombard• ment can be expected to clear any fortified area of determined infantrymen who are occupying well covered emplacements. In the last analysis our infantry must close with the enemy in order to achieve final victory. "I desire to take this opportunity to express deep appreciation for the excellent cooperation which the Fifth 'Army has always received from the Air Forces under your command. They have already made a notable contribution to our successes, and I am confident that we shall continue to receive effective support in the battles to oome." * * * SAN MARCO-•APRIL 6, 1944--General Cle.rk flew back by cub float plane from Sorrento to Caserta lake where he transferred to a cub land plane and arrived at the forward echelon at 1235. His total f'.l.y:l.ng time was about 42 minutes. The General appeared completely rested, and it clearly showed that his three days' sojourn at Sorrento did him worlds of good. General Clark had as his guest for dinner General Forde who is being transferred to the United States for work on ordnance matters. General Clark's day was spent primarily on reading the accumulation of dispatches, personal mail end other important administrative matters which would bring him up to date after his short visit to Sorrento. Colonel Robinson made a brief call on the General. He was formerly the AA officer of Fifth Army and has been transferred to the 34th AAA Bri.gade in the II Corps sector. After Colonel Robinson le:f't, General Bradshaw who had returned from the beachhead called and paid his respects to General Clark. He was invited to supper after a short conference with General Clark in his van. After supper General Clark continued work on administrative matters and retired early. General Clark this afternoon received the following cable from General Truscott: ) �RN 044. "The average strength of British infantry battalions is a.s follows: 1st Division, 31 officers, 582 other ranks; 5th Division, 26 officers, 6o2 other ranks. The War establishment for Br:J.tish ba.tta.lfons is 36 officers, 809 other ranks. General Alexander stated, a.:rter the 56th Division was relieved, that battalions would be ma.intained at 30 officers, 700 other ranks. In my opinion, the battalions are already dangerously low. Within a few days hard fighting they will become so reduced in strength as to be ineffective, just a.s happened to both the 1st and 56th Divisions dur:l.ng previous fighting. Recommend that you take this latter up with the C-in-C a.nd advise me a.s to the possibility of bringing these units up to strength." * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 7, 19M.-- General Clark worked upon important military dispatches during the early morning, clearing the way for a da.y of appointments. Spring-like weather prevailed today. General Clark received Genernl Dody at 1045. General Dody is taking over temporary connnand of the French Expeditionary Corps and ca.me to pa.y his respects to General Clark. They discussed briefly General Juin 1 s absence from the Corps and the date of his expected return. General Clark asked General Dody how his 2nd Moroccan Division was getting a.long, particularly as to replacements, training and French junior officer and non-commissioned officer personnel. General Dody stated he was up to strength; that he had units undergoing srecialized training in mine warfare, special operations for river crossings and a.tta.cking in mountainous country. General Dody complimented General Clark on the progress that he was making in speaking French. r At 1300 General Leese and four of his staff officers, Ma.j. Gen. Walsh, Brigadier Stratton, Lt. Col. Kent and Maj. Verney, came to a luncheon 'Which was arranged in the Eighth Army Commander's honor. General Leese and General Clark sat in the sun near General Clark's van so they could discuss together future operations. The remaining officers and guests from the Fifth Army Headquarters, General Gruenther, General Tate, Brigadier Stayner, Colonel Britten, General Keiser, General Lemnitzer, Colonel Wood and Lt. Col. Draper, went into the conference hut where they studied a SJSCial ma.p prepared by G-3, showing genernl directions of attack, l:xnu:rlaries a.nd schemes of mneuver. After this short discussion luncheon was served and was oompleted at about 1430. A:rter luncheon Generals Clark and Leese came outside the hut where pictures were taken of the two together. At this point Colonel Darby, Commanding Officer of the Ranger Force and formerly of the 179th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Division, carrie to pay his respects to General Clark prior to leaving for the United States with his Ranger veterans. It happened that Colonel Darby's British decoration, the D.s.o., had arrived, and General Leese presented this high British award to him. After the luncheon guests had departed for a visit to the Fifth Army front, General Clark began immediate preparations on his speech for the Jewish service of the Passover mich he was attending at Caserta at 2000 hours this evening. During Genernl Leese's tour, Colonel Wood, Fifth Army G-3 Executive Officer was wounded by a shell fragment. �General Clark dined early and, accompanied by General Gruenther, left for Caserta where he attended the Jewish Seder Service and made a very inspiring speech. Upon leaving the service General Clark noticed about 100 enlisted men who were unable to get inside. One or them asked if the General would address them, as they had not been able to hear his regular speech. The General agreed and led the group to a vacant lot, spoke a few words to them and then shook hands with all the men. The soldiers were impressed by this thoughtfulness on the General's part, and some were heard to say, "Gosh, I shook hands with General Clark, I won't wash my hands for a week." General Clark returned and retired early to his van. \A. S _ ~ '1 :;z.,, C< , e,,--c. t ... Q........:.- Important messages of the day are as follows: Clark to Alemmer. RN 8247. "Reports from VI Corps show average .,,. strength British infantry battalions as follows: 1st Division, 31 Officers, 582 other ranks; 5th Division, 26 Officers, 6o2 other ranks. In my opinion the battalions are now dangerously low, and within a few days' severe fighting would become so reduced in strength as to be ineffective. Urgently recom\ mend serious efforts be made to maintain battalions war establishment strength." Harding to Clark. RN CGS 3.30. "Your 8247 of 7 April. General Alexander recently reviewed the whole question of allocation of British infantry rein• forcements and decided that even with resources becoming available this month it would not be possible to do more than make infantry battalions of land 5 Divisions up to 26 officers and 700 other ranks. Regret that at present this cannot be done but draft is expected from UK shortly vm.ich should enable battalions of 1 and 5 Divisions to be mde up to above strength by about 20 April." Truscott to Clark. RN T-005. "I need information a.s to oontemplated operations as basis for planning here. Do you expect to come here by 9th? If not, I would like to fly down and discuss this matter with you. Situation continues relatively quiet, limited to patrol activity and artillery harassing fires. I am making strenuous effort to reduce enemy artillery fire on beach a.nd port areas. So far we are making some ~gress and damage has not been excessive." * * * SAN MARCO-APRIL 8, 1944-Up until 0945 General Clark worked on administrative matters. At 0950, accompanied by Lt. Col. Draper, he took off by an L-5 plane to Bagnoli where he bade farewell to tte 504th Parachute Regiment which was leaving for England with an attached artillery battalion and composite service group battalion. He decorated two chaplains of the regiment with bronze stars and presented War Derartment battle streamers to the Jrd Battalion of the 504th for outstanding performances in the beachhead. He gave a farewell speech to the regiment and conunended them arrl their Cornmarrl er, Colonel Tucker, for their outstanding work with the Fifth Army. He also announced that Colonel Tucker had been E\wa.rded the D.s.o. by His Majesty the King of England. Before taking off at 1055, the General looked over the Bagnoli replacement center with the Commanding Officer, Colonel Tenney. General Clark returned to �l1 the forward command post and arrived at ll20. At 1155 General Devers, accom• panied by his British aide, Colonel Campbell, arrived at the Headquarters. Generals Clark and Devers conferred far about one hour before going to lunch. The following points were discussed at lunch. (1) The complicP-tions of the French political situation, with General Giraud being replaced by Generf',J. DeGaulle as Head of the French Army and what General Giraud's status will be in the future. No definite statements were ma.de. (2) The fact that General Devers was beginning to clear up some of his base section hospitals in North Afr5.ca and that all hospital patients would be returned directly to the United States. The long range plan was for General Devers eventually to move his Headquarters from Alders to Italy to relieve trans-shipping difficulties. (3) The question of whether ANVIL was on or off. Specific answers were not given, but the general trend was that ANVIL was not off but was dependent upon the date set for OVERLORD, shipping that muld be available such as LST's LCI's, etc., and the successes made by the Allied Armies in Italy in their next offensive operation. The general opinion was that there would be a 45day delay after D day of OVERLCRD before a sufficient amount of shipping could be sent down the Mediterranean for ANVIL or for further needs of the Fifth Army for future operations. After lunch General Devers left to visit the 85th Division oommand post. Shortly after General Devers left, General Clark made immediate pl.ans to take off for the United States for a ten-day visit. He had received a letter from General Marshall, requesting that when the time presented itself he would like to have General Clark oome to Washington for a brief stay. General Clark plans to leave at 0900, 9 April, in General Eaker 1 s plane. He plans to take with him Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Smith and Sergeant Chaney. At 1500 Lt. Col. Gray came up to review pending general oourt martial cases. General Clark oompleted his ~rk with Colonel Gray and at 1700 General Juin flew up from Capodichino on his return from Algiers to confer with General Clark. General Clark had in his van at the same time Generals Gruenther, Brann and Colonel Saltzman. Generals Gruenther and Brann left, and Colonel Saltzman remained with General Juin and General Clark. A general discussion of the plans for future operations took place, and General Juin was told that the Fifth Army staff and his staff would start w ork immediately on the details of the coming attack. General Juin then discussed what had taken place in Africa. General Giraud's responsibilities will be nnterially reduced. General DeGaulle has ta.ken over the duties as Army Commander with General Bethouard as his Chief of Staff. General Giraud will be given some title which will oorrespond to om- Inspector General. He will be oonsulted on all planning for the employment of the French troops. General Giraud does not like his new title but it was perfectly clear that he w ould be reduced to a minor role. Howeve;, General DeGaulle did make it clear that he did not want to lose General Giraud completely but would use him in some sort of an advisor capacity. Gmeral Juin stated that he had General DeGaulle 1 s oomplete oonfidence and would re- ) main in command of the French Expeditionary Corps. After General Juin left �ET General Saville of the XI I Air Support Command conferred briefly with General Clark. Shortly after this conference, General Truscott, who had just arrived from the beachhead, had a conference with Gmeral Clark. General Clark told General Truscott that he was !J)ing to Washington and discussed with the VI Corps Commander the sitttation at the beachhead. General Truscott wanted to know when it was expected that his beachhead forces would attack; that much of his planning was based on this decision. General Clark said that he couldn't give him a definite date but that he thought it would be around May 10th, but certainly not before May 3rd. The date May 10th was given because thAt was the earliest day that General Leese of the British Eighth Army would be ready for any coordinated { attack. General Clark then told General Truscott that whatever the date of the attack was, he was assured by all Commanders, British and French, that it would / be an all-out effort and that it would be successful. General Clark emphasized that the Eighth Army, under the oonnnand of General Leese, would throw in everything they had. General Clark then stated that it muld be possible that the beachhead forces would not attack before the 2oth of May. He asked General Truscott what his plans were. Gereral Truscott then stated that his planning group was considering a limited objective attack to capture Cisterna, which he thought that he could accomplish within three days. This attack would be SJ:earheaded by the 1st Armored Division under Gereral Hannon. He also mentioned an attack to take Carroceto. The point was brought out that such an attack should wait until after the main Fifth and Eighth Anny front had pushed forward in an all-out effort. General Clark asked General Truscott specifically if he thought any limited attack in the beachhead would be profitable prior to this all-out offensive on the ma.in front. General Truscott said that he had considered such attacks, but he agreed with General Clark that the beachhead should hold now and conserve its forces. Then when the opportune moment came to attack it should be done also with an all-out effort. General Truscott said that he would like to put the 3rd Division back in the lines about 10 April and withdraw it so it would be in reserve when he did attack. By direct questions to General Truscott, General Clark managed to draw out from him all possible plans of attack available to the beachhead forces. General Clark stated that when he went back to Washington he would emphasize the fact that the morale on the beachhead was high, and he asked General Truscott if he concurred in the statement. General Truscott replied that he did 100%. General Truscott said, however, that he was ! very disappointed in the decision to withdraw the 56th Evacmtion Hospital and that he thought that it had a very poor effect on the morale of the beachhead forces. He added that he didn't think the hospital itself wanted to leave. After conferring in the hut, General Clark and General Truscott went to supper. After supper, General Clark began packing his personal things in preparation for his brief trip back to the United States. General Clark today cabled General Truscott as follows: RN 6011. "Personal representation has been made to the CINC, AAI, regarding your 044, and he has replied as follows: 'The entire problem of disposition of British infantry replacements has recently been studied by the CINC, and it is his decision that even with the availability of replacements this month, it would be impossible to do better than to make infantry battalions of 1 and 5 divisions up to 26 offi~ers and 700 other E ��ranks. Am sorry that we can't do this now, but draft should arrive soon from UK which, it is believed, will make possible battalions of 1 and 5 Divisions increasing to above strength by appr~ximately April 2oth. 1 I understand fully that their reply is not satisfactory and will keep on doing all I possibly can to s:, lve the problem." General Clark also cabled General Truscott as follows: RN 6o24. "Recommend that you fly down as soon as oonvenient, as I do not plan on visiting you by 9th. Let me know when you plan to arrive." * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 9, 1944--General Clark and his party, which is leaving for )\ the United States in General Eaker's B-17, piloted by Captain Smith, took off \\ from Marcianise airport at 0850. General Clark took Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Smith and Sergeant Chaney with him. General Clark flew by cub to Marcianise, delaying his departure time in order that he might confer with General Gruenther. General Truscott was invited by General Gruenther for lunch: TMs being Easter Sunday, a special service was held in the daisy field adjacent to the command post. General Clark being unable to read the Easter story, General Gruenther substituted for him. This service was broadcast to the United States. General Gruenther invited for dinner General Moran and General Coulter. General Coulter is head of the Maintenance, Researcr and Development Section of the Signal Corps. The topic of the conversation centered ma.inly around equipment and personnel problems. The question of the security of the Sigaba code was brought up, and when General Coulter was asked if when a set was captured ' by the enemy it would compromise the code, he said that he thought not. However, he asserted that we should make every effort to make sure that a set does not get into enemy hands. This code system has enebled us to maintain complete secrecy of messages from Washington to the various theaters and within the theaters themselves. After supper the dinner guests attended a movie set up for Section Chiefs of thA Forward Echelon in the conference hut. * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 10, 1944--The command post missed the personality of General Clark today, this being his first day's absence during his trip to the United States. General Brann held a G-3 conference at which attended General Tate, G-4; Colonel Howard, G-2; General Bowma.n, Army Engineer; General Moran, Army Signal Officer, and General Saville of the XII Air Support Command. General Brann discussed in detail the attack by the Fifth Army. He completely outlined the objectives and directions of attack contemplated by the French and II Corps. The 2nd DIM would attack in the direction of Majo, which it planned on taking by the first night, to proceed down into Ausonia up to the high ground south �of Esperia. This attack would be closely timed with the 3rd DIA, proceeding on and taking the high ground in the vicinity of Mount D1 0ro. The 4th DMM, especially trained in mountain warfare, would follow through with a small part of its force proceeding toward Itri. General Brann does not favor this. He would rather have II Corps take Itri. The remainder of the 4th DMM would consolidate in the Mount D1 0ro region and push on to Pico. This plan would place in our hands the high ground dominating the Liri Valley, which would forcefully enhance the attack of the Eighth Army up that valley. The II Corps, at the same time, would attack with two divisions abreast, the 88th on the right and the 85th on the left. The 88th would have as its initial objective the commanding terrain in the vicinity of Castellonorato, and the 85th the commanding terrain on Mount Scauri. Simultaneously II Corps would rroceed along the coastal road, wresting the commanding terrain overlooking this route from the enemy toward the direction of Formia, Gaeta and Itri. This would be accomplished by small turning movements as the advance progressed. General Brann then stated that the 36th Division would be held in reserve; that its employment depended on whether the Army Commander wanted to use it on this front or on the beachhead. If used on the Garigliano front the 36th would follow through and exploit successes of the 85th and 88th. If used on the beachhead, it would be used to exploit any successes on that front. He also stated tha.t the 91st Division, which had not yet arrived in this theater, would be available to the Fifth Army around June 1st. It should arrive here around the 1st of April and would be ready for battle in 4 or 6 weeks. General Saville was then consulted as to how the Air Corps would closely support this attack. Their particular objectives would point toward isolating the battlefield in the Ausente Valley, paying particular attention to the rear slopes of Mount Scauri, which at the same time would be rounded with a terrific artillery bombardment of at least 400 guns and also the road junctions terminating bot}-, entrances to the Ausente River Valley. General Saville posed the question of conserving his air might to facilitate the second phase of the attack which would concentrate on the high ground and to the west of Spigno. However, General Brann thought that it would be important to go all out during the initial stages of the attack so that it would facilitate the isolation of the battlefield on both corps fronts; that is denying the enemy any withdrawal routes on the road from Ausnnia down to the coast. If this bottleneck was offered to the enemy, only infantry soldiers would be able to withdraw and force any effective resistance later on, makin~ it impossible for transport or artillery to escape. General Gruenther represented General Clark this afternoon at the Polish Corps dinner. * * * SAN MA.RCO--AFRIL 11, 1944--The appointment that General Cl~.rk made with the Duke of Aosta was not cancelled. The Duke arrived at the command post an hour earlier than 10 o'clock, the appointment hour, and was taken immediately over to General Gruenther, who discussed with him Italian units, their loos.lity and the type of work they are doing. General Livesay, Com1mnding General of the ; .: it '·. ' . :-~·~J_,): :..-:{ �15 91st Division, and his Chief of Staff, Colonel Donovan, also reported in to the Commanding General, Fifth Army, and was received by the Chief of Staff, General Gruenther. These two officers were invited to lunch. General Livesay discussed some of the POM difficulties thet the Division had in the States; such as, wh8t was the meaning of the term "combat serviceable" as pertaining to their ordnance weapons? Staff officers from III Corps indicated that they should be very strict, so all weapons were turned in that were shiny, regardless of small defects. Later on, ASF representatives said that this interpretation was too strict and th8t they should turn all those weapons in for bluing only, to eliminate the shine. It eventually turned out thnt they got back the weapons that they had turned in, blued and with minor repairs accom• plished. . The 91st Division did not lrnow where they were going until they reported in to the staging area at Fort Patrick Henry. They lrnew they were coming to the European Theater, but the exact destination was not known. About two months prior to getting alert orders the Division received a considerable number of replacements of German, Italian and Austrian parentage. This led them to believe that they would probably go west and to the Pacific. General Livesay ha.d extreme confidence in the Division's ability and commented on its past performances. General Gerhardt who now commands the 29th Division "brought up" this Division from its activation date in #43. The Mondragone Villa project has started on 1ts way and should be completed in about 15 days. Lt. Col. Sutherland, former aide to General Clark, and Colonel Porter were invited to dinner by General Gruenther. Colonel Sutherland is leaving for Algiers to determine whether or not he is going back to Washington or will remain on duty with OSS in this theater. At 2130 a cable came in relieving the 91st Division from assignment to the Fifth Army, stating that it would not be unloaded in Italy but would be staged in Arzew and would be under the command of AFHQ. When General Gruenther saw this he said that he didn't like it, but there was nothing he could do about it so he was going to bed. * / * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 12, 1944--General Keyes, Deputy Army Commander, flew up to the beachhead and decorated Brigadier Generals Ramey (Legion of Merit), Fredericks (Silver Star) and Baehr (Bronze Star) and Colonel Bauchspies, (Legion of Merit}. The purpose of General Keyes' visit was to make a personal reconnaissance of the beachhead while assuming this temporary title. Mr. Bob Murphy, U. s. Ambassador-at-Large in North Africa, came to call on General Gruenther and have supper with him. He was accompanied by Mr. Reinhart and Mr. Offay. Mr. Murphy and General Gruenther had a grand time reminiscing about past events in North Africa. Mr. Murphy answered a number of questions regarding U. s. reactions to the Italian campaign, and, in substance, stated that he didn't think that there was any criticism in the States \ of the Fifth Army or any of the operating troops, but that he believed that ) there was serious doubt as to the grand strategy of the campaign - what we ... I �were trying to accoMplish here and the reason for not giving the ~herewithal to accomplish this mission. He brought out also that the State Department was well a.ware of the Russian situation and possible menace - that a.t the present moment our policy was to be extremely friendly toward the Russians that their efforts on the eastern front were necessary to our success and that future problems would have to be dealt wlth as they a.rose. He also mentioned the fact that the Russians wanted an airfield in Italy but that, as far as he was concerned, he wasn't going to give it to them. General Gruenther then outlined on the map in the hut the Fifth Army dispositions as of today. Mr. Murphy was extremely interested in what General Gruenther pointed out, and the discussion developed into practically a map study of the entire Italian campaign, bringi.ng up action in the Volturno crossing, the Camino, Lunge and Cassino battles. General Gruenther thoroughly acquainted Mr. Murphy with the true facts of Cassino, emphasizing the fact that this battle was conducted with an American Army Commander and heterogeneous British troops; that the attack was not vigorously pushed. However, General Gruenther did bring out that as long es we are fighting with British divisions, the replacement problem will hamper operatfons inasmuch as the British fear sui'fering too many casualties and are unwilling to attack in force. He also pointed out that many Br1tish troops have been fighting for four or five years and are in soJ'le cases pretty tired. Mr. Murphy said tlwt he would stay with General Wilson's Headqm:irters and that when they moved here he would move with them. After supper Mr. Murphy, accompanied by Lt. Col. Draper, went up to the French Expeditionary Corps CP to pay his respects to General Juin. Mr. Murphy got quite a kick out of passing the "light line" and knowing thRt he was within five or six kiloMeters of the enemy. He had a delightful talk with General Juin, at l'kiich time they discussed General Giraud's position with the Liberation Committee. Neither one seemed to know more than what the radio had) announced. ~ Mr. Murphy returned back to the Fifth Army Forward CP am. left for Naples f at about 11 o'clock. • n 1 •• -t. /J /1"" , ',( t--, ti"' ~ C * . ..,..--.. -;t;_ , ,,.. "· 4.,1;f ~ ·,~A( Qt T _/? ----------' ,_,~ ... * - ., ... ,{ -c. ~ ., I. ~ .,.. - * , SAN MARCO--APRIL 13, 1944--General Gruenther flew to the beachhead in General &lville's C-78 and spent the day conferring with General Truscott and visiting units. The 3rd Division had relieved the 45th Division in the line, and things were generally quiet except for daily shelling. General Gruenther discussed at some length the whereabouts of the 28th Centimeter Gun the.t hl'ld been regularly adjusting in the vicinity of the Fifth Army Command Post at Anzfo. He brought out the strong possibility that this gun was located near the Pope's Palace at Castel Gandolfo. As yet no definite location had been arrived at, and the Air Corps was trying to knock it out. Colonel Ladue, Chief of Staff of General Crjttenberger's IT Corps, had lunch with General Keiser. d- beachhead at about 1600. \ " .,.. () yvv-l.Y.. ., ' .<, ,,.,. ~ t;-<-\ J_;JL,, ~ r '1 cl~-- o -tr'-"' - P 1- - �11 SAN Mf\RCO--APRIL 14, 1944--Administrative natters were carried out by General Gruenther. He had General Keyes and Colonel Nygaard for lunch. At 16oo General Juin, accompanied by his Chief of Staff, General Carpentier, came to d1 scuss future planning with General Gruenther. General Juin left at 1715 for his Headquarters at Sessa. General Keiser is !Ping to present the Fifth Army plaque to the Allied Railway Military Service at a ceremony given in General Gray's honor at Naples tonight. It harpens to be General Gray's birthday. General Gruenther this evening attended a G-3 i::arty in Naples, leaving the comma.nd post at 1900. * * * SAN M\RCO--APRIL 15, 1944--Activity for the last ten days at the front has been confined mainly to ·patrol action and artillery duels. However, in some cases the German artillery has increased in intensity, and his patrol probing action indicates that he is getting very curious about activities on our side. General Gruenther received General Tate, Army G-4, for about 20 minutes. There were a number of v:isiting ~iremen in the Fifth Army command post: General Brittenham, Artillery Officer of Seventh Army; Generals Warrock and Vanderveer, Assistant Division Commander and Artillery Commander respectively of 5th Division; Colonel Franson and Lt. Col. Dickens, Chief of Staff and G-3 of the 5th Division. Colonel Black, Tank Destroyer Officer, also called. Generals ~artin and Blesse, Fifth Army and AFHQ Surgeons respectively, con• ferred with General Gruenther, as well as Colonel Ryan, Fifth Army Chaplain, and Captain Moore, new Catholic chaplain for the for ward echelon. General Gruenther and Lt. Col. Draper went to Mondragone at 1700 to make a personal inspection of the villa project now under way there. The villa project has possibilities of getting involved in a Fifth Army recreation and rest center. The beach there, known as Alido, is one of the best beaches along the coast, and G-1 has already recommended that parts of the beach in the vicinity be used for officers and nurses for mixed bathing facilities, as well as a beach for enlisted Fifth Army personnel. This would require zoning off areas along the beach, and as yet no definite decision has been made. General Gruenther has as his supper guests General Brann, General Bowman and Colonel Howard. Colonel Howard conferred for about twenty minutes with General Gruenther before dinner, br:inging him up to date on the latest G-2 inform~tion available. * * * SAN :WARCO--APRIL 16, 1944--A week ago · today General Clark took off for Washington. This past week routine activity at the forward echelon was carried on. General Keyes, the Deputy Commander, has remained at II Corps Headquarters, and General Gruenther, Army Chief of Staff, has carried on for the Army Commander. General Gruenther oonferred with the following people: Colonel Berry, War �.. Department G-1; General Wilson, Commanding General of PBS; General Patch, Seventh Army Commander. With General Patch were Colonel White, his Chief of Staff, and Colonel Daly. Colonel Daly is a classmDte of Genera.l Clark. After supper General Patch and several of the Fifth Army Section Chiefs witnessed the movie "Meet The People", starring Dick Powell and Lucille Ball. Follow~ng are extracts from the Fifth Army Camouflage Plan issued yesterday: The object of this plan is to ensure complete surprise for the main Fifth Army attack. If complete surprise is Achieved, the German units on the Garigliano front on D day will almost certainly be overwhelmed by the weight and surprise of our assault. If surprise is lost the 17 German Bns at present on the main Fifth Anny front between the Liri River and the sea will be considerably reinforced between now and D day and our attack may consequently lose its momentum and eventually bog do,m without achieving decisive results. Surprise will undoubtedly be the most powerful weapon in the hands of the assaulting units of Fifth Army. Centralised planning and control are necessary. Responsibility for the execution of this plan will rest with II Corps Pnd the FEC, and, in the case of Army troops not attached to Corps, with the heads of sections concerned at Hq. Fifth Army. If one unit fails and thereby alerts the enemy of the impending blow, the harm done cannot be localized. Corps and Divisions will organize from this date forward to D day small "camouflage patrols", which should contain one or more trained camouflage officers. Eng:i neer Officer, Fifth Army, is taking action to provide the nece ssary camouflage personnel for this purpose. Normal activity between now and D day must be evident on our front. Nothing must be seen or heard which might lead the enemy to believe that we have anything other than defensive intentions. An impression of "normal f!.ctivity11 will not be given if: ~• There is a sudden increase in the mlume of artillery fire. ]2. Infantry patrols become more (or less) active than they have been up to now. £• There is an increasing volume of radio activity. g. The number of supply, engineer etc, dumps obviously increases in the forward area. ~• Gun positions, dumps, infantry positions, etc., already obvious to the enemy, Are suddenly camouflaged: i.e. do .Nm: try to cover up or improve camouflage of existing installations. Normal relief of units in the front lines will oontinue. No offensive activity on the Fifth Army front, other than normal patrolling and shootjng, will take place. This precludes any preliminary attacks being made without the prior approval of the A rmy Commander. As many units as possible will remain �in their present training areas until the last possible moment. Normal radio activity must be maintained while these units are in their present training areas until they displace forward, at vhich time strict radio silence must be maintained. Corps will submit their plans for forward concentration of units at present training in rear areas to Hq. Fifth Army. These plans should show proposed dates and areas of forward moves. plan. The above extracts are hi~J.ights on this very detailed camouflage Details are omitted. * * * SA1'l' MA.RCO--APRIL 17, 1944--The coming and going of visiting offj_cers at the command post oontinued. After oonsulting with General Tate, General Gruenther, accompanied by General Brann, went to the Eighth Army command post in the vicinity of Venafro for a conference. General Keiser took General Devers to the G-4 Section before lunch and after lunch ,vent to Artillery, G-2, G-3 and the Engineer Sections. General Devers spent the entire day in these various sections to e.cquaint himself with their daily duties. At 1815 General Gruenther had as his supper guests Generals Devers, Patch, Crittenberger, Keyes, Lewis, Brann, Saville, Keiser and Colonel White , Chief of Staff to General Patch. They had before-dinner cocktails in the conference hut. Small groups of officers chatted together before they went up to supper. They retUl".ll'Jled to the hut after supper and had liquers, oontinuing in piecemeal talks the conversations of the evening. They left the hut at 2100. Generals Patch and Devers are staying in the C-in-C camp area near the PRO Section. * * * SAN r1YI.RCO--APRIL 18, 1944--General Devers continued his visits to sections in the forward echelon. He stayed with Colonel Niblo, the Ordnance Officer, for about 30 minutes. He discussed mainly vehicular maintenance and ammunition stocks and studied recent rr.raphs of ammunition levels just oompleted by the Ordnance Section. When he finished with the Ordnance Section, he went over to see General Moran, Signal Officer, and spent about an hour looking over the entire Signal Section, including its forward echelon radio monitoring section, radio station, encoding and <lecoding sections, transmitter locations and switchboard. General Devers then returned to General Gruenther's office and after a thirty-minute conference left for the rear echelon where he talked with Generals Martin and Sullivan. He then proceeded to II Corps where he had luncheon with General Keyes. In the afternoon General Gruenther saw General V/olfe of the Invasion Training Center and Lt. Col. Hare of the Air Support Control. Colonel Hare is leaving for a new assignment as yet undetermined. �General Gruenther had as dinn8r guests Brigadier Stayner and Lt. Col. Hare, two British officers very well liked and thought of by1his Headquarters. * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 19, 1944--Word has been received that General Clark will proceed back from the States on or about Friday, April 21st. The routine and daily business has been quickened a bit by the Tentative Field Order for the next offensive operation. All sections have been busily occupied in working out the details and also preparing annexes to the Field Order. General Vanderveer, Artillery Officer of the 5th Division, is dovm from F.ngland and called on General Gruenther. General Keyes of II Corps al so came to the command post where he discussed with General Gruenther forthcoming operations and in particular the fact that he didn't want to lose the 77th Artillery Group to the beachhead. General Lemnitzer, Deputy Chief of Staff of AAI, came up to talk with General Grnenther. He arrived in time to see the Chief of Staff taking his exercise on the volleyball court. General Lemnitzer took General Gruenther 1 s place and continued the stellar playing of the general officers. General Chevillon of the 3rd DIA, who has just been promoted to a general officer's rank, called on General Gruenther and vras invited to supper. General Sullivan also had supper with the Chief of Staff, in addition to the regular members of the Army Commander's mess. * * * SAN t~RCO--APRIL 20, 1944--General Gruenther received in his office this morning the following officers: Brigadier Stayner, who is soon to les.ve Headquarters Fifth Army; General Tlartin, Fifth Army Surgeon; General Brann, P.:rmy G-3; and General Tate, Army G-4. 1 In the afternoon the Chief of Staff went to II Corps to confer with General Keyes. Later in the afternoon he received General Beucler of the French Mission. During the afternoon General Clark's new trailer arrived and, with the assistance of the Ordnance, Engineers and the Utilities Plrrtoon the trailer was installed and made ready for occupancy. General Gruenther had as his dinner guests this evening Generals Elliott, AFHQ Engineer, and General Bowman, Fifth Army Engineer. After supper he went immediately to Santa Maria for the premiere showing to Fifth Army personnel of Irving Berlin's nThis Is The Army". Mr. Berlin, the well-lmown composer and singer who heads the show, came up to General Gruenther's box before the show and greeted the Army Chief of Staff. News photographers took several pictures before the curtain went up. The show was warmly received by the audience, which was composed mostly of combat troops which had just been relieved from front line duty, a great many being 36th Division troops now in the rest area. After the show General �Gruenther went backstage, cut a piece of the welcome cake and expressed appreciation for the fine performance. He explained that General Clark's absence from Army Headqwtrters prevented his presence at the opening of the show but added that he was certain the Army Commander would attend a subsequent performance upon his return. * * * SAN MARCO-QAPRIL 21, 1944--Generals Gruenther, Brann and Carpentier, Chief of Staff to General Juin, conferred for about an hour this morning concerning the French plan for the next big attack. The French were submittjng important changes to their preliminary tentative plan. General Gruenther had Colonel Scobi, Special Services Officer from AFHQ, for lunch. The main subject of discussion was the availability of a radio station for the beachhead. Colonel Scobi said that he would arrange to have one sent up and thAt it probably could be there j_n about ten days. The question of the power of the station came up,. and General Gruenther was to check to see that a station of 250 to 500 kilo,mtts could function under the existing power system up there. General Gruenther saw General Cannon, CommPnding General of the Tactical Air Force, as well as Colonel Harding of AFHQ and Colonel Pulliam, OPD War Department. GAneral Gruenther had as his dinner guest General Bradshaw, Antiaircraft Officer of Fifth Army. General Bradsh11w djd an excellent job as Antiaircraft Officer of VI Corps at the beachhead. He told of his organization at the beachhead and of the difficulties antiaircraft encountered there. The German considerably outnumbered our forces in the air when he came over in force and so it fell to the antiaircraft to make it as costly as possible to the Luftwaffe. They tried all sorts of tricks, such ti.s using one plane as a decoy with special type of transmitters to lead us to believe that a flight with as many as 15 planes were approaching on one direction, and the actual attacking force would come in from another direction. The German was not successful at pulling this ruse at any time 100%. At the beginning they did confuse the plotting room temporarily, but they soon caught on to the German tactics. The antiaircraft at the beachhead has downed over 120 planes. It is rather difficult to give a particular battery credit for a plane because so many claim the same knockdown. General Bradshaw had a system whereby he djstributed them equitably among his batteries. He also explained how he thought the radar might be used in locating the 28 Centimeter Gun. He proposed having Beaufighters in the air at night. As soon as the big gun flashed, these planes would fly straight for the area, the radar would pick up the line plots of this flash, should intersect and with additional intelligence this gun should definitely be located and taken care of. * * * SAN MA.RCO--APRIL 22, 19Li4--General Clark's van was completed nnd ready for occupancy by him upon his return from the StRtes tomorrow. General Gruenther conferred with General Saville, of the XII Air Support CoMmand, in the morning prior to leaving for Fompei where he attended a ceremony sponsored by the 3rd Algerian Division, at which ceremony several units of the division were decorated for their excellent work on the Fifth Army front during February and �March. The ceremony was very colorful and was attended by Generals Gruenther and Brann who represented the Fifth Army at the ceremony. This evening General Gruenther attended a dinner given by General Devers at the Palace in Caserta. General officers of the Eighth Army and Fifth Army were present as also was General Alexander, CINC, AAI. * * * SAN MARCO--AFRIL 23, 1944--General Clark arrived at Fornigliano field at 1845. The total elapsed time since he left Washington was 43 hours and 25 mjnutes. Accompanying General Clark were Brigadier General Foster Tate, who will replace General Mclain as Artillery Officer of the 45th Division, Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Smith, General Tate's aide and Sergeant Chaney. General Clark rode back to the command post with General Gruenther and did not utilize his cub plane which was waiting to take him back. He and General Gruenther took this opportunity to talk of the many things which General Clark had to say. General Clark christened his new van by opening a bottle of Scotch and Bourbon and invited several of his staff officers in for a drink. Genere.l Clark unpacked, read some letters, important dispatches and retired early in the evening. * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 24, 1944--General Clark spent the entire day in his new van going over dispatches, conferring with his various general p,nd special staff officers and receiving visiting officers. Col. Howard, the Army G-2, started the morning off by spending an hour with the General in his van. He was followed by General Moran, Army Signal Officer. General Brann and General Gruenther then spent the remainder of the morning vri th General Clark. At noon Admiral Rogers, USN, and Captain Simpson, USN, came to pay the1r respects to the Army Commander. The latter had just returned from the IndiaBurma theater. They had recently been in contact with Lord Louis Mountbatten's staff. In the afternoon General Bissell of the W Department G-2 paid his rear spects to General Clark. He was follovrnd by General Saville, XII J, ir Support Cor1mander. In the latter re,rt of the afternoon Lt. Brown came to see General Clark. General Clark ~ished to deliver to him a few rersonal messages from his mother, rrs. George C. Marshall. Col. Nygaard and Colonel Bruce conferred with the General during the latter part of the afternoon. At 1800 ~T. Bob Jl(urphy, an old anrl intimate friend of General Chrk from his 'North African days, came for supper. Mr·. Murphy was accompanied by Mr. ()ffay l'lnd spent the night at the command post under field conditions. * SAN MARCO--APRIL 25, 1944--After lest night's diary had been written Kraut planes appeared over the Naples area, Capodichino and Aversa. The night fire- �- ' works were brilliant and evoked amazement and r'dmiration from Mr. Murphy. The German effort was apparently not effective. On their return home some German planes passed over the Army command post and were met with intermittent ackack in our vicinity. This morning Mr. rmrphy awakened eRrly, had breal<-i'ast and left. General Clark worked on dispatches until General Juin came to see him prior to General W ilson's visit. General Clark discussed with General Juin primarily details concerning the proposed French Corps Headquarters'coming to this theater with General DeLarminat in col"1l11and. General Clark wanted to know first what General Juin 1 s reaction was to a spare French Headquarters. General Juin stated that General DeGaulle was very anxious for it to come and, as far as he, General Juin, was concerned, under the conditions stated, he recomr1ended th11t it be accepted. The Corps Headquarters was to be under his command and to be used for tactical purposes only. His proposed use of this Corps Headquarters was to coordinate action of two divisions on his right. He emphasized that General DeLarminat was to be under his command and not to be used as an additional separate corps. General Clark told General Juin thnt he wanted to speak to General W ilson first and see General DeLa.rminat before he expressed his desire to have it included in the Fifth Army. The second point of discussion ~as the over-all French plan for the forthcoming big sea.le operation. General Juin pointed out on his map briefly his proposed plan of action. This discussion brought out two points (1) That General ClPrk did not want General Juin to enter into any agreements or understandings with the British that they would delay agrsressive offensive action until French Corps had seized dominating terrain adjacent to the Eighth Army's left. General Clark enphasized that under no conditions did he want the British to feel that Fifth Army had to achieve certain objectives prior to their advance; that he had had previous experience with this particular type of understanding. (2) That the 88th Division attack to seize Damiano must be coorcljnated simultaneously with the French attack on its ri.ght. General Clark stated that this would be definj_ tely settled by staff conferences immediately. Shortly af'ter General Juin left, General Clark went down to the conference hut where he discussed the Fifth Army's plan for attack with Generals Brann and Gruenther. General Wilson, Cor.unanding General of AFHQ, arrived, accompanied by Generals Devers and Rooks, the latter having just turned over his duties as G-3 of NATC1USA to General Noce. General Clerk then personally outlined to General Wilson the Fifth Army's plan for its next offensive action. The conference hut was well decorated with maps to facilitate this explanation. Gern=~rals Clark, Gruenther, Brann, Wilson, Devers and Rooks then had lunch together. After lunch General Devers returned to Casert~:i and GenerRls W ilson and Rooks proceeded to visit French Corps and II Corps. At 1645 General Clark took off in a cub plane to fly to Caserta. where he went into conference with General Alexander. He returned at 1g15 and invited General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman to his VHn. Colonel Saltzman will replace Genern.l Keiser in the General's Mess. After dinner General Cl.Ark visited General Brann 1 s van and took a short walk before retiring. �' ~ SAN MARCO--APRIL 26, 1944--A heavy spring rain which began at 0400 ma.de a quagmire of the Fifth Army front. General Clark worked with military dis- ( patches, conferred with Generals Brann and Gruenther and was visited by Colonel Howard, his G-2. At 1030 he went by jeep to Mondragone where he inspected a project already begun for an officers' beach and rest area. He inspected a villa which has been very modestly set up for him in the vicinity of the beach. From there he proceeded to the II Corps beach at Bagni Minerale which is used for enlisted personnel only of the II Corps. From there he went to the II Corps command post at Piedmonte where he went into immediate conference with General Keyes, II Corps Commander; General Sloan, 88th Division Commander; General Coulter, 85th Division Cornnander, and General Walker, 36th Division Commander. After the conference General Keyes had a luncheon for General Clark and his Divisional Commanders. After luncheon General Clark went to General Coulter I s command post vrhere he inspected installations and met General Coulter 1 s staff. He returned back to the Fifth Army command post and worked on administrHtive matters. During the day's journey through the Fifth Arrrry area, he was greatly impressed by the improvements accomplished on road maintenance, signs and general discipline nnd appearance of troops and bivouac areas. General Clark had supper and conferred with General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman. * * * SAN r~RCO--APRIL 27, 1944--Despite overcase and threatening \'leather the ceremony for the presentation of theater ribbons with battle stars to selected WACS and the Fifth Army Plaque and Clasp to the WAC platoon serving with Headquarters Fifth Army was accomplished. The ceremony went extremely ,,ell and was very colorful. General Clark gave an excellent speech which is quoted below: "Lieutenants Foster and Butler, Members of the Fifth Army Women I s Army Corps: "I am delighted to have the opportunity this morning to greet you again to tell you and the world how rroud we are of the splendid work you have performed during these last eight months under campaign conditions; how delighted I am to be able to award the campaign service ribbon with star to certain of your members and to be able to give to your platoon as a whole the Fifth Army Plaque and Clasp for outstanding meritorious service. "I well recall, and most of you do too, our last meeting nine months ago in North Africa when you had just arrived from the United StRtes. At that time I forecast brilliant service on your part. I well remember, during the hectic days before our Salerno landing, how excited some of you were because you knew that important preparations were in progress but did not know whether you were to participate or not. Many of you worried that the Fifth Army was running off and leaving you, but you now 1mow how impossible that was, for we needed you too badly•. So when the Fifth Army captured Naples, sent for you to resume the splendid work you had started. we "I am pleased now, after these nine months, to be :=tble to tell you how you have lived up to our hopes, expectations and standards. You have fulfilled �J. �,~~♦ "'~""· d , ~,t-:;',Jt.1; ~ .t•"' ~· .:: • 1,- "y ~ ~(.,~ ~"11 , . y ' ~ ~ ~ ·H1--~ ,,- j~ fP ~ vc~p 1 /l"P,'%:1. .1,Q.. .,,' ,,,. ~ -,..1, ~5 ly every obligation we have placed upon you. ✓~/ "Now for a glimpse of your record to date. You have released an equal number of men for more arduous duty. You have brought a bit of American womanhood into our midst which has helped us tremendously. You know that the protection and sanctification of our American women is one of the things which ,,e of the Fifth Army are fighting so hrird to preserve. Your presence made us spruce up. We were more careful of our appearance and of our language, and for my part, when I pick up the telephone now and hear one of your courteous voices I am much less impatient than before. Two officers and fiftyseven of your group came to us nine months ago. The same two offict1rs and fifty-five of that original group are still with us. W have not had a single e disciplinary case. Your appearance and conduct have been exemplary, and your contacts have always been courteous and considerate. "Your families and friends at home have every ri p:ht to be proud of your accomplishments overseas. I hope many more young American women will follow your fine pioneering example and join your organization and come to the Fifth Army, for we can use two or three hundred more throughout our Army organization. W have appropriate jobs for them, and they will relieve a corresponde ing number of able-bodied men for other combat duties and at the same time materially assist in our manpower problems back home. "Again, I want to tell you how pleasP-d I am to be with you this morning to note your fine appearance, to make this award to you and to congratulate you on the splendid work you have done and will do in the future. I am sure you will keep up your splendid record." Among the witnesses to the ceremony were selected F:nglish women of the ATS and French WACS. About 200 people witnessed the ceremony, and it was drawn up with the idea in mind of helping out with W recruiting in the United AC States. During his visit to Washington, General Clark found that the manpower problem was becoming critical, and he felt that this ceremony here would help in attracting women volunteers to this meritorfous organization. General Truscott, who was down from the beachhead, accompanied General Clark w hen he inspected the W platoon. After the ceremony Generals Clark, Truscott, GruenAC ther and Brann went into immediate conference in the hut. General Clark discussed with General Truscott the enemy situation at the beachhead and General Truscott 1 s plan for his attack during the next operation. General Truscott stayed for lunch and left for Naples w here he will rest for five days. At 1430 Generals Clark, Brann and Gruenther rode up to French Corps in General Clark's jeep. At French Corps he was received by a guard of honor which he inspected and went immediately to Gener,iJ. Juin's office. At this conference were Generals Juin, his Chief of Staf'f General Carpentier, General Keyes, II Corps Commander, his Deputy Chief of Staff Colonel Porter, Generals Clark, Gruenther and Brann. During the conference General Clark coordinated the II Corps attack and seizure of Damiano with French action on its right. Dtlmiano TTill be taken on the first day. The boundary between French Corps and I+ Corps was definitely settled. As the conference drew to an end, General ••~ ~.),ti;".>:,"';.,_ ,•~~_,'" ,J �Clark made the statement that it was one of the most pleasant and shortest) conferences that he had ever attended in that nobody argued with anybody else and everybody seemed to be in complete ~greement with everything discussed. General DeLarminat was introduced to General Clark. He commands the 1st French Infantry Division - a crack outfit that will see action on the Fifth Army front. It jncludes a brigade of the Foreign Legion. After the conference the entire group proceeded to General Juin's OP on top of the castle where an excellent view of tbe entire Garigliano front can be seen. From French Corps General Clark went to the 88th Division where he conferred with General Sloan and ma.de a detailed inspection of his staff sections at his new command post. General Clark was very much il"lJ)ressed with the neatness, protection and camouflage discipline at the command post. He congratulated General Sloan for this very fine command rost installation. From the 88th Division General Clark went to the rear echelon where he met General Sullivan, the Army f'),unrtermaster. He went through the QM, Surgeon, G-1, Officers' Bar, Officers' riless, Colonels' Mess and Chaplain's Sections. From there he returned to the forward echelon and had as dinner guests Generals Bo1·'!llan, Sullivan and Colonel Howard. After supper he worked on dispatches and signed some decorations that will be presented tomorrow when he visits the 36th Division. * * * SAN r~RCO--APRIL 28, 1944--General Clark took off by cub plane, ~ccompanied by Lt. Col. Draper, for the 36th Division. They landed at Fomigliano field and were met by General Walker, Division Commander. They proceeded by car to the Division area in the vicinity of Ferina. The first stop was at a ceremonial field where the Army Commander gave decorations to members of the J6th Division. He pinned on four DSC I s and nine Air Medals. The ceremony, while simple, was very impressive. General Cla.rk gavA a very stirring speech to those who had accomplished deeds of bravery on the battlefield. After the decoration ceremony he visited the 141st Infantry Regiment, cormnanded by Colonel Fannony. All three battalions of t:re 141st Infantry were out on either plRtoon, company or battalion exercises. General Clrirk v1ent through the area a.nd visited several kitchens. He then went to the 143rd Infantry where he inspected the area and found all battalions engaged in a showdown inspection. As General Clark walked through the e.rea, he questioned many of the enlisted men as to how long they had been in the Division and what combat experience they had. He was keenly interested in finding out how the replacements were being fitted in and comparing their statements with those of veterans. After the 143rd Infantry, he went to the medical battalion of the Division. He then went to a luncheon which was attended by Division staff officers. After luncheon he went to the 142nd Infantry and visited the various battalions which were also having a showdown inspection of clothing and equipment. He stopped by briefly at the reconnaissance troop. }~ om the reconnaissance troop he proceeded to the Division Artillery. He and Colonel Draper then took off by Division Artillery cub plane and landed at Fomigliano, where he transferred to his own cubs and went directly to the Eighth Army TAC CP. He conferred vTith General Leese, Eighth Army Commander, for about an hour and returned b;1r cub to the Fifth Anny Advap.ce GP • ~ 1 . ~ �~ i' "'" .; ~ ••. ,, , '. ,.::•:t,. He had as dinner guests General Tate, his G-4, and one of our many American Cross voltmteers. After supper General Clark walked down through his command post to confer with Generals Brann and Lewis and returned to the Chief of Staff's office before retirjng for the night. Red The following letter was received today from AFHQ regarding security of information: "1. Inf'orma tion of a secret or confidential nature will only be given to \ the French if it is necessary for them to have it in order to carry out planning ) and operations. It is the responsibility of the originating headquarters to determine whether or not information or documents are to be transmitted to the French, considering each case on its own merits. If there is any doubt as to whether the information should be transmitted or not, this headquarters should be consulted. 11 2. In all cases where documents are given to the French, the orieinating headquarters transmitting such documents will be responsible for the careful scrutiny of the material contained in them, a.nd for assuring that no more infor• mation of a secret or confidential nature than is necessary is transmitted. The greatest possible care will be taken in the case of Top Secret material. 11 3. No particulars whatsoever , having l'!ny bearinr; on projected operations from the United Kingdom, will be conveyed to the French. 11 4. All documents given to the French will carry the following WP.rning clearly printed or stamped on them: 'No information contained in this document is to be divulged to any person except in the oourse of duty. No reproduction, either whole or in part, will be made without permission from the chief of t h e * - - - - - Section, ~ - - - - - - - -•' 11 5. The foregoing ~nstructions hRVe equal a.pplication to informRtion given or transmitted to personnel or hea.dquerters of other nations. 11 *Insert designation of originating section. ~Designation of headquarters." General Clark today received the following letter from General Juin regarding the use of the 194th Artillery Group: "During our conversation of 27 April you were kind enough to assure me that thP fire of the 194th Artillery GroupMent would be placed exclusively at the disposition of the CEF for the beginning of the next operation. "On the morning of the 28th, General CHAILLET, Cormanding the C.E.F. Artillery, broached this subject to General I.EWIS. The methods of employment of the 194th Artillery Groupment could not be settled during this conference since General LEWIS had not as yet received from you the necessary directives. For the action planned, it is indispensable for me to have a.vailable a powerful reinforcement of heavy artillery fire. In fact, the terrain will make the forward displacement of Division .Artillery very difficult, and it is essential �to the success of the first phase of the operation that the CEF benefit from the support of powerful and long range Artillery fires. "Since the developnent of the plan for Artillery employment should be behonor to request that you be so kind as to give all necess~ry instructions concerning the 194th Groupment to the proper authorities." gun immediately, I have the * * * SAN MARCO--APRIL 29, 1941~--This day from the outset had promise of being a very busy one. General Clark worked on military dispatches and plans for future operations. At 1000 he received General Juin and also met GenerRl Brosset who comma.nds the 1st French Division now training in rear areas in Italy. At 1030 he went down to an open field where a very picturesque decoration ceremony took place. General Alexander, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Armies in Italy, arrived for the ceremony to decorate Generals Clark, Gruenther, Truscott, Harmon, Hartin and four other officers of krmy Headquarters. General Clark met General Alexander at the entrance to the field. As they approached the decorees and honor guard troops, "To the General" and "Ruffles" smmded. Facing Generals Alexander and Clark were one company of French ~foroccan troops, one company of MP 1 s, color guards with the three Allied flags (French, British and American) and the decorees. Generr-ils Alexander and Clark reviewed the troops, and General Alexander then rroceeded to p±n on General Clark's chest the ribbon designating him a Knight of the British Empire. After thr-it he decorated Generals Gruenther, Truscott and Harmon as Companions of the BBth, and four other officers, General T•-!artin, Colonel Saltzman, Col. Smith Rnd Major Connor, received the Order of the British Empire . Following this presentation, General Clark then decorated five French officers and soldiers, one of whom received the Distinguished Service Cross and the remaining Silver Stars, one British officer with a Soldier's Medal, four Legion of Merits, of which one was General Bradshaw, Fifth Army Antiaircraft Officer, one Silver Star and three Air Medals. After the ceremoriy General Clark went irnmediately to his van where he conferred with Generals 'l'ruscott and Harmon concern:i.ng future operations at the beachhead. After that he received General Beucler of the French Mission and General 0 1Daniel, Commander of the 3rd Division. Genernl 0 1 DPniel stayed for lunch. After lunch General Clerk went out to inspect ordnance units, accomp1mied by Colonel Niblo, Fifth Army Ordnance Officer, and Colonel Artamanoff. The itinerary included a visit to the followin>1, units: 109th Ordnance CornpPny, ?630th Ordnance Group, 188-th Ordnance Battalion, 94th Ordnance Company, 3485th Ordnance Compa,ny, 86th Ordnance Company, 93rd Ordrumce Company, 477th Ordrnmce Company, 29th Ordnance Company, 42nd Ordnance Battalion and 3488th Ordnance Company. All of these ordnance compr-inies except the ?9th Ordnance Company support Corps and Army troops. The ?9th supports the 88th Division. As they visited these various ordnance units, most of them were busily engaged in rna.intenance and repairs. Two of these outfits, the 901st and 94th, were celebrating overseas anniversaries. The others could be seen working on various types of field artillery rnajntem:mce such Hs, packing of equiliberators for our big guns. 'T'he Ordnance has quite e problem in thllt they need repacking every two weeks and just recently they have been bringing the equiliberators �back to the ordnance repair areas rather the.n doing j t ,=it the gun position, believing that this will be more satisfactory. When a tube requires ch~nging the whole gun is brought back nnd a re:rleceT'lent is sent up so thr-it at no time is a battery minus one of its guns or howitzers. At the 3485th Company mechanics were busily engaged in repairing motors and tanks. At this company the General witnessed an experiment in the mounting of one of the infantry 105 howitzers in a dukw. This improvisation is being done to rrovide some means for giving effective fire support in assr-iulting beeches. GenerPl Clark was very interested in this project and said that he always thought that it we.s feasible and that he thought it WPS a tremendous advantage for troops assaulting a beach. At the 93rd Ordnance Company, wM ch supports Army antiaircraft troops, the General went through the small arms section where 50 caliber mA.chine guns were being worked on. The GenerPl asked whPt seemed to be the greatest dH..,i culty and was told that extractors caused the Most trouble. He then went over to where the men were preparing dj~ectors for qo mm guns, and he stopped for some period of time to look over the multiple 50 caliber machine gun mount, the M51. The M51 has a ,lower silhouette than the former one anr appears to be a good weapon. It packs four 50 calibers. At the 477th Ordnance Company he saw sorne of the big t~nk retriever trucks. This is a truck tractor rrime mover wjth a huge silhouette. The carriage mounts 1/2 inch armor plate. The tank retrievers can go up in forward a.ref's and bring out damaged tanks. At the ?9th Ordnance Company, which suprorts the 88th Division, General Clark remarked on hoi:r little activity seemed to be taking place there. He was told thAt the ordnance company of the 88th Divfaion is a very good company and, in addition, they had practically finished up with third echelon maintenance for that division. '--- I The entire trip entailed much walking. Colonel Cabelle, Orommce Officer of T'lBS accompanied General Clark, until he WPS too tired to carry on. After I the ordnance inspection General Clark returned home, worked on d7srt1tches and prepared to attend the Army show, "This Is The Arny" which was gjven in the Allied Military Theater at Santa MCJ.ria. There he met Hr. Berlin, who came up to his box just rrior to the start of the s},ow. General Clark enjoyed the show very much and t1fterwards went backstage to congratulate the cast. He returned __I home at 10 o'clock and retired. v>l"v-~c ~ .rN"' JrvJ._ ~ - t::l~c, r . Y"'"v~ * ~~ * \ff!.~"' ~~ * (i SAN MARCO--AFRIL 30, 1944--General Clark had H meeting in the hut at 0930 to discuss preparations for the Army Commanders I meeting at AAI Headquarters on tomorrow, Nay 1. Present vrere Generals Gruenther, Brann, Lt. Col. Hansborough, ✓ Colonel Howard, Colonel Saltzman, Colon~l Paxson and Lt. Col. Draper. At this conference the first discussion centered on the air plan for the attack. General Clark wanted to make certain that on D day large headquarters of the Boche such as Arny and Corps would receive cnreful attention by the Air Coryis. Also , General Clark emphasized that he succeeded on having the air effort on a 50-50 basis and not 70-30 in favor of the highth Army, as previously planned. This caused considerable controversy and bickering. General Clark jnsisted that the air effort be divided between the two arrdes. ' : ,Pf, • ". t ;£ ·,,,... • ,. I~\ • '>i ~ J �30 Colonel Hansborough pointed out that the air pll}.n was divided :i.nto four phases . In the f'irst phase the first priority would be tsolation of the battlefield by sustained attacks at the road center at Itri-Pontecorvo-~spcria road and to deny the use of the San Giovanni - Pico road . The second priority is counter battery targets as requested by corps , priority being given to FEC . The third prjority is close support targets as. requested 11y corps with the priority going to FEC . The second phase gives first priorjty to the continuation of isolation of the bAttlefield . Second rriority will be close support targets in the vicinity of La Civita , Spigno and Ausonia , witb the rriority going to FEC . The second phase gives first priority to tre continuation of isolation of the battl~field . Second y,r:i ori ty will be close support tArgets in the vicinity of La Civit a , Spigno and Ausonja , with the rriority going to II Corps . The third priority goes to counter battery targets . In the third phase the first priority will be a continuation of isolAtion of the bA.ttlefield . Second nr:i ority will be counter battery targets, :md third rriority will be close support targets . A parachute drop night be undertPken during tris phase. This would take prfority over all other tasks . In the fourth phase the first priority will be continuation of isolation of the battlefield . Second priority will be counter battr:iry targets , Pnd the third rrfority will be close support targets . General ClPrk brought out thPt we will not nsk the air to do what the artillery can do . Targets within our rPnge will not be Pttacked by the air except rossibly soMe counter battery missions . Col. Hans- / borough briefly discussed the counter battery missions thnt the Air Corps would accomplish , cb1efly concentrating on larger caliber guns out of our artillery range . I The artillAry plan was discussed next. General Lewis stated th1=1t until he received the divisions ' fire plan and the boundary limits were settled he could not rresent his complete Prtillery plan . He showed General ClPrk fire possibilities for various cal i bers of the artillery with the Army. This f1re possibility chart was genernl in scope , showing the sectors of fire of 155 guns , 8" howitzers, 240mm howitzers , 155 and 105 hovrit zers . The artillery officer stated there would be no rreparation prior to H hour and that our fire plrm cai bs for Artillery fire to start as soon as our infantry cross their line of r'eparture at H hour . General I ewis then brought up the contrbversy concerning the 194th Artillery Group which occupies rositions in the Ejghth Army's zone of action . This group has two 155 gun battalions, the 633rd and 985th , one 21..0 battalion, the 698th less one battery, and one 8 11 howitzer battalion , the 995th . General Lewis brought out that the only support at H hour given in Eighth Army zone of action cornrrised counter battery, whic}, is, in rMlity, support for the Fifth Army, becAuse these hostile rieces can and do fire in the Fifth ArMy zone of action . This counter battery is desjred by the French also , who agree that jt is necessary for their ovm support . All F.ighth Arrny' s calls for fire for the 194th Group are to be clMred through the ti'rench after the injtial pre- arranged fires agreed on at H hour are fired. The ?.40mm howitzers of this group have an Army string tied on them in that Army has priority on their use for special missions such as bridge busting. General Lewis bronfsht out the fact thr-t the only battalion of this grou:r th11t the British can expect is the gu battA.lion, the 985th, which has its center 15ne so fixed that it can rMcl 1 out and tAke targets under fire on the reverse slore of Monastery Hill nnd that vj cini ty. He empha.sized thl't all calls for fire from Ej gbth Army will be cleared through the French. General Chaillet , Artillery Officer for FEC , wanted one 155mm gun battalion to change its center line so - �31 that it could reach Ausonia and answer calls for fire :in that vicinity. This has been done. As it stands now, the 194th Group is prepRred to furnish complete support to Fifth Army requirements, specifically the French. General Lewis stated that the Eighth Army Artillery Officer was agreeable a.nd easy to do business with, but the artillery officer of 13 Corps was not. Much of the difficulty arose between tre artillery of'ficer of 13 Corps not being able to ( coorerate and coordinPte wjth the French. This was due mostly to the fact \ thrit the French did not completely understPnd our neaning of the word attachment, mean:ing th~t the 194th Group being attached to them is at their disposal and also they entertain some distrust of the British. The British,· in turn, were trying to get all the support that they could expect from the 194th Group and even riore. Much of the difficulty lies in misunderstanding of the term attachment. In any case, where artillery can fire beyond the limits of \ its boundarfos, it is normal that they fire such contingent f'lissions in order to strengthen this possible weak point, and if it were not for the fact that discussions involved British, French and our troops, there ·,ould undoubtedly J be no difficulty. It would consist merely of cooreration bl'ltween adj?cent divisions, corps and armies, a.nd artillery carable of firing outside of those boundaries would natural.ly give support outside of the boundary when asked for if it did not interfere with primary missions in its own zone of action. One advantage of th~ 194th Grour's present position, as brought out by General Levris, was thPt l'lS the advl'lnce continues and cHsplacement becomes necessary, there are many excellent positions up the Liri Valley for the 194th Group from which it can better support the continued action of the French up the mountainous terrain. General Lewis stated h!'l felt conficent thr,t after the meeting toriorrow between General Chaillet, Artillery C'fficer of the FEC, and the 13 Corps Artillery Officer all difficulties would be solved and flny bickering as to where the 194th Group was to fire during the attack would be eliminated. I General Clark then discussed w:i th General Brann and General Gruenther specific questions and decisions to be answered and decided upon at the meeting at AAI Headquarters tomorrow; such questions as D day, H hour, further plans as the attack progresses which would involve oommitment of reserves or water-borne troop movements for attacks inland. General Clark studied air photographs of numerous beaches. These were assembled and explained by Colonel Paxson, Rngineer Executive. General Clark stated that any new beachhead established would be within supporting distance or oommitted with the certainty of its being quickly merged in with the attacking front. He wanted no P3rt of any repetition of an Anzio beachhead. Likely defensive lines that the Ger:rrens could or might establish were discussed as well as general lines of action open to the Fifth Army as the attack progressed. General Clark brought out that at the meeting tomorrow he didn't want to be pinned down as to what his intentions would be or how he would ciispose his farces at any specific time or when any specific line was reached. He emphasized that any such questions 'directed to him along those lines he would answer that they all would depend on the enemy situation and where his forces were disposed at tre time. Anything that required getting out the crystal ball to answer specific questions of this sort would be dealt wj th in thl't manner. Colonel Paxson was asked about opening up Highway #7 to Rome. He said it would be merely a matter of putting up Bailey bridges w!:f re thJ permans knocked out any along the road. He emphasized that the~ wt\i/"iand along �both sides of the road precluded any troop movements or operations except on the road. General Clark then examined the maps that were to be taken down to AAI Headquarters and pointed out changes that he desired to be made. The conference closed with Generals Clark, Brann and Gruenther conferring alone. When General Clark returned to his van, he received Generl'11 Kingman, Chief of the French Rearmament Committee, who was accomponied by Colonel L'Huillier. After General Kingman left, General Cl1'1rk received seven officers sent down from UK to observe on this front. ~ At 11+00 General Clark had two war correspondents, Graham Hovey of International News Service, and Jim Roper, of United rress, plus Colonel Clark and Captain Reardwood into the hut to discuss a censorship matter that arose yesterday in connection with the decoration ceremony. Hovey, Roper and George Tucker of the Af' all ,1rote terse stories on tr, e decoration ceremony because of the fact that the names of three of the people receiving awards were not releasable: Generals Harmon, Truscott and Bradshaw. All of them attached notes to their copy, letting their offices know thAt the brevity was caused because of their objection to censorship restrictions. General Clark felt that he should 1mow when such matters were disturbing the correspondents, so he had Hovey and Roper in for a discussion of the matter. Hovey said the.t he felt there was no reason why the names of Truscott, Harmon and Bradshaw could not be released. He saio that he felt that the censors had been picayunish concerning many matters, and General ClPrk told the two correspondents that he would do everything he could to help them if they would only bring their problems to him. He pointed out, however, that censorship matters were under AAI and AFHQ, but he was willing to swing his weight when tbe cause was just. Hovey and Roper said that they had no quarrel to pick with Fifth Army or the PRr set-up; that they felt they had been very well treated in that respect, but that there were man:r censorship natters that caused cnnsiderable concern. After discussing censorship with the two oorrespondents, General Clnrk told them that a large scale attack by Fifth Army was imminent and · that he planned on having all the correspondents up f'or P buffet supper, probably Thursday night, at wrich time he would give them a 1lriefing on the proposed plan. After concluding his talk with Roper and Hovey, General Clark went to his van with Colonel Clark and Captain Beardwood and said that it was imperative that they keep their fingers on the press pulse so that he ·would know if anything was disturbing the correspondents. He pointed out that in the case of the closing of' the Anzio radio he car-ie in for a lot of criticism when he had had nothing to do with it, and he felt that the actions of Hovey, Roper and Tucker might also result in criticism of his handling of censorship - a matter which is out of the Fifth ArMy bailiwick. Later in the afternoon General Clerk saw General Bradshaw and left at 1845 for General Eaker•s Headquarters at Caserta where he had sup~r. General Spaatz, Commander of the Air Forces in the Mediterranean Theater, was also present. General Clark returned back to tre conmwnd post and visi tcd General Brann, a.s well as General Gruenther, prior to retir:ing at 2245. * * SAN MARCO--MA.Y 1, 1944--General Clark was awakened today, his 48th birthday, by the Fifth Army Band pla.ying a medley of songs depicting his life in music. �33 Just as soon as the General had buzzed Chaney, the band, fbnked by most of the officers in the forward command post, blared out with the songs. By the time the band was playing "Over There 11 to denote the General's service overseas, the Fifth Army Commander came out of his van. Over his trousers and underwear he was wearing a raincoat a.nd had on his· slippers. He made an extemporaneous speech to his officers and men, telling them how much he appreciated their loyalty and the fact that they would so thoughtfully remember him on his birthday. He added that there was still much to be done in this war, and he felt that some day before the war ended a great many of the Fifth Army would see action in the South Pacific. He said that he knew there were many of us who desire this. As the General came out of the van the band played "Ruffles, Flourishes and To The General", e.nd as re storted to re-enter, they opened up with "The Old Gray r.Tare, She Ain't What She Used To Be". General Clark grinned, knowing that this was an idea of General Gruenther's, since the same piece was played at General Clark's 47th birthday party in Oujda last year. Following breakfast, General Clark conferred w:ith Maj. Gen. Hawkesworth who is taking command of the 1st British Division. General Hawkesworth already knows General Clark, as he had h.ad command of a division under General HcCreery in 10 Corps. Gener2l Clark then conferred vrith General Gruenther to straighten out last-minute detajls prior to his neparture for Caserta to attend General Alexander's staff conference. At 1020 Generals Clark and Gruenther left in General Clark's car for Caserta. Generals Brann and Tate had left a ljttle earlier. Following a thorough discussion of the coming concerted drive by the Fifth and Eighth Armies, General Clark and his staff members attended a luncheon given by General Alexander. The Fifth ~my Commander then went to the road landing strip just north of the castle at Caserta and took off in his L-5 for his command post. J After going through his papers, he flew to Mnndragone v·here he h2s a seaside villa. General Clark spent the latter part of the afternoon dovm there enjoy-lng rela:xation on his birthday. Guests at the villa were Generals Sullivan, Brann and Lewis, Colonels Saltzman and Draper and Misses Moen and Berney of the American Red Cross. The more hardy people, including General Clark, nent swimming in the Tyrhenian Sea, despite the fact that it was rather cold. General Clark returned to the command post at 1800 and went to his van where he got ready for the birthday party being given in his honor by the headquarters officers. At 1850 he went to the hut where all the guests were assembled and a huge buffet supper had been spread. The guests -included the heads of all the sections in Fifth Army, plus other more or less close friends of the General. Following cocktails, the General and his guests had a cold buffet and vrere entertained by members of a USO troupe who had also been guests at the buffet. General Clark retired to his van at about 2230. General C:!.;o.rk received the following letter from his staff o+-'fj_cers: "On the occasion of your birthday today, we the heads of your staff sections not only wish you the many happy returns of the day vrhich we all desire, but seize avidly- this opportunit:,. to express to you, as a group and as indivi- �3Y duals , some th~_ngs which we all feel very strongly. " It gives us great pleasure to have such e chance to tell you v1hat an honor j_t is to serve under you on your staff and how proud we are of you , of the Fifth Army and of its Headquarter·s. It is a rare l onor and rrivilege to work under your foresighted and vigorous leadership in a headquarters which, under your euidance , has a rerutation throughout the Arny for extraordinary harmony and efficiency. Our pride is equally great in being members of a field force which has sho,.,m itself to be so effective in battle . "This occasion provides us also ·6 th a v'elcome opportunity to express to you our deep appreciation of the consideration and loyalty which you unfailingly show to your staff officers as individuals . One of the harpiest aspects of serving on your staff is the knowledge each of us has that our Army Cornnander is our personal friend who , in tbe midst of his heavy responsibilities and eY..acting and time-consuming duties , is never too busy to be thoughtfully concerned with the welfare of the individuals composing his staff . The 1mowledge that this is so cements our personal loyalty to you and inspires us with the desire to give to .you and to the Fifth Army the best of v,hich we are capable in the busy da:rs that remP.in between now end complete victory. 1 "We erlend to you our heartiest birthday congratulations and express to you our conf:i dent wishes that your future undertakings may continue to be outstandingly successful and that you and your family will enjoy a full measure of health and happiness . " General Cl a:t"k tode.y received an jnformation copy of the following cable from General Alexander to General Wilson : mr 0 , 2632 . As you know it is an essential feature of my plan for DIA DEM that Fifth Arny should hold 36th u. S. Division in reserve ready to operate on the main front or in the bridgehead According to the Vff'Y in which the battle develops . It is impossible to fix precisely when the decision whether to commit 36th U. S. Division can be tr-ken. It cannot in any case be before DIADEM D plus 2 but it may be any day after that . If decision is to employ 36th U. S. Division in the bridgehead it is most important from surprise and security aspects that it should be moved there at fastest possible rate . The necessary craft to lift 36th U. S. Division should therefore be standing by at Naples from DIADEM D plus 2 until decisj_on where to commit 36th U. S. Division has been taken . I understand that this may def er date at which brassard can be launched , but I consider that must be accepted. It has always been a cardinal condition of BRASSARD that it should not in any way interfere with resources required for main battle . I therefore request that arrangements be made for 15 1ST and 18 LCI(L) to be standing by in Naples from DIADEM D plus 2 until decision where to commit 36th U. S. Division has been taken . DIADEM requires maximum support by naval bombardment . It is understood from FOVJIT that this may not be forthcoming unless 3rd Divi sion mine sweeping M/LS are retained and not sailed for BRASS/\RD on 15 May. I shall be glad of earliest confirmation tha.t the lift for 36th U. s. Division will be available as indicated above and that the minesweeping M/IS will not be wi_ thdravm. DIADEM D and H hour follow by special lett er by hand of Liaison Officer. " 11 �~ ~ s"''~·.·t""u-~ ~;;.,._-,. • tro ,&-' '·~ 1 ~ r- ~ '.'.a -~ ✓~~~~ .~ / ~~ ,-J y· ~ c,/''f' \V° ..,_, •✓1- 1 yr- ..- ~UV.I' ,,--/ _ .r . ..J. r ·,-., ~ , ~ 35 r W-c:~ 0V" ~~-_g_;_~ <<.;.,..~('-v" I • ~ tJ-- V ;:_yi :,,,,- I v 1:.- ~~ y ) SAN MARCO--MA.Y 2, 1941,--General Clark left the command post early to make an inspection visit to the 85th Division. He proceeded to the junction of Highway /fl and Rout e #?14 where he was met by General Coulter, the Division -Commander . The party consisted of two jeeps . They proceeded forward across the Garjgliano at increased distances and visited the 328th Field Artillery Battalion command post , comnanded by Lt . Colonel rerkins . This battalion is in direct support of the 337th Infantry. General Clark visited the command post proper and the fire c1 irectio:n center . He met there Tiaster Sergeant Reed who had served with General Bolles . General Cll"rk immediately recognized Sergeant Reed as he reported to the Army Commander outside of the command post . After leaving the command post Genere.1 Clc1rk went to C Battery posi tion area and inspected all gun pits and questioned the cannoneers . From C Battery he went to the comnand post of the 337th Infantry commanded by Colonel Ollie Hughes . General Clnrk immediately asked for a map showing the regimental dispositions which were explained to him by Colonel Hughes . He also asked to be shown briefly the regimental plan for the next attack. ~•· . ) - ~ ~ I t . , .✓ J-" From the comrnmd post of the 337th, General Clark proceeded to the command post of the 3rd Battalion colTll'l.anded by Colonel Smith , where he reviewed again battalion dispositions and future plans for offensive action. From the battalion coMmand post he went to K Company corunand post where he discussed company dispositions and counter attack plans . From K Company he walked cross country to Tufo . On the way he passed by a machine gun platoon of Company M and talked with the platoon commander , Lt . Hughes . In Tufo he visited the OP of the 2nd Bn., of the 337th and also the OP of the 913th Field Artillery Battalion, a direct support battalion of the 88th D:ivision which was furnishing general support to the 85th Di vision at this particular time . General Clerk then proceeded to the command post of the 138th Infantry where he talked to Colonel Safay, Regimental Commander . They d1scussed regimental dispositions , future offensive action of the regiment and also , General Clark particularly asked to what extent the regiment could make use of tanks . He stated that he wanted tanks to be used wherever feasible , regardless of losses , because he has plenty of tanks and has 100 replacement tanks . From the 338th Infantry General Clark and party left for the Division command post where they had lunch. After llmch General Clark proceeded to the rear area of the 85th Division and was met enroute by Colonel Brady, Commander of the 339th Infantry which was in a rest area west of Mondragone . The regiment was assembled in an open field . As soon as General Clark arrived he mounted a speaker ' s platform and gave a very inspiring talk to the 339th Infantry in which he welcor.1.ed then and the Division to the Fifth Army, stating that he was very proud to have them; that they were very fortunate to have undergone the excellent training thct they had had in the United States and that this additional combat phase in a quiet sector could also be considered as excellent additional training. He felt certain that the Division was ready for combat and asserted thet he had no fears whatsoever in committing them for hard, offensive and aggressive action. After the short talk General Clark proceeded to a demonstration where he witnessed a platoon in the attack against bunkers and a i'ortified house . After the demonstration General Cla.rl•· was guided by General Sullivan to the 98th Railhead Company. This railhead company was operating a truckhead for ration breakdovm. The truckhead company is assisted by the 3062nd Labor CoJilpany, whose company area was also inspected by �the General. He was very pleased to find the Fifth Army Plaque for excellence displayed . From there General Clark proceeded to the 815th Sterilization and Bath Company vrhere he sav, the complete cycle of where a man comes in dirty, takes off his clothes , gets a good hot shower , co!'1es out , dries M mself off and gets a complete new outfit of clean clothes . A tired and dirty soldier comes out a clean and presentable looking soldier . This unit can handle 1600 men a day, but on Easter Eve it handled 2100 . From there the General visited the 110th QM Bakery- Company cormanded by Captain ~nest . He inspected installations and commended Captain Ernest for his initiative . He also se.w the Fifth Army plaque for excellence which was displayed with three clasps for January, February and March . From the Bakery Company he vrent to the 230th Sl'l.lva.ge Collectine Company commanded by Captain North . This salvage collecting company has done excellent work. General Clark -inspected every phase of its £Jctivity and commended Captain North very highly for his initiative and judgment in handling this most important function of salvage collection Rnd rerair of all ty-pes of clothing and equipment which , in some cases , had the appearance of being hopelessly unusable forever. During the past months this conpany has salvaged and repaired over $13 , 000, 000 worth of equipment and materiel. General Clark then proceeded to the 86th Depot Compe.ny commanded by Major Lazarus where Class II and IV supplies are stored and issued . The last quartermaster installation, the 3839th QM Gas Supply Company, comnanded by Captain Hiller , was then visited by the General. This is where gt'soline and oil are placed in conta.iners from pipe lines and are ready for distribution forward . General Clark returned to his command post where he worked on dispatches and had as his dinner guest General Adcock, G-4, NATOUSA, and General Tate , his G- 4 . After supper he worked some more on important papArs and retired . The Army Commander today received the follovring cable of congratulations on his birthday from the Prime rflinister: "Many Happy Returns of the Day. 11 * * * SAN MARCO--MAY 3, 1944--General Clark left the command post at 0830 to fly by cub to the II Corps cub field . J-ie made the flight in a total elapsed time of five minuteft . At the cub field he was met by General Keyes , II Corps Commander , and General Sloan, 88th Division Commander . He inspected a cub plane which had been improvised to drop supplies to maintain troops in isolated spots and a cub ambulance arrangement. The plane had a separate attachment for dropping supplies . The general principle is that the pilot pulls a release and m8.kes a slight brink to the right , causing the :rackage to slip off rollers out the cub door to the ground. There is a baffle plate on the left side preventing the package from Mtting the wing struts . To use a cub as an ambulance this device is removed and the patient pl~ced on a flat pa'.nel board with his feet toward the tail. In order to pick the patient up , a special canvas ty-pe litter is improvised . It is only an experiment, and further tests will be made . From the II Corps cub field General Clark and GenerPl Sloan, accompanied by Colonel Draper , left for the 88th Division front line units . Two jeeps I \ �lllfllllr were in the par ty, and t hey crossed the ferry over the Garigliano at about 0915 , the time generally reserved by the Boche for shelling. The crossing was made . wit hout incident except t hat the motor failed to start on the ferry at the beginning. Cnce a cross the G;:irigliano , the jeeps were taken ?S far for ward as allowable . The road is under obser vation from the Boche frol'l severHl directions . The jeeps were parked in an old stone house , and the party continued on foot to the 350th Infantry command post , a walk of about two miles . General Clark dis cussed wit h Col onel Lynch, regimental commander , his regiment al dispositions and plans for the next attack. General Clark emphe.sized again the fact that he wanted tanks used and discussed with Colonel Lvnch his tentative plans for their employment . Col onel Lynch called in Colonel Frey who is attached to the regiment and was formerly w:th the Prmored force . Colonel Frey briefly Axplained to Gener.<il Clark how he would recomriend the t,-,nks be used . In general , they would att ack in platoon strengt}1 find, where terrain permitted, in company strength . They would assault a M 11 , gain the p:round , and the infantry would quickly follow up and hold . The tanks , in the meantime , could be used to assist other infantry units attacking up precipitous terrain to the flanks , b~ infil aded fire . After leaving the 350th Infe.ntry command post General Clark proceeded dovm to a detachment of the 351st Infantry which is attached to Colonel Lynch. This consists of L, Hand K Companies under the command of T:a.,ior T':a:vrokas . Re has K Company rrotecth1g a l ikely avenue of approach by the Boche with three platoons in line . P Company h2.s its machine guns sighted for close sun,ort . L Conpany was in the reRr in reserve . In f'..ddition , this cetabhment has three tanks spaced at about 200 yard intervals along the road ready to oppose any counter-attack. General Cl?rk vrent up to the nost forward elements rmd viewed Castelforte and the interven:ing terrain vrM ch is "No rran I s Land1t at the prese'1.t tine . He discussed with Hajor f'!avrokas pe.trol activities and f 01.md that lj ttle information has been deter mined with regard to enemy activi ties in the vicinity of Castelforte . He met Colonel Coleman, Commander of the 3rd Battalion, which is held in reserve of the 350th Infantry. He discussed with him his role as a reserve bRtt e.lion . Gener 2l Clark continued his discussions w:tth Col. Lynch, and when he found that the 350th was planning to attack Damiano in column of companies he desired thPt this plan be reconsidered . Pe wanted an attack rnflde on 2 broader front and with more strength. At 1130 the party proceeded bacl< to the 38th Division command rest wl ere luncheon was served for General Clark, General Keyes e.nd members of the 88th Di vision staff. Aft"?r hmch GenorP-1 Clark left for a decoretion ceremony and also to address t '!0 regir1ents of the 88th Division in reer areas . On the way he inspe cted an improvised dental laboratory devised from a salvaged 2- 1/? ton truck. 1 As General Clark approached the assembly area of the two regiments , the 349th and 351st with other divisi on att achments , the troops were assembled in front of a reviewing platrorm. The troops were in command of Generfll Kendall, Assistant Division Commander , who called them to attention, anc , as General Clark stood on the reviewinr platforn "Ruffles and To The Generali' were rlayed by the band. He was introduced to the troors by General Sloan . In his introduction , General Sloan presented the Army Cor:unander to his men and , in turn, his men to the Army Commander . He mentioned thet General Clark nas one of his students at Fort Leavenworth, and that fa.ct gave him added pride in presenting t o his men General Clark. General Clark, in acknowlerging General Sloan ' s introduction , also mentioned the fact that be:ing his instructor, if he did nake ' ' ··" ' ,,,, ~ ~- ) t~ ,'. :~~ "',t • u �any tactical mistakes he had en out because of this fact. After bis talk Gen8ral Clark presented the DSC to Lt . La.mb - the first DSC to be given to a \ member of the 88th Division. Lt . Lamb's citation indicated his bravery and courage while leading a sri.all patrol into eneJ11y territory . The assembled mer.1 of the 38th Division were a very enthusiastic audience and cheered after General Clark ' s very stirring talk to them . As General Clark left , the troops were called to attention, and he left imnediately for Mondragone vrhere he had about an hour I s relc'lxation on the beach r>nd then worked on some hundred odd decoration cases . While f1t Hondragone , General Crittenberger arrived to confer with General Clark for about half an hour . General Clark left by cub plane for the Fifth Army command post at 1800 v,here he conferred with General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman. After supper he vTOrked again on administrative matters and retired at about 2200 . General Clark today replied to the Prime Minister ' s cable of birthday congratulations as follows: RH 8723 . "Your kind birthday message deeply appreciated . " . ;--t. ·• * * :Jr~~ c-.~ r'J'-~y;:_~.Yu~1:.'I: .~ ..(,,,>;:" r-WP ~ ~ ,J--- .o ..l-' j'-"- , er'" ru,..,....._ v--- . , • .J r---:"" ~ SAN MARCO- -MAY 4 , 1944- -General ClErk left the command rost at 0830 for a full day ' s visit to the French Expeditionary Corps . He arrived at Sessa at 0855 and was presented with a guard of honor which he inspected with General ,Juin and immediately started for the 4th iiountain Moroccan Division command post at Cescheto . Colonels Draper and Kammerer accompanied Generals Clrrk and Juin. At the 4th Moroccan Division they were met by General Sevez who presented General Clark to his staff . General Clark renewed his acquaintance with Colonel Bauffre , Chief of Staff to General Sevez, whom he ha.d knovm in Africa . Colonel Bauffre speaks English quite well and had been to the United States where he had called upon General Clark's son at West Point . General Sevez then conducted the party to his observation post on some commanding terrain near his command post. The visibility was poor, but an effort was m11de to point out the terrain over v1hich the next attack will be conducted . Such features as Mount .Cairo , San Ambrogio , Hount r~ajo , Pount Rotundo and Damiano were pointed out . The party then returned to the command post where General Clark went over the troop dispositions under General Sevez' command. He pointed out th11t he had under his command at present elements from the 1st rloroccan Division which were in their place in the ljne on the right . This Division r•rill be under the command of General Brosset . In the center were el~ments of the 2nd Moroccan Division under the command of General Dody. On the left were elements of the 4th Mountain Moroccan Division under tr e OOillPln.nd of General Sevez . Elements of these three divisions were actually occupying the line so that on the day of the attac1<: these troops would be familiar w:i th the terrain in their zones of action from the line of departure. General Clark then vrent into detail as to tb e direction of attack and the maneuvers J'l"cessary to capture initial objectives Pnd follow up action s. This was done so that General Clark could rersonP lly familiarize himself with all details of the French Expec1itionary Corps efforts in the attack. Colonel Bauffre acted as 4 nterprt"!ter for General Clark. Geri eral Cl9.r1<: wanted to point out that �39 the entire front, both Eighth and Fifth Army, were going to attack simultaneously and aggressively. Jt was rointed out that once the French had attained Mount j•ajo, speed and surprise was necessary to capture objectives in the vicinity of Ausonia and further developments from that point northwest to ri(ount D'Oro. General Clark also dj scussed the coordi netion required with actions of the French Corps as concerned the .Attack on Deniano by the 88th Division and thP-ir further actions in seizing the terrain in the Yicj nity of Spigno . He w:i shed to point out that the II Corps was not attacking according to any schedule but thnt they were going to pusl~ aggressively forward so tl at all troops would not be waiting for others to grdn certain objectives. He also dj scussed with General Sevez the employment of tanks in tl·e ettack and indicated thflt he desir~d tanks to be used aggressively and wherever terrain permitted, regardless of losses, because he would have replacements . He also discussed artillery dispositions and verified the fact th8t any British requests for fire in the Eighth Army zone of action from artillery with the Frencr.1 Corps would be first cleared through French Corps. These discussions finished, the party then left for the front, crossing the Garigliano at wrat is knoin as the Pont Jaguar. ,I In approaching this bridge, the party traveled over~ ro?d mAde by French eng:ineer trnops. It was an excellent engineering job and was very well camouflaged. After crossing the Garigliano, the rarty nroceeded to the right flank of the French bridgehead ::-cross the Garigliano where Generals Clark, Juin, Sevez and Colonel Draper visitP-d a company occupying the front line. This company belonged to the 4th Regiment of General Dody's 2nd rbroccan Division. It had attached to it some American tanks which were well camouflaged and sheltered along a side mountain road very close to the front line. This company e.nd the tanks were so disposed as to react immediately to any oounter-attack down this road of approach by the Boche . The visibility was not very good, and very little terrain could be viewed. The party went as far forward as was pos~ible without breaking too much defilade. German posts were only nbout 300 yArds from their position. General Clrirk paused a few minutes ·to talk to members of an American tank crew and renarkl'ld that the terrain was good for t::inks ·and wished them good luck, sayinP' thrt re knew th,'lt they would do well. The party thlcln proceeded over a raid, which hA.d recently been opened for trucks to the ?nd Regim"'nt of the 4th Mountain Moroccan Division. This road was a rmle trail when the sector was occup:ied by the British and was improved by the French to a ,jeep trail and then to a rDl:'d passable for trucks. This also represented excellent engineerjng work. At the :?nd R~giment there was a small guard . o~ ronor which was presented to Gener~l Clark, and he talked w:ith Colonel Buot de L'Epine. He was also introduced to Colonel Tolle, ComMander of the 8th RTM of the 2nd Moroccan Division. Colonel Molle is considered R fj ne col11rlander and has been given a difficult sector to attack over. At tMs point Generel ClRrk inspected an ) advance surgical unit which was rrepared to hPndle seriously wounded rnen who needed il'llJ'lediate at tent ion before being taken back to the rear. The French had planned an evacuation by cub plane from t} is point. From there tr e rart~r vrent forward to one of the battalions of the 2nd Regiment and inspected dispositions and routes used in the mountai_ns. The party proceeded back to the Go.rigliano by a different road wr ich had recently ½een improved for trucks ½y the French. It made P comylete circuit of the Frenc1 bridgehead over the Garigliano. On reac} ~ng the Garigliano Gen"lrRl Clark was conducted thro 1gh tl--ie ~h ~•edical Batta lion I s insta] lation. He viewed the 1 �operat:i.ng rooms and wards ,,,here wmmded were kept prior to being sent back to the evacuation hospital . This bnttnl:ion was the org~.nj c nedical battalion of the L~th }fountain Moroccan Division. Fror, here the party proceeded to Sessa where they had lunch in General Juin ' s P1ess . The lunch was quite ~laborate, as is customary witr the French , cons:i sting of f:i_ ve courses . Those present were Generals Clark, Juin and Carpentier, Colonels Kammerer and Drap~r and Lieutenant.s de Noblee, Vrois:3art and ratrico . After luncl1 the party we:nt to visit the Gouras . They were met by General Guillaume , Commander of tl'e Goums, who had lim,d up as guard of honor mounted elements of the Goums . Bugles r:ind drums rendered the necessary honors as General Clark inspected the tr,~ops . Genere.l GuillauJne then introduced to Gene ral Clark three of his Group Commarders, Colonel LeBlanc of t},e 1st Group of Gourns, Colonel Soulard of the 2nd and Colonel ~~assiet Dubies of the 3rd Group . Thi'! 4th Group Conmander was not m·esent, Colonel DeLatour. G"3neral Clrrrk explained bri"'fly to these Group Commanders tre situation as it now exi_sted on the Garigliano front and at the beachhMd. He told them that rie had recently visited the ';~r and 85th Divisions and fennel that they were eager and anxious for the 0>1~0..,.,-ing attack, and l'.e assured everyone trat it was going to be an allout effort, nnd he was confident thn.t the Gou.TJ1s vrould carry out their rart well . He also ri-ma.rked that while he was in the United States he had talked with President Roosevelt ancl thet the latter was very :interested to know how the French were doing and that he , General Clark, told the President tha.t they were mngni:!:icent ; thnt they were excel l~nt ffrrhters .nnd had done well and, in addition , he told Fres:i.d ent Roosevelt that General Juin was do.:ng a sr lendid job; and that in his opinion there was and could not be a better choice as a col"lmander of the French troops than Gener/31 Juin . After inspecting the Goums the party then proceeded to the 6th Regiment of the 4th 1,101mtain Poroccan Division, Colonel Cherriere commanding. Genl')ral Clark knew Colonel Cherr:l ere and was very pleased with t,,e arrangemt"nts rn.de for his visit . Colonel Cherriere had a Moroccan drum and bugle corps and a band and a battalion lined up in parade ground fashion . As G1imeral Clark approached, the drum and bugle corps rilayed 11 Sur Les ChaJr1ps 11 and thl'ln th" hand played the "Star Spangl~d Flanner" wh:: ch was followed by the 11 rtarseillaise 11 • Generri Clr.irk tben inspected the battalion of the 6th 1r:oroccan Regiment ruid congratufated Colonel. Cherriere on the excell~nt anpe2.rRnce of his troors and explD ined to hin that he was sure thct this reginent would play a big role in the ettack to come and that he was confident that they were ready. H~ remarked on itieir alertness and enthusiasm and was very rleased with the recertion accorded him. The party then left for Sessa v1here Gen~ral Clark left Genernl Juin and Colonel Karrnnerer and nroceeded to the Fifth Army command rost ~ith Colonel Lraper. On his return to the corunand post Gener.<>l Clrirk i rnmediately worked on administrative n£1tters and later received General Martin, Fifth Army Surgeon, and Colonel Barker, I<'ifth Army Chemical Warfare Officer, who is to leave shortly for the United Sfo.tes to tall:e over conmand of the CheMicel ~rrarfere School at Edgewood Arsenal. He had these two o"ficers as dinner p;i1ests . Gen~ral Cfark excused himself and said thPt he hnd quite a b:it o+' work to do j n preparation for the conference witb his Corps and Division Commanders tomorrow Morning which will take ,. ! .,"' ... ~ ~ ' ' " ~' I \..t < . ~,i:;14,. ~ ,.>, �' ~•' ' • . . ,. • • '· place at 10 o I clock. During this Army plan of nttack and make sure part that they are to play in the planning, timing and coordj m-i.tion after a very busy day . * ., ;;IJ \1 • tat conference J:,e will go over jn detAil the Fifth that all comlllEl.nders understand thoroughly the over-A.11 plan and settle any questions as to of the attack. He retir ed at n.bout 10 o I clock * * SMT MARC0--MAY 5, 1944--General Clark, preparing for the launching of the tremendous offensive on the Fifth Army front vd thin the next week, called a conference of all his nain Fifth Army front corps and division cornmanders today, and the entire plan of attack was gone into during a 2- 1/2 hour conference that was followed by a buffet llmcheon at which Genernl Clark vms the host . Upon arising, General Clark disposed of administrative work and then conferred with General Brann to button up last - minute details on the conference . 'l'he various commanders , P.11 of wron were accompanied by tl·eir Chiefs of Staff and G- J ' s , began to arrive at 0945 , and motion pictures were taken for use in short subjects and newsreels in the United States . Those present included: · GeneraJs Juin, Harding, Crittenberger , Dody, Brosset, deMontsabert, Sy_vez , Carpentier , Y,'al',;:er, Sloan, Coulter , dalsh, Saville , Guillaume, Chnillie:r, Johnson, Hume , Lewis, Poran, Bradsh~w, Brann, Sullivan, r.1artin, Tate , Beucler and , of course Generals Clark and Gruenther . The lf1.st man to arrive was General Juin, Cor.imander of the French Expeditionary Corps . General Clark met him and accompanied him into the hut , and t!-i.e conference got undervmy. Because of the fact thnt all remarks had to be translated either from English to French or French to English , the conference proceeded ratl-ir--r slowly. Following is a gist of the conference taken from stenographic notes: GENERAL CLARK : 11 We are going to have various officers t:Iiscuss their plans this morning and will have interpreters for the French . "Gentlemen, I called this me.eting in order that subordinPte oommanders might meet each other here and discuss their plans briefly so that everyone will know what the other fellow is going to do . The Army Plan will be outlined in its br oad form , and corps and division comm~ders will likewise give us a brief orientation of their plans. If there are any loose ends or discrepancies this is the last chance to clear them up . ttin addition we have a fine plan - it has been developed by General \ Alexander ' s headque,rters whereby both the Fifth and Eighth Armies attack at the same time without on~ holding back and waiting for the other to do some thing toward the attack. We are attacking over ~ vridc front in grePt strength. There are eight divisions attacking simu1taneously on D- Day. These troops are fresh . We have reserved , both infantry an'd. artillery. It is the f;irst time that the total resou.rc.- s of both armies. have been thrown into the attack at the same time . These remarks I have ma.de rpply to the majn Cassino - Garigliano front . At the same time we }1.a.ve the bridgehead force of the Fifth Army which is prepared to attack at the opportune time either with or w:ithout reinforcements . "Now I want to sa;v a word as to over- optimism. I have every confidence in the success of this a ttack but I must emphasize that we must not let ourselves �~~ ~ .~ t?" _,,~4 ,;.,,:~ ~ i look into the crystal ball and by wishful t~inking realize that we are going to join up or capture Rome within a few days . We should join up - we will join up - and we will march on to the north in reasonable time . I mention this because during the last Cassino attack there were some who thought that we would join up in a matter of a few days , and the.t over- opHmistic estimate a ctually got back to the United States . I was confronted with that when I returned on my recent visit to the United States , and it took me some time to explain and straighten it out . If the enemy delays us , as he did for many months before we attacked Cassino , by demolitions and delaying action, he can delay us materially. He cPn delay our advance so thet we will be fort unate to make two miles per day in my opinion. So let us realize thP-t we bave a battle ahead and that we are not going to wj_n it the easy way or by his pulling out . There a.re no indications of that . We have f,I'and air support in this attack . It is the first time that we hnve joined up, with good weather to operate in , the many groups thPt will support us directly in this battle . 11 low I vrant to emphasi ze that for my subordinate co:mnanders there are no } time schedules. No one plans ahead of time that they will wait to do something after someone on his flanks acts in order to accor1plish some objective . \ In the Fifth Arny we are basing the success of our att..,ck largely on surprise ~! We must not lose the impetus of this attack if we do secure surprise. We must push on or out with everything we have without delay. ·" "Another point wM.ch I want to emphasize is the use of tanks :in this battle . I want no holding back on the use of tanks . We have tank superiority; l we have some terrain where \"Te can use t hem, so use them in mass and throw all \ of them at thr? enemy after you get the oprortunity. 'l"e have arranged for 100 reserve tanks right b"'hind the Fifth Army on this front and 100 reserve tanks up on the beachhead . Now the great problem whi.· ch confronts me is how I would like to use my Army Reserve , the 36th Division - whether to put therr on the main front or in the bridgehead . In that connection a decision must be mnde as to when the attack from the bridgehead will be launched and in what direction . The bridgehead is a dangerous threat to the enemy and he recognizes it as such a threat - a threat whicb will do , in the early stages of our attack here, as much as an actual attack. I am most gnxious to launch an attack out of the bridgehead with all the force I can put into it , but it must not be premature and it nrust be done with adequate forces to break throue-Ji once'we start . I am going to be subjected to pressure both from above and below to use that I _ 36th Division ahead of time . Now I know that the II Corps is planning, and V should hnve planne~, use of the ,6th Division , and I don ' t want tc get premature urging from that source as to the early corunitment of that division because I will not do it . As I see it, if the attack goes as we have a r:i ght to exrect, it would be premeture to move the 36th Division either to the bridgehead or to this front tmtil at least n week after tre ettack has started , and once it has been decided to put it in the bridgehead I hope to be able to put in additional troops for either the 88th or 85th Division. Our position ,. ill be difficult until we find out what will be the enemy ' s reaction - · how he reacts to this attack , and we will have to maJntain flexibility and be prepared in either direction once we find out hovr he is reacting to tliis attack. I "I wanted to explain this ribout the 36th Division so it would be thoroughly understood by subordinate commanders . We have a great opportunity here if we play our car:d_s and do not permit it to become premature. ) �~ ' .' !+ ·, . ., ~ ,' ' 43 ' COLONEL HOV'rARD: 11 The enemy sitw~tion in general js indicated on the situation rr.ap. On the oouthern or main front of Fifth Army the enemy has· two P.nd onehalf divisions facing us on the GUSTAV LINE defending th<>t line. In the rear he has the AIOLF HITLER LINE, a well prepared position. He has e.bout one-half of the 15th Greru:idier Division in the general 8.rea of ITRI in reserve . On the Eighth Army front, north of the LIRI River he has Pbout two and one-half divisions as indicAted def ending the forward lines. In the rear he has about onehalf of the 15th Division wbich is in position there to defend the ADOLF HITLER Line in case it is desired to do so . Certain st::itistics are indicated on the chart concerning enemy strength and disposition. North of the Eighth Army_position the 5th British Corps is opposed by a force whose strength is indicated on the chart. "In the bridgehea'.d the enemy has five divisions defend:i11.g the rer-'imeter of the beach wit}, one division in irnmediF t~ reserve. In ardition he he,s a di vision in the general areA south of RCTJ!E with re,rt of it south of the mouth of the TIBER River and re.rt of it ooutheast of ROVIE, and two divisions in this general area of CIVITAVECCHIA. He has also been v-.rorking diligently on a new defense line defending south of ROHE. In northern ITALY he has five divisions in addition to the ones I have mentioned , three of which ere defending the coastline in th is general area as indicated. As to the enemy's capability, he is capable of defending the GUSTAV tine or fighting delaying action on thRt line and on successive positions in the rear thereof. He may defend the AID LF HITLER Line /'IS soon as that line is reached, and is carable of fighting delay-ing e ction on thet line and delaying action on successive positions in rear thereof until the line south of ROrE is reached. Of oourse, he cen mass his reserves from up north and launch a counteroffensive but this is not considered feasible because he would not have much of a chance of success. It is possible that he could bring down about five divisions, but the number he could brin2' dovm wculd be fofiuenced by the sea.le and t:im:i ng of the attack j n the beachhead. 11 The lfoe of riction the enemy is nost likely to adopt is indicated by what he did in the CASSINO battle - th:1t is, to defend the GTTSTAV Line with the force he has on that line without reinforcing it, but he is likely to reinforce the ATY'LF RI'T'LER Line when we reach it. If we push him out of the GUSTAV Line he is likely then to delay by successive rosjtions and contesting each 7mportRnt tactical locality tmt:i 1 the AIDLF HITLER Line is reached. If pushed out of t:bat line, then I believe he will defend along the prer,i1red line south of ROME. GP-JGRAL BRANN! "General ClDrl< and gentlenen. The nission of the Allied Armies in Italy on tl-e next oT"erntion :is to join forces with the briqgehead and drive the enemy north of ROT~. There is a cover rl~n now being conducted for this operation. Th:is plan was desi~ed to make the Germans believe thrt there will be a landing in force at CIVITAVECCFIA. (Informr>tion that there is a concentration of three divisions in the NAPIES-SAIBR.NO area training in ITC designed to make the Germans think we are going to load in thrt area.) "On the east of the AJ'PENTN'ES the 5th Corns, operating under AAI, has \ the mission of containing as J11any Gorr.inn troops as rossible in the erel'l, and at the slightest withdrawal to follow them up raridly. On our right th'e Eighth \ Army ha.s the rdssion of breaking into the LIBI Valley and acvancing r;-,.pidly } vrest via Highway 6. The Eighth Army consists of' three corps, the 10 Corps on �• • , ~I ' r, I ~ •~I ' :, : . .... .. ' the right , the Polish Corps in the center r.nd the 13 Corrs on the Eighth Arny \ left . Th~ 10 Corps , which consists of the New Zealand Division and certain 1 other separate troops, will cover a ,dde rent. This corrs has a deception \ plan designed to make the Germans think there will be an attack in force in the\ direction of ATIHA . The PoHsh Corrs consists of two divisio11s, ea.ch division with two brigades. The;r have the mission of first, frol"l a position in the CASTELLONE area, drivjng soutb tonard the critical area around Hill 593 and cutting the highwa:, west of the •!(l';.,\STERY. ':'he second phase of the Polish Corps is to turn to the east and take the :~'JASTBRY. Having accomplished that they turn northwest toward F:Fnnrn:rrE, protecting the rigl-·t of the 13 Corps and getting as much high ground toward RC'CCASECCA as possible . The 13 Corps consists of four divisions, three :infantry divj_sions and one armored division. The plan is to force a crossing of the RArIDO River end Bdvance rap5 dly northwest through the LIRI Valley. The Eighth Army has the 1st Canadian Corps jn reserve , consisting of o:rie j nfantry $.n<l one armored division . That corps will be used either to pass througl tr e 13 Corps After they have come to the HITLER Line and start up Highway 6, or second, if the 13 Corps bogs down on the HITLER Lin~ , to assist in the break-through of the HITL :::R. Linf1 . They may rn ve to move in and assist in driving forward to the HITLER Line . The riission of the Fifth Army is to secure the ATTS(PifIA Defile, advence via BSFERIA to the south o~ the LIRI and SACCO Rivers . "The Army Plan for the French Corps Vfit' four divisions on thP. right \ ano tl-ie II Corps with tvro d- ivisions on tre left , is separated into phases : First , capturing the hir,h ground in the V" cinity of 11A.JO and cut the FORMIA ATJSC""ITA Road nortr of AFSOtITA . The f:ir st phP.se of II Co1ys is to take DA''IANO and the S Ridge , move down the S Ridge tavarA.s CCIJ.E MARTINO, thereby cutting the road in this area (vie. CDLLE f':ARTrm) "The second phase for the FrP-nch is to advance with additional troops and close tre AUSENTE Valley •• • • Here in the south the II Corps t~kes critical features :in th~ foothills of the PBTREIJ..A Hill Mass . "The third rl'ase or principal action will be for tl'e French Corps to. move general on r~ fi 1 C'iRO area assisted by ti,~ troops th t }1a.ve P1oved into the hills by a flanking attack, this being the critice.l feature for the third phase. 11 The third J,hase -f'or tre II Corps is to r,ove for ·mrd througb the hill ·riasses vTith the mission of gettfog jnto the ITRI area with or without the assistance of the 36th Division, to be decided at a lPter tjme, the F'rencl: having established a firri base in this gtmeral area, operat:i ng in the direction of FICO and cutting the road directly west o:' the M REVOLE Hill I'hss in conJunction wi tr the attack on FICO . The artillery opens nt 2300 for forth (40) minutes and fires genern.lly on known positio11s and counterbattery. In general, there will he a large force of Hrtill0ry w;th the principal mission of maintPining the blocks already established across the LIRI River and the area west of those blocks on the critical roads in the ITRI and fICO areas . 240' s and Long Toms will be used on this Mission and consioerahle force will have to be used in that wav. Plans are being prepared for an airborne drop generally in the vicinHy of M R.T.;VOLP. . Decision to make this drop will be r-F<le nfter the second phPse. The 509th Parachute Battalion will be dropped in tI-ii:i.t .<irea to secure a firm position and operatini:; toward the French in this direction (:~) or toward the �<-(5 II Corps in that direction · (SE ). In the coming operations rriority in the employment of e.ir for Fifth Army will be given to isolating the battlefield . "There are few roP-ds lee.ding to the combat area. W hope by establishe ing and Faintaining blocks in the S 0LIVA and JTRI areas to isolate the bBttlefield using our artillery to J'llaintain t} ose blocks already established. Ad. ditional blocks will be estahljsh,-,d along l ::nes at critical points es indicated b:,r those three red dots (S OLIVA, S GIOVA 11H-lT, PASTENA). These blocks are established not only to prevent rdnforceMent of the battle area but to prevent bringing in troops to man the HITLER Line. The Navy will assist by establishing a block in the ef1rly phase in the T"':R.RJI.CINA area and along the flank of the II Corps . "The P.rmy Commander told you of his concern over the timing of the beachhead attack. We not only have the tim~n~ but have the direction to con- · sider and thP, -forces that will be required to su,:;cessfully attA.ck from the \~ beachhead. At present there hove been three plPns prep11red. , Each w:i 11 be \ t used depending upon things we don't know at this time. One attack is toward CARROCETO and west of COLLE LAZIALE. The second attack is in the direction of CORI P.nd after the canture of CORI and advancing north cutting Highway 6. -.;J,... A~ The Army Commander thinl:s it necessary that rt least one di vision go in to fl~ \\: ar,sist either of these attacks f'nd probably more vlill be n°edecl. Time does s/' not rermit goir EY, over the conditions under ,m,·, ich each ,":i 11 be le..1 ·nched. t , r. ' ;yr\..P/ " \L.J,\.l"),. J' tt o-...>;r.,.. t J<. Yo A r- r?'- - "'"' J "The third attn.ck :is probably the easiest attack to accoMplisp. success- ft fully. The attack is ; n the direction of ~EZZE, gPining this high ground. Assu~ ini:; that we have arr:ived At t:be initial Army 0bjective, tlv·t the Eight}, Army has had hn.rd fighting and may need some t:i me for regrouping in the ARCE-CEFRANO area, one plan mie;ht be, hav:ing gained tre Hill Hass (SISERNO) with the French Corps, drjv-ing in this direction dovm the natural corr:idor toward SEZZE in conjunction with th") hridgehead attack on the same objective . Such 8n i>ttHck 1 would turn thj s ent:i. re nrea P .nd permit drnvr.i ng of the re1'!1a:i ning troops of the II Corps off this line and giving more flexibility to tlie ie>.ttacJr- clesired in the br:idgehead . 11 GENERAL JUIN: General Juin explained ·the action and maneuvers of the French Corps in French. Lieutemmt Patrice, aide to Generril Carpentier, ..;nterpreted in English. The interpretation was very broken and not easily understood . General Juin brought out that the 2nd DIM would attack, triking '5ount Majo And proceeding over to Ausonia . The 1st DIM would attack j n a northerly direction and proceed to the Laguardia hill, rbunt Croce and the San Ambrogio region. Elements of the 3rd Algerian, Division would push into Castelforte as soon es the 88th Division had taken Damfano and the 2nd Froroccan Division ha.d pushed into Cescheto , along with elements of the 4th Mountain Moroccan Division. It would then push up through to Ausonia and pass on taking the high ground Mount D1 oro - Pico. In the meantime, the 4th DMM would rush across the mmmtnins and continue over the mountainous mass of Petrella - Revole, cleaning out any German elements holding out in the mountains . General Juin's Map had numerous arrows point~ng out rPgimental objectives, and it would be confusing to include them in this accourtt. General Juin was followed by General Dody, Commander of the ~nd Moroccru1 Division, who explained tMs Division's action in its pusr to take Mount Majo and ·;;~··~. ~;• ~ I ••-,. • • t,: I �its subsequent fannini:; out to the north and west. He brought out the point that supply wns going to be difficult in tr,e mountains for his division and that he would like to consider the rossibility of air drops for his troops, especially the 8th RTM, col"lJ!landed by Colonel Molle. Lt. Fatrj co interpreted for General Dody. Gem=iral Sevez, Commander of the /+th r~ountain Division, was the next speaker and used as his interpreter Colonel Bauffe who s:renks some English. H~ explainerl the actions of the 4th Mountain Division, their push toward Mount Faito and south to Ceschito and, in conjunction with II Corps, action to take ~Tolmt Rotundo, thus isolating the C?stelforte area. Again coordinating with II Corps, to proceed in a westerly direction and quickly negotiating the hj_ll masses toward Mount Fetrella - ReYole and to the r ico - Itri road. General Brosset, of the 1st Voroccan Division, spoke in English which was quite understandable. He brought out how his Jivision vrould push north in a flanking diversion from a French bridgehead across the G~rigliano. This diversion would seize and holrl the high ground west of the Gr,1rjgliHno and just south of the Liri so as to facilitate the advance of tl-i e Eighth Army up the Liri Valley. The next speaker was General deMontsabert who used Colonel Bauffe. as his interpreter. He expl::dned t:re,t the 3rd Algerian Divj_sion would ent~r Castelforte as s"'on as the 88th Division and the French had seized their objectives, Damiano, Siola 1Reali and Mount Rotundo and as soon as the artillery bonbardment in Castelforte itself had ended. In other vrords, his division would entP-r th~ town when ordered to do so by higher hea<lquart.ers after these previous actions had taken place. This p1-1rticulc-tr statenent caused some controversy because it appeared as ·if there were too many factors der,ending on other circumstances a.s to when th~ 3rd AlP,erian 7!ould push into Castelforte. However this entire question was settled. after the close of the conference. General deMontsabert then continued the action of the 3rd Algerian Division from Ausonia northeast to secure and hold the high ground south of the Liri Valley from ~".cunt D1 0ro up to Pico. The French discussions were a little drawn out, due to the interpretation necessary, and it was impossible to get stenographic notes from the interpreters becAuse none of them spoke well enough for the stenographer to take dovm full sentences. GENiffi.4.L KEYES: "General Clark and gentlemen. The mission given to the II Corps is to cut the AUSO'JIA road toward tJ-,e lower AUSENTE Valley, gr-iining a foothold in the mountains in order to push troops tr,rough to cut the ITRI-PICO road in the vicinity of ITRI, and eventually to open up the FORMIA corridor. We have for our means two divisions plus one in reserve. We haw, l '3 bAttalions of corps artillery including two pack battalions. We. heve one group of tanks. Our front is 16,000 yards long--will be increased to 20,000 and leter reduced to 11,000. The enemy on our front consists of elenents of the '71st and 94th Divisions with an estim..,ted seven battalions in the front lines. We understl'lnd he hP s reserves in the vicinity of ITRI. He· has a selected ancl stronf!.,ly prepf:.red position. He will be expected to put up strong resistance. Our maneuver must necessarily be broken dovm into phases because of the extent of our front by the divergence of the directions in which the Corps must attack, and by the necessity of regrouping and concentrating our means behind each other. Broken - ', ' �r down 'into three phases: In the first pbP.se we shP.11 cut the AUSONIA road, capture DAMIANO and initiPte the second rhase. The capture of DAMIANO will assist capture of these hills north of our sector by the French; assist the attack of the CEF on M. MAJr. The second phase ,rill consist of cleaning up the lower AUSENTE. Valley by the capture of BRACCHI and CF.F.RI. With only the delay thrt is imposed by the necessity of displacing artillery and regrouping the forces of the 88th, which rre to lead the attack, the third phase will be led off by a strong tank and infnntry attack supported by air and the naximum artillery. Once this phase will be culminated by the capture of CASTELWORATO this will definjtely block for the moment the FC1RMIA corridor. Once the heights to CASTELNORATO are secured it is planned to pass the %th through to gain rapidly a base in this vicinity fror, which to pass on and cut the TI'RI - PICO road, and at the same time by action from the south to assist the 85th Division which is constantly pushing through the lower valley. There is no deloy contemplF.ted betv,een phases other than that imposed by the necessity of displ11cing artillery and regrouping troops. We may expect the enemy to react strongly, especially on our left and to either reform or regain his rosition, to disrupt our attack or impose a delay. We may expect him to resist in this position since thrit is the covering position wJ,ich has been built up in a.nd Around Colle San na:r-tino. Every effort will be made to effect speed in the execution and cut dovm the overall time between steps as I have outlined them. Few if any can be omitted nor can the sequence be readily changed. For air support we are confining that to the :rreventjng of enemy reinforcements from being rushed in and reaching the battlefield, and for coverage for opera.tioro through the mountains. During the attack on SCAURI we hor,e to get close support to reinforce artillery fire; getting 'faval gun support to reinforce Corps artillery targets beyond Corps artillery range, primcrily in the ITRI area.. We have in r~serve initially the 36th Division. Its oontemplated employment is in the mountains, for wM.ch H js specially trajned. If it is not used in this manner obviously the results to be obtained from the II Corps will be limited. GBNERAL CLARK: 11 I want to add one point. ':'he 16th will be put in Army reserve right away. I want those jnstructions issued. It probnbly will be moved into the heachhead ""irst--that is :i.ts most likely employment, so that you must plan for that movement into the ITRI area by either the 38th or 85th or parts of them. I know there will be limitations, hut if they have punch left, they will keep on moving with elements other than the '36th. GE~IBRAL GOFLTER: "General Clr,rk and gentlemen. In describ:ing the operation of the g5th Di vision T shall discuss trie three pm, ses a.s covered by my Corps Cornnander. In the -f'irst ph;i se the mission of the division is to seize that part of the San r!art:i.no ridge within its zone of action, holding ::t and the highway in its sector and being prepared for strong counterattack and prepared for advance to t e west in its zone of action. Formtion--rP-giments a.breast. The J ine of 0ep13rture--the prese'.'1t -"ront lines ;inci the boundary be- _ tween regh1ents as yon see here. The right regiment with two battalions in the assa.ult will nave at 2300, seize and hold S Ridge rnd a part of SANTA f'ARIA with the division assault, to cut the highway in its zone and be prerered for counterPttack and for advance. The left reg:incnt vdtr one bPttalion of the trird reg:iMent nttac:bed l"'lp 1ring its nair oqffort on its right to seize irnd hold C. HARTrJO, the high r;rou.nd 1700 yards uest of s. i:J\.RIA, and to obtain the " f~ , i.~ ~f~ ·.: ~ 1~:.\ .,, -, c �town of S. LIARIA; to .c ut the highway in its front and be prepPred against strong counterattacks nnd for furtrier adwmce. Tho remaining regiment less the battalion will be in division reserve prepared to counterattack to the southwest or to the northeast. 1'The di vision artiller:r, reinforced by the 602nd Field Artillery Battalion, Pack, the 776th TD B,attalion and the '36th Division Artill,ry to support the Rttack. TL.e 756th Tank Battalion to be employed as follows: One company, less ono platoon, directly supports tre right regiment. One conpany plus one platoon directly supports the left regiment and [>SSists it in the capture of S. PARIA. The battalion less the two companies to be prepared to support either regiment or o destroy counterattacks. In the second phase t:te dj_vision to aid the 88th :Jivision on its rjght b:,.r fire and to patrol f(l'.'eparatory to the capture of CASTELLO K'RATO and Ir:OlTTiiT SCA URI. The third phase to advance and link with the attack of t:be 83th Division on Eount CIVITA; to capture CA~T:SLLONORATO a.nd Pount SCAllRI, continue the pressure to the west and in all three phases to protect the left flank of the Corps and Army. GENERAL SLOAN: "General Clrirk and felloTT officers. In orc'ler to accomplish the task assiened the 38th Division b;,r the Corps Cornnander it will be desirable to initiate it in three separate rhases. The fo~·ti..al objf!ctive vlill be S Ridge, which is actually in my zone of action, Cericoli and Damiano. Attack on those objectives will be launched At 2300 and we e).-r,ect ·to take all three by daylight. This will ~nvolve a concentrated effort of the 350th end 349th including flemethrowers. The second ph2se will be established by an attack of tr.nks in the zone of action w:.th support by tank fire fror the front of tre 350th Infantry. For this purpose the division lms one group of tanks less one b~ ttalion. Immediately follow::tnis the tank attack the 351st attecks in tl' is direction assisted by the 349th Jnfantry attack. The ultimn.te objective of this phase will be taken in coordimition with the 4th French D:i.vision. B.qfore rroceeding to the third rlwse, due to the fact thnt we must make a change of direction of 90 degrees it v~ 11 be 1 necessary to regroup. :nitiatinry that phase will be a mass tan} action in the zone of action of the 34Qth and trv~ 351st Infa.ntry to close out Spigno and exploit the slopes opposite. The ~nfantry '1:1ttack follows the ta'1k rt tack, the riain attack on the north fl::mk by the 349th Infantr;:r tnking CIVITA by fl1mking action from the ·:orth. The 341st nill assist thrt attack by taking the south bank of RIO CAPO d 'AC 1TTA by flanking action f'rom the soutl1 and '7 assisting the 85th Division to take CAST~LI.£'NORATO. Immedietely that this area is opened up the 351st less one battalion will rass t},rough 2.nd rroceed toward the fi.nal obj~ctive. '.:.'hroug'1out this operation the division is rrotecting the right flank. 'l'he third phase will involve the movement of the CEF into the mountains. G0'i'.SRAL S.1WILLF.: "The opening rhases of this b11.ttle started for the air arm after the battle of CASSPJO. Since thnt tine the entire Jlediterrnnean Allied Air Forces have been devoting their attention to direct support of the coming ground offensive. The 1~nes of communication--r,specfall;v rnil lines between IT.OF-:.:WCE and the ba.ttlefield--hiive been and are cut. This map shows the main bridge blocks th1Jt are out and the rail cuts that are relE'tively quickly repaired. For t:be :rast two weeks no trains have moved eYcept over very short d5stances on sliuttle trips between this point and the battlefield. In tre coming campaign of the ground forces this air effort will continue. At the srnall rate of expenditure that has been made by both farces in the past month tr is interdiction crnnot be e:,,.,'J)ected to be coMplete. The notor transport of the Germans is now �-..r stretched to the rm.ximtm . Viewing tbP- coning bnttle es a preBminPry to a campaign to capture ROHE , it is apparent thc,.,t thifl cont-i.nurtion will be of material overall assistance to both armies . This will be the principal effort of the Air Forces in general or ~irect sunport of both the Bighth nnd the Fifth Arrnies . Close support will not , however, be neglected . Our problem on the Eighth Army front is creatod as A res•1lt of the ground feature of CASSINO and the RAFII:O RIV'"ffi. Frol'"' an ajr stan0pojnt that makes the Eighth Army problem largely one of artillery because it is the enemy's artillery that can hurt the Eip-,hth Arrw ,more th~n anytbing else . On the Fifth Army front , however , the situation is somewhPt different . The problem there is , as previously stated , the isolation of the b?ttlefielrl, the r,erformance of the rrovement of reserves thereto and the breaking up of counterattacks formin~ therein . In preparation for close support operation~ jn the comjnp, battle , fiP:hter controls ?re beinp; set up on the Eighth Army front , on the main Fifth Army front and in the bridgehead. With these instaJ_lr>tions Pnd with the force available we feel confident that we can give effective close support to all of the forces engaged . We feel that it is necessary for everyone to appreciate the fact that the Air Forces are looking upon the coming ground battle as a part of a, campaign to capture RC f!!E . GE {!<~AL HJ\RDING : "I am quite sm~e thet t:re plan thot i.s being unfolded this mornin~ is in line with General Alexander ' s intentions . I am , lso sure that General Alexander is in full agreement with the Corm1anding Gern~ral of the Fifth Army in his remarks about the 36th Division , in tb, t it is most essential not .to com.l"lit it rrenaturely to the battle . And I lmow that I am speaking for General Alexander when I say that he also agrees trat the same applies to the attack from the bridgehead. I think I am right in saying th::it GenAre 1 Alexander regards the attack from the bridgehead as a nost important weapon of opportunity to be launclPd when the situation is fluio , ?_ncJ which nay well be decisive in cutting o""'f the supply n.nd preventjng the withclravuil of the enemy force then opposing the advance of the main armi~s on the main front . In conclusion I am sure that he would wish me to add his emphasis to your reml"'rks about the need for all forces pushinP, on ancl not waiting on each otb~r . l GENERA!, CLARK : "Gentlemen, it has been a great privjlege in planning this battle to have General Leese , the Cornrrander of the Eiehth Army, by our side. There hns been absolute understanding and cooperPtion given by General Leese and his staff . , General Ualsh , his Chief of Staff , is here and I will ask General Walsh if he has any remarks to P1ake . G'";' RAT, ...,ALSH: I think the -point that General ClPr_k has brought out; thAt we have had si1ch close cooperation between the two armies , is well fa.ken . Fe have worked side by side , and we have received, over and above all in this question of zero hour, the greatest consideration and help , and I know I will express General Leese ' s gratitude for that . 11 GF,NT.RAL CLARK :· "Notes have been made by General Gruenther :ond other staff o.,..ficers of all these little controversir> 1 points that lmve been brought out in this conference, and they will pursue these points 1mt:i 1 they are satisfactorilyworked out . There is just one point I want to emphasize and thPt is air supply in the mountains . · It is very difficult , as ne know fron our experiC)nce at CAS8P!O . Try to plan on your supply by means other than air . It takes a great �50 • number of our A-36 Fighter-BombArs to take CB.re of even a battalion. As I remember we had 40 or 50 to take care of that one battalion that was up on Hangman's Hill. To take care of a combt->t team or di vision would exhaust the entire supply of Fighter-Bombers. However, •ve have planned it and should there be an emerg~ncy which would dernnd it, we can supply to the best of our ab:ility. Now during t:be last few days I have visited all of the divisions jn tM.s area-French and Americans. I have seen their sector which they Bre holdj ng rt the present time and from wiich they will Httack. I am delighted to lmow the thoroughness of planning and the enthusiasm of everybody concerned for this attack. And I Hm completely satisfied that with the team-play and the determination of everybody vTill have a great victory. I wish corps and divirum commanders would assemble their princ~pal subordinates 1md impress upon them the essential elements of this attack. It calls for sreed end all out . with everything we have. Th::ink you, gentlemen. 11 we After the conference had enderl cr>terers immediPtely rushed in and set up a cold luncheon. General Clr>rk also served beer - an unusual bevera~e in Italy to his guests. Genern 1 Clark and his subordin~tes Hlso cong-regated outside around a map for close-up shots for the newsreels. The guests departed at 1345, and General ClPrk went up to his van to take care of papers that had accrued during the conference. Later in the afternoon General Clark received a visit from Cartain Lowden of the Medical Corps, an officer who had been General C1Pxk 1 s rr:othin,r I s prysician for twelve years. Captain Lowden told General Clark that he had· been on hospital sM.ps for the past 18 months, ret:µrning to the States with the vmnnded, spending a few months back there and then r~turning with the ship "or More wounded . At present he is stationed aboard the hospital ship Seminole. Captain Lo~den vm.s rlso accompanied by Ca.ptain Kojas, nlso of the Se!'linole. Both officers said they would like to have continuous service overseas and. thr.t they would apprecfr1te being trrnsferred off' the Seminole to some Fifth Army hosrital. Genl'lral Clrrk saw this as a goon. opportunity to give Fifth Army medical o..,fic~rs 8 chRnce to return to · the States without going through the rotation process, and he intends to investigate the witter further. General Clark also received a call from Captain Cliff Brown, an of'ficer \ with Allied Force Headquarters who is the son of r'frs. George c. Marshall. General Clark told Captain Drovm of his r~cent visit to the United States and gave him various messages that 1frs . f.1rirshtll had asked him to deliver . J Following dinner, Gen~~al ClPrk retired quite early, since he will leave tomorrow for the beachhead with Colonel Draper. He will r~main there overnight, returning to h1s headquarters Sunday. General Clark this evening dictated the following Material f'or inclusion in his diary: "General Alexander visit"d the beecl,head today. I received the following radiogram from General Truscott: RN T037. 1 Gen,.,ral Alexander nrri ved tr· is morn 4 ng. Yfhen I informed him of the f'our plrms on which I an vrorking, he stated that I was pnyinr: too ruch A.ttention to alternate rlans. He said that the only attack he envisages from the beachhead is the Cisterna-Cori-Arrqij (?) attack rv~tS\~ �:)) ,. 1,A. and thnt he does not consider that any other attacks will attain 1orthwhile results. He advised ne to concentrate on rlans for that atfock and said that if and when he ordered the attRck, he would give me ever;r support that I considered n"cessary. He also said trP,t he was most anxious to give me the '36th Division. I stated to General Alexander thAt my greatest concern was the timing of the attack ·"rom the bridgehead and the object to be accomplished; that is, vliether the object was to be accomplished with T'l"tms now existing in the bridgehead or wit}, the additional division. He informed me he had re/ _.,, served to him'1elf the decision as to tbe time of ln. 1 mching the attack from ~ the bririgehead. Since I believe there is P rossib~lity thrt the Sezze operation may be desirable, I nm continuing all out preparation for that operation. In view of' General Alexander's statement, I a,,, concentrating as first priority preparation for the Cisterna-Cori attack. }lease advic,e me if this meets your arproval. I rissune that you l'.re fully cognizant of General Alexander's ideas on this su"l:>ject but I want you to know whr-t '1.e has told me today. If you desire a.ny action on !'W part oth"r than ~ ndic<ited here, please ndvise me bl'lcause you lmow -thn.t I am with you all the way. 1 I I wnited until Alexander 1 s return and then had Gruenth~r call Lemnitzer. Lemnitzer stated that Alexander was calling Me t't nine o'clock. He did not phone so :r phoned Lennitzer 1md told 1 irn how cieepl;r I resented Alexander's issuing instructions to my subordinate com.~anrjers, particularly those which are in conflict with mine. Lemnitzer told me trat there was some justification in the radio which mruscott sent me. I then asked thAt he bring Alexander to tre phone. When Alexander came on tle phone I told him I ri.a.d received a radio from Truscott which thoroughly astounded me because Truscott repor-, ted thn t he had issu"d instructions to h:i m which were contrary to I'line, and Tru~cott, being confused, asked me for cJJ;i.rification. I told fllexander th:=it if 7ruscott 1 s report was correct I resented deeply his issuing any instructions to r,y ;:iubordinat'1s; that if h1'3 did not lik~ the manner in which I was carrying on the functio11s of the VI Co111s Ln should issue ariy orders to the contrary through me and thPt uncler no circ11r1stances would I tolerate his direct dealings· with suhord.:innt~s . It was rerfectly appn.rent that Alexander had a guilty conscience, and he assured m, thRt he had no intention of resc:indjng "lY order; thPt he thought we were in oonplete agreement and th,,t if, efter I talked rith ':'ruscott tomorrow, I ./"elt that there hrid been any underhanded dealings, I ms to tell him frankly o: my oonclusions - wlicl I ~ill do. This is a small matter, for it hn.ppens that my rlans for the l'ltta.ck from the heachhead and my views 1'1S to the v1ny thrt battle shoul<t be run coincide exactly with those of Alexanrler, but it is vell that I 1 t him know nm, as I have in the past, that h"! will deal directly witli me and never with a subordim:1 te, wl~ ~ c:r he is· so prone to do. I lmow factually thAt there are -:nterests brew:ing for the Eighth Army to take Ro"le, and I might as well let Alexa.nil.er know now thrt if he nttempts any thing o~ that kind he will have anothl'!r 1111-out battle on his hands; m1melt, with me. * * * SAN 1~RCO--T1AY 6, 1944--At 0900 General Clark had a small decoration ceremony \ I I I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, April 1-May 5, 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from April 1-May 5, 1944. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1632 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/16a8e71117b72be1dcbaa892319beffd.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=Vcso2yyS2mPJLwqe%7E8Cbs63LI0aOS1XxMSkF9fo3WbK1%7EioSfee3d3j%7E8ad9Xum9lmiyTF4QBaiC9p4yoCG0mHY9mV4TtpM-Ff4vGp6nIsru8adhOeGpxJvZU9bqRKNbpEGbolNYzy%7EC8%7EJR498Tp7NEr1wojgEbqYo%7EGNmDVcOUHi1gjdK-xE-ry34QOnqIJsSl7qGbhXDq6RyMBWpd--rBiNgKoP1F5Z8FvTkQrgIdL3X7OhspgYTwayX1Y2TOBzEXGP2ZAb6kI0uglNwZVURZNoW7GLwPZry3xK7Xj583jVHVChhHoLflUWBZyQCKK-Qi%7E1fhdHMcy-XgnzIrcQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fe57cdea4c866f2ee444aa24698f9cc5 PDF Text Text 160 THE CITADEL . Eq ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM ( thin, sharp bayonets. There is also �bout a phtoon of horsenen, mounted on wiry animals. After walking past·the troops, the General nounts the bank of a road cut and the Gouns march by. Each company wears a different colored turban so it can be distinguished from the others. R�aching headquarters at 6 PM, General Clark, after chocking his office, goes to his villa. In the evening he attends a farewell dinner at General Gruenther r s for Brigadier General �om.es of Brazil w..,o is starting his flight home tomorrow. The Braziliiill general has made a fine impression. Two days ago a Brazilian military mission arrived at Fifth Ar�y headquarters and the four officers--two air corps and tuo army--will remain in the North African theater for some tiiae. * * * OUJDA, �PRIL 3, 1943--Goneral Clark writes a long letter of review today to General Bisenhower and in it he covers a multitude of subjects, including his reactions to the trip to Spanish Morocco and future plans for the Fifth Army. Parts of the letter follow: Dear Ike: 11 Your letter of March 29th hars been received ••• I know )ow busy you are, so have not presoed you on the subject of your visit here, but please know how much we want you to cone and what a lift it will be to us to have you look over our cor.rr:iand set-up. "You will never know what it meant to 11e to have you tell me in your letter th�t 1 the day of the Fifth Arrzy is coming.' You need have no fear that we are not devoting eve�J ounce of our energy and every minute of our tiJao to developing a coJMJand organization which will be capable of oeeting any situation uhich you can present to us. "I appreciate your fe,•ling that we are diving :i.nto our job to the best of our ability, for we are doing just that. I h�ve been to our Mino Train­ ing Centor, and it is developing rapidly, and on its second group of stud­ Rents. I flev1 with Truscott last m,ek to the Fifth ArrJ.Y Invasion Training Center whtei-e I met with admirals Hewitt, Hall ..rid Connally. We are all in cor1plete cooperfa.tion and agrel'!ment as to method� to be purnued there. You nrust appreciate th&t I arn .in somewhat of a delicate situation with regards to tlri.3 invasion training; for not having the responsibility of execution of any part of this operation, I must giv.c to �ubordinate com· anders who do have this responsibility every opportunity to influence this training. I have done this, to the complete satisfaction of Truscott. In other words, vie make the facilitie:.. a.vailable, shot, them by der�onstration the variou� means that arc available for doing a cortain job and then let them soJ:ect the scheme of uaneuver for their mission. Incidentally, we .are not stopping when we land th(; troops on the beach, but are pursuing their da.y and night training to fit the• to complete th8ir mis3ion ashore. 11 I flew to Casablanca and visited the Replacement Depot there. I havo ta.ken m9n from my he�dquarters �nd plac�d them at oach of these replacement depots. We ...re in complet� coo�"$ration with tho baGcs, and no friction will develop due to this divided responsibility where I have the training and they have the admiristr..i.tion. I will fly to both of these depots again in tho inr:edit1.te futurti, in orden: to .:..gain see that tht: tridning of these replacements fo the type that will toughen the� and will make them cap�ble of taking their places in combat. C ��,,�/ii ,;. ·:.;,v 1.. Co1 ( )01 d fti� r:f1fs�}M�_ ". 'I\ ·tii�:-ti, tif.]r]W. .. The Fifth Army Airborne Training Center is in operation. The conu::i�nd set-up with regards to the air is somewhat complicated, but we hope to get that straight�ned out soon. N�edless to say, the one parachute b�t­ talion which we now have aVJailable to us is jumping regularly, both day and night, und doing good work. 11 My visit to a. town south of Melilla yenterday with General Orgaz was highly successful. Most cordial rolationo resulted, and the hospitality which they showed us was very fine. I took General Gones, the Brazilian General, along. I have rendered a radio report covering my conversation with hi:st (Orgaz) and am supplementing th�t with a compleito written report to you. I was quite careful, on my first visit, not to bring up subjectu which might cause embarra.:!sment. I did get, as I have reported, the de­ • finite impression that he does not think the Germa.�5 will invade Spain-­ that the Spanish would resist, and under such conditiona the Ger11.ans would not be successful. The opportunity did not pre5ent itself to question hirn farther as to his personal attitude towards us in the event of a German • invasion. I can do that, probably, when ho comes here, as he hopes to. In thi:. connection, he is not sure th&.t his governmmt will let him cor.1e, but he thinks he cun make informal nrrangemen�s to drop down and see me. I did geit a fine opportunity to inspedt the terrain al:most to Melilla, for it has been that approach which has worried me. There is quite a wide valley leading up ther�, and, if we had the means, I feel v;e could accor.1plish our mission. "I •• ewill look forward to keeping you posted on Fifth Army activities. I had just written you this letter when you phoned this r.10rning. I ,1ill communicate with Q(eorge (Lieutenant General Pa tton) in order to find an appropriate time for JH to come up und spend a few days vlith him. (At the front.) Will also take it up with Bedell (General Smith), in order that ha can arrange for my short visit with Porter, in ordor to meet Alexander ••• 11 11 < General Gomes and his aide, Captain Horta, depart from Fifth Army Head­ quart•rs today, thus compl�ting the first of many visits to the North African theater of �aey L�tin Al1.erican Arm.y, Navy and Air officials. Gomes leaves a Brlii.zilian mission behind. The next group to arrive will be Mexicans. In the afternoon, M&jor Gene�al Bro,ming, head of British airborne units, and Brigadier General Nevins, former Fifth Army G-.3 who is now in Algiers on a special planning mission, arrive at Fifth Army headqua�ters. They will confer with General Clark tomorrow. * ) I * * ._p�IL OUJDA-PORT SAIDIA-OUJDA, �- 4, 19a3--I\iroad details of the next najor operation in the North African theator--a sea and air invasion of Sicily--are rocorded in this diary for the first time today. This is to be the next move after Tunisia is cleared. It is the r.aatter tha t was agrued on during the Roo3e­ v�lt-Churchill meeting in Casablanca; it is the operation for which th� Third Division is now in training and for which General Hidgeway 15 Airbonne Division will tizain when it arrives in the theater. The Fifth Army is assisting in the training of th19se units but the Fifth Army, directly, vrill have no connection • with the operation. It will take place about six weeks after tho Tunisian cam­ paign ends. Then, most of the troops now in tlte forward area, will be dra:vm back to the Fifth Army area and troops here moved up for the Sicilian push-off. I: ~: [Cl1t:t!c .... S MOST 1.1;::~3;ij, . ~i Briti~h .s· n: e ~.~ . !;;•: �Eq r,·, 1�.�.., ·,ECRET:··:,.: · '>1ir" ,: •· I Dd.. qf,sh ... f.,\OST SECRET A British Airborne divfo 1f'f.:!i,; �lso going to be used in this operation o.nd Gener<i.l Browning :..nd Air Con!:!odor� Norman of the Royal Air Forde confer tM� �orning with General Clark concnrning where und how it will train. The Britishers will train @.t Nouvion, east of Drgn bat still in the Fifth Arey a.rea. General Clark pronisGs thut the Fifth Arny will make accornodations and facilities avail­ able to the BritiGh. other British ground troops will p..irticipatc in the Sicilian o�rt..tion but they will not get their final training in the Fifth Army area. Use of American troop carrying planes by both Gener�l Ridgeway 1 s Americ&n division and General Browning's British Division ,rill be pl-.nned by the Fifth Army. Gen­ eral Clark outlines a plan whereby this liaison will be carriod on with Colonel Bea11, Fifth Army Air Officer. So the airborne troops can beco�s fal'ililiar ,,ith be�ch terrain and tie in cooperation with amphibious forces, they will also work in conjunction with the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center at Arzew. General Clark also suggests that air crews be trained for close ground-air support work. Tho German invasion of Crete war& a picnic compared with thi:s, 11 s.i.ys General Browning. "W• can expect terrific re�istance. It will take six weeks to rehabil­ itate the Tunisian ports so ground troops can ahove off after the Axis is driven out of Tunisia. During that tin• the Italians and Ger11a.ns will be solidifying the:f:tr Sicilfa,n defenses. What do you think, candidly, a.tout the optiration, General? tt 11 .. General Clark rpplies that it appears to him that tho risk, coupared to the gain the Allios would make, doesn't appoar to be worth it. "We would accomplish auch more, 11 says General Clark, 1tif vrc concentrated this attack on the Bre�t peninsula. One thing is certain, to Vlin we h..i.ve to croa21 the chann•l. Cfhis is going to be Q.Il expensive operQtion. When it is acconplinhsd, we still have wator to cro�s to get to Italy. Main reason for tho 8icily invasion seems to be ,o r,e can have complete control of the Mediter�m,aill. Vlhen we get Tunisia, we will have control of the Mcditt,rrane:..n. But the PriJ!le Minister seems bent on taking Sicily." Th• Fifth Army Coimander declares that the 11.ost crucial tirao will coMe when the shift of troops to and fro� Tunisia occurs. Thia period, the general adds, would be the perfect time for the Germans to go into Spain. Troops would be on the move out of the Fifth Arny area and tho troops at tho front would not yet be back h�ro. General Clark tolls General Browning that both Governor General Mason MacFarlans of G�br�ltar and he feel that Briti�h G-2ing on th6 Spanish-German situation is "too opti11istic. 1t Gener.i.l Browning say::; h• fe-els the sarae way. 11 Tho illplications of a Ger!lan move into Sp..in are tremendous,•r say:s Gener.i.l Clark. 11 It looks like the perfect opportunity and I'n sure the Germans are not blind to it. It's just a question of �hether they are going to try and concentrate on cracking the Rus3ians. They probably could invade Spain successfully with 20 divisions. Nontan rc•arks that if the Germans could get th8 co�st of Spain they could add new and closer bases from \Yhich to operate their a.lroady harrassing submarines. The United Kingdom and United States supp+y lines to Africa would havfl to bo lengthened. Genftral Clark reruu-ks that Spain is scared of Corununism and General Browning declares he believes any German move into &pain would be preceded by a 11 Cormun­ istic incident11 that the Germans would use as a pretence for ntoving in. General Clark, on tho basis of hio visit to Orgaz, says he believes 11 Sp:..nish l\lorocco probably would do what it was told.11 He adde that during the training period, the ARerican and Briti�h troops in the Fifth Army area should be ready to act on prepared Backbone plans. Laughing, Gener.11 Clark relitilks: "We hav e plans A to Equ als f British N\OST SECRET �L0-3 {r z. Plan Z calls for Genertl Gruenther .i.nd 11e to go in .vith our bare handst 11 Tho status of the British Airborno division in relationship to the Fifth Army while it is in tho Fifth 1 s training area corne3 up and it will be clarified. G;neral Drowning r�marks that he has boen impressed by discipline �hile around Fifth Aray headqu�rters. He says th• alertness and s�luting of troops around General Cl�krs he�dquarters i� euperb. He agrees that salutiug teaches a soldier to bo observ&nt and alert and that it savee many, ro�ny lives in action. Following the lsngthy interview with General Clark, the two British officers and General Novins, Gonoral Clark 1 s old G-3 who i3 now G-3 of 11 Force 141, 11 the Sicili�� invasion planning group, depc..rt for Algiere. Nevins says the planning force at Algiers reminds hin of the day3 in Norfolk House, London, when 11 Torch11 • was boing planned. At 10:45 AM Gen•r-.1 Clark goe:, to the clubhouse of the Foyer Franco-Alli,, a pro-Uni ted N�tion3 group that has been fonted in r�cent weeks. Virtually nll of Oujda has gathered at the Foyer's headquarters. Tho grounds outside are packed when General Clark a.rrivtts. After being a.ppla.uded by the crov1d, he is greeted by French and Arabian officials. Then, as the 17th F.A. (American) band pl�ys the various national anthems, th8 flags of the United States, Brazil, Britain, Holland, Morocco and France, are raised. Following this, M. Lecomte, president of the Foyer Franco-Alli�, delivers �n address in which he calls for • • unity of all Frenchmen to help defeat 11 the hateful boche. 11 Genoral Cl�rk then speaks exter.tporaneously. After he has cracked out e�ch crisp sentence over the public address system, Lieut. Col. Sutherland, Fifth Army Liaison Officer, tr.nslates it into French. The gen�ral praisen the aim of the Foyer, he thanks the people of Oujda for thoir kindness to the Ailericans. The Fronchmcn cheer and re-cheer a.s tho General concludes his brief talk by declaring: 11The day i:s corning when the American army, in conjunction with other en, including th French, will·march into your beloved country to free France from our hated ene:r:•,yi 11 The general then tours the clubhou:se which v,ill bo open to Frf·nch ;md American soldiers. He talks with the Pasha of Oujda, the Chef de la Region and other officials. He poses for photogr�phs with children. Upon hin return to headquarters, Gener�l Clark is asked kiddingly by General Gruenthcr if he "kissed any of the children. 11 R$plies the General: 11 If thb!y w :mt J'l\c to be a politician, I'll be a politiciant 11 In the afternoon, the General drives to Saidi&. where the Fifth Arrry rest cup is being erected. Beach houses are being ·taken over and the camp is sched­ ul<td to be ready for occup.;i.ncy by April 15. After dinnor at Gener...1 Gruenther' s vill-., General Clark drops down to the Foyer clubhouse. A dance for enlisted men and officers is undorw-.y and the clubhoul'So is extremely crowded. After m�king a brief appearance, the general returns to his villa. * * j �.... fi:�:�/·: ... S �C_�;�lill;J\���;ij��b> Equals Bri}i�h A�O:;T ·� SEO<l::T \ OUJ.Db., APRIL 5, 1943--Pla.ns for setting up another F'ifth Arr1y Training School-this one for Field Officers--aro cry3ttllized today. The school, which will be under Brigadier Gener.. \'dlbur, will provide specitlized training in la.t�st tactics d to officers of th• rank of major or higher. Tho prograIt will �tross fitness for col'Uland, an officer attribute th"'t has boen found lacking both in rear and forn...rd areas. General Clark's only special visitor of the day is Brig�dior General Lange, second-in-cormw.nd of the 36th Infantry Division which is 1500n to con:• to the North African tho.ter. Tiith Generul Clark, General Lango discussez bivouacing of th• divi�ion. It will cofte under the VI Corp3 and an area is to be found for it 80?�•­ whor� in the Sidi Bel Abbos rogion, betweon Tl•mcen and Or�n. L�ng• is to go to VI Corps h.e�dquarters toaorrow to discuss arrival of the J6th Division with Gen­ oral Dawley. The goneral's day is quite routine. HC, :spends a gr•at deal of the d-.y in his office going over inco�ing and outgoing radiogras. One of his bigger conferences includes Gener�l Grucnth�r and Colonels KalilI!leror '1.11d Vincent, tho latter two G-J and G-4, respectively. It ia also decided today that Fifth Aray troops will ch�ng• frol'l wool to cotton unifoms on May 1. It is getting much wanter now· and the dayl!I are lengthening. ( At 5:00 PM, General Clark has th• Pash:.i. of Oujda to his houioo for t•a. A fow ztrlf officers attend tho informal party. Gen•ral Cl.rk than spends th� evening at his villa alone. * * * OUJDA-AIN 'l'EMOUCHENT-OUJDA, APRIL 6, 1943--Following a. morning devoted to pa.per work nnd conferences, General Clark flies in his Piper Cub in the aft�rnoon to Ain Temouchent, headquarters of General Danley's VI Corps, one of the Fifth Army Corps. With Generals Dawley and Lange, General Clark discusses reception of the 36th • division, which will be part of the VI Corps, in the Fifth Army area and its move­ ment to the Tlencen region where it will be biv�uaced. General Clark reP12.ins at VI Corps headquarters most of the afternoon, returning to his Fifth Aray head­ quarters in the late afternoon. After going through the papers that have accumu­ lated during his brief abaencc--and each day sees papers cascading into tho gen­ erals office: radios, promotions, training memorti.Ilduss to be approved, school programs to be approved, courts marshal cases, personal correspondence--the gen­ eral goes to his villa.. Since Gabes was ta.ken, things on the front are rAOI'e or less quiet as the British, Anericans and French prepare for the next push. In the north, Gepero.1 Anderson's First Ary i:!l keeping constant pressure on Von Arnir�' s forces. Al\er­ II ican forces in front of Maknassey are now very close to units of Montgomery's Eighth Army and a meeting is expected soon. Rommel is leaving his path of re­ treat strewn with mines and booby tro.ps that hinder the British advance. ( * * Equals British MOST SECRET * �(65 Eq bd OUJD;�, 1�.PRIL 7 1 1943--Genera.l Clark spends a diversified day today. He begins it by addressing about 20 new Fifth Arny officers who have arrived at ha:..dqua.rters within the pa.st two weeks. Once again he outlines the scope of the Fifth , rmy's current .,.,ork and a(3sures them that the Fifth Army will see uc:gion. He pounds into the� the need for alertness and discipline. Following this, he confers rrith Colonel Mickelwaite, his Judge Advocate Gener�l, concerning pending courts marsh�l cases� One concerns one of the guard! on the general's v;illa whoa the general found asleep on his post. Testimony con­ cerning the case is taken in the general's office. He will testify later at the court 1u1.rshall An "American Expeditionary Force" radio station is being opened in Oujda. tomorrow and today Gen�ral Clark makes a speech transcription that will be broad­ dast at the station's o�ning. Following is the Gen�ral 1 s speech: .. ( \ 11 It is u pleasure to be here and to speRk on the opening progra.n of this new American radio station in North Africa. While the station is primarily intended for the benefit of Americans who are stationed in this vicinity, I cannot help but feel that it will &lso be a source of amusement, pleasure and infor�ation for four North African friends and allies, particularly those, of whom there seen to be a good :aany, who have an understanding of the English language. Such persons· will be interested in Americ�n news, and in AMerican songs and hunor. Others who do not understand English will enjoy the broadcastine of m.usic, for there is no language barrier to hinder its enjoyt.1ent. In these and other ways this nevi station • will serve to bring about a closer understa,nding by our friends in North Africa, of All!.erica, and Americqns. Of equal importance will be the opportunity of our • own soldiers to eojoy American programs. Next to a letter from home I do not know any better morale builder.for an American soldier than a good American radio pro­ gram. While it lasts, the miles between us and the scenes ,,e know and love so well seem to be bridged, and we feel ourselves b-ick at hone, listening to the farailiar voices or music of our favorites coming over the air. Lnd so it is for the mutual enjoyment of soldiers and civilians alike in this area that I wish this sb.tion the best of luck in its undertakings. 11And noTI, men of the Fifth Arr.,y who are tr.tining for battle, IJty remaining remarks �re addressed directly to you. News ha.� co�e to us in the past few days of important successes in Tunisia. News will col'!e of greater victories there. These victories will be won, for the most part, by men �chooled and hardened b� fighting. The lessons they have learned by hard and bitter experience enables them to prevail a.ga.inst a rugged enemy. Much of what they have learned, you can learn ., you must learn, before you meet the test of battle. The time when that test must be met is rapidly drawing closer. These very victories by our coarades in arms in Tunisia are paving the way for your entry into combat.· "Modern \farfare calls for soldi�rs Yfho are rigidly disciplined, vrho are self reliwit. An alert soldier is an alive soldier. A dull one is a dead one. In war, as it is fought today, there are only the quick and the dead. 11 Vfc must be ALERT at all times. Our day of victory is coming, and one of the prime factors in that victory will be our ability to think fast on our feet--to be alert at tll times. Victory depends to a large extent on your ability to be alert. This is the slogan we �,re pounding home each day to the Fifth Arny: BE ALERT. Through alertness and discipline, vre will achieve victory." , '�;i'1Ni!i�; �ij��fi]�,i "':(\fffH�1� 1 1 :'·· Echrai'; . 8;ifj:g��.:rf�\t5Sf li�CREi �IO~ ( Shortly before noon, Captain Barney Fawkes, skipper of the British submarine mother ship "Maidstone," arrives at Fifth Aniy headqU1trters with three suba,1.rine officers and 13 enlisted men. General Clark has invited Fawkes and his men down for a brief visit. The other officers and men are off British submarines that are operating in the Mediterranean. Genertl Clark meets Captain Fawkes and his party at the entrance to Fifth An!ly headquarters and the group marches out in front of the band and two platoons of in:Cii.ntry. After the British and Americah national • anthems have been played, Captain Fawkes, accompD.nied by General Clark, inspects the guard company. Than, following conversation in the general's office, Captain Fawkes and Mrs. Dicksom, ,,ho accompanied hi.Jl doffll from Algiers in the general I s C-47, go to the general's villa for luncheon. In the afternoon, General Clark ta.lees Captain Fawkes on a tour of Fifth Army installations in the Oujda region. General Clark spends the late afternoon making final arrangements for a trip tomorrow to Oran where he will Tlelcone a. group of high Turkish officials who are touring the North African theater. General Eisenhower has conmlissioned General Cl.grk to �ct as the group's host while the Turks are in the Fifth Arr.y area. In the evening, General Clark attends a dinner a.t the 52nd Station hospital and then goes to a dance that the Fifth Aray medical section and the hospital gives in honor of Colonel Martin, the new Fifth Arny surgeon who has succe�ded General Blesse who has been transferred to Algiers. * * ( * OUJDA-ORAN-OUJDA, APRIL 8, 1943--Genere.l Clark, accotipanied by Major Ball, departs from Oujda imhis troop transport plane at 1&0:45 AM for La Senia airport, Oran, and his meetin� with the Turkish d�legation that is visiting North Africa. grriving at Oran a.t 11:30, Gener&l Clark is aet by General Larkin, comr,1anding general of NATOUSA, and Colonel Lea.vey, co11L1anding officer of the Mediterranean Base Section. General Clark inspects a guard of honor composed of military police who guard the L a Senia airdromo. Review music is furnished by the 515th Field Artillery band. At noon, two planes carrying the Turkish i�ission arrive at La ... Senia and the visiting Turks are greeted by Generals Clark and Larkin and Colonel Leavey. Th� Turkish mission consists of General Omurtak, Lieutenant General Noyan, • Major General Menque and twelve other Turkish officers of lesser rank. Honors are rendered General OJaurtak and he inspects the guard. T he entire party then drives into Oran with General! Clark, Omurta.k and Larkin riding in the leli.d car. Following luncheon in the Officers' r.aess at the Grand Hotel, the Turkish •i�sion starts a.� inspection tour of the Mediterranean Base section. General Larkin a.�d Colonel Leavey conduct the tour. His Jdssion of greeting the Turkish group com­ pleted, General Clark, a.cconpa.nied by Colonel Sutherland, Fifth Army Liaison officer, and Major Ball, inspects the First Replacer.1ent Training Depot, an establishl'lent that is suprevised by the Fifth Arny. Colonel Johnson, riding a. motorcycle, leads the Fifth Aray conm1ander through the region. A conference with Colonel J. W. Loef, Cooonanding Officer, and Lieut. Col. Lee, executive of.ricer of the depot, follows. During this lleeting, General Clark stresses the "unsatisfactory" condition of ... troops arriving at the replaceRents depots. At the$e depots, from which men are • assigned to units in North Africa that need replaceaents, training emphasis is placed on military discipline, rifle and bayonet drill ruid calisthenics o �,{,,,,�>·--SEiREf ·. :· : :· J r. ,· E�uals British MOST SECRET l �{61 r). :::'.. ,·:· .� • now:p��f�b��:r1 C T The First Replacement fe o J,_£� � and 261 officers in training. Eventual capacity of the depot will be about 4,000 officers and men. The course at the depot takes about three weeks to complete. Instructionx is carried on by casual officers passing through the depot. They are assisted and supervised by officers on the peI"lla.nent depot staff. Colonel Jolmson, former Provost Marsh�l of the Fifth Amy, is the training officer. Colonel Loef observes that the troops arriving from the Sti..tes for action in Africa 11 are below par" on basic military knowledge and physical fitness. From� technical standpoints, he adds, they a.re "satisfactorily" trained. General Clark has been concerned a.bout the working relationship between Colonel Johnson and Loef who have equal r�nk. He finds that they are working in coaplete accord, with Johnson handline the • training progru, Loef the administration of the camp. After driving around the depot and w�tching troops participating in gruelling runs over a four-�ile train­ ing course, General Clark drives back to La Senia and takes off in his C-Lif!-,. The plane arrives back at Oujda shortly after 5:00 PM and the General goestto his office to clean up paper work before going to his villa to have dinner with two old classmates, Colonels Sullivan and Markee. At 7:30 PM he hears the broadcast of his speech over the hew U.S. AmAy radio station in Oujdn. General Clark receives a letter from General Eisenhower that says in part: ;I hav� been fighting ay schedule each week in an effort to get down to see you at le�st for the day. I know that you a.re jumping into the jobs that have been given you with both feet, and I am particularly anxious tha} you never forget their importance. Also, please don't forget that the day of the Fifth Army is coming. This war is not going to be won until we are in the heart of Europe, and the Fifth Array is going to be in that organization just as sure as fate. The h'1rd and onerous work you :a.re doing now lacks the excitement of tha!h that the:i Americ9.Il Commander on the front is doing but, unlike the Arny Co!llJT\anders at ho�e, you do have the feeling tha� the work you're doing is going to be reflected in immediate improvement on the battlefront and, moreover, that you and yom· staff are going to get your crack in due course ••• 11 11 •• , * * * OUJDA, APRIL 9, 1943--General Clark, getting r�ady to take his Fifth Army • headquarters into the field on a 48-hour Cor.nnand Post Exercise, has a terrifically busy day today. He's in his office shortly ofter 8:00 AM and conference follows conference throughout the morning. First comes Colonel Lillard, an anti-aircraft officer fresh from the States who is being assigned to the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center at Arzew. General Clark outlines to him what he expects and stresses that what is taught to the Jrd Division, now in tra.ining there, is going to be used soon in the invasion of Sicily. How well these men are taught at the Fifth Army school will deteI'lll.ine, to a large extent, their success when they invade. The 3rd has already participated in one invasion, having landed as part of the Western Task Force in the North African operation last November. General Clark then spends an hour with Wes Gallagher, Associated Press war Correspondent, who is currently writing a book on how the North African campaign was planned. Gallagher has obtained most of his planning details and his inter­ view with General Clark revolves principally around how the g�nerul worked Darlan, Giraud and Nogues into a cooperative team. Next comes Colonel Bowman, Fifth ArtAy Eng:i.neer, who is being put into service at Algiers. BoWlllan is to be succeeded by "btfdRET I ,ui: ·(jritish . A\OST · SGCRET ,,:,,, . , .• :· , �1:, 't S·E.CREf • \. I 08 /:.British t/\OST SECRET " now, has b�en Bowrian 1 s executive officer. The Colonel Mark Boatner, who, next conference is with Colonel Mickelwaite and it concerns court raarshal pro­ ceedings that are pending. As part of his program to make the Fifth Arrny the best disciplined group in the United States Arm.y, Genezal Clark is following a stern policy in handling courts mushal cases. Between these special conferences he has, General Clark sandwiches in routine meetinge with his Chief of Staff and heads of his secdions and special staffs. In between tmes he works on the papers that con­ tinually pile up in his "in" basket. In the afternoon, General Clark gets out of his office long enough to clear his ea.rs from paper work o He hikes in the hills near OuJda with Major Nygaard. When he returns, three major generals in Africa fro� the United States arrive. These generals--Lucas, commanding the III Corps; Hall, comr1anding the XI Corps, and Simps6n, co:cmanding the XII Corps--confer lengthily with General Clark who outlines to thea the probler,1s of the Fifth A-my, its responsibilities. He .i.lso tells the generals of his recent trip to Spanish r.'orocco and of the political problems,-::.a.s VTell as the military, that are being faced in North Africa. At 6:00 PM, the General is host to four Brazilian officers comprising� �pecial mission that is in North Africa and that has been making its headquarters te11porarily with the Fifth Ar•y. These officers--two air corps and two ground force-11.re going to the front on inspection and General Clark gives them n farcv1ell party. About 30 officers, including Generals Lucas, Hall and Sillpson, attend the party and then remain over at the general's villa for dinner. Gnneral Lucas is General Clark's overnight guest. * * OUJDli.-TLEMCEN, APRIL 10, 1943--I3efore dawn today, trucks gro\Tl into the Fifth Afu!y grounds and begin loading section equipment for the CPX that will be held • today, tol'lorrow and part of Monday four miles east of Tler.1cen .. The first convoy moves out at 7 AM. General Clark's section, under Lieutenant Beardwood, �oves out independently on tho 65-mile motor r.iarch with equipment .for the cor�o.nding g�neral�e field headquarters. General Clark, who is to fly up in his Piper Cub, remains at headquarters to dispose of several matters before h� eoe� into the field • .t..t 10:00 AM, a review is held in honor of the three visiting Corps generals, particularly General Hall, since he used to be Second in Command of the Jrd Division and the Fifth Army guard company is out of tho 30th Infantry Regir.lent of the .3rd Div'sion. Upon his arrival at the Cor.�roand Post in mid-afternoon, General Clark, with his Chief of Staff, General Gruenther, nake a thorough inspection, checking on camoflauge, slit trenches, dispersion of tents, etc. Befor� landing, General Clerk flies low sever�l tiraes over the CP area to check the ca.moflauge fro� the air. He is plr.ased vdth the result. After checking over the camp, General Clark goes to G-2 and G-3 to check the tuctic�l �ituation o The thworetical situation is that the enemy has landed in Algeria. and is moving westward. The Fifth Army has ., after neg­ otiating with the French who are friendly, has established its CP near Tlemcen. The clash between the enemy and the Fifth Army is imminent. The two Fifth Army Corps--the IIand the VI--tte involved in the proble�, the VI Corps staff actually op�rating and the II Corps on paper only. The II Corps is on the North and the VI on the South. The tactical problem started at noon today and will conclude Monday 11orning. British MOST SECRET �r B _•i: i· .. Q ' ~ 109 SECREl f ... General Clark then inspects the outlying units around the CP. First he goes to Conpany B of the 30th Ini'untry which is the GP guard company. From the captain coI&IJ.anding he learns the disposition of troops and guns. Then, riding in � �eep, he goes to the CP motor park which is cleverly hidden in a sand a.rid gravel pit. • The improvement of ca.moflauge over that at the last CPX is irapressive. Gener�l Clark then prepares to fly to the VI Corps CP near Sidi Bel Abbes but finding that time is short he cancols the trip until tor.rnrrow. Following dinner at the general's mess, a small, well-cll.lloflauged tent stuck on the rocky hillside, General Clark, after conferring with Colonel Poydenot, French liaison officer who visits the CPX in latex afternoon, gets in his jeep again and goes into Tlero.cen to take a close look at the t01m. The only U.S. units now in Tleracen a.re the 32nd Station Hospital and a tank destroyer battalion. The ' general then returns to his blackout caap and, to the explosions of blocks of TNT set off to simulate artillery fire, goes to sleep. * * * l TLEMCEN-SIDI BEL ABBES-OUJDA, APRIL 11 1 1943--Sfax, the next big Tunisian toVin on the road up the coast from Gabes to 'l'unis, falls to the British. at 8:25 • AM today. This is the big news of the day as General Clark works to smooth out hi3 Comr.a.nd Post's operations and uncover "bugsn that would ca.use trouble when the Fifth Ar my moves into the field under actual ba.ttle conditJ.ons. The news reaches ca.mp soon after General Clark takes off in his Piper Cub at 8:30 AM for Sidi Bel Abbes. After flying to the VI Corps command post, General Clark toure the area where General Dawley's staff is working in a grove of trees. He is impressed by th� cantoflauge, dispersion and the business-like attitude of the Corps officers v,ho are now receiving various CPX orders from. the Fifth Arnty comraand post. He confers lengthily with General Dawley and then flies back to his own OP at Tleacen. Circling the area, he shouts down over his snm 11 loudspeaker .. • system that if nothing i� pending he is going to fly into Ou.jct.a so Colonel Saltz� man, the Fifth Ar111.y Deputy Chief of Staff, can fly up to the corrunand post. General Gruenther signals froa the ground that all is Yfell. and General Clark's little plane drones away on the one hour flj_ght to Oujda. Back at his regular Fifth Aray headquarters, General Clark checks over.work that !us piled up during his 24 hours absence. He is to Ma.k6 a trip to the Tunisian front within the next few days and he begins laying the groundwork for this trip. • Th$ Fifth Army Commander, unable to get back to the CP by airplane following Col. Saltzman's return, renw.ins overnight at his villa, planning to take off early tomorrow for the command post. He receives reports that the ext";rcise is proceeding­ smoothly. * * * OUJDA-TLEMCEN-OUJDA, APRIL 1�, 1943•-Imnediately after breakfast, General Clark leaves in his Piper Cub for the corlllland post at Tle�cen. At 5:45 this morn­ ing, the Fifth Army ''attacked" the theoretical enemy, thus bringing the problem to a close. General Clark's plane barely beats a rolling fog into Tlemcen. Before surprised officers and enlisted men, the General has his pilot, Captain Gillespie, put the little ship down in a narrow, dust7 and curving road right in front of the Array's field headqtlkrters. .. ��,f@ r.r . ·:R.... ,.' �· .. , tr ·\L,, '.. ' \; • 110 )Ii /:\';.\?... E r'i'tish /v\OST SECRET While fog curls around the hills, Fifth Arrty officers assel'\ble on a hillside to hear a crit!que of their l�test command post exercise. Colonel r�nuaerer, G-3 of the Fifth li:rr&y, gives a revi�w of the development of the tactical situation, declaring that''this CPX was designed to test tactical rioves and adr:.1inistrative pro­ ceedure. The proble!l was designed to find weaknesses in the Standard Operating Proceedure and to give sections another chance to refine their work and cut out extra. iteiils that they find cUJtbersome in field work. He cofflillents on the iraprovenent over the last CPX of cQJJ.loflauge, road discipline und cooperation in the field be­ tween the various special and st&ff sections. General Dawley and part of his VI Corps staff has come over from Sidi Bel Abbes for the critique and General Dawley reviews the tactical situation as far as his Corps is concerned. Th� �ain point he brings out is that &t CPX's, there is a tendency to employ "optirr.urt values," that is everything in the tactical sit• u�tion is predicated on op�rations coing into effect in the least possible time. Dawley points out that undor condit1ons of actual war this would not occur. ( General Clark, in his evaluation of the critique, points out thut to �eet the proper conditions and "optiuum value" criticisll, the tactical situation should start ahead of the tir,o 1 a couple of days before the CP is moved into the field. • In that way, the situation vrould be ripe, by the tine the CP had been operating for 48 hour3, to launch an attack on the scale planned for the Fifth Army pushoff :.i.t 5;45 this rnorning. General Clark announces that the next CPX will involve a move­ ment to the co�mand post area and setting up of the field headquarters at night. On this particular problem, sc..ys Qeneral Clark returning to the subject of "optil!tum v�lues," we pushed thinge through and I 1Il, sure tho Fifth Army attack, under actual condition�, could not have got underway this �orning. We would have needed �ore tilue to pr pare for the offensive. This was primarily a tactical and logistical proble• to test our ability to plan and our ability to move. The VI Corps gave us our first opportunity to work with a subordinate unit and the Corps did a good job o 11 In these field problems we have an opportunity to .find out where we are making mista.kes, 11 the general continues. 11And we can't afford to make the same mistakes over and over again. We r.rust dig our slit trenches deeper. We must make our camoflauge better. We aust tightf"ln up on our discipline o We l.'lust improve con­ stantly o Things that may :Jee?! 1.nconsequential here--sa.y the dt'"pth of slit trt"nches-­ may raea..'rl the difference between life and denth when �ve go into battle. These ex­ ercises give you a chance to find out your 1'istakes Hhen you correct tht"m. You may not be alive to remedy a nistake once you get into battle. I know all of you \vill be thankful when you can eet into combat. Don't worry. That day is coming." The first big truck convoya have alread:t started moving back tb.rough the twisting r10untain roads to Oujda by the time the critique ends. General Clark crawls into his Piper Cub and takes off under hazardous take-off conditions while his officers watch from the hillside. The fog has thinned und visibility is suf­ ficient for the takeoff. The 11eneral flies buck to Fifth A.ray headquarters at 6ujda and i.rrniediately plung,--s into th� work that has again piled up during his brief absence. He is busy preparing for two things: his iruninent trip to the front, now scheduled to beein the d:...y after tomorrow, and the arrival here to:n,orrow of Lieut. Gen. Mason Mncfarlane, governor general of Gibraltar. In the ev�ning, General Clark has r.irs. Vlilliarn Stevenson of the A.11.erican Red Cross at his villa for dinner. * * SECRET ��Errn::r ,�·1.. ,;;:;;r;.:d;,:, •1· ..,Q •i:''.... IlI �- �"'" EqijJ�l�1:\::British /v\OST SECRET OUJDA, APRIL 13, 1943--Both Kairouan and Sousse fall to Allied troops todeyas the Ger1aans and Italia.ns retreat northeast�ard.The Axis toehold on North Afric� grows snt.aller and smn.ller. Many prisoners of war are being taken by the Am.erica.rw and British but Rownel has been able to druw back� great deal of hi5 equipment without it being captured. Kairouian, reportedly, was left afire by the withdrawing troops. ( General Clark makes final arrangements today for his trip to the front. He will le�ve Oujda. tomorrow morning in time to reuch Maison BlQ.Ilche airport at Algiers by 11 AM.He will be net there by Major General Smitp and then continue on to Constan­ tine where he Vfill Itcet General Alexander, General Eisenhower's Deputy Cormander and head of the 18th Army Group. General Clark will be accompanied by Colonel Le\"lis and one of his aides, Captain Houston.During the morning, the Fifth Army Comrnander clears up his desk work and then in the afternoon he drives to Sa.idia to make a final checkup on the Fifth AnAy rest ca11p resort that is to open up on April 15. In mid-afternoon he testifies briefly at the trial of th� soldier who was found asleep at his post b�side the general's villa. At 6:30 PM, General Mason Macfarlane o.nd tvro of his officers arrive at Oujda and go directly to the general's villa for dinner. The general's dinner gu�sts c'..re Generals rt.ason· Macfarlane und Gruenther and. Major Quayle and Captain Woodford, tha • ., governor general's aides. Mason-Macfarlane remains overnight at General Clark's villa. He is sched11led to take off tomorrow shortly after General Clark's plane departs for Maison Dlanche o * * * Tlda is the order that is issued that sends General Clark to the front: • AG 300.4-AP ' SUBJF.CT: TRAVEL ORDIBS TO : LT GEN MARK W. CLARK, 0-5309, USA, Hq Fifth Army. Col THiMAS E. LEWIS, 0-150aO, FA, Hq Fifth Army. • CAPT REAGAN HOUSTON III, 0-402185, ADC, Hq Fifth Army. Pursuant to verbal instructions C-in-C AFHQ yeu will proceed to Head­ quarters 18th An,ry Group, and otaer points in North Africa as directed, e/a 14 April 1943 in connection with tne activities. Travel by mil a/c is autll. - TDN. FD 34 P 434-02 A 0425-23. By Command of Lieutenant General Clark. " L * * CHENEY L. BERTHOLF, Celonel, A.G. D., Adjutant General. * SECRET �l /� ' Equ9ls Briiish A\OST SEC· T ( t.•.:y;;'",:•.;;/ . Ou.ida-Ora.n-Algiers-Telergma.-D.i, Kouif, April "14, 1943. General Clark finally has a chance today to get away for a visit to the front which he has been desiring for some time. He leaves from Oujda in his C-47 at 0923, accompanied by Colonel Lewis, Artillery Officer, Captain Houston, Aide-de-Camp, and Sergeant Chaney, orderly. General Moran, Signal Officer, is taken as far as La Senia. From La Senia, the plane f01101,s along the coast, due partially to the fact that the weather is bad and also giving GenP,ral Clerk a cha.nee to take a look at the house at Cherchel where he made his land­ in� from the submarine before the occupation of North Africa. ( Plane lands at Maison Blanche at 1200 and is met by �·ajor General Smith, Chief of Staff, Allied Force Headquarters, and Major General Bull, who is on duty with Allied Force Headquarters doing special as­ signments for the Commander-in-Chief. General Clark and rarty are taken to the new Visitors' Restaurant at the field, where a quick lunch is served. Here he has a chance to discuss certain matters · with Generals Smith and Bull, particularly the problem of replacement training. General Smith gives General Clark a sheet of written in­ structions for the trip from there east to the front. Arrangements . were made by General Craig, Air Officer, AFHQ, to provide that a fighter escort be picked up at Telergma. The pursuit ship is to ac­ company the C-47 to its destination for the night at Dj. Kouif, about 15 miles northeast of Tebessa. The instructions provide thPt General Clark's plane is to circle the landing field at Telergma, fire two red flares and the escort will take off to accompany the plane on the rest of the journey. General Clark and party take off at 1300 for Telergma. The wea­ ther has cleared up soJ11ewhat, but there are scattered thunder showers. Due to the fact that the plane is unarmed, the pilot flies at about 500 feet as a safety precaution against being picked up by enemy air­ craft. The plane arrives over Telergma at approximately 1407, fires two red flares and then circles the field for Pbout 15 minutes. No escort appears, so it is decided to land to find out what the trouble is. Upon landing, it is discovered thRt the escort, a P-38, had trouble starting one o� its motors but is now ready to rroceed. Gene­ ral Clark again takes off at 1437, and the C-47 heads for the airport at Dj. Kouif. The pilot flies even lower now that he appro8ches nearer the bases of enemy air, while the P-38 dips lazily from side to side overhead trying to hold its speed do1m to thPt of the slower C-47. Dj. Kouif is reached without further incident, and it is found that the airfield is little more than strajght runway on the side of the hill. The plane is landed and the party is J11et by trans­ portation from General Porter's headquarters. ( The bagp;age is loaded, and the sedan and jeep, with General Clark and party, proceed to General Porter's headqUBrters located in a pine forest about ten miles east, near Haidra. On arrjving, it is found ·:.SEC�e1· !; -1\\i\.t.,,. Bril'ish A\03T SECRET I �l l3 E that General Eisenhower had arrived during the afternoon and is now in conference with General Alexander a.t the 18th Army Group head­ -quarters, locBted in the same forest, about three miles a,1ay. Gene­ ral Clark proceeds irranedia.tely, with Colonel B;:icon, General Porter's Executive Officer, to 18th Army Group headquarters but meets the C-in-C returning. They all return to General rorter's headquarters: The C-in-C, General Clark, General Patton, General Bradley ;:;nd Gene­ ral Porter. General Patton formally hands over the commPnd of the II Corps to General Bradley and departs. Patton is going west to reassUPJ.e coJTJmand of the I Armored Corps. General Bradley takes a walk through the bivouac area with the C-in-C, discussing certain matters and shortly thereafter also departs. General Spaatz arrives ann talks with the C-in-C and General Clark. The question of air support comes up, and General Clark makes the statement that "air support, as expressed by our doctrjnes and teachings, is unlrnown in the American Army.u The air support people, Genera.1 Kuter and Coning­ ham desire to have further talks with General Clark on this subject. ) General Ryder, Commanding General of the 34th Division, arrives at about 2000. General Clark has a lon� talk with him regarding the performance of the 34th Division in combat, which to date has not been good. General Ryder expresses the thought thRt his division has become too defensive minded and is prone to dig in at the slightest stop and is reluctant to leave their slit trenches for an advance. General Porter mak�s an engagement with General Alexander to see General Clark at 0900 on the following morning. * * ·* Dj, Kouif-Morsott-Clairfontaine-D.i. Kouif, April 15, 194,3. The C-in-C and party leaves General Porter's headquarters at 0700. General Clark gives instructions for all of his party's bag�ge to be packed rnd to proceed with him to the headquarters of the 18th Army Group so that he will be able to leave his conference with General Alexander for a vi­ sit to the 1st Division and other points which he may decide upon later. General Alexander meets General Clark in his command trailer at 0900. General Alexander expresses his fervent desire to have one army-American, British and French. General Alexander says that he, feels that General Clark could use one or two British Divisions in case of trouble in the western portion of North Africa and that he is . going to take the matter up with the C-in-C. General Clark says that if this is done, there will be a need for a couple of British Staff O-Pficers on the Fifth Army Staff to facilitate the command of the Bri­ tish Division, or Divisions, which will be placed under his command. General Alexander agrees and makes a note to see the C-in-C regarding this a.nd assures General Clark that he v1ill give him some top-notch men. �� ....�ECRET \"..�\ '1' .• l E ijqir;. BrHish MOST SfC.J� .. :• \ ��)fiCRET· r· ', • E ;.I'. ·,: \ I Lf ·ritish /'/\OST SECR General Clark then expresses a desire to see General Montgomery at his headquarters, and General Alexander assures him that he would be only too glad to arrange for General Clark to meke the trip to General Montgomery's headquarters. A cable is immediately dispatched to General Montgomery requesting a time which would be convenient for General Clark's visit. At 1000 General Clark attends the regular morning situation con­ ference at 18th Army Group. Upon its conclusion et 1020, General Clark decides that, in view of the fact that no word has been re­ ceived from General Montgomery 1 s headquarters, he will delay his trip to Eighth Army for one day to give time for the necessary arrange­ ments to be made •. Captain Clark, General Alexander 1 s aide, is to complete the'arrangements so that General Clark will be able to leave first thing Friday morning for a field in the vicinity of Eighth Army headquarters. General Clark then decides to leave for 1st Division CP, which is located near Morsott, north of Tebessa, and if time per­ mits, to proceed from there to the 18th Army Battle School at Clair­ fontaine. ( The 1st Division CP, at a small vil;Lage outsid'e of Morsott, is reached at 1237. General Allen is not at the CP, but his aide says he will make arrangements for General Clark to meet General Allen at the training battalion rieht after lunch. General Clark, Colonel Lewis and Captain Houston have lunch at the headquarters mess with Brigadier General Andrus, Artillery Comm::inder, and a few other mem­ bers of the 1st Division Staff. General Andrus discusses the fine performance of the Division .artillery in recent action �nd laments the recent cut in the number of men in an artillery battery T/0, which was recently made by the Nar Department. He feels that the present requirements of 24 hours' firing is too great to allow the cut in personnel. General Clark leaves 1st Division CP at 1320 with Clairfontaine as the objective. He misses General Atlen, IThom he was supposed to meet on the road. On the road to Clairfontaine a nUMber of Italian prisoners are passed in labor gangs along the" way, all of v1hom give the car a great ovation and do not seem to have h�d their spirits broken by capture. The Battle School is reached at about 1530, and it is found that General Alexander has reached there alrea<ly and is witnessing a demonstration in. probing for m�nes with bayonets. From there, General Alexander, General Clark and party proceed to a hill a short distance away to witness a dempnstration of an attack by British Demonstration Platoon on a pillbox. General Alexander egain ex­ presses his great oelight in seeing the American, British and French students working together. and reiterated his ?eat desire to have one Army. The demonstration w as ably carried 011t, with the use of i:t .;:,-·SECRET tt(d�1� British MOST SECREi ) �- 11:> smoke from the British 2 inch mortar and later supplemented by the infantry with the American smoke grenade. General Clark notes the better bearing and neatness of the British students at the school. Immediately following this demonstration, General Alexander leaves for his headqua rters and General Clark follows, returning to Gene­ ral Porter's CP for supper and to spend the night. Captain Houston and the crew of General Clark's plane go over to the 18th Army Group headquarters to be briefed on the next morning's trip to Eighth Army. They are informed that the landing field at El Djem, south of Sousse, has been cleared of mines 8nd will be the best place to land. Due to the operationHl requirements on rursuit air­ craft, and, also the recent lack of German air activity in that area, it is decided that General Clark's· plane will proceed without ·escort. - Cables are sent to General Alexander's camp at Bembla, for transportation, and to the field at El Djem, giving General Clark's arrival time at Djem as 0930 Friday, April 16. * * * Dj. Kouif-El Djem-Sousse-At the Front-El Djem-Dj. Kouif, April 16. �. General Clark takes off from Dj. Kouif Field at 0830. The C-47 flies by way of Kasserine Pass and Sbeitla. Plane is flown at an altitude of 500 feet and less for security reasons. This gives a good view· of the scenes of recent bit.ter fighting. The landscape is still dotted with .the bivouacs of American troops who.have not yet been moved from these areas. From time to time the wreckage of charred tanks, half-tracks and trucks with an occasional crashed airplane are seen along the way. The great mass of vehicle tracks and dug-in implacements give mute evidence to the recent heavy fighting. The pilot is careful to keep the plane at a safe dis­ tance from all roads as the ground troops h8ve itching fingers on their anti-aircraft weapons. El Djem is reached at 0935, and it.is discovered that there \ are two fields, which information had not bePrn given the pilots the \ night before •. The larg�st of the two is picked and a landing made at about 0940. Jo trRnsportation appears and upon investigation throuf;h t he field headquarters, it is found thRt none has arrived at the other Djem field either. The British flying officers are very cordial and the Co!'lll"land­ ing Officer �urnishes a British staff car for General Clark to pro­ ceed to General Montgomery's headquarters. It is decided that the luggage will have to be left at the plnne and General Clark proceeds northward in search of General Montgomery's headquarters. The coastal road is filled with trucks o� the 4th Indian Divi­ sion headed north towards Sousse. The traffic is not a.s heavy as that encountered later in the day and good pro.rsress is made. �� . S.ECRET,. 11\--'· { \' \ I� ,- , •; BriHsh N10ST SECR' I Comparatively few destroyed vehicles are noted A.long the sides of the roads and the road itself is in excellent condition showing little evidence of bombing. Some bridges are out which appears to be the work of the enemy demolition crews. No enemy air is in sight and an occasional British fighter plane patrols alongside the road. It is soon found on jnquiry that General Montgomery's tactical headquarters is a.short distance south of Sousse. All soldiers questioned are well informed as to the situation and as to the location of various units ancl headquarters of the Eighth Army. C General Montgomery's headquarters is reached about seven miles southwest of.Sousse at 1130 hours. General Montgomery's aide in­ forms General Clark that Genera.l Montgomery had left nbout 15 mi­ nutes before to attend the con f'erence at one of his corps head­ quarters. The message announcing General Clark's arrivcil had not ·been received until 0830 that morning and thet transportation had been dispatched as soon as possible to Djem to take General Clark to Eighth Army main headquarters locPted about 20 mil�s southeast of Sousse. General Montgomery's aide and a Lt. Colonel Oswald of General Montgomery's staff expressed keen regrets that the mix-up had occurred. ·General Clark decides to take the st8.ff car, which had carrie.d him fro.m the field, north into Sousse and then forward into the front elements of Eighth Army. Colonel Oswald informs General Clark.t hat there would be little trouble and that a good view of the German Enfidaville positions could be obtained from high ground a short distance to the south of that town. General Clark leaves a message of greetings for General Mont­ gomery from the American Fifth Army and proceeds northward to Sousse. As the town is approached, the traffic congestion becomes greater but a short distance out the convoys are detoured around the tov.'11 and it is rossible to proceed into the town on a compara­ tively clear road. It is discovered on reaching the town th8t the whole center portion has been surrounded by barbed wire barriers and is Off Limits to both soldiers and civilians. Upon passing the barrier it is easily understood why this action was taken. Every buildinf around the small harbor had been either destroyed, partially destroyed, or damaged to such ?n extent thnt it was un­ inhabitable. General Clark clnd party get out of the staff car and make a survey of the harbor. The destruction has been comrleted rartially by air attack and ra.rtially by demolition on the re.rt of' the enemy. Ships were sunk and overturned. Loading cranes de­ stroyed and warehouses badly damaged. It wcis a sight indicative of .the terrific fighting and destruction which h8S been taking place on the Tunisian front. After a short tour of the city, the coast road is again reached and Ge�cral Clerk proceeds northTiard. The amount of traffic has diminished sor'eWhflt and js mostly vehi­ cles of the Jew Zealand Division which constitutes the forward elements of the Eighth Army along the coast sector. l I �SECRET ( 1 I r'J ·-=quals. British 1Y\OST SECRET Frequent inquiries are made as the car rroceed·s along as to the distance to the front lines and intelligent answers are almost invDrfa.bly received. All agree that Enfidaville is in Germen hands or at least has not been occupied by troops of the Eighth Army. After proceeding to within 15 kilom�ters of Enfidaville, th� sup­ ply and real elements of the �fow Zealand Division are seen along­ side the road and a short distance further the artillery is passed. Finally, 9 kilometers from Enfidaville a hi�h point in the road is reached, and the town itself lies below across a wide flat valley. General Clark decides to le1we the vehicle and proceed on foot a short distance across the ridge to where some infantry are dug in. ) By inquiry as to ,1here the front lines n0'7 Are, it is learned that aside from patrols, the front infantry companies are along the \ ridge· on which General Clark is standing. Stout resistance had · \ been received the day before from enemy elements in the town of Enfidaville. The company commander, a New Zealander, told of his attempts to Maneuver his companv around tlie town with the hope of cuttin� off the road behind leadine north. About the sare time, six tank carriers with their tanks had rroceeded down the road tov,ard Enfidaville and had been destroyed by the enemy artillery. He 11.lso rather jokinr;ly referred to a news correspondent who had thAt morn�ng nonchAlantly rlriven his jeep into the town of Enfida­ ville and had not returned. The battalion comnander then cornes up cind gives orders to the company COT'!l11ander �s to movements �hich are to take place later in the day. It is getting late and General Clark feels that he had better get along back in order to re2.ch Kouif again before dark. After leaving Sousse on the return trip southward, the roads are horribly congested. The vehicles of the Eighth Army are banked up three deep across the road and bumper to bumper as far as the eye can see. There are apparently no anti-aircraft precP.utions taken and General Clark remarks that a few enemy aircraft could certainly put a big gap in the Eighth Army. It is noted that according to Ameri­ can standards of wheeled vehicles that the Eighth Army has had to do v1ith much less. All manner of vehkles are in tre column and many of them are of a conrrnercial type with only two-wheel drive. The troops appear in wonderful physical condition and seem to have a very confident air. El Djem is finally reached a.nd a take­ off made at 1630 arrivin� Kouif at 1730 to spend the night again at General Porter's headquarters. Upon arriving at General Porter's headquarters, General Cla.rk sees Major General \'lhiteley, Deruty Chief of Staff, AFFQ, and ta.lks with him durin,c; supper. General IThiteley expresses a plan to rave a British wing in­ stalled in the various Fifth Army Training Centers. Flans are made .... ::•.: . t !:.qu'als ·a'ritish /V\OST SECRET f; �\I� SECRET -,;:fuels British f;\03T SECRET to take off for Souk El Arha at 0830 the next Morning. A cable is sent to General Bradley, II Corps, to have transportation waitjng. General Clark tells General Whiteley thRt due to lack of time he will probably not be able to visit General Anderson's First Army headquarters. * * * Dj, Kouif-Souk El Arba-Be,ia-9th Division CP-Be.ia-April 17, 191<2• At breakfast, the pilot and crew o� the C-47 tell of an attempt to fly their plane to Souk El Arba the ni�ht before to get spa.re rarts for a plane grounfed at tre airport at Kouif only to discover, upon arrival at Souk El Arba, that the field was being bombed by German planes. General Clark says that this will not change any plans of the trip but that full rrecautions should be taken and parachutes vrorn. Take off is made from Kouif at 0840, arriving at Souk El Arba 0920 hours without jncident. The plane is met by General Bradley's aide with three jeeps for passengers and baggage and one jeep mountine a 50 calibre IT1achine gun. ( Party proceeds immediately for Beja, nea.r wrich the II Corps hea.dqµarters are located. Little traffic is seen on the road, as all movements of troops and supplies are carried out during hours of darkness. The town of B8ja is reached at about 1030, and it is discovered thet the tovm is rretty much in ruins from constant bombing over a period of two or three months. General Clark ar­ rives at II Corps CP, situated in a French farmhouse approximately three miles north of the town, and finds that Gt:3neral Bradley is away making an inspection. He confers vii th G-3 and members of the staff whom he had lmown as II Corps Commander in England. At ap­ proximately 1115 General Clark leaves II Corrs CP with Brigadier General Gaffey, Chief of Staff, II Corps, for a visit to the 9th Division whose CP is locA.ted about 35 miles to the northwest. Again very little traffic is encountered on the road. The 9th Division CP, located in a small, white, two-storied, stucco farmhouse, is reached at about 1240. General Eddy, the Division Commander, is on a visit to one of his Regimental Headquarters but is expected back any moment. General CJark has lunch and is joined shortly by General Eddy on his return to the CP. Immediate­ ly after lunch, General Clark and General Eddy proceed to the CP of the 47th Infantry, holding the southern sector of the Division front about five miles to the east. On the way considerable evi­ dence of recent fightin� is noted by th e destruction of small vil­ lages, a railroad track, vehicles along the highway and German and British graves along the road. The CP of the 47th Infantry is lo­ cated on a high hill in a farmhouse about half A. mile off the road. ( General Clary and General Eddy are met by Colonel Randale, the Regimental Commander, who gives a brief summ�ry of the situation r; r r��·.T,;,.i1Jtli;•�:. o·r: ,1, ;.;t."""' ·� .. N\Q'jT SECRET �\ l9 ( ( and tells of recent artillery fire which had fallen about two hours before in the valley north of his position in the area of the 39th Infantry. From the CP 47th Infantry, the party proceeds back west along the road for about two miles and then cuts north over a field for about 3/4 of a mile, reaching the CF of the 39th Infantry, which holds the northern sector of the Division front. Colonel Brown, an old friend of General Clark's, is Regimental Com.mander and conducts General Clark and General Eddy to the CP proper, lo­ cated in a grove of trees along the bAnks of a dry stream. Colonel Brovm tells of a reconnaissance ·trip which he has just taken into the forward area for a distance of five or six miles without meet­ ing enemy in any form. Colonel Brown also reiter�tes Colonel Ran• dale's statements regarding the artillery fire whic:b had hit his area about noon of thPt day. General Eddy discusses VTith Colonel Brmm the importance of patrols, particularly in the present situa­ tion where there is no actual contact ·with the enemy. The party then departs to return to the 9th Division CF in order that General Clark may get back to II Corps Headquarters before dark. General Gaffey is met at the 9th Division CP and returns with General Clark to Beja. Upon arrival at II Corps ITeadquarters, General Clark is met by General Bradley and finds that General Allen and General Roo­ sevelt of the 1st Division have arrived. A short conference on the situation is held near General Bradley's CP tent. General Clark plans to leave from Souk El Arba at 0830 tomorrow for Oujda, and spends the rest of the evening talking with General Bradley. The II Corps CP is well laid out and traffic controlled in an exceptionally fine manner. Only a skeleton .staff is operating until the remainder of the headquarters moves up from the south. The men give the appearance of having soldierly- bearing and ,1ear their equipment at all times. * * * Beja-Algiers�Oujda, April 18, 1943r--General Clark leaves II Corps CP at 0715 and proceeds to Souk El Arba, taking off e.t 0830. A short stop is made at r�aison Blanche. General Clark attempts to reach General Eisenhower by phone but is unable to contact him, so leaves word of his departure for Oujda vlith r,�ajor General Smith, Chief of Staff. Plane is refueled end takes of� for Oujda, arriv­ ing 1250 hours. Upon his return to Fifth Army headquarters, General Clark goes directly to his villa where he lunches alone. Over the meal, he reads • personal mail that has aITived for him during his absence. Be a un lieutenant general or lieutenant, colonel or corporal, aa.11 from home is of vital interest. General Clark is no exception. Today's batch in­ • cludes several long letters from Mrs. Clark. Fellowing lunch, the general ioes to his office to plunge into stacks of paper work that has accumulated • • during his absence. He spends more than an hour in conference with General Gruenther, planning a seminar tomorrow at which the Fifth Army Commander will review his t�ip to gen ral geest to his villa early • � * ; . ., y: Ste� .�;i�;; ;:�:}'.'jl- ;i• ' Eq -0ls1ililr8ritish .MOS'f SECRET ' j �.. sECREf ... ~ ~~:• ~t~. ,v:· : .... , . 120 ..•,,. s' ;,Y E i3ritish MOST SECRET ( - OUJDA, APRIL 19, 1943--General Clark iives ais key officers a lenithy review teday of his recent trip to the Tunisian front. He quickly covers the physical aspects of the trip, then spends •ver an hour outlining the observations he ma.de • • waile at the various headquarters and while ·covering the huge frontal area. 11 ! Nde this trip for two reasons," General Clark declares. "First, I wanted II t• see first .b.and what was goirli on. Second, I wanted to find out what lessons we • • • can learn, what observations I could 118.ke that would help the train� of the Fifth • • Amy for its test in combat. I have nothilli new to tell you about how to train. • • OQr doctrines and eur tecaniques are sound with the posaible exception of Tank • b Destroyer tactics. 11 He •n tells his officers that he .aas ude provisions for two officers at a time to be attached to General Bradley's II Cerps. • - "I lmow,11 continuea the ieneral, "that all of you have ants in your pants and want to get into battle. But I 1 11 willini to bet that I have more ants in • pants • • ,. t� any of you and I'm willinf: to make it an actual count evet any given area of • tr&user." The officers roar at the words er their impatient commander. General • • • Clark then reads the excerpt from General Eisenhower's recent letter in which the • " C-in-C promises that "the day of the Fifth Army is com!�. "So," continues th.e • Fifth Amy commander, "we must concentrate on our job, even though it� seem • unromantic. We must do our best and realize that even tho�h we are not yet in oembat we are awayailhead •f units back in the States. I can guarantee you that the Fifth United States Army will be the first American army to iet into cojbat a.s an • entire unit." • . \ .. l Tu &eneral then explains taat he is iO!ni to "call m.y shots as I see them" concerni� what he saw at the front. If there is excessive criticism of British • mekk.ds, he's serry but that is the wq he saw it and he cautions that what he • • \ 1aaa te eay "is not to be discussed outside our family." His aost caustic criticism • is 8.iainst British ••t�r movements and lack of cameflauge. He also strikes at the • • lack "'f il'•und-air coeperation between betlt Aaerican and British air forces and • �•und treops. Bef�re �oini int• detailed ebservations resultilli from the trip, • \ ,. General Clark reviews his various st•ps md conferences. He tells of watchin.r • • General Patton turn over command •f the II Cerps to General Bradley. For General • • Clark this was a particularly interesting ceremony since the Fifth Army Cemmander br9Uiht the II Corps overseas oriiinally. It llas now had four commanders since cellli?lfl overseas last July--Generals Clark, Fredendall, Patton and, now, Bradley-. General Clark says that Jae was most impressed at General Alexander's 18th • A'X"lll.y Grou, aeadquarters by "lack of camonauge and the congestion of tents and • • • vehicles." He tells ef his talk with General Alexander and discl$ses that British " troops prebably will be included in the Fifth t.nry. Te prepare for this, British • staff efficers--prebably a G-3 and a G-3 and a G-4 assistant--will be ass�ned under General Clark's oemmand. lie next reports on the 1st Division. It is now out • • �f the line but is prepari.ni to we-enter combat. Duri.ni the phase of the Tunisiu • campsiin tha.t has Just finished, the 1st lest 1,800 men. It established a reputa­ tion with the British as a fine fiihtirli division. General Allen, reports General • Clark, says that the replacements it is receivilli are po0rly trained. He points • • eut that General Andrus claims that there should be no reduction in field artillery • • tables of orianization. • .. Mak� a detailed report on his visit to the 18th Artry Group School at Clair• • i(H::,:"' 1 SECRET Eq,uols Br'itish MOST SECRET �SECRET L21 Ettuqis British MOST SECRET .. tentaine, General Clark points tea the ccm:f'usion resul t:ini from tlle difference in British and Aaerican ldli�r;y terms. Those, lie cautions, ldiht result in difficul­ a ties wAell British and A11erioan trHps are teiether in the Fifth Army. He says that Britisll effioers and enlisted men are eeing to beiin attending Fifth Amr:, Schoels • • ud tha� the preblem •f phraseol•a aust be watched clesely. "We can iet new ideas frem the British that we can apply to our own orianization," the iener'1.l • says. "But we aust pick and c•oose lpld not cepy blindly."He compares the appear­ • ance •f British and Americana attendirJi the 18ta Army Group school and says the ) Britisk are much mere military in bearin&. He next reviews the case of the 34th Division which has been at the front • abcrut two aontb.s. TAis division, an ex-National Guard division, was not 11ell trained, the ieneral says. He reperts that General Ryder told him that the div• • iaion was bein& shaken up c•nsiderably and that there was a need for new command­ • • ers all dewn the line--reeiments, battalions and even coapanies. Ryder reported t.i.at tae division was too defensive minded--that when in action it i•t into fex• aeles and tl&at it was llard to �et the men out. I Reiar� tao E�htla Army, General Clark had this to say: the enlisted men are unusually well inf'crmed concerning the location of units and what is i•ing en. • • Tae aen are extremely informal in dress and discipline but they have a treaendous fi,ektilli spirit and great confidence in theuelves and their equipaent. The army • llas passed throUih its desert area but it still is us� desert paint •n its nhicles and desert camoflaUie mehhods with the result that the caaofiaUie is • tetally ineffective. The road discipline •f the army is "atr•cious." The ieneral • • • tells er see� tbree banks of vehicles nmni.t)i bumper to bullper with only one part time fi,ehter plane to protect them from air at�ck. The E!ihth Army moter • celwan .bad no anti-aircraft pretection. Tlle Arf4 is moving with every conceivable type •:t vehicle and it is remarkable how auccesai'ul amt army can be with wtI1oded • and well-worn meter transpertation. Gemral Clark aiain points out how the Eiihth p Anq headquarters, like those of the 18th Army Group, are out in the open and not camenaueed. He adds that Ei,ehth A:rm;y moter conveys ••ve with apparent disreiard e fer enem;y aines that miiht possibly be placed on the shoulders of the road. • • .. .. While lais •fficere olluckl.e, General Clark tells •f i•illi to the front line, • ef hquirine every few 11:iles abeut tlle ledation of the front line and finally, • ,. wllen •• a ridie everleold.ni a valley, asking "Where is the front line." Then the • • I laconic Briti:sh reply of: "This is the front line. That is Enfidaville. The • ... .. • Gemans are rJ.iht down tlaere." And then the ieneral hellerir)i to the driver o.f his carte eet the vehicle behind the lrl.11. Says General Clark, lauehin&: "It was just like maneuvers but I Jaiased tlae Red, blue and white .fJ.aisl" . II> He tJaen tells •f the utter des•lation ef Seuase, of the effectiveness •f • Allied be•bin& and, apparently, demelitiens by- the withdr&wi.ni Germans. He des­ cribes tae teffll ia "ma.eked" and describes overturned ships in the harborl Tke • • ti Britis• llave already scraped a cllannel into the. port and the general declares t.bat "it is axiematic t:bat y•u can destroy a place one day and use it th.e next." • General Clark say-a tu.t tlte Axis kas now wit1tdrawn int• more 11ountain1tus country • • and tllat the eeill4i at tlle .front is now ioir)i to be harder. • . ~ Reiardin& his visit te II Cerps headquarters, General Clark c01111ents on the • discipline and 1u,rale of the aen. He says they are hard and confident; that • traffic contrel, camofla�e and li�ht discipline are good. "Our old ia.ng," the .. i eneral says addressing himself t ·ro r "'II Cerps ef'ficers who are � � �: ... . ' ,.. tr S~ .. F . . . �CJ.:na , ··:�!.fofs. British N\03T SECi�ET �SECRET Equals British /.\OST SECRET still with hill, "is do� well." One t.ai!li that laa.s been found to be a truism is • that inexperienced •fficers cannot be placed in key jebs. "These," declares the ieneral, "are thin&s that we must learn NOY." He then tells ef his trip to the 9tll Division which lae describes as "a good outfit." He says that the 9th has b een particularly effective with massed artillery .fire o The 9ta· now holds the extre• n•rth end ef tlle line, haviJli relieved British paratroopers who had been in tlae Cap Serrat re"ion. .. General Clark tllen outlines the plan •.f eperation for the colt1ng showdown • • in Tunisia. The II Cerps is under tae First British A'I.TfJ' and it will have the left tlank. United States troops will have a lillited •bjective and it will fall t• tu Vth British Corps to take Twrl.s and then advance en Bizerte. It is felt • tllat tlae Axis Ddillt attempt to witadraw and the air ferces are loo� t3 that prospect with ilee because taey reel tlley can completely wreck any evaoution across the Sicilian straits. ( Ceveq miscellaneous subjects, General Clark reports that the artillery • aas done a f� jeb at the front and, he adds, "they have aillered to the doctrines and teclmiques as we have ta�ht the11." Use ef division artillery with concent­ rated fire on one ebjective has been particularly effective. One fault that aas • • leen fc>1md is that artillery pieces are not calibrated eften eno�h, aaey- ef them net hav� been calibrated since they were shipped from the states. It has • • b .een preven at the front that artillery can control tanks. There never has been • • an instance, the Fifth Army commander continues, where tanks have continued to • advance thro�h concentrated artillery fire. It has been found that the artillery o an lay down artillery barrages with the infantry follow� with more or less iapunity at 150 yards. General Clark says that not enough use is being made of smeke shells or time fuse fire which will spray shrapnel down int0 fexholos and trenches. The British particularly, the "eneral adds, do not appreciate the use • ef tille fuse fire. Froa tlae 15th of March to April 10 1 American artillery expen­ • titures at the front totalled 1571 000 rounds, slightly under tlle n•l'lllll use ef fire. Hitt� aiain at one of his favorite subjects, General C1ark declares that air-iNUD.d support ia lacld.na as we Ullderstand it and as we are ta�ht it." He • alee declares tllat there is not enough aerial pll•t•�aphy and points to the need • •f aerial phetoiraphs in plann� attacks. • 11 .. l The i9neral also makes tltese ebservations: Jdnes are no lo�er an auxiliary, tlley are a potent weapon. On the Tunisian front, ene-.r use of mines has become a real proble11. Oriani• anti-aircraft Aas become a !latter of debate as to whether each unit should have its own AA •rfi!anization. As £or the various branches, tile Fif'tk Anq ceamander sqs that the eDiineers, sian,al, medics and artillery sec­ • • tions are do� fin, at the front but that the inf"antry is not doi� as well. • 11 Tllis," �s the general, "is natural since this is not an en.ct science and the tactics 11Ust chazl&e with the situation. It calls for stro� Slllall unit le�ders 11nd tlae expansion or eur aray has been too rapid am certain personnel errors J1Ust • . be werked out." The 1st Armored Division has a tough time 1D111i: at the front because • it was not well enough trained and in many cases it was employed faultily. ■ St1J1Jl1i!li up, the ieneral makes these observations: air-ground support must_ be used effectively and it can't be used that way until the principles of it are • appreciated by the air corps. There should also be greater use of observation ' '. ... :�·..,; - I . . ·SECRET' · .. E'qu'&Js Brnish /',\03T SECRET \ �\ �3 ( and photo facilities. The effectiveness and strength of artillery fire must be • appreciated. There must be coordinated movements of traffic. "This can't be le:rt to,,Ged. It must be geared and perfected like a Pennsylvania Railroad tille schedule." Divisions must be used as a whole, not committed piecemeal or used as separate regiments. Bmx There must be vigorous patrollini at night and fightinar must • include night operations as well as day operations. Officers and men must be dis­ • • ciplined more rigidly and they aust be hard and tough, mentally and physically. • .. Tlte general spends his entire m•rn:iJli either worki.ni on incoain& papers or • else w•rldni on the speech which ae iives in llid•afternoon. His trip to the £ront • Jaas resulted in a il,"eat backleg of papers and he slaves throue;hout the day to whittle them down. The situation at the front is quiet as the Allies draw up taeir haunches in preparation for another spring at the Axis. .. . * ... * * OUJDA, APRIL 20, 194.3--Ge•eral Clark spends a diverse today, a day that is clilla.xed by a class reunion at his villa in the evening. Seven 11eJ1bers of tlte .. West Point class of 1917 are present, including two who come from the Oran nrea fer the UJlUSual celebration. ( Geaer&l Eisenhower kad planned tentatively @n coaing to Fifth Army Head­ quarters toaorrew but today Ais aide calls to say that the Allied CoJll!lander-in­ Chief must JU.lee another trip to the �unisian front, because of a pendini push, • • and ae will have to pestpene his Fi£ta Amy trip until a later date. In mid­ • Ge•ral Clark drives to the Fi:rth An,.y recreation cup at Saidia t• ll&lce u inepection. The caap is already eperating with 30 officers and 150 • enlisted aen tald.lli one week vacations at the seaside resort 40 Jli.les north of • Oufda on the MediterraneaD.. The ieeral is satisfied with the way the C8llp is • • i•� and ke 11.akes plans te spend eccasional days there h1meelt. He is to take •• • II ever a villa at the edie of the American beach area. • ••rning, .. The ieneral has twe special callers today and he sandwiches the• in between reeuJ.ar coDference� with. his Chief of Sta.ff and other officers and the normal and very heavy amount of paper work. One of the callers is Colonel F£cket, an old • frieAd ef the generals who used to be in the 1st Division. Colonel Fiohet has • • just recovered from wounds received at the frent and he is being assigned to Fifth Aray to assist in the Field Officers' Training program. The second vieitor is PFC Ted Andrews, an Iruiianapolis boy who used to deliver Saturday Evening posts to Gener�l Clark JU.?zy- years ago when the Fifth Army Commander was instruc­ • tor for the Indiana National Guard. The gener�l spends quite some t:ille with the private wh0 is in the Counter Intelliience Corps. • The reunion of the Class of 191? that is held at the General's villa is an and hilarious evening. That seven classraates should be able to gather in • a little French Meroccon 26 years fellowing their graduation is unusual. Two classmates, Colonel Sullivan and Major Nygaard present the general with the fellewing statistics: " .. UllUSUU. "SUBJECT: Present Status er Class of 1917, u.s.M.A. "TO : The Commanding General, Firth Army, APO 464, U. S. Arny. 11 1. On April 20, 1917, 139 ca.dets were gradua.te.d and ccammissioned as 2nd • SECRET \::)}{1. Brit-rs · SE T '. i/\\~t5~f , R~ t �12Y lieutenants in the U.S.A. at West Point, New York. This evening, twenty-eix • years later, seven clas�tes are gathered to celebrate their anniversary in the,Headquarters of the Fifth Army, Oujda, Morocco. Those present ue Lieut­ e:nan.t Genera.! Mark w. Clark, U.S.A., Brigadier General Vi.W. Eagles, U.S.A., Col.uel Jeseph P. Sullivan, Q.M.C., Colonel Charles R. Johnson, Gav., Colonel Ira Cru11p, Ord Dept., Colene! Francis A. Markoe, A.U.S., aod Major John R. Nygaard, A.U.S. 2. ,,. !I' ,. J. St�.tus of Class by numbers: April 20, 1917 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139 =• tt 11 I?, H!l9 • April 20, 1943, Active List- - - - -- -- - - -85 {Data compiled from Amy Dir�ctory, April 20, • 1942, less Francis Brennan, deceased.) Losses duri� past 26 years� - - - - - - - - � Tot&ls - - - - - - - .. 139 139 Status of Class by grade: April 20, 1917 - - 2nd Lieutenants - April 20, 1943 - - Lieutenant GeneralMaj or Gener&l - - Brigadier General - Professors, u.s.M.A.Colonels - - - - - Separations from Active List- - - - - Totals- - - - - - - - - - 139 1 9 21 - .. 1 - - 53 - -_&. - 139 60 $ of graduates are on active duty; all those separated by physically fit have returned to active duty. 1 j of class is a Lieutenant General; 11 % are Major Generals; 25 % are Brigadier Genals, and 6']/, are Colonels. 4. General Officers, Class ef 1917, as of April 20, 1943: Lieutenant General Clark, Mark W. Ma.1or General Ridgeway, Matthew B. Butler, William o. Code, James A. Collins, Lawton Hamon, Ernest N. Gerhardt, Charles n. McMahan, William c. Irvin�, Frederick A. Melasky, llil.rris M. Brigadier General Heavey, William F. Noce, Daniel • Hardis, Charles Eagles, William W. Stanford, A.G. Harrison, William K. 139 �\J5 SECRET. ( Equals Br'itis�.;. t.\OST SECRET Devine, John N. • Perry, Basil H. Guerney, Augustus M. BeR.sley, Rex Sherrill, Steven H. Holdrigge, Herbert c. Smith, Albert C. Armstrong, Clare Cota, Norman D. Harper, Arthur M. Kilburk, Charles s. Weems, George H. Halsey, Milton B. Mullens, Charles L. Rumbough, Davids. H. (e) J0seph P. Sullivan, Colonel, Q.M.C. (s) John R. NygR.ard, Major, A.U.S. P.S. Not approved by Asa Pope. Data subject to correction; compiled by two goats. The general and his classmates spend an evening devoted JllQ.inly to reminis­ cing. There are special decorations for the reunion and .. cake bearing 26 candles • and the inscription "Class of 1917". Two American Red Cross workers write a special poem for the occasion. It goes: TO THE CLASS OF DESTINY The Cl.i.ss of One Seven was ordained by Heaven, As forecast by prophets of old, • • To send to the fre:y in their gattle array, Men who were both handsome and bold. In the annals cf West Point marv tall tu.les are told Of prowess with sword and with lass, But none o�� excel the stories they tell, Of the members of this doughty class. You've no use for beagles when loiaki� for :Eagles For you'll find him wa.y up in the stars. There's no use deeying, when Birdie frot flying, He ma.de a quick rise from the bars. At the munition dUDl.p you will always find Crump Testi� �ach bullet IUld shell, For he's bound and determined that all Nazi vermin .. Shall be blasted and blown plumb to Hell. Of "D•on and his horae we have all heard, of course, St0ries beth fact and mere rumors, But the horse would agree, with both you and me, That'- it's hard to put up lVith Doc's bloomers. The �irls hav� all tried hard to tie up with Nygaard, But each has been forced to confess For all of her wishin', this smooth politician Would m�ch rathe�eR!!f a� (He just ain't sleepy!) ��- -�-- , - .- ... .'.,..,..... ,:·..\., .,. ··-·s��::·;10, ·•-\tiiRET .I �. :t:¥ �SECRET ( . The history of Markoe makes us wish we cou.ld all do What he's done to further the race, But it has been wagered, as years make him aged, Even Fr-nk can't keep up such a pace. From almond-eyed beauties to Muscovite cuties, The fame of our Sully has spread., And there's hardly a one, when her day's work is done, That:m he's not seen unsullied to bed. The N'ew Yorker on Opie implied he was dopey, I Though the stars sn his blouse brightly gleam. We bet he was wishing that he was home fishing And not on that damn submarine. • * Many more years must pass before this famed class QQeS to its rewards in Heaven. When it iets to the gate St. Peter will state, "There was never a class like One Seven." * * OUJDA, APRIL 21, 1943--General Clark's day follo'ffs its uaual pattern-­ conferences with various high-ranking officers of headquarters, bales of cables and reports to digest and initiate action. One of the·Fifth Army's mC>st important tasks at present is the re-cquippini of French uni·ts. Many of them are spread throughout the Fifth Army area. and they are learning to use American guns, American tanks, all types of American vehicles and weapons with which they will ultilnately enter battle. A French armored unit is iettini re-equipped in the vivinity of Ain-el..'furk, ,,est of Oran; infantry ag.d artillery units are being assembled in the Guercif', Fes areas. With the 30th Infantry movpl&I out of the Guercif•Taourirt area so it can·io to Arzew for invas­ ion traini�, the French are taki� over the task of protect� that •rea. Durilni the aftel','lloon, General Clark iees for hi� customary walk in the hills near Oujda. The weather is quite warM, eiving evidence a,f the heat tha.t is coml}i in the late sprini and sumner months. The ieneral also concentrates on improvL"li facilities at Saidi.a which will be more •r less a summer retreat to escape the heat of Oujda valley. Officers and men .from all wrlts in the Fifth .Army--not just, • those from headquarters-will attend the recreation center. * * * OUJDA, APRIL 22, 1943--G·eneral Clark writes General Eisenhower today concern• .. a nUl!lber er matters, includi� his trip to the front and his fears about the rem•val from n�rthwestern MorQcc• of units �riiinally set aside to move from that • uea in event of the need .for Backbene conti�ent upon German movement into S?l,in. il1i Eq t/: r· �IZ,�liJ]Elit�..�.<ET· " , .5t'.C" �of�··. 9·/ffr���f. �kb:;i � • l �--··�--·SECREl .: . ,.· ( E ,, oJs: 1:2.1 �Bif'i�i'.���rMeal�' :s·�3RE1 • "Ret\trned f'ro11 my trip rorward, n General ·Clark writes General "Ike,'' after • la.a� -visited General Alexander's set-up, Generu Montioaery 1 s Anay and units er the II Corps. I had the •pportunity of iOing with Alexander to his Battle • Schoel at Clair Fontaine and enjoyed it very much. He seems to be a swell .fellew and thinl'"..s very hiihly of you and the broad-mindM manner in which you are approa­ • • c� your tremendous problems. Thanks for the •pprotunity of my visit there. Saw • • • all your Division Commanders eacept the 1st Armored. Think the 1st and 9th are cold� aloni fin� but that the 34th needs a shot in the arm, possibly starti� • • with the Division Commander. Slept with Omar Bradley at Beja and ha,d a fine chat • with hill. Thanks for the oppertunity or letting me go. I saw many things that • will be helpful in my traini� here. Assembled all my officers, gave them the • dope and am running around trying te buck things up in my area of responsibility. • "You indicated that a little later one British Division might be sent back • here. Alexander indicated that he would like to have two divisions come back. I • aade no coJ.U11ent except that any British troops that you sent back would be re­ • deived with ereat welcome here. If I am to have British troops under Fifth Army • CeJIJllalld, I should have two British Staff Officers on my staff--one a supply man and the other a G-3 aan. I indicated thi:s to Alexander, who heartily concurred, 11.ade a nGte and asked :ae to subllit a request through you,.and he would supply me with two high-type officers with those qualifications. I am hereby making such • a request and deeire that these two come in advance ef the arrival of British • troops, in erd&r that we·� make due preparation for the recepti�n and trainins or such units as might come back here. "I m.ve quit looking under my bed at night .for Spanish intriguers. However, I still iet a cold sweat down my spine when I think of that Mr. Hitler could do • • te you and your North African venture, .should he, through some manner unknown • • to us, find the means t0 enter Spa-in, either with or without Spanish acquiesconee. • With the immediate movement of the I Armored Corps and the 2nd Armored Division • out of Merecco into the Oran area, I. am absolutely devoid, not only of a eta.ff in that area te keep alive'the vital western BACKBONE plannina, to say nothini of execution. As you know, the 3rd Division is completely out of Morocco and in the Arzew area. "I submitted a letter on this a couple of weeks ago and spoke to Bedell about it, but it bounced back by indorsement with no constructive assistance. I u �ain forwarding it by 2nd indorsement to you , so that you will know a.11 the • facts in the case. You indicated to me the possibility of substituting the II • Cerps for the VI Corps and the 1st or 9th for the 36th Division. If that decision • could be made no", I would move i.llmedhi.tely the vm Corps and the 36th Division • • to the Lyautey area, where they could .perform the planning and execution of the ,. tasks so vital in the event BACKBONE breaks. "The indorsement referred to above, and the letter, are being carries to • your headquarters by one of my officers going up that way. 11 I a11 leavini for the Invasion Training Center tomorrow morning, where I • • • will be for two dqa." .. .. .. ( The moerandua that General Clark refers to as havi.nfl been sent to AFHQ t• be returned by indGrseaent pointed out that present and future operations "lut.ve develeped to a point where it appears likely that this headquarters may be • • left without adequate subordinate planni� 8.iencies for Operation BACKBONE II." It then declared that II it was our understandill6! •••that headquarters 2nd Armored • Division would not be involved in the HUSKY operation and could therefore be • • SECRET ··." 6~uots· Brff.ish MO::;T St:CRET t.. • . - J �. ''l:'l'>\5;m..·:.,, . · · · .,,·:;. .�·�··-·. . C€"'f"T· < '., ·1.:i:-i·.1nt·��'a·l!:) l . . :'·'·.?)\ ;. rlc,,- ,.- .. _. .::·r 1:: ..�1 !. . j; • ..... ·.;. .. Equal� British h\OST SECRET used fer keepi� BACKBONE plans in the western area up to date. However, it us been recently learned that Headquarters 2nd Armored Divisj.on will probably be utilized in eperation HUSKY•" Thi, Jle:m.orandum then recommended "that a sub­ erdin.a.te headquarters be made available to Headquarters Fifth Anny as the planning • • �ency in the western ar«3a., and to execute the plan in case or emeriency." AFm The reaction of comes back as follows: "Your position relative to the • requirement for a subordinate headquarters to act as a planning and eaecutive • &iency for BACKBONE II ia fully appreciated. Due to present requirements, however, no further subordinate headquarters will be available before the return of the II • Cerps upoo completion of the Tunisian campaign. In the meantime, such planni� • as you consider essential will of necessity have ts be made the responsibility • of Headquarters, I Armored Corps. Considering its present preoccupation with the more urgent planning for FIDSKY, this work should be held to the minimum." • This is the answer that General Clark shoots back to Allied.Force Headquarters: ( D "l. Headquarters I Armored Corps will aove to the Oran area in about a week where it will be completely preeccupied with HUSKY planning and with the trainine; •f the units •f the corps for the HUSKY operation. For that reason it is consider­ ed i.llpr�cticable to charge that headquarters with the responsibility of planning • • and executing BtCKBONE II. "• Likewise, I A rmored Corps plans, with the approval of this headquarters, to atWe the entire 2nd Arllored Division to the Sidi-bel-Abbea area in the immed­ • • iate future. Therefore, th.at headquarters can not be used as the plarming and executing agency for the western operations of BACKBONE II. • "3. As you know, the 3rd Division is now completely concentrated in the Oran • • area. in connection with its HUSKY (invasion of Sicily) mission. Also, the 36th • Division is in that area. It is apparent, therefore, that there are absolutely n• Aaerican troops in the Rabat area which would be capable of executing the effens:tve aission to capture Tangier, or even of preventing a Spanish invasion • of French Morocce, should such action accompany an iovasion of Spain by the Axis. • • 11 4. I do not know the capabilities of the Axis to invade Spain, but I do • • consider that should they have that capability, it might produce disastrous re­ sults to the Allied North A.frican operation. • "5. Should the Axis move into Spain--a.nd the critical time for such a threat • is rapidly approach�--our only hope of partially nullify!� that operation would be our prompt occupation of Spanish Morocco in order to secure the southern shore • C ef the Straits of Gibraltar. With the disposition of our troeps which will exist on May 1st, such action on our part would probably be impossible, for it would require valuable time to move troops from the Oran area to the Port Lyautey area. This loss of time might well represent the difference between success and failure in accomplishing our mission. 11 6. In my conversation the other day at the front with the C-in-C, he in• • dicated a desire to substitute, 1f practicable, the II Amy Corps for the VI • Army Corps in the HUSKY operation. He also indicated hie desire to substitute the 1st or 9th Division for the 36th Division. It would be highly desirable if these • decisions could be ma.de now, for in that event I would promptly move the VI Corps and the 36th Division to the Port Lyautey area where they would not only constitute the only American combat troops in French Morocco, but would also be available to • oarry on the pla.nnini for the vital western phase of BACKBONE II. In addition, this • force would be available to execute the plans, ins0�ar as its strength will permit. .. ( SECRET Ectuals British t,,\Q':.,T SECRET �Si~Rlit .,~;;r~~. ::,~;~/ i EgtJ.,Ots' British /'Ii.OST SECRET It is f\mdaaental that the same hekdquarters that plans this operation be charged with its execution. If the deci.sions indicated above can not now be made, this headquarters, through an improvised planning section, will keep alive • the plans for BACKBONE II, but will have no means of executing those plans promptly, • • should such action be necessary." In addition to concentrating on pluggilli a lot of bad loopholes in the now­ • riddled BACKBONE situation, General Clark works late to clear his desk of all work • r since he will leave here early tomorrow for Arzew and a two-day stay at the Invas­ ion Training 6enter. * * * OUJDA-ORAN-ARZEVl, .APRIL 23, 1943--General Clark takes off from the Oujda airport in his C-47 at 8:30 A.M. for La Senia airport at Oran. He is accompanied by General Wilbur, Colonel Howard, Major Ball and Captain Sumner. He arrives at La Senia shortly after 9:00 A.M., and a few minutes later is met by Captain Gil­ lespie who takes him to Port-aux-Foules in the Piper Cub. General �ilbur and Captain Sumner proceed to the MBS Replacement Training Center, and Colonel Howard and Major Ball drive to Port-aux-Poules where they meet the General and accompany him on his various inspections. He goes to the beach at Arzew where various types of landing craft and land­ ing ships are demonstrating how different kinds of vehicles are loaded. He rides out to an LST in an amphibious 2-1/2 ton truck and briefly inspects the ship and the pontoon ramp leading to it from the beach. He has been joined for this in­ spection by General T. J. Camp and General 0 1 Daniel with various members of the latter's staff. The party then drives over to the other side of the bay to see the Navy's steel pontoon blocks which can be put together like huge childrens 1 building blocks to make bridges, dry docks, ramps, loading wharves and even car­ go rafts which can be driven by a diesel engine attachment. After lunch with L Company of the 30th Infantry, the General goes, with his inspection party, to the hills . to the west of Arzew where an attack is being staged by the 7th Infan­ try Regiment under the command of Colonel Sherman. The infantry attack is supported by two 105mm battalions and two 105mm can­ non companies. After the General has been oriented as to the problem and has observed the maneuvers to be well under way, he leaves for a drive along the shore of the Mediterranean to the headquarters of the 3rd Division. General Truscott is not there, but the CP is inspected briefly. The party then proceeds along the shore of the Mediterranean pa.st an Air Corps rest camp which has for­ merly been a summer resort. Its gaudy bathing pavilions seem a little out of place against a background of such grim reminders of war as a sunken Liberty ship a few hundred yards off shore and anti-aircraft installations along the sand dunes bordering the beach. ( At Mostaganem six LSI are observed coming into the little harbor. A few miles farther a turn is made up the Chelif River valley where the 15th RCT is bivouaced. It is under the command of Colonel Tom Monroe, an old friend of the General's. This unit is training for mountain warfare. The surrounding terrain is admirably suited for this type of work. Equals SECRET.· Brh1sh MO:T SC:C ET �·�·S·ECRET: i.;<r�, (.• • :·.�·.: l 3o 11,a, � ."'\t·tish MOST SECRcT ( After a brief visit with Colonel Monroe, the party returns to General 0 1 Daniel's villa where supper is served. At about 8:30 P.M. everyone leaves for an inspection of some of the landing crafts which are being loaded at the Arzew Beach for the night landing maneuver. While watching the loading, they are joined by Admiral Connelly who is the Naval Commander for amphi­ bious operations. The ships pull out, and the party returns to the villa to wait until it is time to depart for the actual landing maneuver. General Clark, with General O'Daniel, Admiral Connelly and the rest of the party, leaves at about 10 P.M., arriving shortly·thereafter at the roint from which they are to inspect the landing operation. A few minutes before 11 P.�. pontoon boats approach the beach through the gloom. Two battalions land, beach their b.oats and work up through the sand dunes along the shore to the hills in the immediat� background. The landing is accompanied by flares and explosions of fixed charges to simulate the noises of battle. After the in­ fantry has had time to get a foothold established, the three LCT's land and disembark their equipment over ramps and roadways constructed by bulldozers which each or the ships carry. The manner in which the maneuver is carried out indicates a considerable improvement in training, and the General is satisfied with what he has seen. The operation has been executed by the 7th RCT, carried by,three LCI's and three LCT's. * * * ORAN-OUJDA, APRIL 24, 1943--After spending the night at General 0 1 Daniel 1 s villa in Port-aux-Poules, he leaves, with General 0 1 Daniel, Colonel Howard and Major Ball, for an 1nspection of the MBS Replacement Center at Oran. On his arrival there at about 9:15 A.M., he is met by Colonel Johnson and Colonel Christenberry who are in charge of administration and training at the Center •. General Clark inspects the various training operations with General Wilbur, who has joined him there, and is· well pleased with the progress which has been made since his last visit. At about 10:00 A.M. he leaves for the airport at La Senia where his C-47 is waiting to take him back to Oujda. Shortly after noon he returns to the Headquarters Fifth Army with General Wilbur, Colonel Howard, �ajor Ball and Captain Swnner. A major ohjective on the Tunisian f'ront is attained during today as the II . Eiflhth Army drives the Germans out of Enfidaville. Elsewhere on. the front there is only patrol activity and some exchange of artillery fire. • The Fif'th Army's ex-surgeon, Brigadier General Blesse who is now the top American surgeon at AFHQ and NATOUSA, arrives at Fifth Army headquarters and is saluted by an honor guard. In the afternoon, he confers briefly with General Clark. The Fifth Army Commander, having been up so late last night watching the amphibious landings, goes to his villa. early and spends a quiet evening at home. * * * .. OUJDA, EASTER SUNDAY, APRIL 25, 194J-.. oonoerted drive along the entire A Tunisian front has been started but the going is slow since so muhh of the fight­ ing is in very aountainous country. In the nortltern sector, divisions o:f the II • Cerpa ll&ke eeveral fi.nierlike penfttrations. Fji�l�\:�SECRET ,..� -���� t Equ�{s·: •' British MO:T SECPET ' . _.,;•r' �• SECRET. \31 E�u�ls British MOST SECR':T "' ( .. After workini on papers and cablegrams until ll:00 AM, General Clark {:Oes • special Easter s�rvices that are held out in the school courtyard. General to Clark and part �f his staff sit on the front row.• The chaplain. speaks from the tep ctf sofje steps in the quadrangle. Behind him ie the fla.gpole a.top which the American flag whips in a half-mist, h.a.lf-r,tin. Surprisi?lily, French General Beu­ cler and several other French families appear �t the �erican Easter services. General Clark, who had planned to ,lO to Saidia to inspect his villa. but who • " cancels the trip because of the weather, spends th� afternoon and evenine at his a villa., taking a half-holiday tha.t is interrupted by phone calls and callers. He I!! disMisses his orderlies and he and Colonel Sullivan prepare their own supper. • The Fifth Army commander seems to enjoy himself barg� around the kitchen getting suup and sandwiB:hes ready. He remarks that he 11 can .forget all nu troubles when I iet fussing areund like this. tt .. .. .. * * * .. OUJDA, APRIL 26, 1943--Lieutonant General Leslie J. McNair, Chief or all • II United St.a.tes Ground Forces a.nd General Clark's former chief at Ground Fotce • .. Headquarters in W&shiniton, has been wounded a.t the front dur� an in6peotion trip o General Clark, who has a. tremendously deep affection for General McNair, • is shocked at the news. The Ground Force chief was hit twice by shra.pnel from artillery fire. Extent of his injuries is not known but he reportedly is not in • tae critical a condition. • .... ( . " ., General Clark bad planned on iO� to Ghanzy today to open the Fifth Army's .. Field Officers Training SchoGl but he is ground-bound at Oujda all dQY by a heavy fog. He had also planned to visit he�dquarters of the 36th Division in the • • ,, II Sidi-Bel-Abbes re�ion. Dependent on the weather, the general plaAs on ma.king the • • .,. trip tomorrew o General Clark spends the day working on papers, particularly one r deta.ilµig lessons learned in last summer's Dieppe raid by Canadians, British and Americana. This docUJ1ent, the �eneral remarks, shows a lot of the pitfalls in a • !> crc.,ss-channel crossini• He is going to make it "must" reading for all his officers. Receji].ht of General Clark's second indoreement on the need for a BACKBONE force in northwestern Morocco in event of trouble in Spain or Spanish Morocco. has caused reaction at Al�iers and General Clark believes th.at the crucial need f�r assista..nce will not fall on barren soil this time. • • • • 1' - • Durine the afternoon, the general also has his three aides--Major Ball, Captain Houston and Lieutenant Beardwood--in for a discussion of their work. He • tells them that he is trying to ready them for use in combat and that some lessons • ,. have to be learned the hard way. He says that they must realize that II I have lots • 0 ef problems on my mind that no one else knows about and that I cannot at this • time discuss." In the e"f.lening, he has the three aides at his villa for dinner. .. .. .. . ., Werd comes later in the day that General McNa.ir will recover. He has wounds .. in the back and head. Genen.l Clark plans to.visit his old chief as soon as he " • is eva;cuated to a lieneral Hospital, probably at Oran. • C ( * * SECRET Equals British 't·AO:.T SE:CRE.I * �I SECRET - Equols 8riti5'., MO�T SECREl ( OUJDA, APRIL 27, 1943-0nce again, heavy rain and foi prevents Gener� Clark • from making his hoped-fQr trip to the Fifth Anv 'a new Field Officers' Traini� School and to the headquarters of the 36th Division. Because of the importance of his con£erring 1Yith General Cllil.I'k concerning pla.ne for his d:i.vision, Major General Fred Walker drives to Oujda and conf�rs with the Fifth A� Commander for a greater part of the afternoon. General Clark explains the entire Fifth Army set ..up and how certain Fifth A-ray units are now training for the Sicilia.n invasion. He also outlines the sit­ .. uation on BACKBONE and then tells the 36th Division commander that if hi5 outfit ie aot involved in the invasion of Sicily, the plan i� to aove at least part of it to w estern Mor�cco for further BACKBONE planning and for execution of the • plan if execution becomes necessary. He also stresses to Generu Walker the need • for rigidly disciplined and self reliant soldiers. • During the afternoon, General Clark gets a personal telephone call from • Lieutenant General McNdr. The Army Ground Force comnander' s injuries a.re not as • serious as indicated at first and he asks General Clark to come to the Base Hospi:tal at Oran tomoITow a.nd visitmi: hi.Ill. The General is very relieved to hear "' th.at General McNa.i.r 1 s condition is so good. He will f!O to Oran tomorrov, morning .,, • " if weather permits, with Colonel Lewis, alse an old friend of General �cNair's. • • ( .. II The 30th In£antry Company that has been staging guard mounts for Fifth Army Headquarters visitors has been moved to the Invasion Training Center and • has been replaced by a Military Police company dressed, according to General • • Clark's instructions, in white helments, belts and leggins. Today they put on .. their first honor guard as General Walker reviews them. They are a. fine, neat and soldierly lookin� lot. C During the p�st few days, General Clark has had two newspaperJnen visit Fifth Army HeadqU.11.rters. First came Demaree Bess of Saturday Evening Post who w11.s in• terested in the Da.rlan negotiations and then Fz'&llk Kluckhohn, New York Times War • Correspondent. Incidentally, General Clark's report to the War Department on the Darlan negotiations is finished today and it goes to the AG for mimeographing. The report was requested by Mr. McCloy after he had read the general's diary and doc­ uments coverini that intriguing period. .. , The �eneral works a:t. his office �til 6: 15 PM then foes to his villa for the • night. It is very stormy and a takeoff tomorrow to visit Gener61.l McN'lir looke • imprt,ba.ble. * * OUJDA-ORAN-OUJDA, April 28, 1943--General Clark outlines sharply today his II reaction to the present position of the Fifth Aray, his views on the pending T inv11.sion of Sicily and his attitude toward the mixture in one Army of AmeriCOrn and British forces. This frank analysis comes at the end of a. day that took him to Oran to visit Lieutenant General Mc Nair, recu�rating there fron shrapnel wounds suffered during a visit to the Tunisian front. \ Tho Fifth Army Commander gets away from his office at 9:40 AM and goes to Oujda airport where he takes off for Oran in his C-47. Prior to his departure he , . has a brief conference with Mr. Harold Mack, an old TORCH operation conferee and SECRET '.�·u�Js. Britist, MOST SECRET �SECRET ti lf�q_ols British h\OST SECRET l33 a high-ranking member of the British Foreign Office, and Major General Jock • Whiteley British Deputy CM.er or Staff at Allied Force Headquatters and one of the Gener�.l's friends .from TORCH planning and Allied Force Headquarters days. j ' General ClQ.I'k is accompanied to Oran by Colonel Lewis, his Artillery Officer, and, upon arrival there ., they g.o to the hospit.i.l to which General !,Ic Nair has been evacuated. The Army Ground Force Commander looks fine. He is out of bed and fully .. dressed except for a coQ.t. His major wound is in the shoulder. He also has a slight shrapnel nick on th� back of his head. The shrapnel penetrated General Mc Nair's " ,. steel hellllet. The covering saved his life. In all probability, General Mc Nair's should is fractured. He is in excellent spirits. The Ground Force Comnander was wounded by artillery fire on his first day at the front ,, while he·1Was visiting the 1st Division. He will pass through Oujd� tomorrow on a flight to Marrakech. General Mc Nair will return to the States but the three Ground Force officers who accompanied him should, General Clark feels, remain :tiuc: the theater to complete General McNair's mission of seeing how well American soldiers are trained and what revisions can be made in the trainin� work underway in the States. Generals Mc Nai-r and Clark have a lcngtr..y discussion on training matters, probing into every B.llile. General Mc Nair knows every angle of his fon\er Chief .. of Staff's views and he wants to find out how they have changed now that General ' .,, Clark has been so long overseR.s and after having seen troops in action. General Mc Nair makes the emphatic statement th.at "American soldiers are not fighting!" • He agrees with General Cl�rk that American troops must be more severely disciplined and sa;cys tha.t such a program will be stressed in the Sta.tes. General Clark explidns • how he is attempti?ijl; to make discipline much more severe and that it is his belief •• that only a well-disciplined soldier is a fighting soldier and that the discipline • is one fora of combat life insurance. • !I The two ienerals then �o into the British..Junerican problem and the question of • " hii!h co>mand. S..ys General Clark later: "General McNair alWJ1YS has·relt that the British have gypped us out of everythihg." Like General Clark, General McNair • believes that there should be a purely American sphere of action with American troops under American command; that there should be no mixing of troops. Like • General Clark, the Array Ground Force commander "deplo�es" the mixing of units. • The Fif"th �r Commandor tells General Mc Nair that he is going to get British troops in hie Army area and that British officers and men are going to attend Fifth Army Training Centers. General Mc Nair stresses the need for American troops under • " American comnand, British troops under British command. ,I Next the two generals iO into the Spanish situation, a possible development " that is of great interest to General Mc Nair. General Clark explains the current critical problem he faces, the one that he outlined recently to General Eisenhower in the letters that have already appeared in this diary. Mc Nair sees the SQ.Irle .. dangers General Clark sees. The position of the Fifth A� is di�cussed and General Mc Nair says he believes the Fifth Army should have been u3ed on the Tunisian front. He says that if it is not going to be employed, it who:illd be sent to EJiiland to plan oper�tions and move into a new theater of wcu- from there. .. General Clark returns to his Fifth Army Headquarters in late afternoon. The • guard of honor has been busy during the genenl's absence, honoring Mr. Mack and • :., .. General Whiteley and French General Dario, commanding French units that are being • " .. .. re-equipped and trained in the Mostagenem. area. Gener�l ClQ.I'k finds, upon his SECRET f~i!::·,~ . -:. r qticHs . British .~ .. ''~ll · _...;..,... - . t,\03T SECRET �UB$V�:ls ) SECRE.T British /v'\OST SECRET � ,Jl!JI,'''' ... return. ., that a planned trip to, Figuig, south of Oyjda., which he was to have t.Jcen toaorrow, has been postponed because the air fielM down there is a sea of mud and the C-47 could not land o The trip, which was to have been in the nature of a good­ will visit to local Arab and French leaders in the district, is postponed indef­ initely, until the weather, which has been extremely bad all week, improves. • General Clark vonfidentially lets down his hair on a number of problems that luwe been worrying him. This is the tenor of hie thought: "From my point of view," he says, "it is inexcusable that high planning, on. an over-a.11 scale is not ta.ldni a def�ite fom. Planners should project themselves forward and accordingly set up a grand-scale strategic plan for the Allies. We c an 1 t win the war by capturing islands. This coming move in the Mediterranean will be no great move. In reality, we will get no place by doing it. The result will not be colllllensurate with the effort and the losses involved. "We are going to rui.ve to attack the continent proper and we should decide now how we are going to do it. This lack of forward looking plans is inexcusable. If plans a.re beini r.iade they should be 11ade available to the people who a.re going to have to execute them. All-iaportnnt time values--time to plan, time to train for a specific goal--are being lost. C "The Fifth Amy should be told now what its ultimate planned mission will be. That lliesion aight chta.nge with the passing of time but the time is comi� when an Amy will have to invade the continent. The Fifth Army needs some definite goal, soml'.!tthing it c&n begin planning for and pointini toward. Give u� an objective, an area. and let us st&.rt the pla,nning. If there ever was a trt1ism, i-t is that, there is nover enoUih tille for planning. Troops that are going to be assigned to the Fi.fth A:rry should be designated im\ediately so they could be built up with the discipline they wst have, so we could develop team play, espirit de corpe 8:lld a multitude of integrated things an Army should and 11USt have. If' we could get these two things--a �oal and a definite waderstlilllding of what would comprise the Fifth Arlly-·there would be impetus on my part to inculcate a spirit of solidarity within the Fif'th Ar-,,y. Every JU.n, lmowine; that we had a definite goa.l, would put forth more effort. "As for this next ope�tion in the Mediterranean-it is a horrible e:xam.ple, • one of the most hoITible exa.mples of inefficient planning in military history. General Alexander is iOing to comlllB.nd it, yet, he is now preoccupied by another cuPQi4ln and is unable to give his attention to the pending operation. I all charged with training units for this operation ., yet another 11B.n-arra • s:zu't ._..................-. will execute the operation. This thing is a.s horribly .... screwed up as any projected operation could be. I think it is deplorable. The British insist on the high command, yet, the rum who will command hasn't even time to think about the operation that lies ahead. I anticipate that the same command problem will arise with the next operation following this -0ne.11 "This invasion is twenty times tougher than our landing here in North Af:rica. It will be extremely costly and it hasn't the chances of euccess th�t TORCH had. A merican troops are going to 'participate in it yet the British are keeping an A11erican army out of the show." ( These problems are some of the natters that cause incessant worry to the Fifth Army commander. For tho most part, the general bears his cross alone, not lettini SECRET NOS T SEC '">[i �SECRET 135 .. [�trals British MOST SECR L. 1 · I! I aey officers know the fears that beset hifll.. To all of them he ?lust present an air of complete optimism, of faith in the future use of the Army he commands. • 0 • In the evening, General Clark has Lieutenant Colonel Bruce at his villa £or • • dinner. * * -IC· OUJDA, APRIL 29, 1943-•LieutellU.t General McNair passes through Oujda today •• • • on a fliiht to Marrakech where he will recuperate fro• ai• wounas before retur•i� • • to the Uritea. States a•d General Clark stages a celerf'ul review ud reception for • • tae ce1111&Ader •f the A�·Grewai Ferces. Ta• ceaeral, acc••})a.Jliei by •eabers of ais staff who bai aervei at the A � •• • War College in Washi�on wader Ge•eral McNair, gees to the airport in •id-aorniag. • • • • The Fi£th Anq ba•d a•d t.lte Military Police C••pa!O", extre•ely saart in its white • equipaeat, is linei up at the field. Geaeral McNair is not collbg into Fifth Army • •• • heaciquartera so tlle review JIUSt be held at the field. When General McNair 1 & C-47, • "' aeat to hill by GeJteral Clark, lands, General Clark help:s his old c011mander out • • • • C of the plue. Geaeral McNair 1 a left ara is in a sliag. While the Dalld plays three • • • ill flourishes , Geaerals Clark, McNair, Grueather anci other officers stand wad.er the • • C. wi.Jlc of the pl.alte, salutbe. Ge•eral 11.cNair the• inspects the honor eua,rci 8lld • greet• efficers who feraerly were with hi.JI in the Aray Ground Forces. Follewing ..• • ., the rerlew, General McNair, who is ucompanieci by an a.nay ioctor and nurse, re­ • • • e, « ii aearis the transport 8.Jld takes off for Marrakech. Fell•wini General McNair'a de­ • • • parture, General Clark returns to Firth Aray Headquarters. There is a strone boni • •• • • 15 Ntween the Aray Growad Force Conunudlrr and his former Chief of Staff. Speak� • of Ge•eral Mc.Nair after he gets be.ck to his office, General Clark remarks: "There • i• one of the finest officers and the greatest eentleaan in the United States Aray." • .. .. .. .. ~ - The re11ainder of the genearal's clay is spent workin& in his office on the • • • II tremendous aaowat of work that flows over his aesk. At the front, thi�s are goine • • • • • • II ,. extremely well.with the 1st Armored Division, the 9th and lat Infantry divisions • are pusb.ing steadily forward. in the northern sector teward Mateur. • • " An interestine paper reaches General Cl.ark today. It is a co11J1unique put out •• • • • the National Fro3t for Liberation, Oujda committee, a pro-DeGaulle or;anization. • • • In it, it aentions ina�tion ceremonies of the Foyer Franco-Allie at which • • General Clark spoke recently. Ia part, it says: • • • by .. 0 " •••we listenea sadly. The one who laborei all the time, who always kept his • ., II .faith anu hia hope in spite of everything was not honoreci••• " The co111J1unique then I! e aidresses the Fifth A.ray Co11J18.!1der as follows: "General Clark, this cereaow should • • have 'been a cl•se coJ1Dunion between the A•rica of Freedom and the France of General • • • • • • " Ii ieGaulle, the France which has expected., hopei for and greetea your arrival. You • • • " ,, !I couli have presided a.t.,1an un.forgettable celebration. On the contrary, you have • • " atteniea a painful sacrifice. • "Diel you realize how J1Uch France--who reJ1B.inea. alive in the hearts of the best • .. • FrencluaeA even iuring the days of oppression-suffered to see the syabol of re­ • • • sistance willfully forgotten in your presence? We greetei in you not only the coun� • • • :.:, try you represent, but also your soldiers treacherously aurderea at Casablanca and • Pert Lyautey. THE FRENCHMEN HAVE NOT FORGOI'TEN THEIR BLOOD. � know that those who 0 assail you toiay with their flatteries, Nogues and the others, are only the traitors ... ■ a .. ( \ .. sr: C: WJtmI~lt{~: r?E1'2 ,, < ._ 11,, f 1 .'.. . . - ' i- I l .. · :·,./ ~\ · · ,· . Equals British MOST SECRi 0 �SECRET. ( E.quctls British MOST SECRET •f yesterday who submitted to the Geraan invaders, the 11Urierers of your soldiers and of ours who were sacrificed in a fraticidal stmggle ••• " •••The French people will not.rise ag�in if an end is not put to the present • situation. To bri� an eni to the fight for Liberation, it is up to the French • • " National Committee in London to carry on, witp General deGaulle, the fight which • began on the marrow of treachery." • .. This letter is iniicative of the aistrust between deGaullista and other • • • Frenchaen; it show• the fiiht for power and for glory that is still going on, • • • • • that is still wracking the French ani preventing their concentration OR one goal-­ • • • • • reatoration of Franc. without regari to personalities. • .. * *x * OUJDA, APRIL 30, 1943---The General arrives at his office shortly after 8 A.M. and goes over his usual accumulation of routine papers and cables. At 9:30 he has in new officers recently assigned to Fifth Army Headquarters •. He gives them a splendid welcoming talk, ca1ling their attention to the fact that this is a friendly headquarters but that he has set up for it the highest possible standards. Nothing but the very best will be good enough. He says that in the establishment of a new headquarters such as this, a good many spare parts have been thrown to­ gether but that corrections will be made and that each will have a part to play in the team which is being organized here for the job t�e Fifth Army has ahead of it. He stresses the importance of checking on discipline, correcting errors and of giving every effort to the preparation of both officers and enlisted men for the time when they will be thrown into be.ttle. The job of the Firth Army now is to train, develop and prepe.re its personnel for the combat which lies ahead. He repeats the slogan of the Firth Army, "An Alert Soldier is an Alive Soldi�r", and stresses its significance in time of battle. Shortly after the new officers are dismissed, Colonel Mickelwait, JA, comes in to discuss the approaching court martial: Major Anderson, AC, who lost cer­ tain classified doouments on the occasion or the CPX at Ma.rrakech. He afterwards sees Colonel L. T. David, SSO Officer of AFHQ, and Lt. Col. Mitchell of General Osborn's staff in Washington, who come in to discuss matters pertaining to enter­ tainment and recreational facilities for troops in this theater. Major Novotny, SSO Officer for the Fifth Army, is with them, and views and ideas are exchanged. Don Whitehead, Associated Press Correspondent, comes in to pay his respects to the General and to become oriented. He will be permanently assigned to Fifth Army and will prepare and handle all releases to his syndicate after they have been cleared by proper authorities in this headquarters. \ At about 1:30, Colonel Howard, G-2, informs General Clark of the following: By means or a secret radio message from Melilla, Captain LeGrande, head of the French Service Renseignement at Oujda, had received information of a planned meeting between the Caid of the Beni Snassen Tribe and two German agents on Spanish territory, at a point on the Moulouya River �here the course of the river had been changed, making an island in the river. The time of the meeting was not known. In order to determine that, the Ca.id was to be "tailed" by French agents. General Nogues had ordered the arrest of the Caid and, if necessary, that he be killed. The French Secret Service proposed a plan to cross into Spanish ·\ ,. S.�GREr ,, . Equals 8rirish MO'::.;T SfCRE"i �l37 territory, provided the Germans had no Spanish protective force, and capture the Germans and Ca.id during the meeting and for American personnel to parti­ cipate. General Clark renders the decision that American personnel is to stay on French soil and that their presence in the area in question will be for the purpose of gathering information only. He also states that his respon• sibility requires him to influence the French to stay off Spanish soil in connection with the incident. If they wish to arrest the C8.id, it should be done on French soil. No act is to be committed which will create an incident at the border with either the Spanish or the Germans. Accordingly, Colonel Howard issues instructions to Counter Intelligence Corps personnel, carrying out the above decision, and Captain Burgoin, French Army, states he will make General Clark's wishes known to the Freno� and that he will definitely see that the French will respect them and remain off Spanish soil. Also, Captain Burgoin is to report back that the above arrangements have been made. Word is received that the 3rd Division is being ordered out of ITC and to the f'ront. General Gruenther, Chief of Starr, is called in, and a lengthy discussion ensues. In the afternoon, the General calls in Lt. Col. Broaddus, Provost Marshal, and goes with him on a visit to the MP Barracks in town. After his return to the office, he cleans up an accumulation of papers and goes out for his usual exercise walk. On his return, he confers at some length with General Gruenther and then leaves the office and returns to his villa. At 7:00 P.M. he goes out for a turkey dinner at General Gruenther•s Villa Vautherot. * * * OUJDA, MAY 1, 1943·--This is the General's birthday. General Gruenther and other members of the staf"f have made elaborate plans for the occasion. Being an expert in the art of practical joking and of creat­ ing effective situations to meet any occasion, General Gruenther has organized a series of events which will make the day unforgettable to the General. The General's personal staff has been instructed to take no recognition whatever of the fact that this day is different than any other. Sergeant Chaney has suf• fered almost to the end of his endtn"ance in carrying out his instructions not to wish his beloved General a Happy Birthday. The General at his office is greeted in the same manner, and all members of his staff completely ignore the fact that this is his birthday. ( A formation is set up for 10:30 A.M. in the conference room, under the sub­ terfuge that three officers who have recently returned from a tour with the Eighth Army will report on their experiences. The problem of keeping the General occupied and reasonably contented up to that hour is tremendous. Papers, real and fictitious, are shoved in with great abandon. Colonel Martin, of the Medical Section, comes in to dismiss certain matters, particularly the "serious" results from atebrin tablets which have been taken by the headquarters troops in this area the night before. Many "violent illnesses" have occurred, and an alarming. percentage of personnel have been s eriously affected. After he leaves, the _.:;~~~,;,~ ~ .. iJ~i - ,.---":: ,.,,;\~\\\l\~i\i;1~ CRL 'B'lff~ fAt5 Equ a rsi/,l °i'. f{""" 5i SE �S6€RE1· Equols British N\OST SEC.RE-; ., ( <. General's old friend, Colonel Sullivan, is drafted to fill the gap until the formation at 10:30 and, in the course of an attempt to consume time, talks himself into a conference regarding handling of supplies as compared to the British system, much to his own consternation. Shortly before 10:30, the General leaves the office for the conference and gives instructions to his office that he is to be called out at about ten minutes past eleven. As he enters the conference, the group is called to attention by Colonel Bertholf. General Gruenther takes his place before the group and begins his introduction of the thr�e speakers. He has scarcely got under way when there is a disturbance at the door, and Lt. Lemaux enters and announces in a loud voice that there is a message to be delivered to General Clark. He is brushed aside by General Gruenther several times, but Lema.we is persistent and insists upon the message being received. General Clark is becoming disturbed and is on the point of taking over the situation himself when General Gruenther relents and requests the message be sent in. Two Red Cross girls come in the door with Western Union signs on their caps, walk up in front of General Clark and begin to sing "Happy Birthday". All of the officers rise and join in with the singing. This is the first indication that the General has had that this meeting is brought together in recognition of his birthday. Sergeant Chaney·then comes in with the birthday cake, which is passed among the assembled officers with a glass of wine. General Moran proposes a toast to General Clark, who responds with a few apropos remarks concerning his friends and how much they have meant to him to have them with him in this headquarters. A few minutes later the assembly breaks up, and the General is escorted to the courtyard, where a guard of honor, consisting of two platoons of C Company of the 101st MP Battalion, greets him. On the east side of the court­ yard, standing in formation,are all. of the enlisted men of the headquarters, and on the west side all of the officer personnel. The General is given the ruffles and nourishes to which a Lieutenant General is entitled, with a cle­ ver interpolation of the familiar strains of "Happy Birthday To You" woven in " to the more martial strains. As he begins inspecting the platoons·with General Gruenther, the band strikes up the tune "The Old Gray Mare". After the inspection is over, he and General Gruenther proceed to the center of the courtyard, where he speaks his appreciation for this fine ceremony, how much it means to him and how he considers it an exemplification or the teamwork, cooperation and friendly spirit which prevails at this headquarters. The forma­ tion is then dismissed by General Gruenther, and doughnuts and coffee are served to the entire assemblage by Red Cross girls from the doughnut wagon which has been brought in for the occasion. When the General returns to his office he informs his staff that all is forgiven for the cold reception he is given in the early morning. General Eisenhower calls to wish the General a Happy Birthday, and tells him that he may visit the Headquarters on Wednesday the 5th. After lunch he returns to his of­ fice, cleans up his papers and gives particular attention to the situation report. Strenuous fighting is developing along the whole Tunisian front, and many more American troops are being connnitted for what is hoped to be the final i� .:r ;,. SijE:R.E,T Equals Bri¼ish MOST SECRL �( drive. He leaves the office early and goes to the villa where he checks up on arrangements for the birthday party which he is giving in the evening. At 6:30 the guests begin to arrive, having been preceeded by Miss Moen and Miss Berney of the American Red Cross, who assist in the �ngement of flowers and add final feminine touches to the setting of the table for the buffet sup­ per. The guests ares Generals Gruenther, Moran and Taylor; Colonels Sullivan, Ma.rkoe, Lewis, Howard, Gale and-Bertholf; Lieutenant Colonels Bruce and Smith; Majors Nygaard and Ball, Captain Houston and Misses Berney, Moen, Mohler and Matson. Chaney, with the able assistance of Colonel Sullivan, Major Nygaard, and the rest of the General's personal staff, has done himself proud - turkeys, ham, vegetables, cake, ice cream and coffee appear in ample and delicious quan­ tities. During the meal various toasts a.re given the General, his family and his further success. Following is a report Colonel Sullivan wrote on the birthday celebration: "The boss' forty-seventh birthday was celebrated on May 1. As a prelimi­ nary, several days previously his wife's letter was studied, her desires under­ stood and plans for carrying them out were dismissed. This was supplemented by the general desire throughout the command that his birthday be fittingly ob­ served. Instructions were issued that congratulations wer& not to be expressed, even by the intimates of the household, so that a complete surprise would result. "The program included a fake conference to which he was invited and during which the festivities were to start, after 10:30 A.M. He wanted to go away and was exceedingly piqued because of an api:;arent failure to observe this date, es• pecially after he had meticulously remembered the birthdays of his staff and had painstakingly written each a congratulatory letter. The weather was bad; the pilots had colds. So for all intensive purposes, the boss was grounded! His deputy's job was to keep him occupied until the hour for the conference, and this was difficult. In this the Medical Officer assisted by elaborating for about thirty-five minutes on the worthlessness of atebrin. Then I was called to hold him for the last fifteen minutes and, in so doing, I damned the supply system and talked myself into a conference whereby I could promote its better• ment. However, all was then set and the conference started. "In an ordinary schoolroom the chiefs of sections were assembled and the deputy was talking when a messenger arrived, stating that an important message had been received. The deputy directed that no notice be ta.ken of it, and the messenger became insistent, even to the point of insol�nce. This upset the boss considerably and apparently he wanted to leave. Then the messenger was instructed to bring the news in. Along came two Red Cross girls dressed as Western Union messengers, singing "Happy Birthday To You." This stumped the boss. He was visi­ bly ta.ken aback but retained his poise. Then Chaney came in with a beautiful cake, and a delicious port wine was served. Toasts were drunk to his health and he responded very pleasantly. C "The band had assembled outside and played "Happy Birthdayt'· and the General's March. A guard of honor was formed on its left; the officers on one side and the enlisted personnel on the other, and a formal inspection followed, succeeded by a few words of appreciation. Then the Red Cross came, and four hundred guests were served coffee and doughnuts. The General mingled freely with all and each one, �Iyo ( in turn, came up and congratulated him. All in all, it was a very beautiful ceremony, wonderfully well planned, perfectly executed, and the surprise ele• ment was 100%. I know that the spontaneity of this gesture pleased him and impressed him very deeply. "In the evening at 6:30, about seventeen intimates gathered in his quar­ ters for a buffet dinner. Scotch-and-sodas and delicious rum cocktails were served. The drinks were foll01'ed by an excellent potato salad, plus turkey and ham wonderfully well prepared. Each guest was self-served and then all went into the living room where, on a Moroccan table was placed a beautiful cake prepared by the Bakery Company, on which was written "Happy Birthday Wayne from Renie." It was as delicious a cake as I have ever tasted, and the boss mit it personally. Wine was passed and a toe.st to his entire family was given, to which we all responded. Then three bottles or champagne mysteriously appeared, and the boss toasted his oldest and most intimate friends, those who were there with him, and commented on the fact that, with such personnel, the unit would go far. Movies were then shown and at 10:45 we all departed. "Almost everybody had a hand in the succe·ssful carrying out of this pleasant day. It was a fitting tribute, and I believe it was genuinely appre­ ciated." This is the confidential memorandum put out prior to the General's birthday celebration: ( "Because of the surprise feature contemplated it is desired that all per­ sons under your jurisdiction be warned: "That they will not repeat NOT under any circumstances imply to General Clark in any way directly or indirectly that they have knowledge that Saturday 1 May 1943 is his birthday. They will NOT repeat NOT congratulate General Clark or felicitate with him in any way prior to the 1030A - 1100A Ceremonies already announced." * * * OUJDA, MAY 2, 1943·--Nothing particular being scheduled for the morning, the General arrives at the office on this Sunday morning a little later than usual. He confers briefly with General Taylor concerning airborne activities. The regular routine of papers and correspondence is quickly taken care of. The weather is extremely bad. It is found that Captain Fawkes and his party, scheduled to arrive from Algiers for the Pasha of Oujda's diffa, will be unable to come because of weather. A substitute list is prepared, and the plans go ahead for the occasion with a few new names on the guest list. Colonel White of the 2nd Armored Division is passing through and calls to pay his respects to the General. Most of the rest of the morning is consumed with final preparation for attendance at the diffa. At 1:30 the General leaves his villa for the residence of the Pasha, accompanied by General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman. He joins the rest of the guests at the residence. ·· Sr:r.pET .,.. t,,,.\_;..;i"',.,..., Equc!s British fAOST SECRCT �sEGRET S~CR[ E ~/J'°b.iH;h ~ ':-:· . - I L\ l . . ,~:·,HW f,\0':.;T ( All of the important French officials of this vicinity are present at guests of the Pasha, in addition to various officers of the Fifth Army. Several wives of the French officials are present, and two nurses and two Red Cross girls are included in the list of ladies present. The usual courses are served on the veranda, which is arranged with cushion seats against the walls on three sides. Courses of mutton, chicken, honey and almond pastries and the usual delicious Arabian foods are brought forth in the customary seemingly endless manner. During the meal, six Arabian musicians play Ara­ bian music, and a small, 11-year old boy sings Arabian songs to its accompani­ ment. After the meal is finished, tea, champagne and cakes-are served under an awning in the garden. An atmosphere of fellowship and friendship prevails. A.s the General leaves, the Pasha says that this has been the greatest day of his life. The following message from General Clark is printed in today's Fifth Army Bulletin: ( "It is.my desire to thank the entire personnel of this headquarters for the tribute which was pa.id me on the occasion of my birthday. I consider it a splendid exemplification.. of the soldierly way in which this headqus.rters is developing into a team which will soon be ready for battle. The personnel of this headquarters has been drawn together literally from the four corners of this theater, and I am delighted to observe the manner in which it is shaping itself into a well-organized, cooperative, friendly and efficient command group. With the continued growth of the splendid spirit which has been demon­ strated on this occasion, it will be with pride and confidence that I shall lead the Fifth Army into combat, when our time arrives." * * * OUJDA, .MAY 3, 1943---The General arrives at the office ·at the usual time. The demonstration which has been scheduled for the Invasion Training Center has previously been cancelled, and the weather is so bad that the General is unable to make any of the other inspection trips which he has planned • a . . General Taylor comes in shortly after 9:00 A.M. with Lt. Col. Moorman to discuss plans and training for paratroops. At 10:00 A.M. a staff conference is held for the purpose of hearing reports of visits to the Eighth Army from Colonel Boatner, Engineer Officer, Lt. Col. Wood, Executive Officer, G-3 and • Lt. Col. Hansborough, Ar tillery Section. Speakers were introduced by General Gruenther, and Colonel Boatner was the first speaker. ( Colonel Boatner gives a generalization of his trip and his impressions as a whole of the Eighth A:rrtr:r, the most important of which were that the Eighth Army has developed over a period or two or three years into an extremely well­ operating team with a great deal of confidence and knowledge of their abilities and limitations. They lmow their troops well and which of them do best under certain conditions. There is a lack of uniformity of dress which, on the whole is very casual among staff officers, sweaters and slacks being conunon. They have some outstanding leaders, especially General Montgomery, in whom all of the officers and men have a great deal of confidence. Equals British fv\OST SECR. �.. · .SECRET ,,1, ' I � ' �.. b BriHsh /',\O.:.,T SEC ( . Colonel Boatner was impressed by the lack of fine equipment, or at least the small amount of it, as compared with our Army and wonders if we possibly couldn't get by on less. He noted that the road discipline was, on the whole, very poor according to our standards, and they seem to depend entirely on their air superiority which appears to get the job done. He reports that mines and booby traps are still a serious menace and have become more serious because of the use of scattered fields which the Axis are now laying. They also have had trouble with the use of non-metallic mines which defy a mine detector and make it necessary to resort to visual means for location. The Scorpion has been used with some success but did not work well near the Enfidaville line because of the roughness of the terrain. There had been numerous mechanical failings which had been due largely to the fact that they have been made up in the field and not in large machine factories in the home areas. The mine detectors have required constant repair, and arrangements have been made here at Fifth Army to provide training for repair men to be used when neoessa.ry. The British battle, and they of its armor and other 2/3 to use C have decided that every new armored outfit loses its first jokingly propose that they send it into battle with only 1/J let it use that getting its training, which will leave the when they have become seasoned. Colonel Wood reports that the Eighth Arrrry is a cocky outfit, an::l they feel that they can beat anything that comes in their way. At any rate, it is a healthy cockiness, and they have been beaten a number of times and know their • limitations. Colonel Wood confines his remarks to the operation of the G-OP Section with a brief description of the tactical headquarters, which is General Montgomery's personal command post and whose, functioning is to keep him, as Army Commander, in touch with all developments in the battle. Colonel Hansborough confines his remarks to the Eighth Army anti-tank de­ fense and their aerial photography set-up. He gives the TBA allowance for the various British units of anti-tank guns. He says that the great difference between the British Eighth Army and American anti-tank doctrines is that the British believe in using the anti-tank gun to protect the infantry rather than to use it to destroy enemy tanks, as is taught in the American A:rmy. He seems to prefer the British system which does not permit the tanks to over-run the infantry position and chance-destruction of the tanks in the rear area with resulting confusion. Colonel Hansborough tells of his visit to the 285 Photo Wing and describes the fine work that that unit is doing with the very poor equipment they have at their disposal. He contributes their efficiency to the fact that there is proper coordination between the people that take the pictures and the people who need them, which, to date, has been greatly lacking in the American Army. He explains the use of the Counter Battery Officer, located in the vicinity of the Photographic Wing, whose mission it is to spot enemy artillery concentrations in battle field photographs and relay their locafun by coordinates by direct wire to the Army artillery officer for dissemination to the artillery units. ( SECRET 8ri:i�h t\0'.:T SE Cf �SECRET ~ ~ .. ~ 1./: \�3 't ,:. �oafs. British MOST SECRET ' f f I " General Clark then gives a short talk in. which he thanks the speakers for their fine work in observing and transmitting their observations to the rest of the Firth Army Staff. He says that we are very fortunate to have a bird's eye �iew of the battle arena and that we should benefit by it as much as possible. He further states that he received a call from General Eisenhower yesterday and reports that the Commander-in-Chief plans to visit Firth Army Headquarters on Wednesday providing developments at the front permit. He says that General Eisenhower talked at some length regarding failures of American troops at the front and that he had reached the decision that their • trouble can be summed up in the one word: "Discipline". General Clark says that he told General Eisenhower that Fifth Army had reached the same conclusion and that steps were being taken for.correction. He told General Eisenhower that he thought the Commander-in-Chief would note the improvement in discipliieon his arrival in Firth Arrrry area. General Clark then tells his staff to make sure that such is the case. Shortly after the General has returned from the conference, Lt. Col. Kenneth Clark, Public Relations ·Officer of the F.if'th Army, returns from his tour at AFHQ and makes a report on his experiences there. In the afternoon, Major General Huebner, who is to be the new G-3 of AFHQ,· arrives and a conference is held with General Clark and General Gruenther in the Chief' or s+.aff 1 s office. \ In the evening the General goes.to Villa Vautherot to attend a small dinner for General Huebner which is attended by General Gruenther, General Wilbur, Colonel Kammerer and Colonel Saltzman. * * * OUJDA-FRITISSA-OUJDA1 MAY 4, 1943---After a few minutes at the office, the General leaves in his Piper Cub with Captain Gillespie, his pilot, to visit the Fifth Army Engineer Training Center at Fritissa, in the vicinity of Guercif. Just before taking off, he says good bye to General Huebner. Arriving at the F.A.E.T.c., General Clark makes an inspection or the layout of the school, dis­ cusses .the training program with the Connnanding Officer, Lt. Co1.·wyatt, and ob­ serves the various groups of students, including one of his aides, Lieutenant Beardwood, removing mines and booby traps. He then returns to his headquarters, arriving at about 1:30 P.M. After lunch at his villa, the General confers with his Chief of Staff con­ cerning the arrival tomorrow of General Eisenhower. Colonel Smith, ·Headquarters Commandant, is called in, and arrangements are thoroughly discussed. The two Brazilian officers, Lt. Col. Lyra and Captain Moreas, who have been up in the forward areas, come in.to say goodbye to the General and to thank him for all that he has done to make their·trip over here interesting and worthwhile. A little later, the General's old friend and classmate, Colonel Bradshaw, from AFHQ arrives, and they confer together concerning various matters of mutual concern, including anti-aircraft, Col. Bradshaw's specialty. In the evening at the villa the General's classmates in the Fifth Army Headquarters come in for SECRET l!quals British MOST SECRFT J �SECRET British MOST SECRET ( supper and to spend the evening. The guests are: Sullivan, Colonel Bradshaw and Major Nygaard. * Colonel Markoe, Colonel * * OUJDA, MAY 5, 1943-·•Inunediately upon his arrival at the office, General Clark checks on plans for the reception of General Eisenhower, who is due to-visit this headquarters today. He goes over the plans with General Gruenther and Lt. Col. Smith and is satisfied that everything is in readiness. At about 10 A.M. he makes a personal inspection of the gro1mds to see that everything is ship­ shape. At ll A.M. he leaves the headquarters in his car to meet General Eisen­ hower at the field. The C-in-C 1 s plane lands at 11:32, and General Eisenhower gets out with his Naval Aide, Lt. Comdr. Butcher. They are brought in from the airport, ac­ companied by a motorcycle escort. General Eisenhower is impressed by the mili­ tary appearance of the soldiers he passes and remarks on the fine discipline and smart appearance of troops he observes. ( Arriving at the headquarters, he is greeted by a guard of honor, consist­ ing of eight platoons of the 101st MP Company. After the ruffles and flourishes for a full General are pla.yed by the band, he and General Clark inspect the guard, and the C•in-C is favorably impressed by their fine appearance. The two Generals then proceed to General Clark's office where a personal conference is . held, at which time they discuss many matters pertaining to future operations and the part the Fifth Army will be expected to play. A conference is then held in the conference room, attended by the heads of the various sections of this headquarters. General Eisenhower speaks briefly, ·but most effectively, and everyone present leaves the meeting inspred by the few but effective words he has said. He tells them that he has come here for a personal conference with the Commander of the Fifth Army. He says that while our job now is primarily training and our place in the picture may appear to be a long ways removed from actual combat, our time is corning and that it will come sooner than we expect. He stresses the importance of continuous training. He says that if two battalions are in the line of actual combat and a third batta­ lion in reserve, the third should be _training. We have 17 divisions opposing 5 divisions, and we are having a terrific fight. 01.ll' foe is experienced, well• trained and tough. When the time comes for the invasion, it must be done by armies and not by divisions. It is clear then that since the Fifth A:rrrry is the only one in this theater, it will be expected to play an important part. He says that his short visit here in Oujda has been one of the brightest spots in his experience in Arrica because of the well-disciplined and smooth­ functioning organization that he has observed. General Clark then accompanies General Eisenhower to his villa where a quick lunch is served. General Gruenther and Cqlonel Saltzman, in the meantime, have taken Commander Butcher to Vil],a. Vautherot. Shortly after 1 P.M. General Clark and General Eisenhower return briefly to the office and then leave for a quick inspection of the Headquarters Company SECRET British MOST SECRET �IYS Equals British MOST SECRET bivouac area. They then proceed directly to the airport with the same motor­ cycle escort which previously accompanied them in from the field. General Eisenhower takes off for his headquarters at Algiers at about 1:50 P.M. General Clark returns to his own headquarters well pleased with the results of the visit and happy that his organization has made such a good impression on the C-in-C. He calls Colonel Broaddus, the Provost Marshal, and connnends him highly for the fine appearance of his men. He and General Gruenther then make an inspection of the MP Barracks, which General Eisenhower was not able to do during his short time at the headquarters •. After a few minutes at his office, the General leaves for the Recreation Center at Saidia in his Cub plane, piloted by-Captain Gillespie •. Colonel Saltzman and Major Ball follow by car and find, on their arrival, that he is already on the beach relaxing in the sun. His Cub plane has landed on the roadway immediately in front of the villa. Aner a short swim and a little sun bathing on the beach, the General returns to his villa, has a few refresh­ ments, dresses and takes off in the Cub for Oujda. Shortly before 8 P.M. he departs for the residence of Monsieur Ahmed, Civil Controller of rural Oujda for dinner. The guests are General Clark, General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland. * * * OUJDA, MAY 6, 1943---After taking care of his usual accumulation of papers, the. General clears the deck for a day which will be largely consumed by conferences with visitors. At about 10:30 in the morning Brigadier General Rutledge, Com­ manding GeMra.l of the 45th Coast Artillery Brigade, comes in. He is enroute from Casablanca to Oran where his Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Battery will be located. His unit is attached to the Fif'th Army. At 11:30, General Cannon, Comnanding General of the Northwest African Training Command, arrives to discuss matters pertaining to joint training between the ground and air forces. and the furnishing of proper equipment. A guard of honor is held for General Rutledge and General Cannon, and to­ gether they accept the honors and make the inspection. General Clark then con­ fers with General Cannon for some time. Afterwards, they proceed to the villa where they have lunch with General Gruenther. C General Cannon leaves immediately after lunch, and shortly thereafter General Kingman, who has been in the command of the 2nd Armored Division and is to work in connection with the Fifth Army in amphibious training work, arrives. General Clark discusses with General Kingman plans and training programs and then turns him over to the Chief of staff for a more detailed discussion. At about four o'clock Commander Robert Morris, with whom the General has been well acquainted on the west coast at home, comes in to pay his respects and renew his acquaintance. Commander Morris is in conunand of twelve LST's which will be taking part in the training activities of the ITC. SECRET E�vals British MOST SECRET �!fa!!'-"1·:J'•i"•" RET;°::}5,:j f "·. r.riil§J.ithr,__ <ftE · ·?'c ~ ,... •c' • ..· · ll ,.. :,;:) Equals British MOST SEG Mrs. Stevenson comes in to talk about personnel problems in connection with the Red Cross Club at the Fifth Army Rest Center. In the evening at the villa the General entertains as his guests Mrs. Stevenson, Commander Morris and Major Ball. The following notice is published today in the Daily Bulletin: lfThe Army Commander takes keen pleasure in transmitting this message to the personnel at this station: 1 At the conclusion of his visit to this head­ quarters yesterday, the Commander-in-Chief commended the evidences he saw of good discipline and efficient procedure, and expressed his great satisfaction at the appearance of the personnel and installations.'" This is the story that is released to the press and radio concerning the I visit of the Commander-in-Chief to Fii'th Army Headquarters: • • "HEADQUARTERS, U.S. FIFTH ARMY, NORTH AFRICA--General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces in North Africa, todey visited the U.S. • I Fifth Army, which is commanded by Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark. 11 I have been greatly impressed by what I have seen, by the discipline, the smartness, the appearance of the troops," said General Eisenho,1er in a brief talk. 11 The men show that they are well trained and know their job. You are doing • • important work, vitally important work. I know that in the days· ahead you will "' make a grateful nation proud of you. 11 "Prior to being assigned the command of the Fifth Army, the first American field army created in this war, General Clark was General Eisenhower's Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Allied 1''orces.11 .. . ( * * fi;�.· SECRET "'--;!.:.,,, * .. Equals British MOST SECRET �SECRET · : ··'<·'�, .:. ,_,· r ( /v\OST SECREl O'PJJDA-SAIDIA, MAY 7, 1943--Allied treopa are pounding at the eates of Tunis and Bizerte ana the e11.a of the Axis in Africa seeas immb.eat. This is the news • • • teniiat as Geaeral Clark, taking a rest at his villa at Saiiia, listens to the C BBC aews. Street ff&hti.ne is Ullderway in both cities. The Axis has been pOUB.ded • • he.ck a.urine an all-out attack with infantry, armored and air units coordinat�. • • The pOWlai� tl1at the Axis has received. from the air is reported to have outdone • • � to ci.ate in tile war. • Equals British .. .. ~ 1 .. .. .. - The Fifth Anq inai&iia, picked from a competition aao� Fifth Aray personnel� • has aeen approved by the War Department. A cable to this effect is receive• this • • • 11 aornini by the Ge•eral. Noraal.ly, the War Departlllent ieesn•t approve ae quickly • uy Amy inaienia wt they aave put an okay on the rea., white and blue skoula.er • patch that ••bers af Fifth Arrq will now wear. Since the Fifth A·"rq was activated • in North Africa, tae patch has an African aotif. It aas a refi be.ckcroun• with a • 'blue Mosle• 11.esqu• iaposed. I•side this, in white, is a capital "A" aaa the Arabic • • • 5. General Clark, who already baa had a sample patch 11ad.e up, llas Sergeant Chaney • • co• to his office ani sew it on the left shoulder of his field jacket. Photo­ :z-aplus are take11, incluiing allots of Chaney sewbi on the insiginia and of General Clark with Master Serieant Evers of the Cheaical Warfare Section who tho�ht up • • the winn� design. • .. ~ .. At 11 AM, General Clark leaves for his villa at Saiaia for a iay of relax­ • .. ation. Arter a quiet luach at ais collfertabl• villa overlGoJd.ni the sea, the Gearal plays Pini pone anci taea, f•llowi.ne tlle arrival of illests, �ees for a awi.JI in. the Mediterraneaa. Because of ra� weather, the sea is quite silty but • tlae GeJaeral 1oea iJa 8:Jl1W8.Y• Afterwari, ae retur•a to his villa. His auests are • Celenela iulliTB.:a, Markoe, SaltZ11EU1, Major Nyeaara, Mrs. S5evensen of the Red Cross and tl:lree people who are at the Rest Camp--Celonel Fechet, who was once • the General's battalion colEIB.ltder at the Presidio of San Francisco• and two nurses, Misses AJllll�s an• Goucher. The ieaeral's aiae, Lieutenant �eardwood, has • accempaniea llia to Said�. Fer the first t:iJle since co•� overseas, it seeas that tae ieneral rela.Ds co•pletely for the first time. He goes about the villa singing, • ll• play-s ping pong ia a carefree way, ae whistles. Fer once, he seeas to have II s.arucgei fer a few hours some of his terrific responsibilities. I• the evenin&, a wffet supper is servei ana then the rather large group sits arouna talkin(. • • • • • The news of Twtis an• Bizerte cemes over the radio. .. .. - . .. At 9 PII it is iecidei that the party will re11ain overnii}at at the villa and • • • • retUrll to �jci.a to11errow morning. Before goi� to bei, §lae eatire ,:roup �oes fer a walk al•Di the winu-swept beach. .. ~ . * * * SAIDIA-OUJDA, MAY 8, 1943--Tunis ana Bizerte have f'allenl The two aajor Tunisian fD�ts fall to the Allies on the six month anniversacy •• • ef the Allied landing in North Africa. Some peckets of resistance still reMin. • • C: As y-et no 118.Ss evacuation of Axis troops has started but the Germans and Italians • • • save withdrawn some of their forces onto the peninsula south of Tunis and they • " .. • 11ay try to aove across the Sicilian straits from there. Twe swift thrusts--ene at Twrls and the other at Bizerte-aave beaten ani disorguizea the Axis. They were uu.bl• to put up any counterattack. The rcuaats or RoDmel's and Von Arni.m's forces • • V were cut to shrets in less t r the big firive CB.Ile. _ . -- � .. ( ~ ■ �!-· . ,..��:"'..,:r.' �r:,,t� I �- .... . Equals· British h\OST S£CRE"i . �SECRET Equals British MOST SECREl ( The greatest air assault that any army has ever had to withdtand, with all • bombing concentrated into an area four miles long by 1,000 yards wide, blasted • the way for the big Allied push in Tunisia. Not many yards of surface in this corridor remained untouched. American flyers had their biggest day on record. • Only one German plane appeared during the day. Farther to the south, at Pont du • Fahs, the French cleared out a pocket of Axis resistance and overran Po•t du Fahs, a point of terrific struggle for several weeks. General Clark leaves Saidia at 10 AM and is back in his office by 11 AM. He quickly reviews the situation. The final phases of the North African campaign • means that the day for the Fifth Army is closer than ever; that instead of re­ • • • laxing, the Fifth Army must pour on the pressure harder than ever. Troops that • • have been fighting at the front will now be returning to parts of the Fifth Al71.r/ area and come under Fifth Army command. They must be re-assembled, re-equipped and brought back to fighting fitness to be ready for the next big operation in • which General Clark's army will undoubtedly play a major role. General Clark has one non-headquarters visitor today, Lieutenant Colonel Schweitzer of the Air Corps • who is in North Africa as an observer from the United States. As usual, the Fifth Array commander pounds again on his conviction that air-ground support, with com­ • plete cooperation, is a prime prerequisite for victory. General Clark also spends a great deal of time with General Gruenther. Tomorrow, General Clark will fly to Casablanca to participate in ceremonies marking the turning over of further equip­ me•t to the French. A report today shows that 140,000 tons of war materiel have been turned over to the French since our landing in North Africa six months ago. This is being used to completely equip two infantry divisions, two armored regiments. When it is • realized that most of the Allied shipping had to be devoted to briqj.ng over mat­ eriel and supplies for Allied troops actually engaged in fighting, the tremendous • �ount of tonnage already turned over to the French can be apprec:ated. Among the miscellaneous tour.age turned over to the French is 1,300 tons of P-39 fighter • planes. In the evening the radio announces that during the past two aays 43 Axis I ships, raniing from lighters to 3;000 to 4,000 ton vessels have been sunk by the Allies iA waters between Tunisia and Sicily. A G-3 report shows that JO Axis • vessels loaded with troops left Tunis harbor during that period. A mass evacuation • • • is not yet underway but it is possible. Allied commanders have declared that evac­ uation of 10 percent of the Axis troops in Tunisia would be considered too high a • • • percentage. With complete control of the air plus the activities of the Royal • Navy, any seaborne evacuation by the Axis would be extremely hazardous and should • • • be doomed to utter failure. • General Clark goes to his villa in the late afternoon to quietly read a stack of letters that have just arrived. They include J18.nY from his family. Fol­ lowing dinner he has a motion picture shown in his villa to a few close friends. * * ( J . * OUJDA-Fli:K-ChSABLANCA, WAY 9, 1943--"The brave French allies ••• will carry • these aras as we march together to free all France ••• 11 Thus ieclares General Clark ~ • J. as .b.e speaks tociay in Casablanca at a ceremony marking the delivery of American war materiel to the French Army • ... . SEGREt Equals British MOST SECRET �i~ ,.,,, u~Js ~ ; i I ]:\fi\lt> .1 MOST SECRE ,. After a quick check-up on papers at his office, General Clark leaves Fifth Army headquarters at 8:.30 AM fer Oujcia airport froc which he takes off at 8:50 AM • • • • in his C-47 fer Casablanca. where he is to make his speech. He is accompanied by Lieut. Col. Sutherland., Major Nygaart and Mrs. William Stevenson of the A1terican • Red Cross. The transport lanis at Ras-El-Mar airport, Fez, at 10:15, and, after c-opping Mrs. Stevenson off, continues on to Casablanca. where the general lands • • at 11:35 AM. He is met by various American and. French fiigniatires and he is honorei • • with a review by French colonial ani native troops. • • • ( .. ' ... Fro• the Casablanca airport, General Clark and hie party drives to Villa Mira­ • • II • dor, home of Ge�eral Arthur Wilson, commanding general of the Atlantic Base Section. • • • After cleaning up, General Clark goes to a luncheon at the famed Anfa Hotel. Guests • .. .. at the luncheon in a«aition to General Clark incluie• Generals Nogucs, Juin and ,.. Lescroux; General \Vilson; Colonel P,yienot, Nogues 1 representative with the Fifth • • Army. Following the luncheon, thft French officers leave and a reception is hela so • can meet the Firth AI'Jr\Y Commander. officers at ABS • - Fellowing the reception, General Clark and his party irive to Ly autey Square • in Casablanca for the special ceremony. The square is jammed with cheering French­ • men wa• applaui anti shout as General Clark arrives. Viith the victory in Tunisia • • I I' ant the ielivery of new fighting�weapons to their army, ihe French are jubilant. • This is the speech that General Clark gives: - "General Nogues, General Lascroux, o.fficers and men of the Alliea Armies, • • ladies and gentlemen: "I have two reasons for profouna happiness on this occasion. The first of • • • these is that today we celebrate a mighty victory in Tunis and Bizerte. Side 1:¥ side, American, French and British soldiers have driven the common enemy from the • last cities they held in Africa. "My other great reason for satisfaction is that today we.delebrate the arrival • of the first great installment of the arms and munitions with which the United Nations are rearming France. The brave French allies with whom we marched to free Tunis and Bizerte will carry these arms as we march together to free all France, to insure that the only Germans on French soil will be prisoners from a defeatea • • army, guarded by the bayonets of victorious France and her allies. "Four months ago I had the privilege of being here in Casablanca during the ti historic Anfa Conference. There, I had the pleasure of introducing General Giraud Cl to President Roosevelt, and in the course of their interview Jdd: I head the Pres­ ident promise the equipment for the French Army whieh is now arriving in North Africa. It will continue to arrive, and no effort of the Axis can stop it, thanks to the skill and devotion of American and British naval and merchant seamen. • "These weapons are zl&'. They are of exactly the same, types as the people of • • a the United Stqtes are furhishing to their husbands, brothers and sons, millions of whom are now under arms. Into their production have gone the energy, the skill, • • the hopes and the sacrifices of the American people, - the toil of our mechanics, our farm1nrs, our scientists - even of the housewives of my country. "In another war, a quarter of a century ago, the Great French Nation turned • • over quantities of equipment to American soldiers. France's help then was no surprise, for France has always had a warm heart, a fervent love of liberty, equality and justice, anci a noble capacity for generous and understanding friend-· shipe 11Today, the American nation is proud to be able to place our weapons in the hands of French soldiers. The shots fired from these $Ul1S will give hope and en"' .. .. ( .. ��·'. SEG:RET . Equ,als Sritish h\OST SECR[i �!00 ( couragement to millions, and will hasten the day of France's deliverance and the Allied victory. "Berlin and Rome and To.ltyo will not like what we are doing here this afternoon. They know that this occasion symbolizes the unconquerable might, the spibit and the kinship of the United Nations. "Soldiers of America and France: remembering the great ieeds of our com­ ralies in Tunisia, let us resolve ane'w that ·we of the American Army and you of the French Army, newly armed�with these same weapons will press forward until our victory in final battle. I hope and believe that French Units equipped with some of the materiel we have before us today, will parade in triumph through the streets of Berlin. As Commanding General of the Fifth American Army, I hope to be by your side frolil start to finish. "General Nogues, General Lascroux, in the name of the Commander-in-Chief, General Eisenhower, I present this equipment to the French Army. "Vive La 1',rancel" II General Juin, · speaking as the respresentati of General Giraud, makes the speech accepting the war materiel. He declares that France will rise from the humiliation of 1940. He predicts victory for the United Nations. Both Generals are cheerei lustily by the crowd. During General Clark's speech, made in English, a Frenchman translates it to the crows in French. 1,e Following the speeches, French troopes pass by in review, carrying with them some of the new equipment from the United States. For the most part it includes tanks and tank destroyer equipment. French and native troops follow the new equipment. With the successful presentation ceremoney, broadcast over the radio, ended, General Clark and part of his party go to boxing matches being staged in • Casablanca by American troops. Later, he returns to Villa Mirador where General Wilson is host at a bufret supper given in honor of General Clark, other American officers and members of the U.S. diplomatic service in the Casablanca region. He remains overnight at Villa Mirador. In Tunisia, mopping up operations are underway. There are now only two pockets of resistance--in the marshland between Tunis and Bizeree and on the Cape Bon peninsula and a small sector to the south of it. General Mast, the French officer with whom General Clark con£erred prior to the Allied landing in Africa last November, has been named. French Resident General of Tunisia. * * * CASABLANCA-RABAT-FEZ-OUJDA, MAY 10, 1943-...All Axis resistance, from the North coast of Tunisia to the juncture where Cape Bone meets the mainland below I Tunisia, collapses today as the German surrender unconditionally to the United States II Corps! Five major generals and one lieutenant general are captured. General Clark is calling on the Sultan of Morocco when the news reaches him. With General Wilson, the Fifth Army CoIIID\ander insI1Cts the ABS Replacement • Depet ana he is please• by the advancement made, particularly in discipline, since his last inspection. At 10:55, General Clark leaves Casablanca for Rabat. He arrives there at 11:.30, is met by General Nogues and is honored by a review of French and native troops :,, •..,: · .· ,;ti::'. ·Hiij SE{i:RET :,. .: .. .. ..•.}:1! Equals British h\OC:'J'.:h!I:· ,!!) ,rrr,� ,'''' I �l:) I I From the airport, General Clark goes to a villa that he has ha.a prepa.rea for his use, should le desire it. This villa in the French capital is f.ar nicer than the general's regular home in Oujda. He inspects it thoroughly. In all probability, it will be used by friends of the general who might be passing through or staying briefly in Rabat. Accompanying Gener al Clark back to Fifth Army Headquarters ii Brigadier General Luis Alamillo of Mexico, second of the group of La.tin American officers who will visit the Fifth Army and North Af'rica . General Clark picks General Alamillo up at Casablanca . other members of his mission are flying direct to Oujda in another plane . At l PM, General Clark and his party go to the Sultan • s palace for luncheon. As usual, The Sultan's 8wn Guard. is out to honor General Clark . Luncheon guests incluae American, French and Arabic officials . One of the highlights of the meeting with the Sultan is the awarding of the Oraer of the Lion to General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and l ieut . Colonels Gaylord and Sutherland . A tremendous luncheon is servefi. anci. afterward General Clark jokes that he is "sorry that I have only one stomach to give to~ country . 11 D uring luncheon , the Sultan expresses to General Clark his great gratification at the Allied victory in Tunisia . He asks that General Clark convey his felicitations to President Roosevelt. Later, the Sultan anti the general ta1f of a possible visit to :ti1 OUjda of the Sultan . The Mos em l leader says e would be pleased to visit the Fifth Army Headquarter s early in June . ( General Clark sends the following cable to General Eisenhower for relay t President Roosevelt: 11 His Majesty Sultan of Morocco requested that his felicitations on the victory in Tunisia being celebrated today by Allied forces in cluding Moroccan troops be conveyed to the President of the United States. His Majesty requested also that the President be informed of his personal pleasure on General Clark 1 s being present at the Imperial Palace at , the moment when news of the victory arrived . " General Clark and. his p:1.rty depart from Rabat airport in the Fifth Any Comnander's C-47 at 3 :15 PM land at F'ez just long enough to pick up Mrs. Steven, son and then fly into Oujda, arriving at 5:25 PM From the airport, @eneral . Clark goes direct to q.is office, looks over papers that. have accrued during his absence and then has General Alamillo and his mission in so he can greet them. General Alamillo te l ls General Clark how proud the Mexicians are "to be with the Americans" and General Clark responds that he is "}:ooking fon,ard to the time when Mexican soldiers will be part of the Fifth Ariny l" Among the papers received by the G neral is a letter from Lieutenant Orgaz, high commissioner of Spanish Morocco. Writes General Orgaz: Dear General: "With your letter of Apri l 3rd, I received. the interesting collection of photographs which you had the thoughtfulness to send me on the occasion of your kind visit. ''We all have a pleasant memory of it, and it pleases me greatly to learn that on your side this impression, caused by your brief stay in our !one, is sincerely reciprocated . 11 ( General SECREl}f;}'.i~? ·E Equals ~ritish MO ST SECRET �"I appreciate the generous words which you use with regard to the Spanish troops, and your sympathetic feeling towards our people who left such ineffaceable traces of their spirit and racial virtues on the American continent. 11 Accept, rtry Gen ral, with the assurance of my cor ial esteem, the testimony of my highest consideration, (signed) Luis Orgaz. 11 General Clark spends a quiet evening at his villa. * * * OUJDA, MAY 11, 1943--This is a most diversi£ied a;y--excellent' news from the front where the Germans are surrendering in droves ••• a celebration of the African 1 victory at which General Clark's speech "brings the house ciovm.1 ••• dispatch ·of a COJliratulator-.f cable from General Clark to General Eisenhower in which the Fifth Army commander indicates the Fifth Army's great desire to fight ••• assignmont of divisions and a Corps to the Fifth Ar:my. This is the radio that General Clark sends Gener al Eisenhower: "The entire personnel of Fi£th Army join me in offering you our most sincere congratulations upon your glorious success in Tunisia. It is the hope of the Fi£th Army that we may play a greater part in securing the future defeat of the enemy." General Clark has a lengthy conference during the morning with Major General Matt Ridgway, corru:1 ander of the 82nd Airborne Division. This outfit is now arriving in North Africa and 4,000 troops have already been put ashore at Casablanca. Gen. Cla.rkgoes over plans for the 82nd with General Ridgway. It will participate in forthconing operations against Sardinia. News from the front is terrific. A wedge has been driven between the German troops holed up on the Cape Bon peninsula and those still resisting the British and French in the vicinity of Zachouan. Between 501 000 ani 100,000 Axis prisoners are now in our hands and most of them are German. We are complete charge of the ai r over the entire area as the Luf'twaffe apparently has left the ground troops to their fate. Prisoner stockades are overi:lowing. The A.xis is whipped in Africa and already the British and American air forces are relentlessly pounding at Sardinia, Sicily and. PantelJ.t\ria in preparation for the next r.iove. In this connection, General Clark is flying tomorrow to the Invasion Training Center at Arzew and Port-aux-Poules to watch invasion troops go through their graduation program. The situation over the entire area is excellent. On the Russian .front, the Germans are being kept on their heels, unable to launch any concerted offensive. There too, the Russians seem to have control of the air. In the Zachouan area, late in the day, Axis troops cut off from those on Cape Bon by the driving of the wedge, ask the French general for armistice terms. They are told that the fighting will stop only on terms of "uncondit i onal surrender. 11 , At 12:30 PM, General Clark goes to the Oujda City Hall for a luncheon celebrating the Allied victory in North Africa. It is attenaed by American and French officers and officials and high Arab leaders. Mayor Laurans of Oujda makes a speech during which he declares that news of the African victory will reach the oppressed British /'.\OST SECJ(~T �[53 After thanking the mayor and people of C\ijda for the "fine hospitality 11 they have shown and 11the unstinted help you have given us, 11 General Clark declares: "This great victory in Tunisia must not result ·in our ,letting down. We have two big wars ahead of us . The fir st is to invade the continent of Europe and conquer the hated Bochel" This brings wild applause and shouts . 11The second.," the general continues, "is to conquer the yellow slainks in the South Pacific1 11 The interpreter , interprets the ttyello,1 skunks" as "yellow pigs" and , surprisingly, the French reaction to this declaration is even more enthusiastic than it was for the "Boche. 11 Men st ana. up and cheer . After speaking of the victory, the General turns to the Arab officials and announcei that "His Majesty, the Sultan , will visit Oujda early in June . 11 He tells how he invited the Sultan yesterday and how the Sultan accepted and set the tentative date . Only a Moslem can truly appeciate what this news means to the Arabs. A visit by the Sultan is coneiderea a direct blessing of God on the ci ty . The Arabs are elated . Following the speeches, toasts are drunk to the victory, to General Clark, to other officials . The joy of the Fren ch at the victory over the Axis knows no bounds . In the afternoon, General Clark receives word from Allied Force Headquarters that the fol l owing organizations are being attached to Fifth Amy as pa.rt of the Fifth Army's troops: VI Corps, 1st Division (which has just completed brilliant work on the Tunisian front) and 36th Division (Texas National Guard outfit th.at llas just arrived in Africa) and two British Divisions , the 6th Armored Division and an Infantry Division. These two British outfits will arrive in the Fifth Army area within the next weak or 10 days . Buildup of the Fifth Anrry has started. ancl. General Clark is tremendously pleased . The 1st Armored Div.si on (American unit that has been on the Tunisian front) is a s.so assigned to Fifth Army . Late in the afternoon, Mr. and Mrs. Ste venson of the Red Cross call on the gener al . Mr. Stevenson, who has ju s t returned from the States, reports how pleased the American public is with the African campaign. The only disturbing influence in the United States at present is the fight between John L. Lewis of the Miae Workers and President Roosevelt . Lewis' men ·are striking for higher wages and the situatipn is causing a lot of trouble with Lewis apparently in the driver's seat for the time being. The General has Mr. and Mrs. Stevenson at his villa * * for dinner . * OUJDA-ORAN-ARZE - OUJDA M 12, 1943- -General Clark receives the follow W ORAN , AY ing cable today from the Commanderin - Chief, General Eisenhower, in reply to the Fifth Al"my Commanders congratulatory ' cable of yesterday: I am truly grateful for your fine message . You and the Fifth Army should know that a.11 of us realize how effectively and cheerfully your Command has responded to every demanci made upon it to win the Tunisian campaign . Before this war is over, the Fifth Army is certain to be up with the others on the battleline . 11 11 SEc£p,:T,.,.. ,. -. _ -~t: a:,_:.:. )i ·;, Equals British ~ .. ,,..• ,\·L~ ...; _ ~, ~ • :· tAOSl S£CR ~. �.r,.. 1\/(,. ~ ;'\,. ··,. ,. . 'SECRE?._'\'\;:.,,., . ·· T . . . . .. .. I5 y E1U Bdtish t.\ OST SECR! c . ili' t When this message is handed to Gene~al Clark at Oujda airport when he returns . to his headquarters town after a day at the Invasion Training 6enter during which e was host to a number of high French officials, he grins with delight, particul arly at General Eisenhower's promise that "Before this war is over, the Fifth Army is certain to be up with the others on the battleline." General Clark's day starts early. At 7:15 AMhe is in his office checking over last-minute details of his trip for the day and at 7:30 he leaves headquarters for the airfield where he takes off at 7:50 in his C-47 plane for La Senia Airport at Oran. Arriving there at 8:35, he transfers to his Piper Cub, which has flo,m up ahead of him, and flies to Arzew, landing about 9:15 AMin front of the Invasion Training Center grandstand where he is met by Major General Fred Walker of the 36th Division and Brigadier General 0 1 Daniel, head of the Fifth Army I.T.C. Several French generals from Morocco and Algeria have been invited by the Fifth Army Commanderto witness a typical day's training at the Invasion Training Center and General 0 1Danicl has planned a f'u.11 program to show all facets of the trainiug . These are the French generals who are atteruiing the demonstration: Dario, of the French Armerea. Corps; u Vigier, of the lat Armored Di,zision; Dody, of the 2nd Moroccan Infantry; Martin, of the 3rd. Moroccan Infantry Division; Beucler, commander of the Oujda sub- division; Demont3nvert and Richard of the 3rd Algerian Division; Bonn&fonis of the Oran Division; Sevez, Chief ol Staff to General Juin; and Captain Gras, French Navy specialist ll1 landing operations; a host of leaser French officials, ani American Generals Leavey, head of M.B.s., and Kingman, American officer attached tote French Divisions to assist them in becoming familiar with new American equipment . General Clark keeps the French generals hopping from one iemonstltatiol'lJ[ to another all morning . First they watch a company of the 141st Infantry searching for mines an« rem ving underwater and beachline landing obstacles; next, the secona battalion of the 1/+lst Infantry makes a mock amphibious landing. The third item on the morning program thrills the French the most. It is a demonstration of street fighting by a platoon of the 3rd battalion of the 142nd Infantry regiment. The men work their way up the streets of a mock village, cleaning out houses. They work their way down the side of walls while live tracer ammunition sears its vray down the stteet, inches from them. The morning program also includes a demonstration of 11 how a platoon reduces a.n 11enemy pill box. The entire party lunches at General 0 1Daniel 1 s villa. There is is augmented by two American admirals, Hall and Connolly . In the afternoon General Clark's guests watch a demonstration on how vehicles are waterproofed for amphibious landings; they rite in a DUKW, waterproofed 2 1/2 ton truck that can go to sea under its own or power. Then they watch a battery of the 41st Coast Artillery load and unload an I.ST (landing ship tank} The same group then goes through the same loading and unloading process with an LCT (landing craft tank) . The final demonstration of the day is the unloading of an LCI (landing craft infantry), the huge invasion ships. When the program is enaei, General Clark makes a brief speech to the French. He tells them how happy he is that they were able to witness how the American army is preparing for inusion. 11It is a pleasure," he continues, 11to be able to assist in the equipping and. training of new French divisions . I h pe they will come with the Fifth Army and that sid.e by side we can land on the continent and. push . the hateti Boche from France, city by city and field by field." The French officers cheer the generai, ' s remarks. General Clark then leaves the invasion training SECRET · center, flying in his Cub to l �\ 55 SECR Eq'or.ifs British f,\OS T SECR' . ' La Senia where, with General Beucler and Colonel Poylienot, he again board his big C-4 7 . The transport lands at Oujda at 5:22 H4 and Gener~l Clark , bidding the two French officers goodbye at the field, goes iire ctly to his office where he ais poses of urgent cables before going to his villa where he dines and spends the evening alone . ( Late at night, it is r eported that "Axis armed resistance offi cially at 2015 Hours, Wednesday night, 12 April , 1943 111 * * (in Tunisia) ended * 0UJDA-SAIDIA, MAY 13, 1943--General Clark today initiates action to press on with planning for BACKBONE for setting up the Fifth Army' s fighting forces in and Western Algeria and northern French Morocco. He sends a cabllie to General Eisen hower requesting that the re ppeaentatives of the Eomma.nding Generals of the two British divisions being made available to the Fifth Army report to Fifth Army Headquarters immediately to familiarize themselves with the status of BACKBONE planning . ( Following a conference with Colonels ~erer, Saltzman an~ Robinson Oeneral Gruenther ms gone on a tour of the late front), General Clark also cables the Allied Commander-in- Chief that he will mo headquarters of the VI Corps and the ve 36th Division to the Rabat - Port Lyautey area . 11This,n he radios, "will pro vide a. planning agency and a striking force to execute Western BACKBONEHe then con." tinues: "W the removal of the VI Corps Headquarters and 36th Division from the t.th Tlemcen-Chanzy area, no headquarters remains available in the Eastern area to continue :Ea.stern BACKBONE planning . With the movement of one British Ay,ntoredDivis ion and possibly an additional British Infantry Division into the Oran area, I propose that one of these divisions will pick up the ~stern BACI<B0NE planning and be pr epared to execute it in an emergency . It is for that reason that I desire representatives capable of handling this planning to report to my headquarters without ci.elay. 11 Despite the victory in Tunisia and the growing remoteness of Spa.in making any hostile action, General Clark continues to keep his BAC!<B0NE planning alive and makes every possible move to strengthen his position in event of an Axis move into Spain. The fighting in North Africa is over . The Axis has been defeated. The climax news comes today when it is announced tha.t among the German generals captured was Lieutenant General Von Arnim, supreme commander of Axis forces in Africa ever since Rommelflew to Italy for conferences three weeks ago and then hca~ed back to Germany. Von Arnim was taken on the Cape Bon peninsula by a unit of the British First Army. Surprisingly, about 90 percent of all Axis prisoners taken are German. A great deal of enemy materiel has been taken untouched as a result of the fast breakthrough and the 11unconditional surrend er" pre-requisite that there be no destruction · of German or Italian machines or supplies. In line with his request for British officers to come to Fifth Army headquarters, General Clark is called upon tod ay by British Brigadier A.G. Kenchington, Qirector of training for British forces in North Africa. General Clark outlines his plan to the British officer who agrees to its sagacity and pressing need. SECRET Equals British A\OST SECRL.T �Equat~ Br'itish ···MOS T SECRL 1 Following luncheon at his villa and after checking over papers in his office, General Clark flies in his Piper 6ub to the Fifth Army Recreation Center at Saidia. After checking on the state of affairs at the Camp, the General relaxes at his villa and on the beach. His guests are: Colonel Sullivan; Captain Gillespie, Cub pilot; Captain Houston, his aide; Misses Moen and Bernie of the .American Red Cross and Lieut. Mohler of the 52nd Station hospital who is on leave at the resort. The general has these people for dinner , plus Miss Miller of the American Red Cross staff at Saidia. * * * S~'iIDIA-OU,IDA, 14, 1943-- With the Tunisian campaign closed, a critical MAY period begins during Dhs time that troope are moving from the forward area back to the rear :r' area.s and General Clark, apprehensive about a possible move by the Germans into Spain, pounds hard on perfection of BACKBONE plans. Following his staying overnight at hi::! Saidi& Villa, the General takes off at 9 AMin his Piper Cub and arrives at Fifth Army Headquarters at 9:30 PM. Tge General immediately sees that all is in readiness for the huge dinner he will give tonight for a host of Ot.qjlda officials who have been his hosts during the four months he has been in Oujda. The Fifth Amy Commanderhas decided to pay all his so<dal debts at once. During the morning he also confers with Lieutenant Colonel Duncan of the Air Corps, who is returning to the United States, and Lieut. Col. Smith, regarding headquarters problems. Hot weather has come and various steps must be ta.ken to tighten up sanitation. ( In the afternoon, the Generai confers with Col. Robinson, Anti-Aircraft Officer who has been integrating BACKBOUE planning, and Col. Saltzman, Deputy Chief of Staff. The Vi Corps is going to be headquartered in Ra.bat so that planning of the western half of the BACKBONE operation can be made from the potential scene of push-off. General Clark has ordered General Dawley, VI Copps Conunande~to the area on reconnaissance. The G-3 section, in cooperation with Col. Robinson, is hurriedly revising Backbone plans. The number of Axis pri6oners taken in Tunisia has now passed the 100,000, mark, passL"lg the record set at Stalingrad where the Russians took 90,000. About 82 percent of the prisoners are, somewhat surprisngly, Germ.an. ( Late in the day, General Clark checks the Officers' Mess at headquarters where his dinner party is to be held. The mess hall has been decoza.ted with the flags of the United States, France, Great Britain and Morocco. Negro spiritual singers, a balialika player and a ten-piece orchestra are to supply entertainment. At 7:30 FM the guests arrive for cocktails. The non-American guests are: Chef de la Region and MadameBo~ssi, the Pasha of Onjda, General and Ma.dame Beucler, Controller Civil and MadameHusson, M. and Mm..rAhmed, Colonel and MadameHerckel, Mayor and 1e MadameLaurans, Captain and MadameSavary, M Haour, M. Guillernin, M. Guedon and . Colonel Poydenot. The British are represented by Lieutenant Ely of British Signals. The Americans guests are Generals Ridgway, Moran, Taylor and Kingman, Colonels Saltzman, Sullivan, Martin, Thurston, Bertholf and Smith, Majors Jones and Ball, Captain Byles and the following Red Cross personnel--Misses Manson, Miller, Ellis, Martin, Berney and Moen. Following cocktails in the Officers' club, the party goes into the adjoining messhall r1here fteneral Clark, in front of his flags, sits alone at the head of a long table. Following dinner there is dancing. SECRET * Equals British /v\OST SECRl:l * �(5 '7 OUJDA-SAIDIA, Y.AY 1943--General Clark holds an all-important 15, conference today with General Dawley and the Fifth Army Commanderorders that the VI Corps headquarters be set up immediately in Rabat. 11Speed, 11 th e general declares, 11is essentia.11 11 The conference, held in General Clark 1 s office, is attended by Generals Dawley and Moran, Colonels O'Neil, Saltzmtil.n, Vincent, Lewis and Boatner, Lieut. Col . Lazar and Major Ibold . Col . Boatner is instructed to send a repr esentative to the Rabat area tomorrow to make arrangements for water supply in the region. Movement of the Corps troops will start within two days. Certain units--the 142nd Infantry of the 36th Division, the 636th Tank Destroyer Battalion, now attached to the 36th, and a light tank battalion now at Tlemcen--will remain in the 1Eastern area.. General Dawley is to begin BACKBONE planning imm ediately. Arrangements are made for Col. Robinson and Colonel Hill, VI Cbrps G-3, to confer tomorrow over BACKBONE plans. Revised plans are now being drawn up for submission to the Corps . ( Two groups of visitors arrive at Fifth Army Headquarters during the morning. Fir st come Genera.ls Starr and Hewitt, anti-aircraft brigade commanders who are bringing their outfits into the Fifth Army area . General Clark confers with them as soon as they arrive . This conference is no sooner completed than Captain Fawkes and officers a.nd crew members from the P-219, the submarine that took General Clark to •Africa · hst October, arrive. General Clark meets them at the gate and, after a.n honor guard salutes~ them, he has them in his office and tells them how greatly appreciates the splendid job they did for him last fall and that he has invited them dovm to be his guests before they put to sea again. The P-219 has just returned from England where she went for re~irs after ramming and sinking a German U-boat in the Sicilian Straits last Christmas. Lieutenant Jewell, the 28-year-old commander of the · P-219, is present . General Clark then confers with Captain Fawkes, commander of the Eighth Submarine Flotilla. . He has Fawkes and the submarine officers at his villa for luncheon. Following this, the officers, with the exception of Captain Fawkes, go to Saidia for the afternoon. General Clark remains at headquarters until 4 PMwhen General Dawley arrives from his inspection trip of the proposed headquarters that his Corps will take over at Rabat . The conference on BACKBONE planning follows. ·when this ends, Generals Clark and Dawley and Colon~l O'Neil go out to the little landing field near headquarters andtake off in three Piper Cubs, the two Corps officers for Ain Ternouchent and General Clark for Sa.idia . Captain Fawkes has preceded him up by car. The General then meets the British Navy people on the beach, finds out they are enjoying themselves and then he goes swimming with them. The ·junior officers return to Oujda and General Clark and Captain Fawkes remain at the Fifth Army Commander's Saidia villa for dinner and then drive back to Oujda after dark . Captain Fawkes remains overnight at the General's villa. Ca.rs a.re stopped at tv10 road blockades between Oujda and Saidia. As was only natural with almost 1~00 Axis prisoners already counted in Tunisia, some iermans escaped a.nd thoy are trying to make their way to Spanish Morocco . Hence, all vehicles are being checked at frequent intervals along roads . One British ambulance was found to contain two German officers and a staff sergeant. One of the reasons that the 142nd Infantry is being held back from Rabat is that a battalion is assigned to road blockading in the Tlemcen area, another battalion is being used for demonstration purposes at the Invasion Training Center and the third has been split up to pr ~~ emonstration troops for Fifth ArmySchools. * - ~ P~-"" u ·~ ..~-;,. · . A '\') ' Equals British /,\OST SECREr * �Equc'.s \ OUJDA,MAY 16, 1943--General Clark approves today the revised outline plan for BACKBONE it incorporates the VI Corps and the 36th Division . The Vi Corps, as whic h has been planning the Eastern phase which is more a holding operation to occupy the corps in the Melilla area, will now plan the Western Phase and execute it with the 36th Division and any units that might be added later . General Clark is counting on the t wo British Divisions to take over the Ea.stern Phase planning. The general is informed today that the British Divisionn coming to the Fifth Army probably vdll be the 6th Armored Division and the 4th Infantry Division. He immediately renews his request for two staff officers from each division to come to Fifth Army Headquarters so they can become familiar with BACKBONE . Two correspondents--Don Whitehead of Associated Press and Don Coe of United Press -- have been assigned to the Fifth Army and this morning the General has them in for a discussion . A multit ude of subjects is covered. First comes the matt er of Nogues and General Clark says that although State Department representatives are 11ra.dically opposed" to the Governor General of French Morocco, army authorities don ' t ca.re who is in charge 11as long as he does vthat we tell him to do . So far, Nogues has batted 100 percent'! As for the people of M orocco , Nogues II is not popular, but tolerated." He points out the Nogues has "sewed himself in well with the natives. 11 General Clark outlines his several tasks and Whitehead remarks that the general ' s job calls for a "soldi er-pol itic ian . " 'rhe Fifth Army Comm ander grins and agrees . Next the matter of Spanish Morocco and Spain is gone into and thP- general tells the War Correspondents 11off the record" that the best possible mo the ve German General Staff could make would be a move into S~in . He says that American §ro pps are being regrouped vlith tl:10.t vi ew in mind "althoug h I am convinced that no trouble will be precipitated by Spain ." He then tells how he i s carrying forward training programs in virtu ally all arms through a huge school system spread over Morocco and Western Algeria . Whitehead and Coe are going with the Press Relations Officer tomorrow to the Fifth Arr1y Tank Destroyer Training Center where General Clark is to make a visit tomorrow afternoon . He tells them how he has taken steps in the Fifth Army 11to coordin ate all Anti-Tank Means on the Army front through his Artil lery Officer . · ( . The ramifications of the 'l'unisia n victory are brought up and General Clark cautions that 11the next time we meet the German he will have the advantage and WEWILLnot be meeting a deft!:1.;1.ted arm in retreat . 11 He declar es , covering up on the corr espondents when they ask about coming operation, that 11we should do something -as soon as we can and undoubtedly the Big White Fathers in Washington (Mr. Churchill and President Roosevelt are meeting again) arc planning the grand strategy. One thing, we mustn't give the Axis too nruch time to get seto The question of replacements comes up and General Clark admits that some replacements caae overseQS improperly and inadequately trained and poorly disciplined . He $ells how the Fifth Army took over nduct of these centers and buckeri. them up. He says that one of the discipline troubles results from the Replacements lack of "esprit de corps" because they don't belong to any organization . The general tells of plans to remedy this by di vi ding the replacements into branches and provisionally markir-..gthem for cert2.in outfits. He says he also believes that they should be put in a division making it overstrength since that would five the replacements pride in an organization and the overstrength factor would be levelled as soon as the division went into ba.ttle e 11If the Fifth Army gets an objective, 11 �l 59 §(:q;I~1tf;i\\\ . 1\ \~ R ·:.·.'.-\1,:::c S t qt1 !~ .B~i b ti;i, the general adds, ti\ OST sEcn • , I plan . on taking along a. couple of replacement depots. 11 ( Next the supplying of equipment to the French is brought up and General Clark t ell s how it is working. He tells of the pride of the French in getting the materiel and he predicts they will use it well and I am convinc ed they will fight well. He tells how he has ~ade General Kingman the head of his Frenc h Training section and that Kingman rrwill fill much the same type of job that a National Guard instructor fills in the States. If he sees a commander that he knows should be relieved, we will relieve him.n The general states that the French should be able to supply between five and ten good divisions from North Africa. He continues that some non-commissioned officers and officers of the French Army are getting out of France and that thase men are urgently needed to build up the French N rth African army. Spain, seeing more and more the wwy the winds of we.r are blowing, probably won't watch too stringently the movement of French across Spain and Spanish Morocco and into Morocco. General Clark says he would be glad to have the French under his colllIIland., adding "they a.re damn good soldiers." The issuance of American equipment to the French, the general predicts, "will be a good inve strnent • 11 In the afternoon, Generil.l Clark confers with Colonel Casey, commandant of the Tank Destroyer School, and makes anrangements for tomorrow' s trip. He is particularly interested in seeing flame throwers ana rocket grenades used against tanks. General Gruenth er returns from his trip to the front this afternoon and he immediately goes into a long conference in which General Clark outlines developments during the Fifth Army Chief of Staff's ' absence. General Gruenther is to tell of his observations at the front when a staff conference is held tomorrow. The number of Axis prisoners taken has now reached over 150,000. After retre at, General Kirk, who is to be the new Surgeon General of the United States Army, and General Morgan, also of the Medicul Corps, arrive at Fifth Ar,mY headquarters . * * * OUJDA -MAGENTA-SEBDOU-OUJDA, MAY 17, 1943--General Clark today assigns Gen. Kingman to evaluate and integrate the new BACKBONE plans, then visits Headquarters of the J6th Division, the Fifth Army Tank Destroyer Training Center and the area in which the 82nd Airborne Division is bivouacing near Oujda Airport. It is a tremendously busy day for the Fifth Army Commander. The general is in his office before 8 AMto make sure that all is in readiness for the guard of honor for General s Kirk and Morgan at 8:15. As soon as the two medical generals have been honored, General Tobin, commanding the · /44th Anti-Aircraft Brigade, arrives and goes into conference with General Clark. Next, General Cowles of the 36th Division, division Artillery commander, confers with the gehe::ra1L 1 outlinets ti>th.fm -planti -fGr t1i3e 0£ . the ·36tli -6Uid~ ·mov1ement-: '-who ,.. - its -to it.he ~batelU'e&i<'•~Jor t G~neral Walker, division commander, is to arrive later today ,1. for conf erences with General Gruenther and members of the G-3 section. General Kingma.n, who has arrived to make a thorough study and recently at headquarters to head up trainby General Clark on BACKBONE plans and told th~ -. ~:: plans. General Clark explains n Si;i·~ :Eft ing of French unit s , is next briefed Equals British: MOST,,. S£C.J. t �SECRET 'I' \ lo o Equc1b BriHsh MOST SECRE 1 that AFHQ first said to have General Patton and the I Armored Corps continue the planning but that was not feasible since Patton 's outfit is participating in forthcoming invasion of Sardinia and Sicily . General Clark tells how he has decided to move the VI Corps, the 36t lm: Bivision and later the First Armored Division . to the Rabat area for use in the Wastern Pilii.se of ~CKBONE.A three-part directive has been given to the VI Corps for the planning of the Western Phase. The first calls for use of the J6th Division and the First Armored Division to make the attack northward . The second plan would use these two divisions plus an aerial move by the 82nd Airborne Division. The third involves the use of several di vi sions as they are moved back from the fonrard area and made available for use . Kingman is to check all these plans and see that they are clear so General Dawley can proceed with his planning • With the VI Corps shifted from the ~astern to the &tstern planning,'' General Clark continues , ttwe now have to have an agency to take over Eastern plans . It must be kept alive and executed if necessary. This would comprise largely a holding or secondary force, the main attack being made in the west. This eastern unit would be charged with occupying a. Spanish Morocco Corps so it couldn't be moved west to impede the VI Corps movement. I have screamed to AFHQfor BACKBONE planning help and two British Divisions have been promised me. They will be bi vouaced in Western Algeria and will be available for BACKBONE planning . I have asked fro representatives from the two British divisions to be sent to this headquarters to be brought up to date on the pla.iming situation . The French are somewhat mixed up in BACliBONE. couldn't discuss the plans fully with the French I but they have been discussed from a purely defensive basis. If we had to move in, the Fr ench would be eager to join us. I have a statement ,fron Nogues in which he recognizes me as the supreme commander of any such effort. General Lasc~oux is making certain French troops available to me. General Beucler her e in Oujda has been working with those who have been planning the Eastern Phase. There"are three French sector commanders between here and Rabat . This operation is not likely, but it would be very crucial if something should break. We can 1 t talce any chances of not being ready. 0 r troops would have to go as fast and as far as possible as soon as the break ~ame . Our prime objectives would be Ceuta and . Tetuan . There are two Regimenta l Conbat Teams in training at A~zewand I have decided that they would make an amphibious landing between 'l'etuan and Ceuta if the break came. Also, the 82nd Airborne would invade by air. I have had a.11 the airfields along the border stocked with supplies and bombs in event we have to move. I must rui.ss my m~ana in the west. I am charging you with checking all the plans and se eing if they are clear. For the time being you will concentrate on this. 11 • 11 ( Following his conference with General Kingman, the Fifth ArmyCommandergoes to the small airport near headquarters and takes off in his Piper Cub for the 36th Division bivouac area near Magenta, east of Gujda. Fifty five minutes later he lands there a.nd tours the area with Generals Lange and Cowles. i~t noon mess, he meets most of the headquarters officers. The next flight, taking half an hour is to the Tank Destroyer Center, seven miles south of Sebdou. Arriving there, General Clark is met by the Center Commandant, Lieut . ,Col. John Casey, who is staging a special demonstration for the general. It will involve the use of smoke and incendiary grenades, the flame thrower, and rife and rocket grenades. The demonstrati on sti1.rts as soon as the general arrives a.t the field and he has no time to inspect "this tra1ning center, one of the Fifth Army' s newest schools. Equals British . MOST SEC~E. - �ICo\ Equals Briti sh /'/\OST S~CR'"" A running M J Taruc to be used in the demonstration. In order to see the is effect of the weapons on tank personnel, live goats are to be placed in the tank for each demonstration . First, a smoke grenade is thrown at the tank turret from 20 yw.rds. This envel opes the tank but does no visible damage to the goats. Then the incendiary grenade is th11ownat the turret just above the motor at 20 yards . I t burns furiously but there is no visible damage, either to the tank or the goats. Following this, the flame thrower is directed from 20 yards with ordinary flame thrower fuel . An entire tank is shot at the M-J and then the flames are allowed to burn two minutes . The investigatipg committee inspects the tank and finds the go... ts, wi,o have been howling, singed but still vitally alive . Three incendiary gr~nades are then thrown at the tank from 20 yards and the result is the sa.megolil.ts still aliv~ . •rhe flame throwe 1 , using NaPalm thickened fuel, is used against the tank at 50 yards . The initili.l charge leaves the thrower ignited and subsequwnt charges are sprayed unignited on the already blazing tank. The goats squeal but when they in vestigating committee looks over the tank, the animals are very mcuh alive . :the firing range for the flame thrower is moved up to 20 yards but the re sult is the s me. Re:ma.rks General Clark later: 11All this seems to prove is the hardiness of the Arab goat !11 All during the t4sts the tlil.nk has been "buttoned up" tightly . Next the rifle and rocket grenades are fired at the M J . When the demonstrator moves the crov,d up to within 20 yards of the tank and makes ready to throw the rifle grenade, General Clark remarks that the crowEl is too close, that he has seen them do damage to personnel at that range . The instructor says there is no danger. The rifle grena.de is thrown and a fragment, either bouncing back off the tank or from the grenade fins, imeeds itself in the tligh of a Major Kirkv,ood, standing beside General Clark . For the final demonstration- -use of the rocket grenade--the crowd moves back . Kirkwood goes to the hospital, blee ding badly, to have the metal probed from his thigh . As soon as the demonstration is over, General Clark climbs into the Cub with Captain Gillespie and they take off for the 82nd Airborne Headquarters near Oujda . Forty five minutes later the little plane puts dovrn right in the encampment area and the general ' s jeep, dispatched from headquarters, picks him up and he tours the area where the Airborne Division is moving in . The troops are qui t e fresh in from the States . They are being housed in pyramidal tents. The weather has become quite hot and the area is extremely dusty . It is j ust adjacent to Angade field, the 6ujda airdrome. The general then piles back into the Cub and in 10 minutes he is back at Fifth Army Headquarters. After looking over papers that h.ve accumulated during his absence, he goes to his villa . During the afternoon, General Gruenther has given to Fifth Amy officers an hour and a half report on his trip to the front . He says that we should not be over-optimistic about the victory in Tunisia since vre had great superiority over the Germans and Italians . A post - surrender survey has shown that we had: 1,630 artillery pieces to 440 for the Axis; 1,320 usable tanks compared to but 40 for the Axis; 165 Infantry Battalions to 51 for the Axis . General Gruenther gives details of the final assau.1-t . 'It was launched on April 28 but by May 4 it had bogged down completely because of the fine defensive positions the Germans held and by their smart ta ct i cs . It was then decided to move two Armored Divisions and the 4th Indian Division of the Eighth Army into the Fir st Anny' s center sector. This difficult move was done in two days and on May 6, after terrific artillery fire and aerilil.l bombardment, the troops moved forward . Once they broke the line of resistance they Equals British MOST SECR . �SECRE T Eqoals . Bri ti::h MOS T SECRE · swept into Tunis . Meanwhile, the II Corps (American) was beating down opposition in the Northern Sector and swept into Bizerte . The Eighth Army was held to a standstill just north of Enfidaville . There were only sporadic atte m pts at evac uation and the number of prisoners now counted amounts to about 175, 000. General Gruent,her says the Germans report that our arlillery and air force is exceptionally good. They don ' t think much of our infantry. General Gruenther,rciting many examples, says he is appalled by the friendly feeling between Axis and American and British troops . The Allies and their capti ves mix freely and friendly . The Chief of Staff says he doubts that a feeling of hate can be instilled in our troops and believes that we must put fighting on a 11surgica.}. basis with the American troops approaching their job just as a sur@eon does, dispassionately . The enemy is a cancer that nrust be removed quickly and without feeling." Gen. Gruenther says t~t American troops are particularly lax about salvaging material and that he saw thousands of miles of signal wire and "millions of gas cans" lying around . American infantry, he has found, is also very poor on scouting and patrolling . General Clark is not present at the time of General Gruenther 1 s report but he heard the highlights of it yesterday when his Chief of Staff returned from the front ~ In the evening, the Commanding General, just to get away for awhile from uniform , changes into civilian cl othes and spends the evening at his villa 1 with Major Nygaard . * * * OUJDA-SAIDIA, 18, 1943--A diversified MAY day--with a morning full of conferences and an afternoon inspecting the Fifth Army Recreation Center--occupies the General today. His first visitor, Consul General Wylie of Algiers, comes in shortly after 8:00 M. The Americli.11 diplomatic officials discusses with the Fifth Army Commander the question of internment camps and use of Italians and similar "lukewarmtt pro-Axis people in North African labor projects. The next conference is with Colonels Boatner and Robinson and it concernaengdneering work coincident with movement of the VI Copps and the 36th Division to the Rabat region. General Ridgway, commander of the 82ng Airborne Division which has just moved into the Oujda district, calls next on General Clark to discuss various division½'..rmy matters. The 82nd is not attached to the Fifth Army, but to the I Armored Corps reinforced. However, 'being in the Oujda area, General Ridgway's division is closely associated with the Fifth .tu:-my and there are many constructional, jurisdictional and other matters to !Don out. General Ridgway also gives General Clark the details of a review which the 82nd is to give tomorrow in honor of General Clark. Col . Bonvallot, French officer who has been sent to Fifth Afrny by Gen. Prioux, member of the joint rearmament commission, next repo?Jts in to General Clark . Bon~llot is to serve as i..ssistant to Col. Poydenot and concern himself primarily with the elivery of American materiel to the French divisions that are being re-oquipped . He will also keep a finger of the progress of French training and in that capacity will cooperate with General Kingman. The meeting with General Clark is largely a courtesy call, attended by Col. Poydenot and General Gruenther. Equ~ls Bri fafi t,,OS T SECRE"i \ , �,c~,a~ l .-.· ·· 1Co3 ~ ~~~-~,\j ri.,_'., MOST SECRE. i Gener-.1 Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman. General Clark expresses his pleasure at having Col. Bonvallot in Fifth Army Headquarters and stresses to the French colonel concerning what a tremendous job he has in coordinating French training and re - equipment . General Clark , working on papers between conferences, stays at his office unt il 12:JO when Brigadier General Alamillo li:!ldhis Mexican mission return fro; their tour of the front . General Clark meets General Alamillo at the gate and, after honors are played, accompanies the Mexican on his inspection of the honor ganrd o The Mexican mission then goes into the general ' s office and the Fifth Army Cpmmandr tells them how happy he has been that they uould como on a mission to North Africa and how glad he has been to have them with the Fifth Army Alamillo . eclares it has been a most valuable experience and he reports [;lov,ingly on what he has seen at the front . Arrival of the Mexicans at the front was timed beautifully with the victory . General Clark discloses today that General Eisenhower is going to visit the Fifth Army for about a week. He will arrive early next week. The Fifth Army Com mander will take the Commander-in Chief of a tour of Fifth Army Schools and also to Saidia where General Eisenhower can relax briefly following the tremendous pressure of the past six months. ( In the afternoon, General Clark dri ves alone to Saidia . After making an inspection of messes and quarters and conferring with Major A hhr Ball, the ro center commandant, General Clark goes to his villa . He spends the remainder of th4 afternoon swimming and reading and then after a quiet dinner he returns to his villa in Oujda . * * * OUJDA,MAY 19., 194.3 -The 82nd Airborne Divi sion passes in smart re view at the Oujda airport in honor of General Clark today and the Fifth Army Commander is highly impressed with the state of training and the discipline of General Ridgway' s fine division . Upon his return to headquarters from the re view, the Gen~ral dispatches a very laudatory commendation to the 82nd Airborne . After working on papers, General Clark has eight new officers in for the customary personal greeting . Once again the Fifth Army Commanders st:cesses to the new officers joining his headquarters the necessity of discipline . He says that experiences at the front have only gone to pro ve with more emphasis than ever the Fifth Army Slogan that 11An Alert Soldier is an Alive Soldier ." He explains , in general terms the present status of the Fifth Army and concludes: 11 Tgis is, primarily, a training stage. We must make full use of our time because the time is coming when the Fifth Army will go into battle l 11 Before lea vi ng at 10:10 AMfor the review , General Clark recei ves a report from Captain Byles of the Liaison Section concerning a visit yesterday: to the Pasha of °Hjda . On Miay17, the general ' s wedding anniversary, the Pasha sent a pair of beautifully brocaded sl ippers and some native cloth to the General for dispatch to Mrs. Clark . The general wmrte the Pa sha a letter which · Byles delivered . The Pasha was tre m endously pleased and told Byles with what high regar he and other Arabs held the Fifth Army.Commander . �Il .. General Clark, accompanied by General Rruenther and Lieutenant Beardwood, arrives at the 82nd Airborne 1 s review grounds at 10:30 AMand is met by General Ridgway. While the Fifth Army Commanderand his Chief of Staff stand in front of the 82nd Airborne staff, the three flourishes for a lieutenant general are played and then the general I s march . Following this, Gener ... Clark and Ridgway get into ls a jeep flying a three-star flag and drive slowly p.i.st the 7,000 men lined up in fron t of the reviewing stand . Returning to the stand, General Clark watches the troops pass in review . There are two paratroop regiments, a battalion of field artillery and the necessary quartermaster., ·engineer, ordnance and medical units . One regilnent of paratroopers is dressed in jumping suits, the other in field unif'orm . They are fine, large, well-disciplined tr ops, proud of themselves and their organization, con.fident of victory . Even the medics march like old field soldie r s . The third regiment of the 82nd is not present. It is a glider-borne infantry regiment Qlld is stationed at Marnia., about 25 miles east of Oujda . Following the review, General Clark is driven in the jeep to the 82nd Headquarters, just across the road from the airfield . There the Fifth Army Commander signs the 82nd 1 s guest book--the first person to sign it in Africa . He then qha.ts with General Ridgway and some of this officers, including Brigadier Generals Taylor and Keerans . The general was introduced to the staff at the re viewing field. He compliments General Ridgway and his officers on their fine organization. The gener~l is particularly pleased that this organization., just arrived from the States, is so well disciplined . Bidding the staff of the 82nd goodbye Qlld after telling General Ridgway that he wants 20 of the staff to come to his villa. tonight for a reception, General Clark and his party, accompanied by General Ridgway, drive to the 95th Evacllil.tion hospital, which is attached to the 82nd. The unit, like the division, is under tentage . General Clark inspects the hospitals and talks to Lieut. Colonel SQ.er, a c.o. , other officers and nurses . He makes arrangements to improve the dusty are~ with crushed rock . Then, he drives back to headquarters . The gener.i.l is in.formed in the afternoon that members of the British 6th Armored Division staff are to be sent to Fifth Army Headquarters to familiarize themselves with BACKBONi they can lay plans for the Eastern Phase of that opso eration, if it becomes necessary to execute . Another piece of good news is that the number of A.xis prisoners taken in Tunisia now totals 224, 000! The general spends his afternoon on paper work and seeing that arrangements for the reception in honor of the 82nd Airborne officers is complete. At 6:00 PM 40 officers, , 20 from the 82nd and 20 from Fifth Army Headquarters, arrive at the General's v~lla and apend the next hour getting i-.cquainted. Six officers~enerals Rigdway, Grunther, Taylor, Keer.ms and Colonels Eaton (82nd Chief of Staff) and Saltzman-remain for dinner with the general Qlld the remaining officers go to the Terminus Hotel to have dinner together. * * * OUJDh-SAIDIA-OUJDA, 20, 1943 -Looking to the future ~nd weighing various MAY strategical possibilities, General Clark prognosticates today the possible future moves of his Fifth American Army. These are three: (1) Return to the United Kingdom to start planning and preparing troops for a cross-channel invasion; (2) Use of the Fifth Army to further exploit the Mediterranean area, probably for a~ amphibious invasion of &rdinia, and, (3) Movement of the Fifth Array, together with other Allied Armies, through Syrlll. into Turkey for a push-off into the Balkans. �There is now developing in Washington ,n explains the Fifth Army Commander, referring to the current conference between President Roosevelt and Prime Min11the high strategy ister Churchill and members of their militQry staffs, for the next move. This probably involves a struggle between the American viewpoi nt, a cros s-channel invasion of tu.rope and increased activity in the Pacific against the Japs, and the British viewpoint, explotation of gains already made in the Mediterranean. 11 "It probably will be decided to put a Britisher as Comma.nder-in-Chief of the next big move. You have already heard rumors of General Alexander getting this job. General Eisenhower has indicated to me that if it is decided to make a. crosschannel in vasion next year he hopes to commandthe American effort. That would mean the return of the Fifth Army to the United Kingdom. When General Mclfa.ir was here he also indicated to me that he thought the Fifth Army might be returning to England . If. the cross - channel move is decided upon, Alexander probably will be the Commander-in-Chief with 1 Ik e 1 commanding the American eff ort of two armies . The Fifth would be one of theseo on the other hand, the British vi ewpoint i s taken and it i s decided to exploit the Mediterr.i.nean, the 1'""ifth Army probably will receive at an e ... rly date a directive that we prepare for and execute an inw.sion of Sardinia . I rather expect ·that that will be the decision because it is what the Prime Minister wants. Stalin, although he is not present in Washington, is undoubtedly exercising his complete influence on what the over - all strategy should be and he will be demanding that ever-,rthing that can possibly be done be done this year . I rather expect that within two weeks the li'ifth Army wil .1 get a directive to execute the Sardinian oper~tion early this fall . Howe er, we might get orders to return to the v United Kingdom." 11:tf, General Clark then brings out the third possibility- - the move through Turkey. There are increasing rumors that Turkey is leaning more and more toward the United Nations. T~ctical advantages could be gained through a move in this direction. By crossing the Straits of Bosporus or the Dardanelles, a drive could be ma.de on the Balkans. However, arzy-move into Turkey would undoubtedly result in the Axis rushi ng through that pa.rt of Turkey north of the sea of Marmara and the movement a.cross the straits would be difficult. 1 can't conceive, 11 General Clark continue s, 11of the Fifth Army not getting a combat mission t 11 He then turns to discussion of the Sardinia operation that his Army might have to execute . 11 "It would,n pursues the general, 11be an extremely difficult amphibious job. Sardinia is about the same size as Sicily and there is no doubt that when the next operati on (invasion of Sicily) , takes place, Sardinia will be reinforced and an amphibious attaek will be expected. We will not get any new service units from the United States for this operation and we will have to recuperate the service units from the Sicilian operation. That will be a tremendously difficult job. The invasion of Sicily and the operation of Allied ~lanes from . that island will be · no advantage to us in an attack on Sardinia. Airfields in North Africa are closer than those on Sicily. As I see it, the taking of Sicily can in no WQYassist in a later taking of Sardinia unless that move results in a crumbling of Italy. I believe that if an invasion of Italy proper is made that is should be made in the north. Occupation of Italy wouldn ' t help a great deal . We would still be faced by ..... s· ff; 1,, 1i/~:,~j;'f''.r.: ., ..._l1>iJm,uW!f. · i. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, April 3 - May 20, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from April 3 to May 9, 1943. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/827 Date Valid Date (often a range) of validity of a resource. 1940-1949 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/7641e44c1eb7bcfb394a0c1918607beb.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=jACTY9Kips1zwEQQ3A25fK8szH8NLNy4XPqYUkHKlKxM0eGwMqQie3sNMeA5YN1Se6pfmgZR4381%7EbE056PFsSL8%7ExxQTvNiQR3OkDNvvrzwWTf0-J-eSl%7E9V7PgVAgswunqEH9UzSBA2WhvZBTYuHGibZvRxsf4jhlEpQwpai%7E13nEHCjNCadyb0mbFfbP7Rq9yhU5nvDoEsTangGfaJhMB35gDW37POPJkbT7xcNKSSS49pg3tX6e6oA-klimBmfR%7Ej5q%7EwYfhb9BRkR112UjPrIFjl04sNjp9KCdJvjE8JGrBc%7EaGTsISEfY5lq4ErPbqlkfWAkEzYPoSoz58dg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7d61d565a6e0270bd20f6097b099758c PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM CA'.Z:?C.G , A'JGl:.ST 1 1946: General C1.ar}< 1 s trair1 arrived at the Salzburg statio:r: at 0.300 hours , e.nd the party left for Sc hloss Yle:::heim at 02.30 hours, a:'ter having had breakfast on the train. At the Schloss , General Clark talked v,ith General Collin::; and Colonel Hur:ie on the preparations for the remainder of the da;T and evening . The l.ieneral ho.d lunch in the Schl oss with ;:rs . Clark, Ann, Colonel and 1·•rs . !ionard and Colonel and l.Irs . Sull i van , ancl rested for a time thereafter . At 1530 hourf? General Clark with the rest of · '1:.s part:r '.eft the Schloss to ;::,O to the public square at ~a1.zbure where he received an honor [,Ila.rd made up from the Fifth Infantry . Imriediatcly fo2..lord:ne; tl).e honor guard , the General went to the office of the Lanceshauptmann of Salzburg where :1e received an l:onora:ry citizerJShi p of this city. Immediately after the ceremony , General Clark and party ret1Jrned to the Schloss and entertained about /40 6uests at dinre·~ in ths:i main dj.ning room of the rchloss . . 'r,ong the ;;uests were: Chancellor Figl , Dr . and .Jrs . Gruber , Dr . and !~rs . Eur'ces , General Collinu , '"'G.rxleshauptmann of :and Salzbure, -,urgomeister of t·~0 C5.t:T of Sa, zbrrg, Pr.ince Archbishop of Salzbu:::-g, and members of the Zone Co;,ummd .Staff and wives . F'ollov.ing the dirmer ,, General Clark and hfa f;' osts departed for 'the ::- eBtspielhaus where t:-.e General officiaJ.ly opened t. e Salzburg i t~sic :•".~stival . After this address , '.;hancellor •'it:l gave a short speech . Following the short cereno1v ,. Ge'1eral Clark ar:d his perty saw the ov~ra "Don G:icvanni11 aft ,r. which they returned to the ~,chlosG . General Cla::.·k sent the follol'lir,g letter· to Choncellor Figl ~ HI ar:i infcr:r.ec: tnat t,ie F.uss1an .ilital'."J Pam: .has opened an o:'f:ice in Vienna, and that this office is nc v; c'oi fl'7 bv:cdness with the public as a bankin0 i·%titution . I am advised that , according to Jlustrian law , no tanlin; inotitutfon can be eatabl.isned ~.n At.:stria w:~thout previ( ,)sly obtaini:n~ a license from the Austrian Gove:tnment . I am further informed · that no S'l:ch licemw has be,m applied for by t00 :.t.Gsian r.:ilitarJ Bank . _ "Since ti1e Eurnian .. ilitary ::2enk th,;.n hns ro legal 9Xistence as a bankinc inotit-i;ticn in :.us':.ria , the r .~. ;:,ler.1e.nt of the Allied Commission v;r.,tld re..,ard it as ent::,rely imr,ropcr for the 11i!Jistry of Finance to is;:n:.e 1~•er!:lits for tLe t~:cns..'.:'e:r: of any blocked acccurrts to the ti.:.ssian 1 ilita:r:r B,mv . 11 8ir,c0 , For0over , the 0stablislment of a ban:dn:~ institution in • ~'\.i:.stria by cr.e of L.e ..;ccu:,:•:.ng Powers ·wi ~ d raise very seri.cus ques ticns of control ·:1;iich a1·e of concern to a 1 four Po,.e:;•::; , I wi ~h to advise you ~nat , in the 01 inion of the J. S . - 'leme:1t of tr e Allied GommLsj_on, th=i t•strian Governrr.ent should .,.iot issue a license for the e::.tahlishr:1-nt e,f' such a bankinr institution vntil tr.E.: AJ.lied Council gives a rt' Linc on the !'latter . 11 * * * SALZ2C.J , -,UGU,ST 2 ~ 1946: G,:ncral 81 ·irl~ le:'t the Schloss at 0700 hours to go fish Lnf. ..e returned at 13.30 ho ri u.nd after lune}- r•1sted fer a :3hort time. In t.1.e eve.'.1lng h j caw a r cyi e : nd afts-ri7arcs had dinner . 0 * * �S -·Jz l:1~", ~ UGT~ST 3 , l 9L~6: }ene:cal Clark had broakf ast at 0645 hours and prepared far a 0730 takeoff for a fishing trip to ¥interstoder . he L-5s landed c.t !..irchsdorf where two jeeps were supp sed to meet the General ' s :i;,a:"'t;r " 'I1l;esd jeeps f a:Hed to arrive and Ger er al Clark rode in with a civilian to the re il!'oad brir1ge where the guidez ·;1e!·e waitinJ for him. Eis train with ,.Irs . Glark and Mn, Colonel · and :~rs . Sullivan, Colon3l and urs . Howard a::r.rivec~ at Hintf~rstoder fron Salzbur2 at 1500 hours . This group went to the J r1 Pe i mm8diately . The General continued fishing all afternoon until 2000 h vrs . At this hour the General met \nie 1'. asser , who went huntir w:ith him . The General had no success and ret rned 1..,0 the l ge at dark . He completed dinner at 2300 hours , after which he immediately retired . 1 O General Clark sent the follov1ing message to .. GV, "R. for ·,mcq , ? - 2170 ~ r:_;c;g:c , 'nnef is made to subpnra l & B yo ··.r mess age A.l'Tl 95L,25 . Prenent stocks of former C Vi~G supplies under my control have been reporteci. by me to Joint Chiefs of rt ff in several rressa;}..,S ati1 c bac..r.: to iarch a.nd they ar'-3 familiar with the reasons for retention of these food f'tocr:s under my cont.roL It is impe:c·ative that no action be taken to remove t:i1ese supplies from ustria for rea$ons already made imown to the ,JC .... . u ~i * * * HI1:Tit\1STOD-:, 1., AI.iGrST 4, 1946: The guff es were waiting for the General . at the lodte at 0GJ0 hours . Irnmediately after breakfast General Clark went htmti: g, returning about 0900 hours with one chamois . He· then had lunches packed and went fjshinG until 1400 hours . The remainder ' of the afternoon the General sper:t at the lod -·e and rested The 0uide were again ready at 1930 hours and the Gen~ral went Rehbock hu..llting ., He returned to the lodge at dark , having had no luck with his huntine . * * HIHT..::.:...STOD - /;' ....! 11:·z, AUGUCT 5, 1946: The General had an early breakfast and left t he loc ge at 0830 .hours to ret1,1.rn to Vienna by way of Li.nz . Th9 train left Hinter-stoder at 0915 hours , arriving at Linz at 1050 hours v!here the General 'vms met by Colonel Hume arid Colonel hoss . He was inmedjate]y 0scorted to the Landeshaus where he was presented vd.th honorary citizenship of Uppr;r ,£:ustria by Landeshauptmann Gleissner . Th -, train left .kinz at 11/~5 hours 8.l"'ri vinf; Vienna at 1645 hom~s .. General Clark wss met at the station by Colonels 0xx anc1 •.ic.:ahon, who went to t}1e General ' s villa for a short conference vrith hiJrl . General Clark ente ..·tained ~.1rew Pearscn at. dinner that evening . * VI.::mt , AUGUST 6 , 19/46: The General arrived at Ms office at 0900 and immedi tely had a conference with General mate , an<l later saw • ~c .. ahon . ome time was srent on official correspondence, and the then conferred with Colonels iartin and Lazar . General Clark had hours Col nel General lunch �at the Bank BuiJ ding and sp1-1nt the afternoe,n working on offici l 1 a:1ers " He left his offi.c~ at lGJO hours to go to the 110th Station ]ospital for n x-ray of hiP neck . '"le returnGd to hts villa vrhe .. e he ·s1 ent · the remai~de1 of th da and r ,tired early . * VI 11 1, * * 7, 1946: G0nc ·al Clar arrived ai h"~ office at 0930 hours ~fter 1-.iorldn n corres~-o~ "ence : ':'I a 1·1 Col· .nel 1 c lelland at 1000 bore. At 10;30 hmrs Colonel artin saw th General and later int r ·· cod to him i ___ ht 1ew. of.f ic ers ub ha just ,· oined the Hear1 '-iuart rs tat es. t 1 00 ho-- ·s G eral Clark saw , ,alker, war ·1i. th Time and Life a d at 1130 saw ·rw folker The . neral .... ater sav, ~olonel .c '-Phon and at 1 .300 hours left his office and spel1t tLe r,st cf th da: at his ville.4!' .t 1900 hours that e en ing General CL,r-k and 0 1~8sts atten · ed tl e conc~rt of I1iss ,,raco 1uoor at the ~tOX T:1eati:_.r .. ong his f1~ests we1·e :'in5.s te:r· and (; rd their b•,c daucvit .rs fron Switz.,: 1 ar d., who had :rrived ea-v>J · e in t½e day from t 10 fal.z J .rg :-est ·.vfi ,.fte1· the cor;ce t Q<; Cl .rlr. gar'? a ti:nn0 .. at his vil 1 a i1 honor o: dc.,s a:i -J 0 I~:.:·rrfac, 11 , .11J,-.1'C S 8, 191,.G• GeneJ· 1 Clark arrived at his of.fi .e at 0645 h -urs "\ r1 at C9CO hou:rs h saw ' lone. L o:Td on inve.:;t_·_g" tion of tie Con:ma·.d:lng Gen_ra rs mesG )e:rGonneL ·t 0930 Lot s he conf rred Hith lon l O::x, .'essrs • .urh·1rdt, .13J.len ar1d 0ams, and at 1035 hours sa,r , .inister :·arr.:.s .,n, the .... erica.n ~· nister to v,, 5.tzarland e ._..t 1100 he r..... ..10-lonel hillips, bea of th8 i ·v1y ,e.;xcha ; ervice of th.., . , , called n the G neral to discooc tl e } ost c 1/;;.nge setut,. r\t;neir::..l Cl 0 rl att ndad a decoration cen.rion --~t ll;O h Jur~ a wh.:cr; V me he dee r·ated a gr-otp of officers t:.nu men fror: t.ne Ji Jn 1a Command . .(lter 1 unc,... · n tl e Cr, m ss neneral C erk · t 1.~rr?ed tc hie villa wh9re ·1e •"'rent · Jh rent f th·, dC;y and e eri.in 5 ¥ 0 * Vfa..... , , Ji'' ST 9, 19;.:(S~ eYlE.;!'al Cle~ r arrived a"L his office at 0830 h .it:ir& and imrr.ed.:.atel cor;if e·.-.red vii th Golor1cl . c ..a:ho1 .. he h ld · con.f erence 1i h r ;rhardt and olrn 1 xx on 11 i ;,d C · ncil neetfo .. -u.st bef or leavir.g for r:ie ·ting , .,_e .:n ral talked ·.:~th ol rel ,~oec n lied Council r:1~et··.r..:, a+, 1055 h rs and ret -rned f ice "':"t8r the meet inc.: at 1730 hou ... s. he iJ medi· tely '1c.] d a m"' ::::s confer ·nee att nded· b? th f llowi g ccr·"'es ..... ondents; r ime-Life tripes un imec �Leland tutowe Ted Lag:ian amuel Grossman Hlliam Chamb rlain 1 ,x.,.v, York ost ,; ien =>r 1J.rier iD \,all Str .. et Journal , ter seeing Colonet .~cI1ahor ~ he left tbe office for h5 s vi] la . · VIZrIU , AUJUST · O> 19/G : General Clark arrived ,t hi.s office - t 0900 hour:·, ., J.fo immediately conferred with Colonel Lloyd at which time he r_ceivec1 the recommendations from the Inspector General concerning in vesti.gat5.on of' the mess . ater he corJferr~d v'lith Colcnel 0xx, ·who V:3.S fol] med bv Colonel C Coburn [:;inith, who has been t)-ven the responsibility for operating t:1e Comm:mding General t s mess Later General CJ a1"k rnw Captain . . ~inkle and Sgt • .Jazzi ;tti on th5-s nev-1 setuv-:1 or the r:-ess and at 1000 houra received 'nbe.ssador l-'atterson from Yugoslavia ., . t 1025 hourf: Colonel . .inrtin conferred vri_th General Cl:.rk on a fe ·; 1ustrian merriage cases and later the General sav1 Colonel 0:xx f/ t 10/45 hours General Parker called on the General and was followed by )r . Erhardt . J;t 1100 hours General Clark discr;..,sed court martial cases vlith Colonel ...clean, Hho ·w-:.s fol. ov,ed by Colonels xx , Sullivan and Rundell , who held a half- hour conferer.ce t ll/i5 h01.rs General Clark saw :r Chamber] ain of the 'all 2-treet Journal . The Gc1neral J9ft his offic3 at. 1245 hours for his .. rill.a where he s:)ent the rest of t:1e efter11oon ~ After a _ral':le cf tennis , C~neral Cla.rl: attended a cocl-.tan party given by Ger.era1 arker Ht riotel Bristol at 1830 hot'rs and at 1915 hours General Clark entertained Ambassador and Lrs .. ...- &tterson and daughter at diruier and later att19nded a party given by the Press Club at the deisserhahn Hotel . jl' C> General CJ.ark sent the foll cwin;:: me::--wage to G', , for J-oint Chiefs of ~taff , ·pass to State Departmert , info to ,estern Base .:.i.ection Paris pa[3S to 'nembassy for DELS'"C . ~, i:C::.J:r, \ef 1'1to P-2461: ' 1 t tllied Council meetinr 9 u'""' st I made state•·1ent on national ization in line .vdth rny ) 2368 of ...ugust 8 , , 11 Brit CoITun~rnder then ree.d prepared stater ent from his Govt making following points: HL.G studied ustrian law for nationalizing c~~rtain enter_;_Jrises which may ipclude some assets subject under 1- otsdam agreement to transfer as reparatio 1s,. and nc.ted that law provides for ade ... quate corip'?rsation; i1 D reco :rnizes 1;.s ,)a:rliament right to pass nation alization lezislL"ticm coverine enterprises j n .t us and cannot properly object to it on ground of German assets sinec nationalization will :iot affec t ultimate r5.ght cf Allies to receive reparations from these assets; nationalization is only transfer of '.morsh · p within Aus , does not af'fr=;:ct rights of four powers nder ·..,otsdam aereement, and law does not Hdispose of German rroperty in accordance with the existing agreements between the ...f\~liesu } and therefore no objection to application of A.Gtrian leGislation -Lo assets transferred to other powers a.s reparations , it beine clear that if Aus is to be free inder1endent cou..ntr y fo:'eseen by .1oscow ..1eclaration s11ch ass,Jts shoula· rem;,in sub ject to .itms regulations 11:nd laws; full and appropriate compensation v1ould be expected.; transfer of assets as reparations does not accord �5 extruterr:·torial rights; fo1 r powers 2ihould agr.ee definition of Ger21trn foreign assets in 1.u s as '"'oon as possible in their ovm a v,ell as Aus interests . uGen . Bethouart then stated French position was that in principle rench Govt would not oppose na1t.:.ona1i•zation and that Aus law should th ref'vre be appro ..:ed in prindple as lav1 b t . that this did not apply to the list of enterprises apvmded to it; that these included some llli d assets and sc.me German assets and should therefore be examired and revised to exclude properties falli:n tmcer s bpoints 3 and 4 of ·u~ticle 5 of Control greerient . nturas 'l r q .ested int:::rmission of fifteen m:nutes to examine these stater;ients and then resumed w: th following state ··1ent I f ...,ov · pos i tioru Regret Council has not achieved unanimity on such an import ant matter as this e, Sov e:]_.ment cannot agree us Govt is fulfilling lied agreements , including Crimea dec:.sion tl 'lt darmge done by ernany should be me.de t.;c,od to full -.st extent by reparations in kind ff . Crimea conference did not mention reparatic ns in r1oney . Jlus Go-/4 1 ~ offer to pay coriroensation thl;.s di verges from decisions of three po~,ers . Article 4 of otsdam agreement carrjed out Cr~~e~ declaration • .us law attempts to revi.., e the~e llied agreemt;ntc , is unlawful , and s:i1.ould be rightft llJ so evaluated . Ktrasov deplored 'tende!)cy in meeting to confuse-foreign property with German property subject to rep:_rations , re which Gen Clark had cited Vysh·~nsky . 11 He said UCS . . t stood for netiona B zation of natl propert:7 but would oppose ~us law to na.tioralize property not belonging to L.vs such as German property e .de pointed ovt Article l(b) of the_ Control ,. ereement _nd suggested foll o 'ling B0thouart I s proposal to exclude both German and lied prcperty froI:i law altLough he stil} refus1;;d to discuss definition of German prop -!rty . · 11 1 said I co·ld comnent on many parts of Sov statement but recognized it woul . be f1..,tile because o 'r Govs hold. qpposite views . I stressed· that if th5° law embar asses Scviet eleme:r:t it is because they them selves have refvsed for a year to discuss clefln1tion of Gerr!an assets nnd that if we do r~ot d .1 ,.)o now thAre ar, . enr~3 to e nothinc: to do but implement the Ii s Lavi .. I ur&sov rejected . eproach anc a ain insist Jd definition is not mbi,ter f .,r .1.C b t one :or settlement b0tween Govs , pending wh.i..ch us law should be an.n lled . llBethouart :copo, ed resolution to deley ·co. ina of lav, into force until Allied Co1..mcil members as representatives of respective Govs could define German pro erty and agree a direction to Aus Gov to exempt both German property and lied (repeat JI li:,dJ property from nationalization .. This ·as rejected, thereupon all members a .r-~ed that no agreement cculd be reached at this meet ·ng on tl1e questions raised by :u.s nationalization law . ·t~ov Cormnander . then me.de formal state1 ent that slnce JC could not a;::,ree to take action on tl e ttunla ~f l action of ·us Gov respecting dis ~sal of Germ<?-n r.Jropertyn the Sov element , nder .. ticle 2 1 d) of Control r,reement > r.eserves to its.elf the rig:1t to take indep .ndent action respecting Ger:--'tan property in Easterr:i ustria and to take svcn action as it cc11siders :necessary to safeg ard the interests of the .,ov Union . 11 In line with suggestion contafoed in para ·6 of State Dept telegram 72f ug 6 tc Viennn , full infor!nation has been given tLe press. on the _ latest H.evelopments in connection with action ta:en on the nLtio:nalization law . 0 ( �ttTt.e followi:n~ action vms taken ':.rith respect tc., other items on the agenda· 11 • pprcval of _4. s Gov t s proposed in tr ctj ons on tl·e use o:' firer:ns by the 1jolice and gendamerie was not obtained , due to Soviet re f sal to permit us ~iolice to vse arms even in self-defense Hgainst any ,illied natfo:u~.1 in uniform . ,.., . vs also block .d approval of :.t..us re c_.iJest to accept membersnip in International Labor 0.f.fic'e, on grounds th1t IT,._JO was an organization of League of Nations and tl1at Aus shot~J.d affiliat~ itself with similar organiza-tion of Ul:~0 when and if it is granted membershj.f in um . ir gree, ,ents v,ere rBac · ed whereby .. us Gov is authorized to establish diplomatic relations ii.th ."'. '!eden and the Vatican and to issue passports and diplomr1tic visas to certair. Aus gov officials , Aus diplome.tic r presentatives a nd foreign diplonw.tic representatives accredited to Aus . Ae;reemon was also :!:"2ac~1ed on the riiatter o:.· agenda procedure for illied Council and .c.xec Committee meetings ., 11 0 * * * lI ., l · , 'GG1-ST 11 , 194t ~ General 01ark arrived at his office at 1045 hours and immedfately corf erred with Colonel i :c~ 1ahon . S.nortly after 1100 hot rs Colonel Oxx saw t Je General and later Colonels Lloyd and Sr..ith talked with the Genera]. concerning t£ e new ~1ess setup . · ter, seeing Colonel ...c_ ir,.non again Gener -1 ClarJ- left his office at ::..300 hours to return to the villa ,here he spent the ret"nainder of the · afternoon , 1 ( * * UGU0T 12 , 19/;G: General Clark arrived at CJ900 hours at his t 0930 hourr:: he received General J . Collins , JJirectcr CJf ..:nfcm."ation , :ar Department , .'ashingtcn , and shortly afterw rds a.ttended a ccr.ference zi ven by General Collins, at •;hich t · .e he gave valuable inf or. ation to the asse .. bLd staff . At 1100 hours General Collins de _perted , after which G~rneral Clark talked with Colonel Yarborouch and e; terred to hin a:n invitation to accompany the r1cn0ra.1 on a trip to Florence this week . Later he conferred with Cclona:~ :c. iahon and then ·dtb Colonel 0:xx and . r ., r0-ardt . Followil'1g lunch ~lt the Bank Building , Gen~r · l Clark again sav CoJ on· 1 Oxx and then General Ha.y1 es . t lL,30 hoi:rs Gsneral Clark left hi, off ice to go to the villa where he and ~.,rs Clark gave a tea between 1630 and 1830 hours for the officers and r.i.3Wly arrived tdves . In the evening he had dinrJt,3r with , rs . Clark , n and Bill VHL a, office. 1 GenoraJ. Clark sent the follovdng message to Joint Chiefs of 3taff , pass to (. ta.1.e. ue :::.rtment, P"'''CR:.1r, Ref ro . p .. 2r.09 • - 1511 on us ·..,01 roblem ~ Current sit1Jat:i.on ev~n critical ....,Q iTS en 12 July L.6 a~reed to uppl against ,July re ' tdrernents 1800 tons gasoJ_ine t three . este!'n zones 'rhis f'i[_ure s b sequent.:.y recuced to llGO tons, to inciude re ,ufrements not only three ,estern zones out also zones of .estern pN.rers in Vi9nna . _As;. . i.1:. repeated lJromises by ovs :r,one ::-e ~eat none of this ll00 tons delivered as of 9 u - st. Govs announce :r·eln s e cf .1ay replacement to -merican 1 11.cre F.,ef mJ rnessaPe �and :rit elements of 210 t r,s but one re 1, at none of this de · VAred to de-Le tirn- ted that no repeat no del:.tv..,:ries ac;a ·.nst t}1e total of J 310 tone releasec1 will b,, f'o:...thcor~j_Yl; for at J east ten days , '':ov 6 reed to relear:.e 3500 tons gasoline against .. ui;; st require 1P.nts but have r t yet r,:3.i.em~ed any of th:i.s amoun~ ,, Release <.. ·estion a,,18 in v·· c~;r s op~ ositi.on to P"Y• ent of 74 groschen per litre to -.ov controlled d_;_stritutio a 0 ency i.n :·ace of price 65 grocchen .... er litre esta lished as vni::...orip. tl -r-, u 6hout· :.us b:.r Aus Ge,v u trians al;.:> have not :repeat not ~en paid by the :'ovs or tax on 0 a;;,ol:.ne sold by ;.: v &.genc;r L.eli bly repo1·ted that tax at 01.nts to 3L -rcl·chen per 1-i..tre and t at tot.<:. :.1cri- ay~.:mt of tr.t. et. ar o nts to· / ,.::;c,o ,o O ,..,chil ings 1 s o: ,, :·..i.,_)1st 99 per cert private transport ·i 11 in v.:.enna ~stir.ated ·noi:er·.. t ·ve and vital s r ..!ces uch at: f 're ::--r-ob:.:ctic r sanjtation a.1d ford supp].., tbreal3ned .,. In :J.-.1 zcne Jpp r ;US anrl ·,_and a:.zbura all ;asoline ptu s cry ' ~n _ 1 lied CouriciJ I ~ ave t:ci.ed epeat8d. y, bt t v i'Lhout Emcee. s, t;et Sov ele • ent to abr .... e to f' air and eq i tab~ e d li vr: ry indigenous ,. roC:.uc-'.. s . ;:,ovc maintain control over a.1.location, de ivery and rice e7en t·101.. ....,h L,hey pro·:r· ::--e . · ct:r-:: ns ~lil have fr.ee : and in dj s tribt,.t · on · L _vi , of t'l. rly · i;-1ccr f,,">r tive o.ttitt de of So I ur;entJ.y r 0 0 r .,c ·ll!~-cnd 1 1 ...,, o'L ·!inc; : 11 (a' That I be ,'3.t t·1 r l,, ~n~< iately to release :'r m ..me: ican m'J ·:,ar\ . . . tocks sui'.:t'ic.· nt · rn ... et t.h crit"ral n~ed ·,hich now exi· ,ts ..:.n ., zone anci in -r a, th· s rel jaae t . . rovide fer th• c or.1.ti . :uanc_,, rJf mir · nti~l ptJ.bllc ;.,ervice, tra1 ort·-tion and opera ... . 1.--n f key in °sent _i:.tock _ .sitio ill er.Lit me to fo thir for i • t c o a,.r -il ab~e in I- T are suffki-nt to FTOlong thio ~ f 1 I propose t.o ... t relea.s.ed l-' L at ~ ricc.)s t·fficie, ~:, L · ,nder these c~<3m by t ,., vr ·to c t int v11eir- bus.i. e2~ · nd red CP their 0 c tlet for l .J ~~- ~ us channelo (b) That n ov lev 2. to pres~._, vs fot turncw~r of ._,_~ r f · n o"" 5.ncl.:. enot:.s rns .. ·CL to ..1-s G v co:r1trol .:'er use in rr. et:tng re s , f ,:..us ec oL r (/ . r (c op::ri te s:mcti ·ns be impose gai1.1.st ovs under ..,17 . . .::soh:ti•) 1 such time as ciov indict te by pos~·tive rction that th y re ,; cooperate '(d 1 st1 dy be a 1.,ith view "'·o p1,·r.,. lyin 1 t~ ., ...,1 req ir_ement$ t' 2:1c ch ercial co pa i9 . in the everlt prece ~ ing rec llr1~ J.d .d :11e sre~ .,fa _ ant,e s~)V p -sition nT es · b.l trans1;or,, ana industry movi:n.,_ in -h::dr ne durin~ ri k act:i n - ... rec m end in ?'ubp r·~ s ab WJ.. I be1:.:-.ve t ant that ino.1 ..-encl s • L shc.A. lc.l l ~ l ti l iz Jd i' _.r ...: s econ ic re ~t;2:1e1 en-Ls ill m,t e ',1ea.kened ev .,n thou.gh ✓e ma1 e rele se :..=t vd11 be Y•ec all-:<l P15·L w~ n food crisi::; l;cc· r ed in ay, m 1 elease of :Po d fro · mili ar~~ stocks . . mbarrasoed into -r· o iding aJ. rox · nately on half' as 1 .l.'.lc 1 ·1s U., c ntrib tion .1..elease of 01 at present ay force So .. c into a r irnilar reactir. ~ 11 0 I 0 uill i1 ,. . ux·e that r tt,i t·o.de ano. acticn 'u.11 public::.t~· j s giv0n to the 1;nco· ·prornislJl.., :nt d tl reea.r ~ t se of . s·t,ria I s .f S v e e ·1 �8 indizenou1::i 0L and. to -··aerie an ef.f' orts to a::.levi .... t e the situation • ... ara . s · mmar of the resent criticaJ si nation has been forwarded to r .. La uar_d ia at G.... neva .. n VL~t- , :C U...,1' 13,. 1946 · General C.b.rk arrived at his office at 0915 hours and at, 09;0 . ou:"'s saw l.,... St tb · n,. dir ctor of Civilian R0d Gross, who had ju. . t re-tt rned f :rorn the Stetes .r. ft., ..ubin p· __,sented to t:1e ... eneral tr..e .od Cross prot:;rarn for r.s,tria ,,:.·ch he had rec ived vtile in the Ctates t 1000 !10 rs Colonel Lazar and .1aj or Jaccard talked ·aith m,3ral Cle.rk regard:inc the g est f'or th · 0 alzbu:rg I< estival and th~ arran ement for receiving them ... t 1020 hm;rs Colonel Bl rrHl · nd Colonel . C1 hon talked , ith the 8-6 neral about ho sinr.t f r dependents and were folloued by Colonel 0 mi1" ·1 i vho discussed t!1,., General rs mess . 't 1100 hoi..:rs ~enerfll Clark ta}Jre1 w.:·th Colonel: ~ch con cerning a swelling ::.n the ~en8ral 1 s jaw, and after seeing Colonels LC. ia:1, n anc Ox:x 1 ft, +i~ 1 ff ice to ~o tc .•eidlh1g j..Jtation v-.rher ., h boarr~er-1 his/ p2.~j vate train for Florence, Italy . The tr in departed at 1200 h urs .dth Gen ral e.nd 1rf., Cl· r 1'" , mi, Colonel anc. rs Yarborough, Colonel Hume and Captain L th . . :::.. en b ard . In tlre evening o the train General Clark and his guests saw ths ·1f!ovie •TLe Dolly c i. ters i aft r which the l nere1 :"'etirec .. & * ( * * . o--.. ;CJ!i, IT" Y, :1U 'ULT 1 1. , 1916 ~ Gen ,ral Clark f s train arrived at Florene at .1215 !10 rs where the GPneral was met by ., ol onel Nygaard • .~iis y.;arty imrnediately went to the Hotel ...::xcelsior 'Vhere they stayed dt.ring _their visit to Flore:pce . 1.fter lul1ch General Clark po;:,ed for th., sc lptor who is making a bronze bust of the General That even in 6 'Jeneral Clark had d.:rmer with :rs Clerk, Am and Colonel :\ygaard after wh'ch he retired early .. I • * L R C~ Y, A "GUST 15, 19Lt6: General Clark spent the greater port~ on of +-,r..~ ':'orninr- 1 osir.' ..:'or the sculptor and painter w' is paint1 ing a po:·trait f t. e ~neraL Jt 1215 hours the General and ,trt; ., Clark dJ.:-ove to the villa of :~ o and 1rr:: . R sso .for cocktails (.1lr . f1.osc-o is former lta..:Lan J. bassacor to the Soviet Union) and ten returned to the hotel wt.ere t:. . ey had l tmch After restiw~ :: r th aft rnoon, he Gen ,ral posed for the scul -tor again ~ In the evenina General and .. rr-s . Clark had dinner ·vit" dr . · and :irs ~artori and at 2300 hours the tr~in was pr_t:..pared fer immediate depa~-·t :ire fer 2iena . The fcllo ·Jing telegram Vla"' repeated to Vienna, from Gonoulate, Geneva -to SBC,ST rr • , S 'CR 1', unnumberoc:.: .er..:.can · 11 r.mra t 10 (? sic) di....cussion occurred in · gust 15 open meeting of Po] ic . . Committee r1=; a:rdin~ Soviet div:;rs::..01 s in iustria a::; violation of' tlantic City Res lution Ao ., 91.. The problem nas reviev,ect in a statement by Tyler 1.ood ~1ho made a statement follo rvin~ ti1e con·se pro- �posed by the Director eneral in his s.i.,eech I e sa~a that since :, solution 91 remained u repealed and unu...ended> no reaffirmation wa.s called. for He e,1phasiz2d that th:.i.s qt estio1~ does 1ot in-vol ve tLe validity of the cla..i.rns 1flade by U R under otsdam eeinert, since the ~nterests of · UJ.\ . . .R do not concern the ovmership of lb.nd ;ut d.o concern the ·disposal of food p10 uced 011 it The i;irector Gen°ral says thtt in the absence of repeal or amendmen cf ; o . 91, a resol1;t.-i on 5hould be proposed to co.rry o ·t Ue terms thereof . F'eonov declared political i:::sues beyond the scope of UNH.,_' H'3 said it is new c1early ·nore obvil ·s than it was at +,;lantic · Cit"- that the l ••..,. intended_ i .i.,s ~ osition tc serve policies of a particu• lar state or st, .1:,0s. e.nd t'1at nu:"'L apparentl.y i' und suitable use for s_uch p1 rpose He exc.La··.med, 11 that ··;h:ich belongs to the Soviet Union. within . ustria under tI.1e .::erlin ProtocoJ s i" not connected in any way with u -.::. aid or l'L / activities - cot.ht :t possibly be that this is to question th'3 very right of oijmership itseJ f - the United States delegate 1 s s1Jg ,.,.1;stion could mean the.t the 1J;:S.P.. s~1ould cortribute .for ustria I as ~ed the American delegate why he insists so that the So liet 1:nion in particular s:10uld make a material contribution to '\.ustria .. a nThe state ..ent by ·· eonov im lies that rights acquired un · er the . otsdam 1 greer .ent not onJ y transfer ti tl.e to the land but also rer1ove it from the uctrian econr;-:y as ;;;e] l as fro 1 ustrinn soverei[:int.,". It also contained -a note of cov(i: lo.int that after all t~1e sacrifices of war 1e should exr)ect the ~on.et t:nfon tocc:ntri ute a share . 11 . part from oel Bairnr SDK,orting the ! osition of' tL Lirector eneral and the "Cnited 2tate~ , the only participants in the discus .. ion were the us val ch rus echoin[~ :. eonovir Signe '1 Eavron o J; 1 * 3I i"·-: , TI' q·_, AUGUST JC, 19/~6: Gu eral Clark's train arrj_ved at ~iena at C'2/ 0 hour·s . t 08L 5 hours General Clar.. and h..:.s part;y ieft the train and drove to the cathedrc.l in Sienn at which time tl e Gener~J. ?edicnte a brorlZe door 1ihic-h had been given to tr1e church by Count Guido Ghig:l . in ·tnanks iving for tte liberation of ;..,iena without destruction. FolloVIing the t~edicatit.,n csremon..,-, General Clark ' s :xirty- att#1:i.ded rnaos in the cathedral and then looked ver the treas ·res of tho church ., After ;Leaving th8 cathedral t ·.r~y visited ~e'iTe:!:al ~ oin-ts of interest in -t\e city of Siena and then had lunch v1 ith Count Chigi. .l.f'ter 1inch General nnd ~rs c Clark re,;>ted and nt 1600 ho rs tne l..,neral received honorary citizen\:;hip of oiena from .I&:,or, Follm:ing a r;;nort shopping tril,, Gen'3r&l CJ. ark ' s r,.c.~.rty atte::x.::. ,d ti1e Palio in the f:.q·uare of' r i,=ma and i.r.•. tediately a ·t r depa'l"t.;..d ~iena ,y car for :?lorence • . Gene'Y•al Clark's train had :ret'L~rn~d to lilorence earlier in the . ,crning . · i-fter dinn .. r at the Hotel 11:xcelsior,. General Cl rk ,_.. et ired$ 0 1 he . * FLO. '1 C.U, UG1 ST 17, 19/4 • Qqneral Clark had br3a~· ast with . trs Clu.rk r·nd Am. j n ni.s fU:i t0 at Hotel ..'xcels ior and at 0920 hours sr?.w Lt . General and LI'S . J C. . 0 :.- , .iho hac1 arr ~.ved in · lorence yest0r-daJ ,·,hi.le · ·,he Ger e:. . ,'ll · v1 s :Lr: ~.er~a . After General and J rt) •a, 'iee de~A:1rted, Gen1 eral Clark poseo. for thn _ocuLtcr orr.. theYi received General and .:rs ., ..t 101:( rours 'General Clar: dropped b~r the painter's st d:i., in order to see the portrait ein .... pnir..ted .of' him ,Ja·rnec; at 1000 hcnr s . �\b and arrived ai:; the 1' . v1c1y station at 10: 0 h urs r:·1e G n➔ cl e.nd his lorence b a.:d ;1is : r: 7at ·~ tra:Ln a· 1100 l101.;rs he rest of the da: ,ms opent 9nroute to Vienna . p,~rty left q ' * * VI3 ,.. ·./ , .. UGr ~ ,T l[., , l C;/. 6: General Clark t trai:i:1 a1 rived at .eidling Station1 at 1215 i:ovrs . It vms met bt.i· G lonel .. c ahon and xx , ,£ o accom anie the General an .rs Clark to tie villa . · ere he dis cus<- ed Sf~veral issues nhich hnd arisen c.u:r.in~ :n:~~ a bsence and t:1en .cad lunc~1 Le ~pent the rernaind- r of' the cfaJ d.t .... his· family t home . µ * * ,i , rGCST 19 , 192:.G: GenerBl Clark arr~_ved at his office at 0900 h ,,rs and i:-1e ictel:,:- co.t1ferred with C lonel O:xx )ater he saw ,~r . . . ans , , '10 :i.s takinz i r . ·1~·1ardt ' s place while the . inister :..J on vac&tion . .\t 1000 hourc; Colonel _1. 1 nd.ell ec;nferred with the G nerel an..,., i as fol m·iea b Gclo::'el · oward . General Ja~;--nes, epl1t corruna.:nder of' .. c alled· o Ge1..eral Clark at l0J0 hoi_;:!'.'s r ::r1 conferred with ~ im for the nc:x:t half l::.our . General I f;;e 1 s t~ain carrying .. 1·s Lee , General anr] .rs . J·ayrles, olonel anc~ .rs . err) ;..,_ ith a1·1--ived fror. 'alzburg this morninc; hoVJever , Ge .e:·al Lee c ould ot c ome t Austria b0c a11se pro~~)ing 1 )t:siness . J: t 1115 ho ·rs 0 LsroJ. Clark sav :·x _·,ernstein of' the : ew York Tirri(:-C, alone, with Colo~ el G:cogan e.nd , .r . · ,oss . He left his :1eadqt:arters at 1200 hc.,urs avid went to his villa wh•3r3 at 1300 · o ·::... s he and J ..rs la1·.c ave a lurer-eon for .;rs . Lee , Gc~erG.l a.nd ,.rs . Jaynes , Colonel an .rs i:1nith , Captain and .. :rs .. Stevens , nd . AC ...,t . E,or1c1--vell . rieneral ClarY returned to ! is off ice at 1500 nor s where he too . c cre of accumulated )aper and th_;,n sa·r Colonel c."ahon and later Color.cl zx He went to 11is v~.llr-:. at lCJO h01 rs and there played tr-mnis !ith .. ajor .. nold , r Bra~.tley and 1 T • ~ . . ;. , of 1 t .1~: Clark . * * * VI 1!1 l , GD3T 20 1946: neral CJ.ark arrived at hjs office at 0930 ho-ers aLd iu ediately conf' rred · dth Colonel · iahon - Colonel .t'esek and Colonel Oxx concerning arrangements for the · rival of Lnder uec retary of . gricul ture N(?rris · Dodd and his party Later he saw Colonel Cxx gain and then talked vd.th_ Colonel Grogan ccr,cerning .tvliss Peggy oor of ff{ t 11,:0 hours General lark talk d \ 1ith Dr . F . .ktz , 1 Ar_:ricult ral. At tac he , concerning the plans for , Ir JOdd '"' visit to 'fJienna Col"onel.s ro~an and iAc ..fohon talked wi ,h th. General at 11/40 ho ,rs and at 1200 hours the Gen ,ral c~ec orated Sgt Emanue.l 11· zziotti , his former mess &ergeant ' ·r;ith tne . rmy Commendation ~ibbon C gt J &.zziqtti , with his wife , i.s leaving :- or the S.tatqs this eveni1 g·11 .. t 1?50 h01Jrs "'eneral Clark con_ferred ,1ith .laj or leasants on a 2 emo randum and later talked_ uith Colonel llc.•Iahon After ltmch he con- · f rred 'Nith · :r oe Israels , who has been collaooratin · with the Gen0 eral on chaptgrs of tne General ' s ook .~ . Israels, j st ret rned from the c tat ~S, reportec the results of' his conversati um, with variots publishers . -rter seeing Colonel .. und . . 11 , G n0ral Cl ark left his of'- �f:ice to go to his ville where he spent th remaind_er of the ay the even:· ng he entertaine E.ecr ✓ tary Dodd ' s party' inclxding · In i·atnan .oenig, ...,xec tive sistant "obert ohi lds, dmin'strator, roducti n 1ark8t a minis trato::." .. le'th Himeba eh, Director of Informuti r. o Gox·d on ::::1oals, Heaa of rain & I eed i vir ion Colonel ·Harrison , .iar I epartm ,nt. Lt .. Col Ari.re·r.rs , 1.ilitary G(!vernment j n Germany 11 0th r g ests were C lor;el , ~ _.c vo:i: , Colonel and ..rs oward • llivan, r . otz ;·r and 'rs * VI I r A, .. UGJ~ T 21 , 1946 · General Clark arr·i ved __. t his office at 08L 5 ho rs and inmediat ly c_onferred with Co1ori.~l .xx'c, tr ., darns talked witb t. e Gew:,ral at 0915 hom s and at C9.?0 Gc_1ercl Cl rk receive~ ;:r odd and m mbers of his party They h ,ld an 1011:: 1 s discussion in the G n°ral ' s office '"'nd then he escorted the to th Conference oom .mere they held ·a conferqnce v:lth ustrian officials ·on the feed situation in stri - . At 1030 hov s eneral Clark sav, Go onel l ich on i1L health and th n a.i c ssed with Colonel ,Jazar arrange ents for receiving his ':'T,e5ts at t e Salzourg :B ... stival .rtte1 seeing Colonel Oxx aga5n, Gen-ral Clark :received .·r · ar:r·ison v1bo .', as presented to the Ge:::rnral ,,,., ColoneJ.. O:x:x: . . r 'arrison, a former Hav:,r Commanrler,. is now chief of the Repa1·ati 1:s elivery an:.: stitution Divfaion of LJ'F'A .. t 1220 hours . :r odd dr pped back into the G-=:ne'i·al I s office to say goodbye General _Clark hnd lunch in the CC ,. ff' in the BanJ uildi g ctna afte2:'' mrds saw Cclon __ ls Oxx anc Howard ., He left his o:'fic at 1430 hours •,.nd roceedc.➔d to the hospital ~i1ere h~ met Colonel ~ich . t 1945 ~no --rs General and , ·2~s . Clark ana furn attended a dinner given by Colonel e.nd r:r· Paxr·on 0 ( VI ~.L :J , PGU T' 22, 191 C G-m ,ral Clark a:nived at hi off ice at 0900 ho !'.... . • e imr:1.edi~tel: co ·Jferred with Colonel .'c Iahon a1~,~- at 0930 ho rs , ent over 'l,h9 E. end.a for t,· e ru.lie Council me-.. tit1c, to be held tonorro, 1J1ith Colon ~} 0:;.x General '.navely interrupt .,d the confer ,:nc ~ to :·eceive instructir J_.s frof'l ~¾eneral r.1ark concern:u-irr the vr.ost recerit c irp ane incident in Yugosl;;via ..t 000 hours Colonel Howard saw the '"'eneral and was fo lo·;ed Colon 1 u n ,o, now at alion Cornman e;r of the J st Battaliori , 5th In:f•antry Colonel Lt:.one:o has just returned frora T 1Y in the t.& tes 't 1030 ho rs 1 ir farjs saw the General to present to im .r t an and r tissn , memb rs of the d -ewi sh Congrcs which nae ·oeen inve5ti ating , ei,ish problems :in ustd a ~ After thes tv.o _, ntler.1en left, 1 r brlefe ~ the General on rn s confarence ·1ith Cht..nceJ.lor Figl .yest .rd.a aitern on t "'10 ho rs Colon 1 x:x t,nl ~ed w:ith. he Gex~e,..al , and lat r Colonel LadD.e and t e n wly f-ormed Count r Propaganda Polic Group saw the Gen'.)r~ before its first meeting in o~--d r to receive frcm the ,,..eneral his policies en v1hat to base their work . G lonel rogan a mem er of' the :o nr.d.ttee, stayed after the O or· 4. T 0 1 �meet in~: to talk with the General c. ,.t 1200 hours Colonel ivic;.rahon ta· ~ed with the General . General· Clark had lunch in the CG :11e2s in the Bank Buildin 6 and at 1400 hours sa.1n Cc.'ionel Luther· on some personnel p:roble:-ns, and at 1Li20 Colonels Rich anr: Johnson the latter of the Dentel Corps :t talked with . ..,he J-eneral conce rning bis jav1., After seeing Co] onel LcHahon the General left for ·his villa and spent the remaindGr of the day there . At 1900 b.ou:rs .l1e rece·ved i!ajor General -~iiUiam ..1. noJ.d • of the ·:for } epart rier)t who arri y,3d this afternoon , At 19.30 hom·s, the General entertaj_ned General J·--nolC.:., Co] onel V!im3ted , _t . Co1onel .erw:i.n - m .1nbers of General rnold 1 s part~· - and Lt., Colonel anrl r·rrs .. . lcFeel;r , Colone] ancc iirs e. B1J rill, and Cc,lonel Eiepe at dinner a-:. his villa . General Clark C<ent the following message to Joi:rt C:ngf.s of ,::.taff , .efe:cence l'm. -29q5~ 1 par·s to '"t:-i.ce Department, :.;...1C. ../ 1 ~ <..ef our 1 F-2509 and urad irtX-98102 '1., there a:re indieaticns t hat prer,cu1 ·e v.rhich hac bee.. appJ ied o.n Sovie.ts } as brou;j'nt about a f'avorabl8 break in the ga:rn:Line shuation. \ ovict;-: have r~leased 350G -:-,ons u~ust aJJ ocPt · on, which is 1 ow ::in hands of ~1 strian~ for c.istri t1tion.. Of this a~ 1 ot nt there ha.s alread~y been delivered 500 tons to J .. S ., :t,one Austria !1gt::dl1St an allocat1cn of, 800 tons a.ud 200 to!1G in Vicirme. aga~nst an ollocation ot· J 700 tom,. n2 1'ot,ll requirei-,,ent to neot.. crit:Lcal needs in U .: .. zone during next 30 days is 1.3 70 ·tons . I arn t nere.:f.'ore reJ.Aas i1:g 500 tons gasoline f'ron military stocks for use in my zone, under the con~ itions laid· dovm in para . yo-ur .:X-98102 ., t 1 1 1 ( * * VIENNA, AUGUST 23, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0815 hours and conferred with Colonel McMahon. At 0830 hours he met with Mr. Erhardt and Colonel O:xx at which time they covered the agen:la for the Allied, Council meeting later this morning. At 1040 hours the General, accompanied by Ir. Erhardt am Colonel Oxx, left his Head• quarters for the A£ meeting which convened at 1100 hours. General Clark :returned to his office at 1700 hours where he imlediately held a press conference on the JC meeting, attended by the following correspondents: ' Chicago Sun Mike Fodor Albion Ross New York Times James Long Associated Press Seymour Freidin N.Y. Herald Tribune Douglas Werner United Press Simon Bourgin Time am Lite Samuel Lubell No.American Newspaper Alliace " Mrs. s. Lubell Theodere Kaghaa Wiener Kurier (ISB) Saa Grossman AN D (IBB) . . After the conference General Clark left his office for the Tilla where he spent the rest of the nening. * * �VIENNA, AUGUST 24-, 1946: Gener al Clark arrived at his ·o ffice at 0830 hours and ilutediately conferred with Colonel -Howard on an "Eyes Only" d,ocUJ1ent he had received during the night. Later Colonel McMahon c'1.led :in Colonels Shineman, Oxx and Owen with Colonel Howard for a short conference with the Commanding General and at 0930 hours General Clark··cenf'erred. with Mr. Erhardt. At 1000 hours he talked with Colonel Rumell concerning Mr. Dallas Dort of the Office _o f Um.er Secretary fL - -S tate for Economics, who is in Vienna now. After working on accumulated correspon:lence· and official docments, General Clark saw Colonel Oxx am later General McMahon. He left his Headquarters at 1300 ho'UrS and went to the villa •here he had lunch. In the evening he attended a dinner party given 'by General am Mrs. Snavely. · General Olark sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, iato to Western Base Section pass to lmbassy for DELSJOO. S~RET, ReferellCe Number P•.3096: •Regular meeting of AC ·on 23 August brought forth agreement on only 1 of 7 items on agenda. Lone agreement was to note action of Exec C,o • on subject Qf minor importance. Discussions of remaining 6 subjects clearly revealed Sov dissatisfaction with manner in which Control .Agreement of 28 June 1946 is working. SoT line of argunent during discussioDS iniicatiw of intention to weaken or nullify effect ot Control Agreement, by e:mrcising former tight control by council and by refusing to abide by acticns of Council, taken in accordame ,with provisions of Control Agreement, whenever such actioDS are not ia accord with Sov proposals. Following is brief summary of positions taken on the controversial subjects: · •(l) Nationalization law: Sow raised _new point that law is con• stitutional (requiring manimous approval ) because it changes economic structure of Aus and reiterated old charg~ tha~ Aus Gov rlolated Articles l{b) and 5 or Control Agreement by passing law. Sow stated they were not against law insofar as it pertained te Aus property but that law could not go inte effect before properties coming umer Articles 5(111) am 5{iv) of Control Agreement were removed from list appended · to law. I rejected these contentions, as did Brit member, aDi s:tated that my position was u . express~ in 9 August Council meeting. Frenca stand was essentially as taken originally. I again emphasized .that root of difficulty lq in lack of umerstanding between ay goT and Sova as to what constitutes German assets am in Sov refusal to agree to dis• cussion this subject. Sov member repeated that he could not discuss this question and, in another attempt to scuttle the law, claimed that Article 12 of Control Agreement.was applicable this case in view disagreement ot Council. I maintained that nothing Article 12 contravened provisions of Article 6(a) and was supported by Brit and French, so last Soy niow was rejected. Agreed by all that further discussion was useless at t.his aeeting. Sov commamer then annotmced that he would address letter to A.us Gov stating ·that iD his zone he would not be bound by provision of Nationalization Law in event of its coming into effect, and this law now will become effective on 9 September 1946. "(2) Rectification of errors in laws: Sovs proposed nullification of two laws considered by LegalDirectorate on July 18 but whi ch came into effect automatically 31 July without having been considered by Exec Comm. Sov element had ample time to raise question within 31-day period but failed to do so. other el ement s were in favor of the laws and rejected Sov proposal on grounds that there was no violation Article 6(a) of Control Agreement alXi Aus Gov should not be penalized because of �failure of procedw'& within Allied Commission. Interesting sidelight is that one of these laws nullified all actions by which Aus property, mostly Jewish, was forcibly taken over by Germans during occupation ot Austria. According to Sov interpretation this constitutes "German assets." 11 (3) Constitution Law Procedure: Discussion revealed Sov desire to fepudiate definition of a constitutional law accepted by the Allied C,ommission.31. May 1946, prior to approval of New Control Agreement. Sov member refused to answer when questioned as to his reason for bringing up this matter after lapse of nearly three months. Other three ele• ments rejected Sov proposal to direct Exec Conun. stu:ly and redefine constitutional laws. "{4) Procedure for Approval. Legislative Measures: Paper disagreed by u.s. am Brit after I forced Sovs into admitting that they wanted no laws to come into effect automatically despite provisions Article b(aJ of Control Agreement. Sov proposal contained tricky clause which would have abrogated that part of Article 6(a) which provides that certain . laws may be considered in effect at em Jl-day period if, J!us Gov has not been informed of unanimous disapproval of' JC. "(5) Austrian Membership in :&EITO:. Only Sovs disagreed to proposal. Their position was same as expressed previously in connection with Aus. membership in International Labor Office and with opening Danube to traffic within boumaries of Aus. Sovs continually oppose any Aus participation in activities which are, or might become, international in character and which would assist Aus to regain normal economic status. "(6) Method of application of Control ·Agreement: Sov proposal was that Agreement could come into effect only by degrees, that. Jlus Mini• sters would be notified as to dates on which they might assume their respective functions and that the several provisions of the Agreement could not come into effect automatically. I sta'ted that this proposal was contrary to Control Agreement and to decision taken by our respectiYe govs, expressed in .µ-ticle 14 of the Agreement. Brit $nd French agreed with me that Sov proposal, if approved, would virtually abrogate the whole Control Agreement.• * * * * VIENNA, AUGUST 25, 1946: General Clark remained at his villa during the morning and at 1300 hours attended a luncheon given by Mr. am Mrs. Erhardt in honor of Ambassador and Mrs. Hornbeck, American kbassador to Hollarn. At 1500 hours General Clark returned to his office where he held a short conference with Ambassador Patterson from Yugoslavia on the recent incidents of two unarmed American transport planes being , shot down by Yugoslav fighters. The Amerlcal GoTernment has issued an ultimatum to Yugoslavia. Ambassador Patterson flew to Vienna te consult General Clark in this matter. In the evening the General and his family had dinner at the home of Colonel and Mrs. Howard j.n honor of the Howards' wedding anniversary. * * * * VIENNA, AUGUST 26, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours am at 0915 hours talked with Colonel Martin on several Austrian marriage cases. Later he conferred with Colonel Rundell and at 0945 hours saw Colonel Grogan concerning the arrival of newspaper VIPs this �l5 evening. At 1015 hours General Clark saw -Mr. Erhardt, who presented to him Mr. Dallas Dort. At the completion of this conference General Clark talked with Colonel Lazar concerning arrangements for liis guests at the Salzburg Jlusic Festival. Mr. Erhardt, with Colonel McMahon, saw the General and was followed by Colonel Oxx. At 1145 hours Colonel McLean, J1,; dge Advocate, saw General Clark on three court martial cases. General Clark called in Colonel Smith for a short conference concerning a replacement for his body guard who is leaving tomorrow. At 1245 hours the General saw Colonel Sullivan of Civilian Supply Branch, USACA, o~ a G-2 bulletin concerning disposa.l of food on Russian-seized estates. The General had lunch in the.CG Mess in the Bank Building and immediately following saw r~. Erhardt. At 1430 hours Colonel Grogan conferred ..yith General Clark on arrangements for entertaining the visiting newspaper people am shortly after the General left his office for the villa. In the afternoon he ·played tennis with Ann, Major Brantley an:l Iiajor · .Arnold. He had dinner at the villa with Mrs. Clark and iAnn. * * * * VIENNA, AUGUST 27, 1946: General Clark SITiwd at his office at 0900 hours. He first saw Colonel Oxx and at 0920 hours talked with C:olonel Rur.dell. At 0945 hours Colonel McMahon disct:Ssed several papers with the General ar.d was followed by Colonel Grogan, who briefed the General on four c'orrespoDdents who will see the General this morning.: Joseph Alsop,- Herald Tribune syndicate columnist. Herbert Elliston, Mitor, Washington Post. Phillip Graham, Asst. Editor, Washington Post. Mrs. Craig, Maine Group of newspapers. From 1015 hours until noon General Clark held a briefing .for the four correspondents after which they talked with Mr. Erhardt-. At 1215 hours General Clark talked with Colonel McMahon again and latersaw Colonel Howard. After seeing Colonel Oxx at 1230 hours General C.l ark took the .four newspaper people to his villa for lunch with Mrs. Clark. The General remained at home for the balance of the afternoon, and in the evening he and Mrs. Clark were dinner guests of Colonel and Mrs. C.C. Smith. * * * VIENNA, AUGUST 28, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0855 hours and immediately saw Rabbi Bernstein, who had arrived last even• ing. At 0930 hours this conference was interrupted by General Noyes, Theater Surgeon, who ha:! also arrived yesterday. After discussing the medical setup in Austria, General Noyes left to go to Linz to inspect the hospital installations there. General Cl.ark restlIIled his conference with Rabbi Bernstein at 1000 hours and continued until 1030. Captain Kay Summersby, former secretary to General Eisenhower am an old f'riem of' the General, dropped in to pay her respects. Miss Sammersby is accomp~ing General Huglin 1s party to the Air Corps conference being held at the Hotel Bristol today. At 1045 hours General Clark le.ft his headquarters to go to ·Sch8nbrunn Palace where he �decorated foi1r British officers who had served with him in ·Italy. Major General John Frederick Boyce Combe, Legion of Merit, degree of Officer. Major General Cyril Ettrick Weir, Legion of Merit, degree of . Commander. Brigadier Basil Charles Davey, Legion of Merit, degree of Commander. Colonel Guy Alexander Fenton, Sronze Star Medal. T,he General was met by General Steele aoo escorted into his office. After delivering a few words, General Clark decorated the officers and then General Steele gave a short speech of thanks to the General. General Clark returned to Headquarters at 1145 hours. At 1225 hours Colonel Paxson talked with the General concerning articles to be written for Draw Pearson's column, and was followed by Colonel McMahon. The General had lunch in the CG Mess in the Bank Building after which he talked with Colonels O:xx and D1 0rsa. After seeing Colonel McMahon at 1/445 hours General Clark left Headquar6ers for his villa where he spent the remainder of the day. In the afternoon he played tennis with Majors Jrnold and Brant ley atd Ann. * ( I JN , AUG ST 29, 1946: General lark arrived at his o fice at O 5 hours a..~d at 0900 ho s saw Colonel Groan He conferred with General Howara at 0925 ho sand later discussed averal staff pro ems with Colonel Mc ..~ahon General Hu in of SF , who is att din th Air Cor s Conference h d at the Ho~el ristol today, called on G ner Clark to pay his res ects. At 1030 hours Mr Juli Hochman, La or Re resentative, con.erred with General C ark ochman has een travelin with VIr. Antonini of the Italian Labor unci • Mr. ton· ni is now in Ita y. olonels .1cMahon a:r:rl , artin conferred with th General at 1100 hours afte which the General left Head uarters for his vil a where he had lunch. In the afternoon h pa ed. tennis with Ann, and af er dinner barded his private train accompan eel b Mrs. Clark and Ann, f Hinterstoder 0 * * HINTERS O ER, tod r fis ing. * 30, 1946: General Clarks ent the *· * * GUT day at Hines- lark and fem ly rema· ed at Hin Jerstod r where t i Gener spent th morning fishing and s ent the afternoon with his family at the od • HINTERSTO ER, AUGUST 31, 1946· General * * HINTERSTOrE..tt, SEPTEMBER 1, 1946• Genera Clark s ent the m rnin fish .. ing and at noon boar~ed his train at ~interstoder for the return tr· ·to Vi nna. He arrived in Vienna at 730 ho s an went to his vil a where h s·pent the evenin • * * * �11 SEPTEMBEil 2, 1946: Gen r3 ark rema ·n d at hi and ma final p e arat · ons for h t · to the conferred with General Ta e· a olon l v1cHar on and of e afternoon at the vi a with hi fami * IEi: , the vill lea * * * Gen~r ark sh ed f r h r t d villa µurin t a At noon he rema · nder ade goo o Mrs. arc in the b boat for Immediate y after ivlrs. 0 o· recei it 11 General ar s lone r.1 Ge he h. ho tates. Gen ra C ark sent th f llow·n, m ssa e as wh re et tat ure the uart, ad to Gen ra Le, P-3 3: 'Her wi "h essa e .in n Gener Sir ,.il t,ED ., an re· resentatives Forces.: "It is very f itt · to m min that thi tabl t c rnmemo atin o erat·on of A.i~H should e unveil d at Caoerta Pa~ac , th scene o rea est triwnph in lanning the strata th tended w·th the victo the ied Armies int e Me · era an I marked a hi h 1 vel in the realm of coo era ion et 1 en n tio s .. h teamwork ex ibited in thi r.i h ec lon of mmand was reflected h ou h out he arm sin Italy, and wa one of _the most im ortant facto sin t e 1 ~ man was co ex cution dif ere arno here was never difference th estruct of he Nazis armies . ed. staffs an como all - Vihich ate a· rr ifferences of inion were settled without t aim and ther wa t hat mi ht w 11 n tion of the world in s r common im o ace . 0 As commander of th and later as comman e Fif ee.. all tn r u , de re rese armies in I c· o omplete as the roof f o t d c . that exi t 1 s a ·cal mem i nternationa. trust an enand he o exis"ts in the min s of thousands of·.i.Uli d forces , and m ,. , memory of those ins irin d s when individual a n int s were set asi f ood of a common cause Ti me on t s iv n it orial that ,ill nou soon die . :i detractin i f o a I kno e ritishaJ tam10 k y,as sur ass ..., f s e.;)ta hm nt i enO\ er reall was tr st m an·n o e wo ~s th result . " * * * * �VIENNA, S.EPTE..1v1BER 4, 1946: General Clark sent the following message to Admiral H. K. Hewitt, US Navy, London, P-3475 : Have just talked with Gen Lee over phone . He tells me _of your inquiry with regards to an affair at Salerno on Sep 9 . All I know of this matter is that I received an invitation sometime ago to come to Salerno for a celebration on Sep 9 at which time it is my understanding the 3rd anniversary of our landing will be commemorated and was to receive honorary citizenship of Salerno. I would be delighted i~ you could come and have so informed Gen Lee . My Col Hume is enroute to Italy to make inquiries as to the scope of the affair which I believ_e will not amount to much. However I recommend you attend . We coul d meet in Naples perhaps the day before and go together to the affair which I understand will take place in the morning and culminate with a luncheon . Am taking only two or three officers with me . Am sure their facilities for luncheon couid not accommodate a large number . Hope to see you there . n 11 * * * * VIEL"\J A, SEPTEMBER 5, 1946: General Clark s·e nt the following communication to Col Gen L. V. Kurasov of the Soviet Occupation Element in Austria: "Following the forcible annexation of ustria by Germany, and especially after the outbreak of war, the German Govermnent obtained control of large areas of valuable oil lands (Freischurfe) in Austria by subterfuge and coercion . In the judgment of the United States Government, som,e of the Freischurfe are still the rightful property of Rohoelgewirmungs Ag (RAG) a company incorporated in Austria but owned to t he extent of fifty per cent by the Socony Vacuum Oil C'ompany of New York, an American corporation, while the other' fifty per cent is owned by the Royal Dutch Shell Group of London, a British corporation. UAf'ter obtaining control of Oil Exploration Lands (Freischarfe) of Rohoelgewinnungs AG, the German Government redistributed them to German companies, thus explicitly revealing the intention to i njw:e the n enemy0 (Rohoelgewinnungs AG) . The major part of oil lands in question are located in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, and in due course, German oil companies which obtained title to these lands were seized by Soviet authorities as reparations, and now administered· as Soviet companies . nr, therefore , ask that you acknowledge the American title rights in the lands in question and take the necessary measures to protect the .American interests involved . "Pertintent facts are: "l . The Rohoelge1,rlnnungs .AG is completely owned by United States and British companies . u2 . Even the Germans considered this company to be Allied owned since they placed it under the control of their Enemy Property Custodian. "3. The F'reischurfe rights of this company were taken without compensation under the Nazi- inspired Bitumen Law of August 1938 and are considered to be restitutable on the basis that the United Nations Declaration of 5 January 1943 invalidates such forced transfers . "4 • The local Austrian a thorities protested this forced recall of the Freischurfe without issuing concessions in place thereof . The Reichs Wirtschaftsministerium rules on this protest that it was basic German policy not to grant concessions to Allied companies , but t o �injure ~uch companies as much as poE>sible. Evidence proving this fact is attached hereto . nr suggest early discussions, between qualified Soviet and United States representatives, to resolve any points of uncertainty. For this purpose I have designated my Chief of the Reparations, Deliveries and Restitution Division. 11 I shall appreciate an early reply from you to this letter . " • * /VIE:t-v1a, SEPT [BER 6 1946: General Clark sent the following communication . to Chancellor Figl: "I am obliged to address you as follows regarding. the proposed Nationalization law. "As you know, my Government considers that ·a state should be free to make its own decisions concerning nationalization, including the nationalization of foreign- owned property •within its territory, provided due compensation is paid , and I took the position in the Allied Council that the Nationalization Act should be approved . At the same time my Government · is .opposed to discrimination and. will claim most favored nation treatment in any measures concerning· it, as the Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs was informed by the American Political Representative on 13 August 1946. I feel that the application of Austrian law should be uniform throughout Austria . t11 However , the Soviet Commander has announced that he intended to consider the law invalid in his zone, and would act independently to protect Soviet interests in that zone . He thus makes it impossible to apply the Nationalization Law on a uniform basis of equality . 0 I am therefore obliged, in· view of the action taken by the Soviet Commander, to inform you that I cannot permit any action to be taken wit µ respect to German property in the United States zone under the Nationalization Law pending clarification of the Soviet positi.on. Moreover , since the Soviet Commander apparently intends to prevent any such action with respect to Soviet property as well as German property, I must request you to insure that , for the present, measures are taken to exempt from nationalization those enterprises which are wholly or partly A.merican owned, in particular the Vacuum Oil Company, the Rohoelgevdnnungs A. G. (RAG) and the Oesterreische Mineraloelwerke . 11 With respect to the German property in the United States zone, this action will of course leave t he enterprises equally available to the Austrian economy under the trusteeship by which I have already placed them under Austrian admini stration. With respect to the Americ.an-owned properties, the foregoing is not intended to oppose t he principle of nationalization as such but merely to avoid discrimination and insure the uniform application of Austrian law on a basis of equality . My request is addressed to you solely because of the Soviet High Commissioner's refusal to permit application of the Nationalization Law to all of Austria . ti * * VIENNA, SEPTEMBER, 7 1946: General Clark sent the following communication to Chancellor Figl.: "I am in receipt of your letter of 22 ~ugust 1946 in which you requested me to inform the U.S. Element of the Allied Control Commission for .Germany that the Austrian Government has nominated Mr . Eric Lessner for the position of Austrian Repatriation Commissioner to Berlin. "Please be informed that I have communicated this message to the �proper authorities in Berlin. Immediately upon receipt of a reply I will inform you of their decision. " * * VIENNA, SEPTEMBER 8, 1946: General Clark sent the following message to AGWAR for Joint Chiefs of Staff pass to State Dept, SECRET , P- 3660: ( 0 .As 31-day period approached expiration and Austrian N ationalization law would thus become effective 9 Sep automatically without AC having expressed itself on it, each High Commissioner stood fast on hi s original position already reported . Sov and French High Commi ssioners still maintained Jlus Gov could not nationalize either Al.lied or German property without prior written consent of AC under Art . l( b) of Control ,Agreement. Sov Cor.unissioner had declared his intention to act independ.e ntly under Art 2(d) of Control Agreement to protect Sov interests in his zone . ' Possibility thus loomed that objective of nationalizing Sov-held property would fail while American owned oil companies il'.1 same zone would be subject to nationalization. I therefore addressed a ltr to -<Aus Chancellor on 6 Sep to guard against discrimination. In preliminary discussion Chancellor indicated that such a ltr would be welcome. "Following is ltr sent: (see diary September 7 1946). "The Brit Commissioner wTote Chancellor 4 Sep proposing that Aus Gov should when nationalization law automatically comes into force issue immediately declaration that it is not the intention of the .A.us Gov to apply the nationalization law to those properties touching interests of the United Nations until further legislation establishing compensation procedures has been pas sed by the Parliament and submitted to the AC . He proposes further that declaration should assure that law will not be put into eff ect without guaranteeing adequate and complete compensation for existing interests of United Nations . 11 In conversation concerning these letters the Chancellor has now informed me that when the nationalization law is promulgated .the Aus Gov will make the following declaration: . "' With re gard to the respective interests of the United Nations , the Aus Gov does not envisage the execution of the Nationalization Law, until a further law has been drafted by Parliament and approved by t he Allied Commission, regulating the compensation claims f or the various concerns to be nationalized . "The Aus Gov will not carry out this law where it affects the respective interes t s of ~he Uni ted Nations without acceptable compensation having been provided. 1 n * * * / NOI'E: September 4,5,6,7,8 were days to be reported by Captain Jordan, who returned to the USA. and failed to report on same as agreed prior to departure . �SALERNO, IV· Y, SE )T ""MB 9, 191,,6: In the morning, accompanied by General ""'navely ari Comr:ander, Husma:nno, General Clark attended the celebration of the J1ird anniversary o' the invasion at Salerno and received honorary ci tizen,:1 ip ., The General took off from Naples Airf · eld in his Bl 7 at 1430 hours and arrived in Paris at 1800 ho rs • .After havin dinner ~ith · CoJ_onel and ifirs. Howard and 44.nn., the General retired earl • 1 General Clark received the fo lowing me. sage from General Lemnitzer; I "V1arm Greetings and est wish s on thi hi tor c landing at (' alerno . " the 3rd anniversa of -your· General Clark s e nt the following messa·ge t .. m . for Joint Chief of Staff , pass to State Department, info to W'3stern Base Section, Paris for embassy fo D c· ,. P-3733): (S:&!RET, ' ( 'Supplementin my P-3660 .fol owing is text of letter addrecs d by Chancellor to Allied Council dated Ser~ter:;bei; 7 being distributed in AC ~ecrAtar·at t da~; 1 I have the honor of c mmunicatin .to you, in the name of the Federal Govt the follov,in resolution of the Council of :anisters tak~n on th 7th of this month; "rompted by the expectation e - essed in public declarations that Austria wovld res ec-t the interests of the nited Nations aderuately in the application of th Nationalization Law, the· m·trian Government. i hon red to make the following staterrent: "The Austrian Federal Govt will not apply the Nationalization Law to the inter~sts of the United Nations until a law regulating the compensa.:. tion con i t ions for the pro erties to be nationalized by the -:us Govt has been pas:Jed by the Aus Parliament and c ·:ne into force in ace rdance with the provi&ion of the Coptrol AgreeMent. The Fed Govt furthermore guarantees that it will not carry out the Nationalization Law where it affects th resp ct·ve interests of the United Nations without making Jrevi01. . s arrangements for app o riate c mpensation., * * * .. IS, F.1. ' .c:, SE-'l':8MBER 10 194G. General Clark saw Secretar · of State Byrnes at 11 0 hol sand aftsr an hour's conference returned to the Hotel Prince of rales w~1ere he bad l'Unch w·th Colonel and :.rs . Ho ard, M • :'\rhardt and Ann.. In the afternoon the· General rested and at lGOO hours took off .or the Azo es on the r·rst le of his fli ht to th &tates. Fight schedule follov s: Lv Pari Lagers, Azores Lv La ers, Azo e Ar l:ind..i.y Fial ' Bermuda Lv Kindly Fial Ar Natl Ai port, lashin on 1600 hours, 10 Se)tember 9 6 ti , 1 Se tember 19 6 0 30 n 11 l,,.jieptember 1946 0345 1614 ll 17 2 ti 2142 It ' ' ' 11 Se 1. r.e te'Ilber 94 ternber 1946 , 11 t:e tember 1946 �-i 4 V • I �ver G:-!neral Tat t s s · nature the followi:'.1 letter was sent to Co • en ral L Kurasov o the Sov e Occupation Forces· 1 urn the absence of Gener C ark have een directed to rely to ou .. letter dated 31 u ~.t 194", in which you re ort a seri s of incidents along the US.-Soviet demarkat · on in bet ~nm, a1.1.d Ste~ .; h nwn er d aragra hs · e o,v ref er to the ara ra h numbers in you etter . en "l ... m,estigation of the re orted flights over the demarkation lin is bein made. You 1i informed of the results o this invest· ation . ir Force He~d uarte s has --isst.r. d ~tr· ct orders n this subj ct.. In this conn ction, it is re o z., 29 Jun , a ack in · eng·ne aircraft it was observed over Linz at 1500 f et Thi& a·rcraft fl won earin of 00 e:rrees from line into th Sovi t Zon '" t 08 5 on 9 Jul a 1 w. 111 was s · Jhted over Lorsching · el feet., flying a h din of 270 degr~es his aircraf-t was carnet..• exce t fr win tips and tip of vertical ta·1 face, whic were rhi t Th left wing o e mar 'ings L-2 and right vin ): CI) At 0740Z 9 Augu t, a 52, -en · n f-l:lrcraft was o served over Ho schin at 30 0 fee Ai craft cro s d the field on a headin -o continu d f a $ mi s , wh re it turn d an di ection df i craft o e. :::iarkin of 0 ~ 11 on the ru der a -B.,,. on th us e. 0 I ask you, dear Ge:teral , to ta' ste s t vent re etition of li h·s o~ Coviet · raft o er S cu ied terr itor u.l inve ation of thi has been made without disclo,in ers no p rsons responsib re o ted acts. "3. Investi a lon reveals the. arms target ractice wal:j carried on in thi re ion, with a r·rin c nducted· awa from the demarkation lin I am ass ed t a such firin in no wa endan 1 ers Coviet or othe nn 1 ast of the demarYation line Thi inve~ti ati~n f th r evea th t th r ½as no artil er firi~ in this area The ard were the result of demolition o e emy ammunition est of tho demark tion line. "4. nvesti at~rn o this inci ent reveals th carel s di char e o earm no in th direc ·en of the Clo i t ost, ut in anoth r d·rection. Those res onsi e are under charg s " Invest·gation of this inci ent has fail d to di clo the erson . CJ rsons respon ib e for the re orted act. have been iss'ed to all s riate instruct·o i'v is l re-vent re et ·tion of ncidents 0 th t t 1 @ ( . G· * * * :r T 1, , SE TEi ER 11, 1946: ener Clerk arr·ved at Tational i ort at 21 2 hours attu as mt a are dele ation o the es, He gave ort interviev at the air or an th n left f his motherris residence , ace m ani db General Gruenther . eca e he had c ntracte a ba cold • . the d ctor order d Gener3l Clark to bed immed·ately u on his arrival at h·s mother ~s home . "!, c~ * * * •r.AS, • r; TO.', :CC, ~.,, 1946: Gen r~ C ark remain mothe ' s residence day~ seeing no one. * * * * in b at h s ��WASHUGTON, DC, SEPTEMBER 13, 1946: General Clark continued to convalesce at his mother's residence. ( * WASHINGTON, DC, SEPTEMBER 14, 1946: General Clark made hJs first speech in 'the States this morning at t he White House to the Advertising Council Incorporated. At a luncheon he spoke to the Overseas Press Club. His main point of discussion was Russia's views on German reparations. The General had dinner with his mother at her residence. The following message was sent to Joint Cniefs of Staff , pass to State Dept and to General Clark care OOS, SECRET, P-3962: 11 At Allied Cou11.cil meeting on 13 Sept no agreement was reached on any matter of great importance. "1. Sov proposal to impose drastic restrictions on Aus industry for a 10-year period was rejected by the other 3 elements. Sovs maintained that ·such action was necessary to insure economic separation of Aus from Germany and liquidation of Aus war industrial power. The other elements were of the opinion that settlement of this question was properly a matter for the peace treaty arrl beyond the competence of the Council . The US member maintained that present measures, whereby the end products of Aus industry are controlled by the occupying powers, will suffice for the present . 11 2. A proposal to define types of expenditures which should be classified as occupation costs was not agreed by the Sovs . The other 3 elements held that the present system, insofar as it permits some occupation charges to be met by requisition in excess of agreed currency allocations, is contrary to the decision of the Allied Council that the total amount of occupation charges would not exceed an agreed percentage of the Aus Civil Budget. Sov rejection of this viewpoint results in continuation of the present inequality of treatment of occupaticn charges among the occupying powers. "3. No action was taken on Sov proposals: tra. To remove the editor of' the Aus newspaper 11 .Arbeiter-Zeitung" 11 b. To destroy Reichsmarks and Allied Mil Schillings surrendered and by the occupying forces as result of currency conversion and such types of currency now held in the Aus Natl Bank. In connection with the latter item, the Sov element has not yet complied with the decision of the AC dated 30 Nov 1945, :bhat all currency exchanged by the :F:'orces of Occupation would be turned in to the Natl Bank. The Sovs report that the value of such currency in their possessi~n is 902 millions. S~vs insisted that the/£ must agree on method of destruction such currency before they will turn in quantities they now hold . Brit and US members not in accord with this Sov view. "4 • .Agreement was reached to issue travel permits, valid for all of Aus, to diplomatic and political representatives accredited to the Aus Govt. A draft reply to a cable from the UN subcommittee 149 requesting economic information on Aus was also approved." * * �20 I ovember 1946 Re • Oonversation and diaout.tsion, G "rel Ollark with Colonel neral Zhaltov, Deput~ Commamer•in...C. el of. Russian Forces in Austria. I Just had Colonel General Zheltov here tor lunch and discussed the tollo ing subject : . .r-r . l. iP.9Ji - I told him that in spite of his repeated assurances that he would cooperate in feeding 11Stria th t I continued to receiv reports tot contrary. I referred to General Tsiniev• oroe:rs to restrict the shipment of food cor oditiea of all kinieain accordance th the 4 trian Government•e food plan, to various prt, ot the country. Spec.1t1.cally1 I tcld him of the potatoes co ing to Vienna. of the heat destined fol- t,he Tyrol, ani the potatoes to th United 0 tates Zone. He again stated his position which is the Soviet Zone must be fed from indigenous S'Uppli up to the present ration level• Any exceas of in:ligenous st•ocks above t H requirements wer · availabl~ for distribution, rovided he received other commodities in return. In other words, they are not living up to their agreement to permit the~ trian Governnent Ullrestricted aut rity to . move its own resources. ' : ereas the position they take is a realistic one, in view of the starvation which ooeurred in the Soviet Zone last rear, it abrogates -11 sgreemente affecting a tood plall tor Austria by the ,A ustrian Government ,and by UNRRA. It af fo:rds U substantial grouma to invoke the eanoti~ll8 envisaged under Artiole 91 ,o f the , Av1antio City Resolution. I did obtain .tronf General Zheltov • commitment that he ,,as not desirous of creating a food oriSis 1n A'2Btr1a 1 but on the other hand to avoid one, provided his Zone is taken can, at. I told hi.-a I woul.4 barter with him cattle ~ whttat and potatoaa. He agreed to discuss the teeding ot Vienna at thf, Extcutive Council meeting whiob takes J.aoe on the 22m, I am requesting 't,he French Chairman "to incl\Jde this item on the ~em.a am have inatruoted my ou'bordinatee upon the basis. of the d1£l>\fu,sion. 2 • flmsnit to, SOJ1QAY:•V19uum • l told him . that the Sooor11,..Vaeum would turniah all the data requested of them by t.h Soviets;, except the item which would reveal the $D10unt ot money Soe'ony•Vacuum had on band in the Bank. I asked il I would make thea• concesaic111, would he direct the payment ot the 22,000,000 Sohllliilge -whioh the Soviets ow tham4 He promised to dill• cusa the atter with his oil man and will let me know further. 3 • Q21lt1 gf Qgg»Rfrtlg1J • e d1(9CVB8ed coste ot .o ccupation am I told him I wanted, to meet .h a minimum requirements which h• had reduced tnm 129 10001 000 Schillings to u2,O0O,ooo Schillings anl that I would come up 1f the other Commanders 1VOuld agree to give· him 100,000,000 Schilling• on • 25 per cent basis of the budget, with the other three powere taking a third each of the 881.000 1000 Schill.tngs· remainillg,. He still held out tor his 112,000,000 Schillings and I told him it I could get his ooopera• tion on the food 1 thought we could adjust the difference of 12,000,000 Schilling• hio.h eeparates us. I have had the French Commander (Chairman) notified ot my position, but with the ume:ratanding that if riv otter 18 acce .ted. it must be tied up definitely with a commitment on the part of the �Soviet Commarner .f 9r a further reduction du:r·ins the first qwu-ter of next year , am more equitable diir~ibutiQn 4• '1V!l\Y frsuieGX • I told him we mua,t adjust our misunderstandingl with regard te ·oerman property. He agreed, I asked how I oould help. He tlattered •• by iDiiicating I controlled the present Austrian QQvernment aei Will as the other t\,o Commamera. I tbillked him tor the oompliment but denied 1ta implication. He told me that U l would tel.l the A.wtrian Govermaent to dis eu&s the subject l would rnake a conwibution to our future ·r elationl • I have disQussed this .vith fJfr • Erh.-dt and have r.-. quested that I be furniaheti • list of .Ge~an px-opertie, wtlioh the Soviets claim abou).d be turned over to them under the Pot~am . .ement, When this list ta tunushed me l prope.a • to iniiicate thereo11 thqse pJ-opert.i el v1hich ·indisputably 08.l'man and should be turned over t :o the Soviet ~••t are tp make a goodwill sestve over these propertiea indicating 1n advance to the Soviet• that t his is my fir.s t atep in contributing tow.am'-' the ao·l ntion ot this diftic1.4t ~oblem. , Goverm!nt. I then will ~ .Chanoello~ Figl of t'U1'l'Wlg ' ·• itPJlir$1i&PI 8'.l&ltD • 4t lunoh we diaousaed tbe Repatx-iation Mission. I agreed to hav• my representative· work with hie on the .lt'Oukd rules which would permit me• to send in such a ruseion. tf • r . 6. . bPB®M.;iu of We .continued to diso\188 the poasibilit:lea o.f wa, between the Soviet :nion and the United State,, fhis question wa, brought up when be illiieated the neeeas1ty of the Soviet Union. ktep1ng s~ng after I had described to him the stepa .my Government was tak~ to reduc• !ts «u-mect torees • I asked him, wb.v should the Soviet Union maintain such foroeai He 1;1814, beoaus, of danger of stt.ic. l uke4 him by whom. He said, bi t;be United &tatae, l aplained to him that there was practically q, oxw. in the llll1ted Statea who want.S another war, p.a rticularly with h~ countJ.7• MARK i • OLAiilt, Gen~al, u.s.,.1.,\ Commanding �\~J"' ... rn· TON, DC SE' · Zi .B'"' • 15, 194G: r r ,'., ·~.erk W Clark arrived from Tew ork th re sh pad docked earli r.. Ger. ral and ,1rs Clark had dinn r with ' 1T:t~ • C C., C~ark in th eve .in t, * * * EW YORK, SE TE!v ->ER ll, 1946:. Gen ra C ark flew to Iew o k and met r1rs Clark,, who came in tra · n., The imm iately went to the Hotel Astor where the r are to sta. as guests of Mr Rober· Chri ten erry Over Gener'al Tate's si . nat ·e, the f lcvdn , etter v, s sent to · Co.,.onel General Kuras ,v, Commander-in-Chief, Soviet Occu ation Forces· n ou wi . reca 1 t £tt durin · ,., lied Council m etin ast Frida at S.111 Personnel on ai.:thorized Br"tish Zone, Aus~ria, and in th tional Perce Travel Permit, stamp otr informa conversation f 1 o in the , I brou ht to your attention the fact trave enrou e .frcm enna t the ossess·cn of the rescribe Occupad ritish authorities, are be·n st pd 8oviet ersonne at the road lock in Semmering and refused permi son tc ccntinue t1eir rave. beTond hat oint. "?[hen s ·o ,, to you on this su j ect, ou saic :rou had issue no o ders which required U.1.i::. act· on to e taken . ou r ad ·. ro. ·and thC4t into t .. e ma ter with tHe view of havir.. the present T nsatisfacto 1 rocedu· e liminated. tr.foul you be oc enough, dear· General,, to advise m when it wi be aga·n ossi 1 for 7..7.& ersonnel to travel over the i nna-Semmer·n r ad into the ritish Zone under the c ndition whi.ch existed prio o the rAcently ad ted action on the part o the ...:oviet road p trol?" * or:~, S ,· T~:." "m · • n. ·X 17, 946: Gene1 al and 'rirs Clark In the evening the went to see O Annie Get Yo 1 0c ent the de ·,· s.ho Gunn, a current mu ical hit * * * 1946: Gener C ark atten·ed a luncheol'l as guest of rr. S,ulz erger (New Yo k Tim s, c► n th evenin · th General a l'J!rs., Clark ha dinri r with ·:enry an, Clare Luc ., NEW YOtK, SE:i:-TEL1 ER 18ll * * . .~;.: Y RK, SE TE·.! . 19, :1 94(: Gener Clarks ent the da:- sho i.n an the rested n the afternoon In the evenfo he ended a dinr er d ven b Ro .. Howard of 2.cri s-How ·rd Publications . at · * * * , ~·.c.u: :.ca: vEF.IE:~ gR 20, 1946 · In th evenin Genera Ro .. Howard attended a f am ly dinr er ve r11 r * * an Mrs, Clark �WES PO r , , c ...:1PT~rn&-q l 946: Genera_ and Hrs Clan went to th Tn_tad States Military Ac ademy, We t Point, where t hey attended a football game between th Acade nd l ·o a, as ests of General an Mrs. Max Taylo •• In t e Clark s ok t t ..e Cadets . 'I: it * * * * * * TT:..Bi , P , ' Bili 23 , 19.46: General Clar arr·ved in att . ~,Iasonic .3.3:"d De re.., cere;r nJ' &.t 1 ic h 11~ rd D en the 25tl: . He had l unch wi t h the City Post Ame r ican Legion. , TSBU ;.GTI, p , 2.E _,T=:.1 · rnma 1~ . , 1 :46: G-ener C ark atte ed a ., · er ven r Musmanno ~ * * * 2 , : General Cl k a · nded t c mon ~ a 33rd ue _1ee r!ason Th Gen ral took h d.:.gre as repre.:.cn at· ve f th ent e cl s ., After receiving his degree the General at tended a dinner given by the Indi ana Clas s - of 1946. ·G ate s r_t U fol o .ing m ssage to .. G"' t f ·r en ral Clark care . - 38 : T ~BU -,G , t rihich he , e lette t, all ed vio ticns US aircrflft ~ ,.. er Sov Zone. os fit . statement II or th s rd .t ·me f ith the re uast to unde take act iv m sures in ordor n lo lar facts. Otr. . e ,is v ill b'e b• liged t undertake meas t re lar violations tt mm iate, i ve ti at ion o ted violation· e ·am time I s nt et ter to K · · • • y his statemen of re y w thin a e , 11 . "th h: h Le er sert Gen ra Tate to Genyrsl Kurasov f ows: · t is edged of oti 1946, in · which you re o ·t e fli ,hts of "' ~. a re o e n, e&lau and "iien r-?-,eustadt. behalf of the Com.ma n w s o · r~-f rm ou that thes re o te viol t · on · dered ·thorou y _ investigat d . You ·ill e ad foed of s · vestigat · on., "I wish to assure you that ac e b t mmand · n neral , Un ·.ted [:tates ent violat ·.on by • · raft o esta lis rs in the Soviet Zon , and fo -ts ·11 e co 11 In .. our letter I un erstand the meanin th la ~t ara , v hie w en tran lated , ... ea s as fol .. o :s: ttfor the n t · I address m self t you -v;ith a requ st t U11a.e1·take act· ve measures in o ..der no to al o I s · ~i ar facts. Ot.1.~er1 '"'ec �ise I w e o liga · ed to 1;n ertake measures to su press s · mi ar violation • . urn order th t th re wil dsun erstand ·n , w 11 ro e so ·ki !d e.s o inf m m of r. m as es• ou re ose o take ever you c er th t a violat'or s occurred. "The q ion o ons re ~-ou raises a ain the des· ab yo a eed m lie ~ in u tr· ... or al occ ion su ct has een r d · scuss · on in t e JU ied Cotmci st a year and the Sovie eri.ent has consis e ly withhe d o · Utch a olicy . The e s tablisl· n of f yfo c rjdo i a p op r so .ution of the o em It i urge tbat avci o and poes i ly un or ate inciden . e, ou ve furt c a o the pro o a ade on many occ ni ed a rench Oyiman ers t e mi f 0 all aircraft o er errit ry wi1hou restrict on to Yo 1... * * * / . ·tIA.: OLI~, ffD . , SE T,;:,·;n 'R 26 , 1946: General Clark departed from Pittsb h by a·r at 083 hour"'' and arr ved In iana.po i at 10 O hou s . , He was met y .,:r Irvin Lemaux, an ld friend,, and ent immediately to ,1r . Le iaux' office . ,!rs. LcCormick, wife of r. r.IcCorm,ick, met Mrs e .Clark, who flew in commercial y at 100 hours . After leaving f/r. Lamaux ' office , the General was treated r an ear s ecialist for th infection in his ear . General Clark had lunch at the Columbia Club -,ith Mr . Irving Lerriaux and Irving, Jr . , Dr rncCormick and son, Colonel :,kore and Ca tain Luther After luncheon the General went to the residence of Dr. McCormick ~here he will stay during his visit to Indiana oli .. In the evening Mr . Rnd rJrs . Lemaux ave a c ocktai. art at the ir res· e nce , after whic General and i ' s . Clark, Mr . and iJrs . e ux were dinner ··ue ts of Dr . an ,frs . McCormick . General Clark s e nt the follovling mess a e to Vice dmiral Ric ha ··d • Conolly, r . Ct r·ilit,ar Commission, P- 4392: 11 Congratulations upon / your assignmcmt to comma U.S . :.'aval :Forces in Euro e.n General 8lark sent the f ollowi ng message to J.j_ mi al Henry K. He dt-t: P 4393: 0 Every ' good wish upon your return to the States after bri lliant ·ob for our country . Your cooperation with USF has been of the finest . Go luck and God speed .. 11 General Clark rec ived the f ollowing message from General Tat through AG\',. . ~, Secret, P•/4402: "Do no contemplate furni hin ress with an .. inforF.ation regard-· ing latest Kurasov prote~t cf. 2 alleged US ai craft flights over Sov Zon,e Recommend that while in U~ you make public statement substantially as f llovJS: 11 The Russian C mniarder in us has complained to me that on 5 S.ep 1946 a US C 47 fle 1 over ~ ern, east of /ienna and that on 7 Se t 1 46 a S 1 e of the Boston t~ e flew over Bad 'Ieslau, south of -ienn a later over Iiener-Heustadt and that these alleged f ights were Yiol tion of o a ree"'1ent to kee 1 nited ~tates lanes ,,·thin an agr ed u on c rridor . t1 �''In his letter the ..ussia Cor::ma - er states I I address m 1 self to '" ou ·:1ith the request to u11dertake active m asures in order no to allow similar facts, otherwi:3e I wil be ob iged to un-- ertake measures to eliminate simil · r vloLitiors. 1 I haves re uest0d the Russ an Coi.1mander t give me clarificction of his statement 'I w·11 e blie;ed to unde ... tak measures in order to elimin t similar violations'. I am inf rrned m lir Ins ecto that ne~th~~r of t e plan s wa:-:, a r. • lan ,s ine none o the t" e me tioned flew in the area s eclfied 8t the times de · gnated. ~ am also inform d th! t even had the fligl~t a bee mad a& mentioned, the locations mentioned are within the agreed air corridors. 11 * * Cl -c -GO, ILL., 0 J.tfl' \1BER 27, 1946: i'1rs . Clark departed from the Indiana olis :i: port fo Chicago at l 00 hours. Immediate y after Gen'3ral C a k took off in his B-17 Both landed in the c ►lica o ::unic ipal Air JO t a prox · ma tel , 1 00 hours and wer met b r.lrs • J • I. M hall -1t4WJ.t Zettie), John flarshall and hi vif Tl~e imrt rwent to the Chicago thletic Club where the were 1 uncheon guests of rirs * .~arshal.l, and thereafter roceeded to Lak ro ent .here Inrs. ·1arsha:.. resi es Jn the evenin 1:;rs s harshal ave a c cktai. a ty for all t e Gen ral 1 old frien sin Lake Forest , after which she gav a family d"nner. * * 28, 1946 • Ge11e1~a Cl rk left L· ke Forest at 0900 en oute to t,. .:'d o t at . ·ort vheri a Hos i a ·~here the ear s ecialist exam.in d the Gene. ales ear and advised him not t f'.l ecat.. - of the serio n ss of the infection. The Cor'1ffian .ing Officer of the hos.i;Jita called Genera Kirk, Sur eon Genera at 'Ia er Reed Ho . ital, who adv· sed the Genera t ret -·rn t i~ al er immediately by train General Clar~ acce te Genera. Kirk's C_T ho IC .. G , S.:.!I s and stop rec rnm rid•ation and return d to Mrs . I.1arshall ss horn for 1 unch, shortl after v11ic e de art.ed for the Chicago nion Station w ere h boarded tl e train wh:Lch de arted at 1730 hours f o VJ shin on1• The fol owin, mesbage was sent to rtaff, pass to :tate ue t, also Gen ral Joint Chiefs of S P~T, ?-4505: lied Council meet-" n 27 Se t was s lO t an uns ectac1 r . ct ions ta cen xec Comn since last AC meet in was a proved. n connection w ·th St;. j ct ho -·ever Chair:nan called attn to stateme of Sov member in EC that th trade aw whic 'became effect ve automatical 23 Se t u.nd r 1: t · cl l a of ont 1.. d not ered e fective in Gov Zo"n . Sov mem e d hi& eput tal.,. ng, o it· on t .. at -..;.OV uld take rn asu es t · revent thi 1 v f om inter t e mo~,emen c goo belc.in in to USS o i n med violated Contr 1 CommaLde ·rab' ·t ass un er un~· II 11 �er t a o·e fern · ,. t etrticle her· i AC 6r 0r1en function& tion to · an on f aut • i t en s bsenc out 0 W ot ., l ref3rr l ·n with nume t er- ra · t ac ho as mo · · n n was in ti C Cvnt n tJ. r _ -Italian u mi th r art ·c1 • de ment t • ri 10 +e C'< · n 9f f s C . s T C' • vt had full c m h a it did. ;,ithout discu...,sin . ... . rratter 1 a r all r C 1 ,v a _rooosed etter anu. On oval · s inad ia , ol · de He a erely indicts u 1c il that v that ma uld be t o t· _. 1 · r." f tb ro fa . C h I t b~ ming Alli m er said note Chan !'essed o of tex s er.rt · · ::.t u· Ii •. h iorre hou - V So ct;l tu:ral no ntiers of' auto ou ct thi~ a r em o Contr 1 ... gr e • rd d in minutes an o ion of es not r , al v· o at.i would be r us ts is a c exam· t o on a eingle t·ve in- int net : ir. · st s t · ar:5 Jet reach a. cuss ll C ion in Vienna in lt:- t ·on t term · to- g dth U hel'. * 1vr sn . ,. .G~, :~.... ~:..,. ,. TL , [: 09L.0 hours and wa& ' t,et b 1 cff iceI cf ;:alte..... . in the General! s' 1 .., * * l .. ene a.... ther and Co onel S ain Lut ..e · had f or er to ma ,.e a1 ri ed at er, ex ct:t · e to 1:iashington raticn for �( • r 1) ar ~ inmediatel YeL to the th· Ge ral's . ear an e an .1.e 1 c i ali"'t exer..ir w· h pe1~c"llin ~ ~t t · ~awe t m I\·:r s • lark ·was exf .dr-. ·d y one o ,, t:_0 m · c al officers in order that treatm n ~i,b e riven her a tl · tis ot l the ne al an 1/ s .. ..L.o. k en ere th · hos . · cl as atients '}Ti S JR !-J * o, ., f t~eatment . i ,ssian Col ne * 46.: General C ark remained in the hos ita th Over Gen ral fcllcw·n~ let e sen t ·a o atten i on the f 11 ens et .::.-ircraft: t f ight · TL -1 om in , ln lJ aft S mb~1· 1946, 2 · et P·J9s a roach . fi hv tat a alti of · ,~oo feet. Tte s the UC" ai craft at in di stan es u ts 0 · · the 1 Co iet f~ ht r e ov r t nos ; the secora fi r d abou O yard~ The two f l'S, took a to the lF t rea of the -17 for a el tl...e left an dfo a ared 4& bring t inv S (" 3. mbe1 stadt a1J.d t ee ... o. ·r ov 9 B-17 f]yirg at about 4,5 0 a ut 1 00 ho s local time was tvio fi · ulled alon s e • Bot. r· st e ulle t t a distanc a ot 500 yards ., 'rh · ver J cori' tine and fl ~ a ay ., i e attent i on te h ~ ct that in both Cc$ s the s lyin in the auth ·iz idor.. Vhi no attacks w 1·e made b Soviet fight.· a a:.nst tr..e C ~craft , the activi ties o t s fighters · n s cs the e a ·rcraft c ·nstittit s a v the ver t hen a c 1 n r tion o tt • craft re autho1 that no · atio • ou , Gen al , om f • · rnar Ame tric1ors., T wil occur [:; · t .. :Ge , OCT .,. ., s e · n a· rcraft 1hi ar yi s made in order to r-,ak r·t e t..n 'l eas a 1t fo e · ther of j us * * SILVE Tl a h 1. r.1 * 1 1946: G6n ra1 Cla!' . rema ·n d in t .. e h -., .i a for treu .ment . message was sent to f .., oint Chief of Staff , State De t and Ge al Clar~,. S.:OCF.ET , P-4598 The fol oviin a s t 4 ·tor of enna Red J..r ress bureau, ~hie i eller ttirg im tant i n m r a ' t r " . T hief of hanchave r!'omeov1i n mat0 �•1 s eech s, t ei con v .. o sted in offici Clark had ne He stressed L conomic discr · n ut Ge o lnov wh he ovt d asked t G m us reacti.on to these e far in attackin · So h or.. ,,h ther us be ieve at·on et~ en eastern s· evas i ve a av i ed n editor lectured i~ezni t German at sets in ast ain volld o to war fo chief , Meznick Ru ce a d II · ntran c 1h easter u lie ack t then C! f ctual . ·t as f . an her Aus · d tho 8, re of f ac tr.. In- rettrn Ru&sians wo, e emonies t s · . · n '' • to s~e itic that h at ta s avi a ihic partic I C ark ts re en any c nn ct· n "i m Ee was als inte a d ask d ·w 1 Genl. reat friends ., ttat G r.J. C en s terr a • · ess en their ov p ants ac: reciproca full-sea e off nsive ( l'. & t · ted .. a des here and s an n rn~ined 0 e -·aliz: i. .. den a ;,·, n d tc return . sorn ' 0 ate ask us Govt e a.. so co _n , to dh.cre mer· an occuA;~t;ion pol_ e ito intimated Meznic that Co· s do ·not wish tc resigi;i as ~ore n Tuin·ster under r · e o the m on l. .is return from Paris The reason g · ven was \ shed c ntac s v::·t ., f z ohos i& ., o would b es i terr p .e e i ·ty of re w h -- z choslovak fe t Gru to etter under ... • he Chan el-or a[;s · ~es us, ..1 ·;ever , that Gr er mad no c rrni m nt:::, o I chinski in Paris . He does not fe t o that Gern an assets· u st.ion is co min to a n v. h ad. * lJ s, T ER * , 194 Gemr * Clark remain din th hospital nt. * * ... I C"''!T > ., ' , 19 Qf"'TC hos ·itcl at 10 at HerGhe , Penns era n . th A , GTO ER at ...Ier r To:1, * : General ar .. rJirs . Clark were rel as d fr m arted iYrJmediate y fo ,. Hershe where the Genera w s _nd a fe, da hours a · * ' * * ,7 946· * * G a lark remain d OCTC ;- . 8 1946 · Genera arc. 1;'Irs e arr r turned to as in ton car, arrivin hort befo e lunch. Th imn.1 ediately went to the l,1a ,f o ve :Iote:L There General Clark acce te the kin in itution of 1~r . , r·n Paule t use hi suit V, ile he General was n. ter lunch General lark 11ent to the Pen ag n Bti din ferred tief of Staff , Genera omas ·Ha I �hours on tr..e s b · ct o General i in Euro J ., Gene Clar and Ha ~ d ci ed Gen ral i enhower show. o to S.alzb , ut not to lienna . After the ccnferel'.!ce Genera Clark sent a cable ra~ t . .e , ·al Tate adv' sing him o this d cision. Gen ral Clark returned t · the hotel imm di tel after t .l co erence an in the ,evenin . ha I.r . rhardt , General a I'.1rs.• 1Gruenther, .ad I1rs . • C Clark fo cock•ail • * * * * WASHINGTON , DC., OCTOBER 9 , 1946: General Clark went t o the National War College at 1000 hours at which time he delivered a speech on conditions and problems tn Austria to the assembled students . He was introduced by his old friend and former Chief of Staff , Major General Gruenther, who is now assistant commandant at the War College . After his speech; the General went directly to the Pentagon Building where he took care of s ome official correspondence and then saw Major General Echols of Civil Affairs . General Clark had lunch at the Hotel Mayflower with Mrs . Clark and spent the afternoon resting . In the evening he had a group of friends and officers, who had fo,u ght with him in Italy , in for cocktails . * * WASHI NG'l'ON, DC, OOTOBER 10, 1946: General Clark remained in Washington. He went to his office in the Pentagon Building in the morning and spent the afternoon with his mother and Mrs . Clark. * * .* WASHINGTON, OC , OCTOBER 11, 1946: General Clark remained in Washington. * * NEW YORK, OCTOBER 12, 1946; General Clark left for New York City by train. Arriving there, he immediately went to the Hotel Astor where he was to stay wh~le in that city. General Clark's staff sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Dept and to General Clark care of OOS, SECRET , P-4988.: t1At PC meetfng on 11 Oct Gen Zheltov represented .Gen Kurasov . A paper on quadripartite control of the Vienna municipal administration was , considered but not adopted . Purpose of the proposed resolution was to relax controls and hand back several functions of civil administration to municipal authorities . As was the case the last time this subject was before the Council , discussion centered around the question of how much control should be exercised over legislative measures . Sovs held out for principal of unanimous approval, which was not acceptable to the other three elements because it would establish a greater degree of_co·n trol over municipal legislation than is presently exercised over federal legislation and would contravene both the wording and intent of the Control Agreement of 28 June 1946 . The deliverations on this item confirmed what had already become evident in other quadr ipartite meetings; namely, that the Sov element views with extreme disfavor the procedure for handling non- constitutional laws laid down in Art 6(a) of the Control Agreement and will not agree in the future to any extension of this procedure . �( "A resolution designed :to furnish instructions to the Aus gov for the establishment of a customs and frontier service was not agreed and was sent back to the Executive Committee for further study and recommendation. The other 3 elements could not agree to the Sov contentions that customs personnel should not be permitted to bear arms and that all subjects and all goods of the 4 occupying powers should be exempted from Aus frontier and customs control. With respect to the latter contention; the other elements took the position that only members and goods of the Allied Commission and of the forces in Aus of the 4 occupying powers should be exempted . "Ah ordinance of the Aus Ministry of Food concerning the consumption of food by self suppliers was approved following a unanimous agreement to decrease the total quantity of food which the self supplier would be permitted to · withhold . The Counc:i.l also approved resolutions· des:j.gned to speed up the preparation of a progress report on denazification and the approval of denazification law passed by the lA.us Parliament on '24 July 1946. The Council took note of Gen v. V. Kurasov , the present Aus, has been appointed.as the mission for Aus . This clearly 0 * NEVi YORK, OCTOBER the statement of the Sov member that Col Cir:£ of the Sov occupational forces in USSR High Commissioner to the Allied Comindicates Konev will not ret'1!n to Aus . " * * 13 ,14,15 ,16 - General Clark remained in New York City. NEW YORK, OCTOBER 17, 1946: General Clark attended the Calvin Bullock Forum this day . UPSTATE NEW YORK, OOTOBER 18 1 19, 20,21 , 1946: General Clark went upstate New York to Mr . Averell Harriman 1 s country . home where he rested and relaxed. * * * * NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 1946: General Clark returned to New York City and had dinner with the Dutch Treat Club and later broadcast an appeal for aid to Austria over Lowell Thomas I program. _ * * NEW YORK, CCTOBER 23 , 24 1946: General Clark remained in New York City ~ * * * NEW YORK, OCTOBER 25, 1946: The General spent the day in New York and in the evening sailed for South Hampton, England aboard the Queen Elizabeth. * * * ENROUTE , OOTOBER 26,27,28,29,30 1946: Aboard the Queen Elizabeth . On October 27 the following cable was sent to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Dept , SECRET , P-5494: �I ( • I "Most important items on agenda for 25 Oct meeting of AC concerned rights of ~us Gov with respect to Aus indigenous products and attitude of Sov element with respect to Legislative matters . "For purpose of replying to a communication from the Minister of Agric, in which the Minister raised the question of control of produce from agricultural lands occupied by the Allies , the US, Brit and French members supported a resolution agreeing that 0 in accordance with the principles of International Law, the Aus Gov has the right to control the cultivation of all land throughout Aus and to dispose of the total production of that land except wh$re it is occupied'purely for mil purposes . 0 Sov member agreed to first part of resolution but maintained that disposition of the production in Sov Zone was a matter for settlement between Sovs and Aus Gov and was dependent upon receipt of Aus plan of food distri bution covering all of Aus . Other elements stated that Sov position implied Sov desire to return to old zonal basis of control and to withholdfronAustrians control of their own production, and pointed out that the Ministry of Agriculture could not be expected to produce a food plan until it is known whether or not land commandeered by the Sovs is subject to .Aus law . As no agreement could be reached , the paper was referred back to Exec Committee for reconsideration in light of views expressed in Council . "The same fundamental di.ff erence of opinion between the Sov and the.other elements arose during a discussion of ways and means to allay industrial unrest and allevi ate unsatisfactory living conditions currently prevalent in Aus . · In 1his case the Sov member agreed, as did the other members, to recognize the right of the Aus Gov to control all indigenous resources of Aus and to utilize them fully in the Aus economy, but would not agree that the Aus Gov had the right to apply Aus Law to all land and to products thereof, irrespective of ownership. The Council called upon the Aus Gov to give immediate attn to the causes underlying \lllrest, including price and wage control , lack of a plan for rehabilitation of all branches of industry, lack of a plan for export and import, failure to make full use of indigenous resources and failure to expedite revision of the present wages tax. The Council instructed the Aus Gov to submit within 30 days its plans to provide the necessary remedies and to put them into effect . "During discussions of the foregoing j_tems, the old controversies regarding German assets and extraterritorial rights were renewed , with the several elements reaffirming their previous positions in these matters . "The Brit member presented a prepared statement in which he criticized the Sov attitude toward certain clauses of the Control Agreement of 28 Jun 1946 and took the Sovs to task particularly for.~heir repeated declarations that they reserved the right not to recognizij1 the Sov zone any Aus legislation which comes into effect automatically under the provisions of .m-t 6(a) but which was not previously approved by the Sov element . The U.s. and French members of the Council supported the Brit statement, maintaining that the Control Agreement was agreed and signed by all 4 High Commissioners, in the name of their respective Govs , and that all elements were bound to abide by all its articles whether or not they nov.r objected to the effect of such articles . The Sov member insisted that his element had always acted in accord with the pr~visions of the Control Agreement and that the Sov objection to Art 6,aJ was · based simply on the Sov desire to have unanimous agreement in all matters . He pointed out that non-constitutional legislation was the only matter not subject to the principle of unanimous agreement and clearly . inferred Sov objection to any procedure by which the veto power is lost �to the Sov element . Discussion of the Brit paper was concl uded with a st atement by the Sov member that he might s ee fit to reply in more detail at a later date . "The same Sov attitude with respeqt to legi sl ative matters came up again during the dis9ussion concerning the form of supervision to be exer• cised over the Vienna Municipality . ·Despite objection of the other members, the -Sov member insisted that Municipal Laws should be unanL~ously approved. The other members took the position that this was not in accord with Jrt 13 of the Control Agreement, in that it would establish a greater degree of control over the Vienna Municipality than is exercised by the Allied Commission over the Aus Gov . Further discussion of this paper was terminated in view of the difference of opinion on such a fundamental question. uon the question of the establi-shment of an A.us Office for Civil Aviation , the US, Brit and French members maintained that, as civil air transportation is an essenti~l part of the economy of a free and independent country, they would agree that an Aus office should be established to handle matters relating to Austria's participation in internatit nal agreements in the field of civil aviation, to plan for future active participation of iA.us in civil aviation activities and to play a central international airport ·at Vienna . T.he Sov member could not agree this resolution inasmuch as he considered the establishment of such an office premature and that he was not assured that the process of demilitarization of mil air activities in Aus was complete. The matter was referred back t o the Air Directorate for further study . ,.tThe Council agreed that each element would cut its monthly newsprint requirement from 300 to 250 tons and approved several previous actions of the Exec Comm in matters of minor importance . n * * * * LONDON, ENGLAND, OCTOBER 31 1946: General and ';1rs . Clark arrived South Hampton and were met by Mrs . Erhardt , Ann, Colonel Lee and Captain Luther . They motored from South Hampton to Hotel Claridge in London where they stayed during their visit in that city. · At 1300 hours Gen~ral , Mrs . Clark and Ann were luncheon guests of Prime .Min:: ster_and Mrs • ..Attlee. J.f'ter returning to the hotel General Clark rested and later went shopping for a short while . In the evening he had dinner at the hotel and retired at an early hour . * * * LONDON, NOVEIVIBER 1 1946_: General and. Mrs_. Clark spent the morning shopping . and after having lunch at Hotel Claridge drove to Winston Churchill ' s home in the country where they had a long chat with the former Prime Minister • .After a tour of the estate's grounds they had tea and then returned to London . In the evening General Clark ' s p~ty had dinner at Grosvenor House with Colonel and Mrs . Bill Lee, Military Attache in London. * ENROUTE TO PARIS, NOVEMBER 2 1946; General Clark ' s party departed their hotel at 0830 hours and motored to Dover arriving at 1045 hours . At 1130 hours they boarded the channel boat (Golden Arrow) and crossed to Calais where they were met by Captain Rogers and the General ' s cars . Captain Roger s had arrived in Vienna during the General's absence in the States to be his junior aide . The party proceeded by car to · aris (Prince of Wales Hotel) where they spent the night . * * * * �ENROUTE TO VIENN , NOVEJ.vlBER 3 1946: General Clark vs party departed from Paris by car at 0900 hours and motored to Strasbourg where they boarded the General ' s private train for the return trip to Vienna . * ( * * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 1 - November 3, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 1 - November 3, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1676 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/5ef07625e07fa9a1838a2ffd4d81d6f9.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=M7QJv5c9R5Hk6BB-babzTC2Jac7A47QJ6VYML1cwnaqvjF1rj%7EypnksGlIfzPQGoz4fT3WCM5xcFzP0hLe4gFGXXV7aSZMdTK%7Er5wnAarkcaFZ%7EmYbq3-ew0UqrPB-hpynjcfjxaHc-SOfZyE9%7EuFetP1bwdPEScIHWz5wtBzhxLJ0eri9LTOjUIX950Fhwpm%7E2VLRCPt%7EtTtcDF%7E%7E9cDSBL52UIXmajUacM61qyxHcMWFYhV6LmKT8hy%7EB-bDAGq35Pg4BkIYH94c0cA6QuqelDzE-68BJhDpUdfxKNQwdmvwzYYhaH1HDx19MEchQI6PB9XW0bYj8wKVdDNbEpVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 24c95131a98e6531c4269c6aacb8ed80 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL . , ·" . ".. .· ... , ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM ( vinced there should be unity of command over all thes e branches so the entire operati on will be und er one man. He .is willing to assume that; responsibility and believes he should since he is charged with planning both SLEDGEHAME and ROUNDUP MR . L0NGFORDCASTL , AUG 1 , 1942 -- Following E . a tour of the Poole-Bournem outh area, Brigadier General Roosevelt and other 1st Division officers of th e advance echelon call on General Clark to ]bell h _m they are convinced i they can train in that region . It is virtually decided that the 1st Division will set up near Poole and relieve the 38th British division . •" The Oommander of the Ground Forces discloses he is fighting to have complete command over amphibious operations and t raining . In a letter to General Eisenhower he s tates that since the Ground Force Comm ander has "primary interest" in the invasion training and ex e cution, 'he should h ave primary responsibility and should be charg ed with making recorrnnendation of sites to the Theater Comm er after and coordinating with the Navy and SOS commanders . 11 He declares the Navy "should not direct and supervise these train ing centers, nor app oint the connnanding officers thereof . n The object of the training," General Clark writes in objecting to amphibious training plans outlined in a letter frcrn Colonel Barker, nmus t be to enable ground troops, properly sup p orted, to g et ashore in prop e r formation and proper condition to execute the assault . This will re quire the coordin a ted action of all elements : boat crews, ground forces, and direct sup p ort aviation. Coor dination implies unity of command and since the ground force will make up the major element and will present the ma jor training problem, it is logical that that comm and should be vested in the Task Force Commander, who is in the best position to direct the unified training of his various elemen t s that go to make up the assault . His representative should be in command of these tr aining centers in order to assure that training is directed in accordance with the training program prescribed by the Task Force Comma nder . tt 11 General Clark maintains that the amphibious force cormnander should be attached ~to him both during preparation and the invasion operation. The II Army Corps commander writes General Eisenhower th a t he is 11perfectly willing to accept the responsibilitytr of running the amphibious cente r s . "I have grave doubts, 11 the letter concludes, "that this combined training will work smoothly if these centers are placed under Navy Command. 11 The general is going to London for conferences Monday with Lord Mountbatten, ETOUS Army Corps, SOS and Navy officials A, concerning amphibious training. He plans to outline his plan for unity of command . lie has asked that officers be sent who can make decis i ons" and speak for their bosses . " He hopes to get the entire problem of co m mand decided so work can go forward . �The general, despite his forthrightness and brevity, is exceedingly human. Today he sends out his fir s t "birthday letter to an officer under his command. He plans to send similar letters to each officer when his anniversary arrives. ttere i s a t yp ical one: "Dear . Lieutenant: "Today being your birthday , no doubt your thoughts instinctively will be turn e d to your loved ones at home. W h th e hope of helping it to fill the ~oid caused by your separation, I want to extend my best wishes . "I hope that the combin ed American - British re sources can bring about the destructiom of our common enemy in time for you to be at home on your next birth d ay . "Sincerely, (signed) Mark W. Clark, "Major General, "Commanding . 11 11 11 U. S.A . , * ( L~NGFORDCASTLE, AUG. 2, 1942--The American Red Cross hospital in Salisbury is being turned over to the United States Army for the duration and last night General Clark entertained the nurses, many of w hom are joining th e Army Nurse Cor p s . A few are returning to the United States and officers try and convince them they should remain here and help . The gene ra l says the hospital, past year to take care of pulmonary diseases , must be expanded materially which has been used for the tr ouble and commu icable n fo r our use . The nurses are driven from the hospital to New Hall, the general's quarters, in jeeps chauffered by officers . There are about 35 nurses and 60 officers at the dancing and buffet party . After having Sunday dinner at Cowesfield where our headquar Engineers are quartered, General Clark, accompanied b y Major c.c. Smith, leaves at 1530 for London and conf'erences concerning his having corrm1and over all phases of amphibious training and operations. He plans on talking over the involved problem with General Eisenhower tonight so they can get cleared away for the confer en ces tor11orrov1 . ters I. ON OON ,1 :...:..:. -=.----~- AUG. 3, -~..:::: t 1942 -- General fight to have amphibious training under his will soon go to I reland to pick the training can be started. Clark direct area today won his command . He so construction �48 LJuring a discussi on this mor n ing with General Spaatz and Adm ral Bennett, i General Clark outlined his plan for the settingup and op eration of amphibi ous training areas. W hen Admir al Bennett of the US Navy passed around a paper stating his vie ws on how training should oper ate, General Clark disa greed since Admiral Bennett's ideas were exactly t hose cont a :4l-~d in the plan of Col onel Barker and to which the gener al alrea dy had taken exception. General Eisenhower suggested that Admiral Bennett, General Clark and the gener al's am phibious expert, Colonel O'Daniel, confer and reach an agreement. As soon as the general out l ined his vie ws in det a il, Admir al Bennett agreed to 100 percent coope r ation. He said his sole mission would be to train the boat crews so they can handle, service and navigate the sma ll . craft and put the inva din g forces on the proper beach. Adm ral Bennett accepted Gener al Clark's i suggested North Ireland training location and agreed to get the prop e r craft and submit tp a ining plans. These will be r eported to General Clark's expert who will then give the Navy its instructi ons for proceeding. r At 1500, Generals Clark and Ei s enho wer and Lord Louis Mountbatten mee t wit h repres entatives of the British W Office, ar the British Admiralty, Air Go an d , SOS, ETOUSAand the Ground rmn Forces. After three hours of d iscussion, the grou p accept ed Gener al Clark's rec omm endations on amphibi ous comm and and training methods. A letter was dictated to the British W Office. ar General Clark took 15 of h is own officers to the meeting and, lau~ hingly explains, "I was able to ou tvote them for the first time!' General Clark then made arrang ements fo fly to North Ireland on W ednesday to l ook over the pro p osed train i ng center. He will take Navy officers and members of his own staff with him. Lat e r, General Clark discussed with the British his plan for moving our 1st Division into the Poole area. The British, he says, "bucked a bit" but t h ey acceded when he told them that un less he foll owed t h is plan he would be un able to relieve the British 38th Division, no w holding the re gi on. He added that all the antiinvasion installations in the Pool e area would have to came out so the 1st Division could practice landings on the on ly available hard beach. The Briti8h agreed but said that d ef ense of the area would be his problem. He replied he had no doubt he could solve it. So the Poole area is go ing to be used by the 1st Division. * LONGFOD CASTLE, AUG. 3, 1942--The British R Broadcasting Syst em sends an announcer and technician do w today to make tr ansn criptions of a program that will be broadc ast this coming Sund ay night to the United States. ( Twenty-three enlisted men and two officers particip a te. Half of th em a r e i nt e rvie wed on th e ir r ea c tio n s to Eng l and and the ir �-- 49 - . ~ ✓ '.~. .':.. .... ~ _" , :- . ... :. jobs. The remainder pa rtici pate in a round-table, barber-shop discussion. Parents and friends of the soldiers participat in g will be notified that their men will be on the air. The program, which will be carried by 147 stations in the U.S., is known as "The stars and Strip es in Bri tain. 11 It is shortwaved to New York then rel ayed over longwave. The first big batch of ma il in several evening. Mail from home is so very important * days arrives to everyone. in the * LONGFORD CAST LE, AUG. 4, 1942--Plans for the TORCH(North African) operation are increasing in scope and momentum. and Gene r al Clark is apprehensive that ROUNDUP,which he is charged with planning and executing, may be postponed until 1944, if not indefinitely. That, the general explains, might be a "great calamity." He is alarmed that TORCHwill act as a sponge, taking away from his planned operation the necessary ships to transport his Ground Forces to the United Kingdom to prepare for the contin ental assault. If the TORCHoperation is successful it may take more and more p lan es that would be training to support ROUNDUP;it would take aw:-;_ytroop and car go ships and naval vessels that would pa:-ticipate in the French Coast op eration ; and it might actually take away troops that are scheduled to participate in the opening phases of ROUNDUP. The general is alarmed lest TORCHbe executed at the expense of his mission and that it will leave him with insufficient air power to soften up the French Coast for the assault or without sufficient ships and men to undertake the operation successfully . Two newspapermen and a newspaperwoman come to headquarters today . They are the first to show up since our arrival. The general chats in his office with Myron Berger of the New York Times, Paul Manning of N.E.A. and Maxine Davis of the Saturday Evening Post . He stresses to them the amicability of BritishAmerican troop relations and tells of the problem confronting negro troops arriving in England . Manning is going to do a "profile sketch" of the general w hile Berger i s interested in writing a story about New York men over here- -a "Brooklyn Bum in A e ountry Castle" theme along the lin e s of "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court." Miss Berger talks to both troops and Salisbury resid ents about the British-Americ an relations . NORTHERN RELAND AUG 5 , 1942- - The major amphibious I , . train ing base for the Army Ground Forces in the European The ater of Operations is tentatively selected tod a y as General q1ark, members -:.t· .- : :.- ~ •. , - . , -. -·-"" "! ':: ..--- �50 ( J of his st a ff area between and Navy pers onnel inspect the North I rish Coast the mouth of Loch Foyle and the Bann River . A United States Army cargo transport picks Genaral Cl ark and h i s party up at the Oa t field RAF airdrome , near Salisbury , and i t t akes off for Ir e l and a t 0806 . We f l y ov er parts of England where p l anes wi th the U. S. blue circle and white star haven ' t been seen be f ore . The sh i p c ar ri es Very lights and a message flasher in case we are challenged . Sev eral times Hurricanes and Spitfires climb up to inspect us, then dart away . The we ather is perfect until we hit the English Coast of the I rish Sea . The beautif u l l y tilled and hedge - b ordered f i e l ds pass beneath us in crazy - quilt patterns of deep greens , l ight browns , pea greens and amber browns . We pass over several a i rdrames and large to w , hitting ns the coast at 0914 . Genera l Clark spends most of his time forward with the pilot and co-pilot . He takes the controls for a while . over the to 7, 000 feet Br adley , drops exactly on our islands and at the bi-motored keep under the Ir i sh Sea we h it heavy ov e r cast and have to climb to keep above it . Finally , the pilot , Captain down through it and we are ov er the Isle of Man, course . At 0956 we are ov er the I rish coastal 1016 we hit the I r i sh coast and thund er along in ship at an altitude of from 800 to 1, 000 feet to low - hanging clouds . For a time we lose ourcourse and find we are fly i ng ov er neutral Eire . I f we had to put do~n we would be interned. We know we are the first U~S. warplane to fly over Eire! F inally , we hit the Atlant i c Ocean and d i scover we are ov er Donegal Bay . W head northwest e over the well-kept I rish farm country and at 1138 we arri v e at an RAF airdrame , Eng l inton, near Londonderry . Genera l Clark is met by Major General Hartle , commander of our Vth Army Corps . We ar e taken immediat e ly by autamobiles to the p~oposed amphibious area , 15 miles away . General Clark ' s party consists of Colonels Ga le , Ferenbaugh , O' Daniel, Dabney and Lieutenant Beard wood . The navy men with us are Command r e w Ansel , operati ons officer under Admi ral Bennett; Lieutenant .c. Com mand e r Shiler , constructi on officer , and Ensign Donovan . The proposed amphibiou s area has 8 1 000 yards of beach with a 25- yard apron of hard packed sand that le ad s back to dunes covered wit h har sh grass and low bushes . The water , Gene r al Clark , finds , is d ee p e noug h for small bo a ts and the are a is so formed that ship-to-shore l andings c ould be p r a cticed . The necessary naval facilities are nearby . Gener a l Clark is highl y p leased with the area and says it is ak in to the ty pe of shoreline that our troops will run into when they attempt eith er SLED GEH.AMN.ER ~r1:tO~UP. At some spots the English , as ant i- invasion defense , hav e installed pilings , pill �( -- boxes and barbed wire. Behind the beach , dunes stretch back until they become matted hillocks that would make goo d defensive positions against beach landings . The genera l stresses that .there is a similarity bet ween the neutralization problem here and the one that troo ps are likely to run into on the French coast . The northwest end of the 8 1 000 yards of practical b ea ch has about 1 , 0 00 yards of cliff where invasi on troo p s will be able to fire ball ammunition as they make their p ractice assaults . The entire area is quite isolated, r e achable only by nar row roads that alrea dy have sentries and tank blocks. The proposed region for landings has a six to eight foot tide . There is a sandb a r across part of the l anding area but General Clark says natural obstacles will make the training area even more valuab l e . North winds will whip the sea up , giving the troo ps practice in both rough and smooth wa ter. General Clark des crib e s the area as II splendid II and he holds innumerable waterside conferences with Colonel O' Daniel , Colonel F erenbaugh and General Hartle . They make tentative plans for bringing in the first unit f or training- probably the 34th, part of General Hartle's Army Corps . After inspecting the are a closely , the party, which is accompanied by Major Rawlins , a British officer on the staff of the North I reland Corrnnand, goes to Coler aine for luncheon. They then g o to the mouth of the Bann River, near the amphibious area, and the Navy experts say the re g ion will be perfect for mooring small invasion craft . The party continues on to Londonderry, second largest city in North I reland, and then returns to the airdrome at 1642 . 11 Our p lane , named tb:.e "Nazdarovia, takes off at 1709 and , before heading for England , we cruise over the a rea we have been inspecting all day on foot . The sandbar is easily seen from the are a and it is marked in on the detailed maps we have with us . ~uring the trip home , members of the general's staff confer with the navy men on a rou gh table b olted to the floor in the t a il of the plane . They sketch tentative installa tion and training plans as we fly over Belfa s t and start across the Irish Se a . Once again the sight of an American plane over the area creates interest . The pilots get inquiry flashes f rom the ground and they reply with their sign al ligh ts . The code le tt er with whic h a friendly cr a ft identifies itself changes every hour; so does the col or of the friendly signal g iven by ~ery lights . l The plane al ights at Salisbury at 1932 and the gener a l and his staff drive to New Hall . The three Naval officers fly back to London. I n an informal meeting with his staff, General Cl ark says the Loch Foyle re gion will su it the amphibio us t r aining purposes fine . Furth er conferences will be held with the Navy and ETO before the first tr aining force is sent in for its s ix to nine week course that is scheduled to conclude with a mock inva sion acro ss 80 miles of the North Channel nith an assault on the Scotti sh Coast . �LO NGFORDCASTLE, AUG. 6, 1942--The strange case of General Char les De Gaulle, tall, somber-faced leader of the Eighting French, was outlined today by General Clark as he recounted a meeting in London with the most enigmatic man of the war to date. f. The British have been reluctant to give De Gaulle any highly secret information concerning their plans and the French Fighter, hoping to find something out, scheduled a conference with General Marshall just before the second Front conferees left London on July 29. The British feel they can't trust De Gaulle because he is so eager to promote his own interests. As he wanted to sidestep General De Gaulle's obvious attempt to circumvent the British and obtain secret plans, General Marshall had Admiral King and Generals Clark and Eisenhower and Brigadier General W.B. Smith attend the conference with De Gaulle in Admiral Kin g 's hotel room. The French general, realizing something was in the wind, wanted to find out about TORCH so he could be in on one of the biggest potential developments of the war. This would add stature to his hoped-for position of being the outstanding French post-war figure. ( General De Gaulle was obviously displeased when he entered the hotel r oom and found that instead of being alone with General Marshall , four other American officers also were p resent. He shook hands limply with them and ignored them throughout the conference. The French general, tall, thin and gaunt, entered the hotel roam with an aide-interpreter who was as drab a s De Gaulle. The Fi ghting French leader shook hands with the officers "with a hand as cold and clammy as a spitoon, 11 General Clark recounted. "It was evident that he wanted a p rivate audience with Gene r al Marshall, that he resented our presence and that he felt General Marshall had let him do w 11 n. Admiral King, in honor of the French general, had ordered a bottle of champagne. A glass was poured for each man p res ent but De Gaulle, who stared icily at everyone but General Marshall, didn't touch his drink. De Gaulle told the Americans he was placing at their disposal the handful of French troops he has in England, French South Africa, New Caled onia, Syria and other possessions. In a deep voice, he told the officers with what joy the Fighting French would welcome the opening of a Second Fr ont. He then asked General Marshall what he could tell him. General Marshall told De Gaulle how America ap p reci a te d the fine work being done by the Free French. Admir al King then made an equally polite but secret-free speech. De Gaulle, obviously impatient and upset, said to General Marshall blu n tly through his interpreter: ( "Tell me about the Second Front plans!" �~ 53 t~ ~ , Once sgain General \Marshall spoke in genera lities, oDlli"tting any reference to specific plans such as TORCH or RO UNDUP Admiral . King again took part of the conversational load off General Marshall . Soon De Gaulle found that he was going to ~et no specific informa tion and told the .Americans that he would' take no more of your time . " He shook hands in the same fish - like way and , followed by his aide , "a stiff automaton who sat there parrotlike , repeating throughout the conference what Gen er al De Gaulle had said," marched out of the hotel room. As soon as De Gaulle had left , General 11 the other officers and said: Isn 1 t that the 11 1 ve t h ing y ou ever seen! They then discussed agreeing that he might have a keen military totally devoid of per s onality or leadership Marshall turned to most pathetic De Gaulle .·s pla ce, mind but tliat he was qual ities. General Clark desc r ibed De Gaulle as: "Absolutely without personality and lacking any personal magnetism . He may be an excellent military expert but it was easy to see why he is the United Nations' problem child." The group agreed that De Gaulle's collaboration and the cooperation of the liberty-lovin g people in France was essential . The revolt must be timed to coincide with our invasion and such plans eventually must be made . { General ~lark , in recounting the meeting with De Gaulle, said there had been discussion concerning how th e British raid on St. Nazarre was timed to coincide with a French uprising . The French rioted and shot German so ld iers and police . When the big commando raid wa s over , The Germans shot hundreds of rioters and made every effort to .crush their spirit . "There's only one good revolt left in the French people," Gen eral Clark says. "It must be carefully timed to come with the opening of the Second Front so it wi ll benefit our operation. W must drop weapons and ammunition by parachutes e to them so they c an be as effective as possible . " . He s a id a tin . 45 gun has been developed extremely effective at other materiel will be pistol that looks like a dime-store toy for su pplying underground armies . It is close range . The guns , amm tion and uni drop p ed with instructions . I n the late afternoon today , Margaret Bourke - White , tre famous Americ Pn woman phot ogr apher, arrives to do series of pictures for Life magazine. She is accompanied by Lincoln Barnett, European news edi~or of Time magazine . Miss BourkeWhite , who has already covered wars in Spain, China and Russia , wants to accompany General Clark ' s forces when the European invasion comes . * * �• ;, ' # ~ ~~~:..~-:!~,.., ~~ .- :~:' " ~: :_•' .. .,· . ( ) LONGFORD CASTLE AUG 7 , 1942 -- Thi r ty - nine newspapermen, , . representing the major United Nations news agen c ies and indiv idual newspapers in Lon~~n, New York , Boston , Kansas City and Chicago , had a mass inte1,view today with General Clark in the lounge room at New Hall . F ollowing a buffet the garden , Then , sitting room , he faced reporters chairs . I n the audience Africans and Australians woul d be "on the record luncheon , the Gen eral was photographed in in a chair at the head of the lounge lounging before him in r ows of folded were Ameri c ans , Br i t i shers , Swedes , South . The general to l d them that ev erything ." Aft er explaining his command and that at pre sent the only troops in England were service units , the general said this area,J\~ ', wou ld soon house "thousan d s up on tho u sands" of fighting tro ops . ''/ t\ "American troops ," the general sa i d , "are not over ·here to sit v,lt~Jl' on their back - ends on the defensive . We' re here t o take the of- f fe n sive , and , the sooner t he better as far as we a r e concerned ." He added that he was sorry but he cou l d say nothihg de f inite about the opening of the Second Fr ont . He exp l ained that his troops would concentrate on amphibious tr a ining and on Air - Ground c ooperation . He told corr e spondents that the troops coming over were among the finest in the United Sta t es and that the train i ng they would receive in Bri tain would be "specialist training for offensive operation . 11 You can draw your ovm assumptions , it will include amphibious training . 11 Junerican troops , he continued , will be toughened up by long o-, marches -- up to 25 miles -- and that infan t ry wi ll learn to advance s~J s l, with artillery fire breaking as close to them as possible . He (~J •' " warned that men would get hurt but that they must learn to have t~~ trust in their supportin g units and work under realistic cond itions . He told British correspondents that he wanted to make his Ground Forces "as hard as the British soldiers wh o are hard , tough and fine . " He said he was certain that present - day U. S . troops are far superior to those of the 1917 - 18 A. E . F . One of the present - day faults of armies , however , is that they are road bound . "They want to ride to battle in trucks , " the general said . "They ' re going to get out of that habit . " The general also dis discussed Anglo - American relations, the p roblems presented by the arrival of negro tr9ops and told the ne wspapermen of rationing problems . ( He thre w the conference open to questions and finally closed it by telling newspapermen he wanted no personal publicity . "I haven't commanded troops in ba t tle yet," th e general told them . "Until I have p roven my fitness , the less said about me the better .,, �( ) Since the general has to prepare to depart for Scotland where he will greet the 1st Division, he has onl y tin 1 f or more picture e taking in the garden before he bids the newspapermen goodbye . The party is then taken to the Cas tle headquarters, ·shown through the section of f ices and the art gallery. The newspapermen then choose what they want to do: inspect officers and troops quarters, interview enlisted men or browse around the headquarters area. They c atch the 1642 train back to London . During the morning, the general meets with Navy Officers an d his Army Corps amphibiou.s exper t s to outline to the m his plans f or amphi biou s training . The Navy and II Army Corps g~p will tour proposed a r eas at Poole , Appledore and in the Cornwall area during the next four days . The gener al , accomp an ied by Colonels Adcock and 1arkoe and Lieu.ten ant Barker, lea ves at 15 45 for Cheltenham to join General Lee who is also making the train trip to Scotland . ( GU.nROO .:£OT.LAND AUG. 8, 1942--The 1st Division , less one Kj , ba t talion of the 16th Infantry which is alre ady at Tidworth, arrives here this morni ng aboard the Queen Mary. The former crack liner , carrying more troops than any ves se l has ever carrie d before, made a six 4 day dash across the Atlantic without any protection exce p t for the first day out of New York and the l ast day out of Scotl and . Generals Clark and Lee g o out to the ship aboard a lighter soon after dawn. As they draw alongside t he troop - cram med trans t port, General ~lark is a stounded at the siz e of "the biggest thing I ever sa w af lo at . " The Q een Mary has 15 ,045 persons u abo ard -the entire 1st Division , less one battalion, and the 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion whic h is at t ache d. M en are sleeping everywhere. General Cl ark confers with General Terry Allen, 1st Division co mma der, an d his high~ranking n officers . General Allen reports th at the m orale of the men is high, th at dis cipline has been g ood and that deb a rk ation plans have been perfected. A dang erou.s spots on the voyage, every officer t went below an d stayed alongside his particular outfit. Gener al Clark g oes ash ore wit h th e first li ghter lo a d of troops. At Gurr ock, the 1st Division starts boarding tr a ins fo r the lo ng trip to Tidworth . General Clark watches them board . A Scottish band pl ay s martial music and the Ame rica n Red Cross fu rnishes the of f icers and men with hot tea, sandwiches and cakes . ( The deb a rking from the Queen Mary and the train loading g oes s moothly. Gener a l Cl ark remarks th at the entire movement ttreflects the discipline and mor ale of one of our best divisions . - �~ ~ . : ;,, . --~·~·-~: ;;'"_! ;. - I I ) It is very foggy and rainy but General Clark stands on the docks and moves around the railr oad station from 0700 to 1900 , watching th e debarkation and l oading and talking to the enlisted men and officers . The ge neral says he feels great pride as he watches this t op-notch division , w:.L.thwhich he had been closely associated as former Chief of staff , Army Ground Forces , unload 1·or early combat duty. He has no doubt that the 1st Division will play an important part in the forthcoming fight . LONGFORD CASTLE, AUG. 9 , 1942 -- General Clark returns to II Army Corps headquarters following a night of train riding and an automobile trip to the Castle from Cheltenh am. He immediately plunges into conferences with his sections chiefs regarding reception of the 1st Division at Tidworth . The conferees also discuss plans for getting the 1st into immedi ate training . The conf erences l as t throughout most of the afternoon , then the general, accompanied by some members of the general staff, go to Fyfield Manor, home of Minister of Agriculture and N ~s. Hudson , for tea . Discussion • centers around a proposal that American troops, in small groups, help with the British harve s t and supplement the labor s n orta ges in localities where our troops will be stationed . ( The II Ar my Corps officers and Naval officials touring the proposed amphibious training centers in South ern England report back to the general, concurring in his selections, particularly the Poole area where, tentatively , the 1 s t Division is scheduled to train. W ith the receipt of the report , the general is able to g o ahead with plans for designating the necessary personnel, starting construction and making plans for troop move ment to the variolls centers. A letter concerning this ov er-all amphibious training pro gran , is drafted for dispatch to the Ellrope an Theate 1 of Operations . The . North Ireland base , near Londonderry , ·definitely will be set up and preparations for the less training areas will be started as soon as neces s ary. Another group of Army Corps office r s will fly to North Ireland to do additional reconnaissance and Sllbmit recommendations on the big amphibious base . LONDON AUG. 10 , 1942 -- London newsp apers ran extensive , stories today concerning Ame rican Ground Forces in Engl an d and about Major GeneJ al Clark. The correspondents visited the gen eral's headquarters near SaliSb llr y last Friday . ColTh uent inclllded: London Ti m - "Major Gen er a l Clark ••• has established eshis head quarters in England ••• General Clark, at the age of 4 6, is a vi g orolls leader of striking personality. He impresses one as the typic al de mocratic soldier, a man who rea dily gain s the co nf id en ce of hi s men and inspires them to give their best. Almost his first re mark today, when speaking to a par ty of British and Ameri can correspon - �,?';~;:,~~ ~-'.:. S'l ~>;,. ~~ > -~~ dents was: 'Obviousl y we are not over here to sit back and take the defensive ; if you asked me about the second front , all I will sa y is, 'the sooner the bette r . ' The troops comi ng ov er from the United states a re , he is satisfied, well trained . They are pi cked men, and the tr a ining they do here wi ll be speci a list training for offensive operation, inc lud ing amphibiou.s war fare • •• " \ London Daily 1'.drr or- - 0 ••• Gener al Clark •• • aims to make ev ery one of his men as h ard as the British soldiers --' who are hard , tou gh and fine' •• • He said this yesterday as he sat in one of the rooms of a be a utiful old English castle which is now his headquarters • •• This ta l l , pale, intensel y live and a ctive so l dier is one of the youngest Major Generals in the U. S. Army. He holds one of the key corrunands a nd when the Allies attack in the ry est his responsibili ties will be en ormolls . "The sooner the better as far as we are concerned , ' he said ••• " ( London Daily Express -- " L or General Clurk , deep::voiced 1 6 aj foot 3 inches tall , holding a cor,illl and of the U. s. Ground Forces in the Europe an Theater of Operations , greeted me at his H. Q• in England yesterd ay by saying: "American troops are not over here to tit · on· the if 'oack 1ends on the defensive . W 1 re here to take the e offensive -- the s ooner the better , as fa r a s we are concerned.' ••• This i s a general who will have a great respo n sibility and enormous problems when the Second Front opens ••• i our troops here are well trained- - better than the A.E . F. that went to France in the last war . I know what these troops can do .' •• • " LONGFORD CASTLE A , UG. 10 , 1942- - General Clark leaves in the early morning for London where he is to meet with the Anglo American comm , possibly and to discuss new phases of the TORCH operation. He lunches with General Eisenhower; Major General George R. Pat t on, tank warfare expert , and Lieutenant General Anderson who is with the British Middle East Forces . The general returns to his headquarters late , then has dinner at his New Hall qua rters in honor of Generals Loyd and Creagh. The original PU!POSe of the dinner was to have the British generals meet General Eisenhower , but , as had happened twice before , General Eisenhower , buried with work in London and particu l arly busy because of a l as t-minute war - plan devel opment, is unable to attend , so General Clark entertains the British generals despite the Theater Command t s absence • er . LONGFORD CASTLE AU 11, 1942- - The ent i re picture , G. of Genera l Cl a rk ' s co mman and his p osition d in the war has changed~ He is going to be Deputy Commander- In - Chief of the TORCHoperation~~ will It has been decided that TORC is definitely H on and that it be the big Allied offensive of 1942. The war Department has �cabled that TORCH must no longer be considered to ROUNDUPInstead , TORCHis now a substitute . entire ava~lable res ources of . both the United Britain Will be thrown into TORCH . a minor operation for ROUNDUP. The States and Great "I don't know what is going to happen to the II Ar-rey Corps coill1!1and the geneyal e~lains . "General Eisenhower is being ,~ buried with demands on him. He wants me to be his Deputy Com mander In - Chief on the British~American TORCHexpedition. The question was put up to me as to whether I wanted that job or whether I wanted to sit on a dead fish. " The general ' s decision wa s based on three factors: first , he felt he wanted to do what General Eisenhower wanted hi m to do-- take second comm and of the African expedition· second he did not want to run the risk of sitting the war o~t in a ;elatively inactive theater , despite the fact command of the II Army Corps wollld probably mean promotion to lieutenant general . Third he felt that th e decision was one of a combat or relatively non- ' combat command and he didn't want "to back away from fire . " The proposal that Gener al Clark be made Deputy Commander- In Chief of TORCHwas put up to the Com bined Comm anders meeting in London yesterd ay . General Clark was accepted for the command and a cable so instructing the wa:r Department was sent to Washingt on last night . From now on , general Clark will spend almost all his time in London, building up a staff for his part in the planning and execution of TORCH. The general says it hurts him to think of giving up command of the II Army Corps but that he will be returning to it from time to time . Also, part of the Corps will participate in the Mediterranean Coa st phase of the African invasion so his finger will remain, more or less , on the Corps' pulse . Nothing will be said for the ti m being about the gener al's new job . If sue~ an e announcement were made , the immedi ate query is going to be 'what is h~ g oing to do1" and that wollld not help the security of the TORCHopera ti on. _ f J~ ). Composition of the joint Americ an .British TORCHwill begin immedi ately. It will mean the good officers from the II Army Corps headquarters Theater of Operat ions staff and the Service of has alre a dy begun t-0 consider what men he wants important task . staff to direct .(O ,/ drafting of many ,~, ,1 , the European ( ~~ supply. The general J tf for this allr • Major General George R. Patton will comm and the Am rican e . rmy Corps that will make the African invasion from the Atlantic , l anding in the vicinity of Ca s ablanca . The g eneral praises him hi g hly and tells of his amic able rel ations with General Patton while Gener al Cl ark was Chief of Staff of the Army Groun d Forces . ( Command of the British half of TORCHhas chang ed three times in the p ast four days! The man handlin g the British end of the operation- - and who will be workin g under General ~isenhower who -,w :,.Y.1'>>:~.;. �will be Commander-In-Chief Anderson . ( of TORCH- will - be Lieutenant General At the start , General Auchinleck had complete command of the British !ddd le East campaign . Then it was felt that the load was too great for one man so Lieutenant General Alexander was designa~ ted to assist him. Because of the growin g importance of the African ope r ation, it was then decided to send Lieutenant General W H.E. Gott down to take com . mand of the British 8th Army. However , General Gott•s plane was shot down and he was killed while flying to his new command. British Lieutenant General M ontgomery had been designated to take over active command of the British phases of TORCHbut he was relieved , bec ause of General Gott's sudden death , and assigned to connnand the 8th Army. That left the TORCHassignment open ag a in and it was given yesterday to General .Anderson . "I hope , " smiles General generals won' t be that fast~" { Clark, "that the turnover on Ame rican Because of the TClaCHdevelopment , General Cl a rk confers wit h Colonel Fe renbaugh and orders him to ar r ange for the 1st Division to begin ship-to-shore amphibious training immediately. Parts of the 34th Divis i on , now in North Ireland , must also have this type of training so they can join with the Lst and British for ces in invading the .M editerrane an Coas t of J:i. frica. "This means a com plete chang e in the origin al plans for training of the 1st Division," the general says . ~rt looks as though it won't be able to g o into the Poole area and relieve the British 38th Division. The 1st can't be involved in coast defense respon sibilities if it is g oing to be used in TORCH the end of Octby ober . nHence, I must f i nd ano ther amphibious training site where I cu.n house the 1st Divis -ion and give it ship-to-shore training where it won't be burdened by relieving a Brit ish division. That site proba bly will be the .appledore r egion." During th e day, Genera l Cl a rk g oes to the Southern Com mand headquarters t o tell General Loyd of so m of the sudd en develop 4 e ments and advise him what it is going to mean in the general scheme of having American troops relieve British in the Southern Command area. • Regarding his new -Oob as Deputy Comman der-In-Ohief of the Afri can inva sion, General Clark says he f orsees the necessity of returning to the United states two or three weeks before General Patton's forces are ready to leave fro m the United states for a direct vassa u.lt on the coast near Casablanca. '- r "t'he two operati Atlantic ons (th a t is, the American attack coa st and the Anglo-American attack on the on the �-- 'r ~ ~~ "' ":,,.-~- '=a· yt ..:.. " . . . _.,. . .,, _.,,.,. _ .,. ,.. I / Mediterranean coast) must be synchronized carefully and I must satisfy General Eisenhower and nwself that preparations are going right and that the American attacking force leaving the United states is set to perform its mission . " The general receives a cable f~om the national convention the Military Order of the Purple Heart through which delegates extend him their felicitations . The general , , rep:Lying by letter tells the National Commander of his -a pp reciation, then writes: of , "I am very proud to be able to wear the Purple Heart. I have many wearers of this decoration in my command, all of whom are eager t o get this great allied effort under way. All other members of my command are anxious to get at grips with the enemy in order that we can bring to our country the success it deserves . I am sure that before this affair is over there will be many more candidates for the Milita r y Order of the Purple Heart for we intend to go where the bullets are flying and not sit back here on the defensive . n We see our first German planes this afternoon! Two Focke-Wolfe's come roaring over the Castle Area at 1623 . Almost half our officers and enlisted men are out under the trees takin g gas mask training. The planes, traveling at a terrific speed , go right over our heads but the pilots can't sp ot them because of the folia ge so they miss a prime chance . About two miles from the Castle, the Focke-Wolfe's dump two bombs, one falling near the Salisbury railroad station and the other at the edge of to w . The pilots n machine-gun the streets , hittin g only one military objective , a petrol tank-truck. The Germ.an raid was un~a.al in two ways. First, the planes hedge-ho pped all the way in from the Englis h 0hannel- - 22 miles- without an alarm being turned in until our troops spotted them from the Castle towers. Normally, the English air raid alarm system is very effective . The p lanes we re going so fast th e anti-airc r aft batteries around u s didn't h ave a chance to get their guns in firing position . second, the Germans came in very clear weather. Usually they come over to bomb w hen it is clo udy, even rain y . The barrage balloons in Salisbury weren't up . camp! The first sight of Germans causes * quite a stir around the -r. - LO NGFORD CASTLE AUG 12, 1942 - .:. a rking at top-speed , . w to clear up as much work as possible ·before he leaves for his new post, Gener al Clark prep ar e s to leave his II Army Corps headquarters . He probably wi l l r eturn only infrequently to the Castle e since hi s n ew head quarte r s will be in London . �.. I ,/ II In mid -mor ning he goes to Tidworth to make a wel comin g talk to the 1st Divi sion . However, j ust before he arrives, the division , whi ch has been massed in Ti dworth stadium , is dispersed because the British , j ittery about yesterday's surprise bombing by the Germans, d o not believe so many men should con p,regate in one s pot at the same time . The general , accompanied by General Al l en and Colonel Rooks , tours the 1st Division staging area . Troops, lean and strong looking , are marching back to their quart ers by companies. The ge ner al is pleased with their mora l e and the military bearing of the n ewlyarrived men . W ile at Tidworth , Golon el Ro.oks, who will be c arry i ng h a large share of t he II Army Corps loa d now that General Cl ark has a doub l e-barr e led assignment, gets word t hat t he Pre sid ent has sent his nomination for a bri gadier general ey to the Senate . General Cl ark is delighted . General Cl ark leaves for London at 11 20 to start work on his new task as Deputy Connnander -in-C hief of TORCH I nnnediat e l y , he . goes into conference with General Eisenho wer and finds that the War Department has c ab led back approval of hi s African invasion assi gnment . He al so is to retain command of the II Army Cor p s , at l east for the time being . Foll owing a conference with ETO, SOS, Navy and British officers , the general sets up h is headquarters in Norfolk House . The bare skeleton of a staff is here . Throu gh out t h e afternoon th ere a re con fer ences wit h Genera l Ande rson , the top British officer on TORCH; Brigadier General Jimmy Doolittle , the bomber of Tokyo ; General Lee , and others . Acc ording to General e1 a rk , General Anderson is "very a pp rehensive" about the sa gacity of doin g TORC The crux H. of the invasion is what the French in Tunisia will do . The French are re p orte d to h av e 150 , 00 0 troo p s in the area where the principal ass ault is to be made . In the evening Gen 0ral Cl ark dines wit h General Eis enhower . The working schedule of both generals is terrific . General Clark says he feels as thou gh he is "sit t ing on a th ousand volcanoes." * * LO NDON, AU 13, 1942--Brigadier G. Gener al Doolittle , one of the most fa.'1lous of the "aviation-era" personalities and the man w ho l ed the first bombing raid of Tokyo , is g oing to have charge of United States Air F or c e units that wil l participate in Torch. That decision is made today Commander-in -Chief of TORCH, has hower to make his own decisions , report what is being done to the hower . ( by General Clark, who, as Deputy been gi v en p ower by General Eis en p ick his per s onnel and mer ely Commander -i n-Chief , General Ei sen - Gener a l Cl ark conferred with Doolittle called in to discuss TORCH General Clark . then Asked Doolitt l e : "Who do you t h ink should handle the tiday . The flier outlined the plan air end of this?" was and �( - "That's a pretty tough one to answer , general "Ther e are a lot of goo d men • •• " "Do you think you I re one of them? "Well • •• Yes sir! Doo1i ttle. You•re ' 11 it! I t hi nk I'm Get go ing +" shot said job, 11 Doolittle . 11 the man for back 11 , the the replied gene ral. General Doolittle was flabberg asted at the qui ckness of General Clark's decision . Later that afternoon the general informs General Eisenhower of Doolittle's appointment . Most of the aircraft for TORCHwill cane from the Air Supp ort Command of General Spa atz . Gene ral Clark keeps a racehoFse schedule all day, dashing over to the ,t;u_ropeAn Theater of Operations headquarters twice to talk to General Eisenhower . W hen the general is at Norfolk House, one long conference after another is held in his office while phone men and carpenters wait in the hall outside to complete installation work. The principal conferees are Generals Cl ark , Pat t on , Doolittle, Guenther and Lieutenant General Anderson, Admiral Ramsey and Vice Air Marshall Welsh, the latter three British. General Anderson is doing a lot of bucking . ( An important after-dinner conference is held in the evening . General Clark makes the following statement on opening the meeting . I t is typical of him in its directness and brevity: "I have asked you gent lemen to come here in order to meet you , to let you look me over , and to tell you that I kn ow you crave in.fo rmation . I am probably more c onfused than you are at this moment but hope to get this operation clear in my own mind and be able to make decisions as they are presented to me . "First I want to make it clear that as Deput y Cormnander under Gener al Eisenhower, I have been .given full power by him to make decisions and issue orders in his name . This should facilitate our business . Ple ase let us make it clear now t hat all matter affected to wards operation which you think are decisions for the Comrnander in-Chief are to be taken up with me, ort, in my absence, General Geunther , instead of presenting them to General Eisenhower. "Organization is our first problem . By tomorrow I will have heard eaeh secti on ch ief's requirements for American personnel and will have made decisions as to what officers will be available to them . We have ample talent in the Theater , SOS and Ground Force headqua rters . I have no compunctions about pulling any of these people aw~y from those staffs providing we do not totally disrupt them in so doing . r ,, "I have a little information on decisions made today . I will ask General Geunther to r ead you a cablegram which has been sent to General Marshall . (This cable concerned needed equipment for the Torch operation ~. �I~ I lmow that General directive given him . 'So is sence of instructions from subordinate commanders will on the assumption that the are approved . 11 ( - Anderson is anxious to get a mission and Gener a l Eisenhower . However , in the ab higher le v els , dire c tives for important be prepared and issued to you i nnnediate l y plans presented to General Eisenhower .. "General Anderson - -the two Americ an regimental combat teams which are to be made available to you can be made . At the present time I will take , after discu ss ion with you, the necessary steps to have them reinforced as you desire. We can talk this over at a later time . "Vice- Air Marshall Welsh - -I am prepared your planning set - up . ·r will see you at your to discuss convenience 11 Admiral Rarnsey - - I have talked with Admiral the ground work for an appropriate nav al officer made available to you in this plan . "General Gale - -(British)--I want to talk to you about your ( am sorry set - up . 11 with . you Biery and have laid and staff t> be o I missed you today . I General Patton , the United States expert on tank warfare , is sittin g in on every conference . He will soon return to the United 'States to carry tre plans to General Marshall and beg i n preparing for the final training and departure of American units that will go str a ight from the United States into the TOR operation . CH * ation~ LONDON, AUG 14 , 1942 - -The terrific . pr oblems of and prepar for TORCHbe gi n to cane out in the open today . Because of the lack of equipment for the 1st Division, it app ear s certain that combat teams of the 34th Division, instead t he 1st , will operate in TORCHalongside the British . A difference of opinion is ari sing between American TORCHleaders over use of the American the British Air Force . of and The TORCHplan has been changed. The American invasion force that will come dire c tly over from the United States under General Patton is go ing to attack in the vicinity of Oran, on the Medit erranean , inst ead of at Casablanca , on the Atlantic Coast . The first objective of that force will be to establish beachheads and secure airdromes . General Doolittle's Air Force will be in direct support of the gro und forces under General Patton. The combined Anglo-British force will attack in the Bone-Algiers vicinity . General Clark confers with General Allen of the 1st Division and they decide it probably will be impossible to employ the 1st in TORCHbecause of its late arrival in the United Kingdan and because its equipment is not yet here . As a safeguard flor the possible use �( of the 1st Division , General Clark cables Washington to find out what is holding up the division's equipment and urging that its shipment be speeded . The ~~~th Division, at present in North Ireland under General Hartle, probably will take the spot originally set for the 1st . Regarding the difference of opinion over use of American air units , General Anderson., believing the British-American force landing in the Bone area will be subjected to heavier Axis attack , is dissatisfied with the air support being given him , particularly the light number of bombers . He admits the United States will have enough planes for the Oran operation but he says there will be no U. S. surplus for the British operation at Bone and Algiers . General Clark directs General Anderson and Vice - Air Marshall Welch to get together on the British requests and see if they can ' t provide sufficient air power fran British sources . Generals Clark , Patton and Allen oppose the attempt by the British to divert some of the United States Air Force to the British attack area . "We must not , " General Clark reports to General Eisenhower , "be placed in a position where it will be necessary for us to lessen the chances of success at Oran in order to make up for British deficiencies . After operati onal bases for aircraft have been established in Africa , the command can decide as to the employ ment of both United States and British air units , depending on the situation at that time . " ( I t is decided that there will be separate British gnd United States staffs for the air operations with liaison bein g carried on with the RAF ~ or the United States by General Doolittle , deputy corrnnander of air operations for the entire TORCH operation , and Colonel Vandenburg . The first priority of the operation will be the seizure of airdromes . · General An.de~son is told that one combat team of the 34th will train i n North Ireland for the invasion while the other team will use a base in Scotl and . General Clark phones Gener al Ryder, c~nmander of the 34th Division , and tells him to come to London so he can confer with General Anderson . ( The British report they can handle the problem of transporting both the British and American troops from the Unite d Kingdan to the Mediterranean . Admiral Ramsey says the British have several warships leaving tomorro w for the Mediterranean and he wants to send down six large , motor - powered invasion ba- ges so the -y can be convoyed to a Mediterranean parking spot . General Clark objects vigorously , declaring the movement of the invasion barges at this time will impair the security of TORCH The British . naval official points out that the weather between England and the Straits of Gibraltar is likely to be bad and the sea rough in the late fall and that it would be better for the barges to go now . General Clark rinally agrees to let three of the barges go by tomorro w' s convoy since the British moved two others do wn on a previous . Jllllilifp J ~ "~ - .;;.... . •>i. __ �oc c asion and the movement being si gnif ic ant . of three mi ght not be interpre~ed as A united States Navy dele g ation is instructed t o come from ·washington to Lon don so it c an confer with Admi ral Ramse y and t he British admi ralty about the TORCHproblems . It is r ecommended t hat a U. S. Fla g Office r be sent so h e c an remain h e r e to work with Admiral Ramsey a ft er the de l eg at i on retuns to t he Unite d s ta t es . General Patton is informed that the movement of his invasion force wil l b e und er connnand of the navy f r om the time it embar k s until the men go over th e side to att a ck . * * LONDN, AUG 15 , 194 2- -Because of the sh i pp i n g problem and the O . necessi t y of givin g TORCH ev ery priority , Gene ra l Cl ar k decides today that not more than 50 , 000 t r oop s per mont h will move from the United Stat es to the United Ki ngdom for the next six months . { This figure i s set following di s cussion of the amount of shi p p in g ne c essar y for the supply of Am rican forces e in t h e Bri t ish I s l es w hile TO RCH is in p ro gress . The 50 , 0 00 per month figure is set for Services of Supply p lann i n g purpos e s . I n addition to tak i ng ca r e of General Patton's Al l - Amer ican force in TOR and the U. S. CH contin g ent t hat will b e with General Anderson ' s Brit i sh tr oops i n the Alg i e r s - Bon e area a t ta ck . Details of what suppl y General Patton ' s fo r ce wi ll need wi ll be worked out by his staff w hen he re t ur n s to the United States . Another Br it ain - bound United Stat e s t r oop c om.v i s l eaving oy the United St ates August 19 and i t wi l l include ·7 , 000 additional tr oops for the II Army Corps , These troops will be selected on the basis of their ap pli c ability t o ~ORCH . Colonel 0 1 Daniel reports to General Clark that he can start amphibious trainin g by September 1 but General Cl ark wan t s to c onfer with General Anderson befo r e a def in i t e date i s s e t for the start of training . Gener Rl Clark tells his amphibious expert of the change in p l ans , how the 34th is t aking t h e place of the 1s t Div ision and that one ccmbat te 8m wi ll be tr a ined in North Ireland and the other in Scotland . General Anderson says he is rea dy to take over t rainin g of the infantry combat teams at any time . The United States training c enter will be in Nort h I reland and the othe~ in Scot l and , wi l l be a British - ope r ated base . The Britis h will furnish some of the s t af f and p art of the bo at cre ws for t he North I reland base . Major Carver , military assistant to General I smay of the _ Br itish W Sa b inet , requests ar comments on the cov er plan of TORCH and makes arrangements to brin g over Mr . M ack of the Britis h Mi nistry of Foreign Affa i rs wh o has been app oint ed hea d of the Pol i t ic al Se ction of TO H. He i s to be attached RC to the exped i t ionary for ce plannin g group and will handle plans of a non - military �( nature that will arise in connection with the future ope rat ion. He will be required to make plans for dealing with administrative and other prob lems that will arise in the occupied territory after the opening of operations . Gene ral I smay is aru&:ious to present the vi ews of the American Cormnand to the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the British War Office. Ismay says ~he target date of TORCH shou ld not be postponed. Brig adier Mock~ -F erryman , the British staff G-2, tells General Clark he thinks it wruld be unwise to use code names in connection with Algiers , Bone and Oran . He says a code system has been considered impra c tical by the British since many code words would have to be listed and officers would have to be provided with the code in order to carry on their work . Gener al Cl ark agrees and rules that no code words , except TORCH, will .be use d . The Air Support problem raised by the British is being ironed out. Ai r Vice-Marshal We lch has presented an estimate of require ments for the Algiers-Bone operation to the Air Min istry which is at µresent considering it . The streets of London are sprinkled with American soldiers tonight . Many of the newly-landed troops , most of them with the Est IDi:v sien; nhave their i first leaves, since it is a weekend , and they flock to London , gushing out of every train that has come up from the Salisbury-Andover region . ( * L0N N, AUG 16 , 1942- - The British DO . Foreign Office expert who is the politi c al officer on the TORCH staff believes that when the attack comes Vichy will order the French in the North African area to fight "and they undoubtedly will do so . " General Clark instructs the political officer, Mr . Mack , to make the necessary contacts, . arrange for his own personnel and organization and set up an office as part of the TORCH headquarters The organizati )n of TORCHnow sha p es up as follows : the head quarters of the Comm ander -in-C hief will include a combined Anglo American general staff, a c ombined air section and a combined ad ministrative and supply sectlon . The Garmnander - in -C hief in an operation of this scope a annot avoid direct concern in many phases of supply and administration because of the tremendous importance that will lay in both land and sea connnunications. The British are turning over their best man in that field- - Gener al Gale . His deputy will be Colonel E . S . Hughes of the U. S . A. Political , intelligence, supply and be headed by British officers. Americans sonnel and a number of technical services staff rapidly organizing and efficiently ( At the beginning of the operation air staff will head . General working . the following sections will operations, per Clark has this wi ll be dir- . �ect l y subordinate to the Commander - in-Chief: British Army Corrnnn d er , a British Naval Support Commander, British Air Force Commander , American Army Comm ander who will also co umand U. S . Air Units , and the Am ican Naval support er connnander . After the landings have been completed and the operation is well under ·way, a single naval commander might be set up for the entire command . It is also possible that after the initial posi t ion has been consolidated and strategic air uhi ts become available ,. a single air commander may be designated . Either General ~lark or General Eisenhower will go to Gibraltar by air when TOR is r eady to start . They will arrive CH on the date the first convoy passes the strait . When a substantial landing has been effected , the main headquarters group will go south by water and set up either at Algiers or Oran , preferably the first . I n order to avoid the issuance of additional orders for a number of months after TORCH starts , General Clark suggests that General Marshal l revise the southern boundary of the TORCH theater to in c lude Afr i ca down to the equator . The Commmder - in - Chief would then be free to act and control events . After TORCH is solidty underway , a new theater probably will be established and the European Theater will be turned over to another man . Gener al Lee is suggested . The present organization of the European Theater of Operations will remain as it is for the present except that event ually , another officer will be appointed to take General Clark's p lace as head of the II Army Cor ps staff . l As a sidelight , following is an extract f rom a secret message submitted to the British Chiefs of Staff by the commanding general of Gibraltar: "If Gibraltar is made use of on more than a very small scale before operations commence it will be practically impossible to conceal that some form of operation is being mounted . There is no doubt that any evidence in this direction will c ause profound con c ern to the Spanish authorities . I t is urgently desirable that TORCH should not only have initial success but should not lose momentum; other wi se the temptation to the Spaniards , if ·we find ourselves held up or in difficulties, might be too great to resist . I cannot overstress the importance of concealing our objective from the Spanish government and, above all , of reassur ing them convincingly and rapidly should t heir suspicions be aroused . Both the naval base and the air station would go out of cormnission compl e tely and at once should Spain decide to attack . " Generals Clark and Eisenhower decide that every p os sible step will be taken to avoid arousing suspicion in the Gibraltar area . · The hazards are t oo gre~t since the attitude of Spain is of great importance to the success of' TORCH . ( Today is another day filled with c onfe re nces for General Clark . He calls in Genera l Alle u and some members of' the 1st 1Uvi s i on staff and they d iscuss the r e lat iv e availability of combat teams of' t he 1st and 34 t h Divisions . General Marshall has cab l ed �r that all of the lst 1 s equipment has been shi pped and t h at it will all arrive in Engl and befo r e August 20 with the exception of three ships -- one coming the 23rd of August , another the 27th . The third vessel , the William Mc Clay, which h ~s carrying 11 105 1 s, 10 1 s and 24 Self-Propelled 155 p;uns for the first , has run aground off Newfoundland . Replacem ents for these p ieces h ave been expressed to the Port of Embarkation and should reach the 1st Division by August 31 . Colonel Hamblen is to figure when the 1st Divis i on would be ready for training and combat. He says the B~i t ish estimate it will take three weeks to load the vessels for the expe d ition. General Allen requests permission to accompany his co m bat teams if they go with General Anderson's force but General Cl ark is non - corrnnital as yet . Colonel Hamblen estimates the 1st can't be read y before Oct . 7« General Patton will be responsible for both air and ground operations in the sector where his straight-from-America troops are going to attack. General Doolittle , wh o will direct command of the U.S . Air Forces in the operation, has been instructed that air as well as ground will be under Gener al Patton. General Ryder, commander of ~he 34th Division , is down for conf erences and h e tells General Clark he could prepare t wo combat teams from h is division for movement, with equipment , within five days . ( Proper headquarters during the initial stages of TORCH ar e , discussed . General Anderson believes he should be at Gibraltar during the movement of the c onv oy and that he should join his camnand by destroyer or air as soon as a foothold has b e en gained ashore . Gener a l Clark says he must go to Washington and confer with Gener al Patton about mid-Se p tember so that all arrangements can be completed satisfactorily . Brigadier General Truscott, now in England with General Patton, is to remain here temporarily when General Patton goes to the United States. Truscott will repres ent Patton and take care of arrangements at this end. Brigadi e r Gener al Lemnitzer has been made TORCHAnti-Aircraft officer. He will also serve as deputy chief of staff . tleadquarters Combined Operations does not want landing craft used in the invasion to be used in train i ng ._ Under these conditions only one U.S. ccmbat team c an be trained. One British Brigade group will have to be substituted in General Anderson's force . General Anderson indicates he would like a few addit 1. nal U.S . troops in o his contingent, not to be used in an assault role but to indicate 1.,0 the French a more eztensive American par .ticipation in th e Algiers e xp edition than is actually tl'nl.e . Gener a l Ande r son an d General Ryder will be conferring to work out d e t a ils in connection with the movement of the combat team from North Ireland to the British amphibious training area. No landing craft is y e t available in N0 rth Ireland. Communications are pouring back and forth between quarters and the War Departm ent . General Marshall says preparations to meet the October 1 sailing date which, our he adhe is pushing he says , �~-< •~ ap p ears the earliest practicable time. The Navy thinks provide enough f'ighter escort for the Oran force, also the second convoy which will be at sea at the time the landing is made. it can escort i'or original General :Ma.n:shall cables that "there is unanimity of opinion of' Anny of'ficers here (Washington) that the proposed operation appears hazardous to the extent of less than a 50 percent chance for success. This is an immediate And somewhat superfic i al view as we do not know the details of the Britis h carrier support proposed . Also, to what extent are you prepared to meet possibl~ German air assaults launched from Spain or Spanish Morroco. Give me your completely frank view and a similarly frank expression from Patton ." LONDON, AUG. 17, 1942--Generals Cl a rk, Eisenhower and Patton cable General .Marshall that their concensus is that the African 11 Coast ope r ation will be a success i f Spai n remains absolutely neutral and the French offer only token resistance or are so badly divided by internal dis sension and by Allied political maneuvering that the effect of their resistance will be negligible." Suc h conditions, the three generals "more than fair chances of' success. 11 ( agree, would give TORCH "It is our opinion, 11 the generals state af'ter a conference on General Marshall's ()able of yesterday, " that Spain will stay neutral at least during the early stages. We think ther e will be considerable resistance from certain sections of the French and that the Algiers op eration at best will have less than 50 percent chances of success. If Spain enters in the results can be serious. 11 Sufficient naval and air support is imperative. Reports show the French have about 500 planes in Africa. These are not modern but they are superior to the n ormal types on British and .American carriers. Present plans call for 160 Anglo-British naval planes to support the landing. The other planes will have to be land-based at Gibr a ltar. Good weather is going to be a pri me inv a sion factor . The French are reported to .have 14 divisions in French Africa but they are poorly equipped. "If the French make a determined and unified stand," the generals cable General Marshall, "and if they strongly resist the initial l anding, particularly by concentrating the bulk of their forces against either of' the ma jor points , they can seriously interfere with, if not prevent, a landing at the chosen p 0ints. A French concentration of' f'orces would hamper the initial objective of TORCH--seizing control.of the north shore of Africa before Axis reinforcements can be brought up." The possibility of the Spanish army striking, particularly if things do not go on sched ule, must also be considered, the general add. �76 The general set the following up as the Air Force requirements of the Am eric an side of TORCH: two heavy bomber grou p s, two sin g le-en gine fight er groups, two twin-en g i n e fi gh ter groups, one light bombe r-reconnaissance squad, two transport groups. All these units are now in the Unit ed Kingdom or enr oute here. Additional units now in the United Stat e s are req u ired for TORCH as follows: one B-25 bomber group, two B-26 medium-bomber groups, one li ght bomber group. It is imperative, the g ener a l cables, that the air echelon of medium and light bomber groups now i n the United States arrive in the United Kingdom not later tha n October 1. Ground echelons of th e se groups must be included in conv oys from t h e U.S. direct to the TORCH area. They will come ov er with Gen e r a l Pa t ton's forces. General Clark confers with Generals Allen and Ryder. Allen is instruct ed to alert one of his combat teams for prompt movement to the anr phibious tr a ining area. General Ryde r design a tes the 168th Infantry combat team for amphibious tr aining, saying this unit has a strong commande r and excellent personnel. It still h a sn't been definitely decided whether the American combat team operating alongside General Anderson's British army in TORCHwill come from the 1st or the 34th Division. General Cl ark is making every effort to get the lst 1 s equipment off the shi p s in the le Bst possible time. In event the tar get dat e is set back and the equipment has arrived, it is still possible th a t the ccmba t team of the 1st Divi s ion may be substituted for that of the 34th. General Allen is informed that the plans call for units of the 1st Division to go to Inverarary for training as s o on as the 34th Division units vacate. Some personnel from the 1st Divisi .on can be tr a in ed at t he same time a s th e comba t team fro m the 34th Division.Colonel O'Daniel is instructed that he and his staff will g o to Inveraray to assist in training of the 34t h Divis io n. Goilionel Hughes is instructed to get Ryder's combat team moved and the SOS is told to work fast on getting combat equipment for the 1st Division. TORCH operations involving the All-Americ an force und e r Gen eral Patton, proposed comp osition of convoys an d the sehedule of ar ~ival for the various units is gone into during a conference between General Clark and General Patton. The n e ed for hospital ships to accompany the first convoy is stress ed . Gene r al Pa t ton himself pl ans to be on the Admiral's ship and to go as h ore as early as possible. General Clark conf ers again wit h intelligence and politic al section leaders. He tells Mr. Mack that the French should be permitted, in civil ~atters, to retain nominal control, if possible. Mr. Mack sh ould function more or less in the background. Regarding the obtaining of intelligence re p orts from Sp ain, Brigadier Gen era l Mc Clure, our mill tary attache in London, tells General Clark he thinks it would be dangerous to have the attache to M adrid come to London at this time. No decision was reached, p e nd ing G-2 reports. ( The proposed Engl and are going TORCH. amphibious trainin g centers in the Southwest of to be prepa ~ed for use des p ite immedi a te plans for �LONDON, AUG. 18, 1942--Physical g ears that will g et TORCH into action begin to mesh tod ay. orders are issued for the movement tomorrow of a 34th ~ivision comba t team from Ireland to Scotland so it can begin training for the part is is scheduled to take in the North African invasion. General Patton is returnin g to the United States to start thin g s rolling on the training and movement of his All-American force that will move directly from the United Stat e s to the attack are a . I The 34th Division combattearn will be moved by British transportation authorities . It will begin pulling out of its North Ireland base at dawn. The British have ag reed to su pply bread and meat components of the ration while the comb at team is under tr aining, probably six we eks . The 1st Divis kon will remain as an invasion force possibility. Colonel Hughes is working on plans so the 1st will receive its equipment quickly as soon as the car g o boats reach port. Both General Clark and General Eisenhower are eager for General Patton to return to the United States so the desert warfare expert can begin assembling u n its that will be und e r his important comm and . Colonels Larkin and Truscott will remain here for the time bein g to take care of any problems that might arise from this end concerning the American TORCH force . ( Although General Glark now has a command more i mport ant and pressing that his II Army Corps command, which he still retains des p i t e bein g Deputy Corn.,,~ ander-in-Chi e f of TORC it is pos s ible H, that the two jobs may be used . In order to p re p a~e for the p ossible use of the I I Army Corps in th e TO RCH theater, Gener al Clark h a s Colonel Rooks come up f r om Long ford Ca stle to make arrangements for the prompt movement of the Corps staff if necessary. Secrecy is still paramount since not even t he Army Cor p s officer must know of the new development . Colonel Rooks is ins t ructed to pr epare requirements for personnel, equipment and transportation . He is also told that development of the Comb:1ned Trainin g Areas in southern England should continue . Another matter on wh ich the Cor p s must concentrate is the training of the 1st Division, pre pa rin g for i~s possible use in the new the a ter. Lieut. Colonel Ramsey of the I I Army Corps is selected by General Cl a rk as the co mm andant of his new headquarters. He will head up all plannin g in conn e ction with the size, compositi on, location and pr-otection of this h e ad quarters . "Allied Force Headquarters" has been adopted tentatively as its title . Because of its vital position in invasion-pl annin g and the need for security, steps ar e ta ken to make Norfolk House accessible to only those officers connect ed with TORC H. Unusual activity at Gibraltar will cause suspicion so General Cl ark orders Colonel M atejka, the signal officer , to clear ev ery shipment of material to th e fo r tress-islan d thr ou gh him . Quarte r s in Gibr a ltar are g oin g to be v ery cramped and the amount of material ship p ed there must be dispatched strictly on the basis of necessity . �- General Clark believes that the civil government that will be established in North Africa after our landing has been made must be headed by an American, rather than a British er. The general feels it would be un wise for civil affairs to operate under M . r Mack since one of the prime r eas ons for the use of Am erican troops is the anti - British fe eli ng among the French . Admiral Burroughs, the British naval officer who led the much-battered but succe s sful convoy t hrough to beleaguered M alta two weeks ago, comes in to see Gen eral Cl ark. He is a husky, sternlooking man with li ght blue eyes . He tells the general of the tremendous difficulti e s he had moving through the Mediterranean to much -b ombed malta . The Axis starte d bombing and torpedoeing the convoy as soon as it nosed through the Straits of Gibraltar . Admiral Burroughs' flagship was h i t and he got aboard another ship . He lost the aircraft carri e r ~agle and another carrier was damaged . One cruiser was sunk and t wo crippled. ( Of the 14 merchant ships entering the Mediter r anean , five reach ed M alta . The admiral had set a goa l of gett ing half the convoy through but the mission was stil l successful , d~spite the lo sses, b ecau se now Mal ta has enough food to l a st h e r until J anuary. Perhaps by that ti me the Alli es will h ave control of the Mediterrane an . The Germans and It a lians were all set to attack the convoy. They knew it had to come through or the people of Malta would starve . The moon was ri ght for a "black" crossing so the Axis partners were primed for action the moment the convoy got inside the Straits . The general real i zes an air and submarine attack awaits American and British troop ships when they start to execute TORC H• Admiral Burroughs predicts rath er light air resistance as far east as Algiers . He b elieves the princ ipal difficulty--just as it was with his convoy- - will be sub ma1·..i.nes. E-boats , l:le believes, will not be an important factor. Like General Clark, Admiral Bur r oughs believes Gibraltar should be used as little as possible to assemble men and ma teriel for TORCH. This evening General Clark is the dinner gu e st of General Ismay, military advisor to Prime Minister Churchill, at the British general's ap artment. General Ism ay s e ems somewhat apprehensive about TORCH and questi ons General Clark for his reactions . The Prime Minister is sold comple t ely on the sagacity of TORCH The . general's theory about TORCH is, he tells General Ismay: it "We've got our assignment. is unnecessary ." Let's execute it. Discussion of The British Commandos pull another raid on the Fr ench Coast tonight . General Clark had been invited and he asked for the chance to go . But he was told it was too hazardous an operation for a man in his position . Observes the general; Erinning: "I think I'd wel come something as quiet as a conn:nando raid after the firing I'm facing at the office every day!" �( The following is an excerpt Combined Chiefs of Staff meeting Off i ces July 25 , 1942: from held the official minutes of the at the British War Cab i net 11 General Marshall ag r eed that this (Pr ime M nister i Churchill's suggestion tha t the supreme commander of TORCH be an American) would be desirab l e and said that the U. S . would be prepared to fur n ish a Supreme Commander . He had been cons i dering whi ch U.S. troops would be a l located to the operation . The 1st Division now in process of moving to Gr eat Britain could be made available for the operation agains t the North Coast , to furnish the spearhead of the operation under Br itish Command. General Clark , who is the C orps Commander ,, h e re and one of the best Americ an off i cers , might be used with his ' Corps staff if ROUNDUP was abandoned . " * LONDON, AUG. 19, 1942 -- Major d evelopments in preparation for TORCH are piling one on top of the oth e r now as the plan begins to take more definite form . These vital matters are d i sposed of today : ( 1- -The European Theater of Operations is extended to include most of North Africa , or, specifically , all land and adjacent sea area s east of- 20 degrees West Longitude , north of the Tropic of Cancer , and west of 15 degrees ., East Longitude . This decision , cabled from General Marshall , gives the planners of 'fORCH more freedom for operat i ons should they become necessary . 2--The question of air support is becoming more concvete . The The necessary number of U. S .- British planes fo~ TORCH is set at 1,200 craft . The British now are firm as to th e number of aircraft to be us ed and h ave worked out a tent ative plan for their use. The U. S . Air Force for the operation is not definitely set as y e t but a sche du le of requirements has b ee n submitted to Washington . 3- -Colonels Bentley and Vandenberg , and possibly General Hansell, are going to fly to Gibraltar next wee k so the y can inspect facilities for the staging of aircraft . To prevent suspicion, they will wear British uniforms and go in a British plane. General Clark d iscusses with Colon e l Bentley matters concernin g the tr a ining of transport cre ws with the parachute troops th ey will carry. ( 4--Radio propaganda to "soft en upn the French in North ,Africa and make them more receptive toward the Anglo - American task force is discussed . Mr . w. H. B . Mack wants to set up a special station at Gibraltar but General Clar k tell s him that c an not be done fo r security re asons . A new station in Engl and , directing its beam to North Africa , will be ready in about t wo week s , Mr . Mack says . Tµe politic a l advisor on TORCHrequests an American assistant for his own section so the man can be used for production of U. S . propaganda At present the propaganda go ing out is entirely British in its context and approach . . �( 5--General ClaJ:%: General Gale and Mr . Mack agree that planning for the administration of civil affairs in North Africa should be handled by an Am erican and Mr. Mack agree s it should be separate from his political section . The job, General C1a rk says, calls for an American who is well - known in the di p lomatic field . He is forwarding such a request to Washington . 6 - -General Patton completes his London conferences. Upon departure for the United States where he will begin assembling the Oran force, he is given a secret d i rective outlining every phase of TORCH (This paper is so secret . that it will be picked up and inserted in this diary after the TORCH operation is wellunderway . The 1st Division may still have one combat team in TORCH . Colonel Hughes reports to General Clark on the progress being made and General Allen recommends that in addition to the one proposed combat team of the 1st that an anti - aircraft battery and a recon naissance platoon be attached . The 1st Division combat team is not going to draw any equipment from the 34th; its ovm is to be delivered to it as soon as it arrives in the United Kingdom. ( Just what combat teams will be used is not yet definite but a cable is sent to General Marshall stating: "Remembering the tremen dous importance ,of the time factor and the proper sta g e of the moon, it considered highly inadvisable for our conc~ete prepar ations to risk delaying the operation merely in the hope of utilizing the combat team frara the 1st Division rather than the 34th Division . Each day that passes is a day of additional risk with regard to secrecy and secrecy is vital to success . This fact, coupled with the possibility that the enemy may soon possess greater freedom of strategic movement than at present , has led us to intensify efforts to achieve an early execution . " Everything is set for the 34th Division combat team to .move to its training ~area at Inverary, Scotland . Colonel 0 1 Daniel and his staff _leave Lon<lon for the amphibious base tonight . is The question of air operations and personnel is further clar ified . Air Vice - Marshal Welch and General Anderson are worried about bomber support and General Clark assures them that the entire air strength , both American and British, should be regarded as a u n it to be used under the direction of the Commander - in-Chief. However, General Clark . tells Welch that if the British forsee a weakness in the air support for the Bone-Algiers landing they should take nec essary steps to obtain additional craft from British sources before the operation starts . General Clark informs the Britis h officers that General Patton is sacrificing his shi .,ping space- - which me might have used for ground troops- - in order to obtain the necessary air support for his scheduled attack in the Oran re gion . General Clark discusses the air operations command with General Doolittle and General Hansell. Colonel Vandenberg will be Doolittle's Operational Ch ief of Staff and General Hansell will remain at head - �quarters . The use of parachute.troops at Oran is discussed and it is decided tentatively that Colonel Bentley wil l command the air transport squadrons and that Major Yarborough of the II Army Corps will come to Londo n to plan details of the parachute attack . The first troop transport probably will attempt to land on the Oran airport . While it goes dovm, the remaining transports will circle overhead. If the first plane gets in without any serious opposition, the others will l and. If there is any fight , the pilot of the lead paratroop plane is to crash his craft into any enemy planes that might be on the field . Paratroopers in the oth er planes will then bail out and come down fighting . General Clark, able at last to see that TORCH is shapin g up, has Genera l Eisenhower and four other officers to his flat in Hays Mews for dinner. Because of the food shortage situati on , Gene ral Eisenhower brin gs the 'piece de resistance ,' a ham shipped to him from . the United States! 11 * L 'NDON, AUG 20 , 1942- - The shipping . bugaboo -- a major factor in every operation of the war to date--is rising to haunt the planners of TORCH. ( General G1ark is informed by General Gale that the tactical plan for General Anderson 's combined Anglo-American force is not logisti c ally workable in its present form--that the rate of buildup for the operation cannot be met because of insufficient shipping and port data . $fu1s will necessitate a revision of the plan for the Algiers attack~ Since requirements cannot be met, the rate of buildup will have to be reduced. General Gale says this unavoidable reduction w'ill also retard the scheduled movement on Tunis and, thus, incre ase the time available for the enemy to send troops to that area . The second shipping prob l em involves movement of General Pat t on's forces from the United States to Africa. Major General Handy , Ass istant Chief of Staff, Operations Department, who h a s flown he re from Washington for TORCH confe r ences , says Pattons 1 force will be ab le to sail from the United States on Octob er 1 but adds that the Navy will be able to furnish escorts for onl y two convoys at a time . If t h is is true , the rate of buildup for Gener Al Patton ' s troops will be mater ially slowed , the arrival of the reinforcing troop convoy being set back about two weeks . One naval escort will take over Patton's assault force and a second wil l leave a few days later with reinforcements. The original plr-m was for a third escort to bring the bulk of reinforc ements a we ek or so later . But now, the escort taking the original assault group across will have to rush back to start the third convoy -- the major reinforcements -across . This will mean that Patton's landing forces wil l have to wait lo ng,er than expected for reinforcements . ( for A Britain-bound its naval escort convoy left Brooklyn yesterday and plans call to return to the States for use as an escort �in the second Patton group . General Patton ' s opera t ional plan is dependant to a great extent on what escorts the navy can furnish since they must help cover the landing and protect vital mater i el coming in slower mer chant ships . General Clark stresses to General Handy the n e ed for 11firm co mmitments" from Washington on just what naval support will be avai l able for TORCH "The difficulty . of preparing plans without definite knowledge as to when troops are to be available for use in the operation is oPvious, 11 General Clar k declares . Regarding shipment of men and material from the United King dom to the North African ooa st , General Handy sRys that as U. S .Briti sh v esse ls come in from the United States with American troops and su pp lies , the ships will be he ld on this side for use in TORCH . Gener Rl Holmes , director of movements for the British War Office, informs General Clar k that pe rsonnel shipp i ng for 25 , 000 men must be available by September 20 , and that addit i onal shipping must come from the BOLEROpool -- code name for maritime movements b etween the Uni ted States and the United Kingdom . The Am rican groupp].anning e TORCH recommends to Washington that General Holmes ' request be met 11 i n so far as it does not conflict wit h United States requirements ." ( The question of whether the 1st Divis l on or the 34th will suppl y the .Americ an combat team operating with General Anderson at Algiers has boiled down to this : If the equipment for the 1st Div ision c an reach the combat team by about Septembe r 9 , the amphibious training of the 34th will be stopped i mmediate ly and 1st Di vision troops wil l be substituted . Loading tables , now being prepared , will apply to either the 34th or ~he 1st Division combat teams. Training of cadres from both divisions will start next Monday . Convo y s are now enroute to the United Kingdom with the 1st Division's missing equipment, i ncluding replac ements for the guns made unavailable when the Willi:am Mc Kay went aground of.f Newfound land. · General Clar k says amphibious training must end about one month prior to D- day (tentative ly set for Dc tober 15 ) since the British estim a te it will take 12 days_ to load the task force vessels and 18 days to make the voyage to the jump -o ff points . Only one U. S . co~bat team is to be employed at Algiers with General Anderson's force . However , some additional .American troops will be distributed in the Britis h Brigade wh~ch is assaulting alon~side the American combat team . The United Stat.es Ranger Battalion will be used at Bone . General Patton's direct -f rom-America forces will handle the Oran assault alone . l Admiral Ramsey of the British Navy points out the dangers which the Bone force, landing farthest east , is going to face . He expects heavy attack~ both from submarines and airplanes , while the convoy · is enroute to the more easterly part of the M editerranean. He expects , he says , to lose ships . �The a:, m:mando raid on Dieppe, F ranee, is a major topic of con versation aro u nd the "Alli ed Force Headquarters" today . Approximately 50 American 11Rangers 11 were in on the attack vlith Canadians, British and Fighting French . Our 11Rangers 11 stumbled into an enemy convoy that delayed their landin g 20 minutes a~d they suff er ed heavy l osses when t hey hit the sh ore . General C1ark expects only a handful of them to return . Thr ee of our officers went on the raid as observers , includi ng Brigadier General Truscott and Colonel Holsinger . There i s no need to go into details since the press c arries extensive stories . The play g iven the participation of American troops, particularly in U. S . newspapers , causes consternation at the War Dt partment and General Marshall cables General Eisenhower that he thinks there was too much stress on the Ranger angle . 0 ( General Eisenhower cables back that "ev e ry effort is being made to menti::n the matter -o f - fact appearance of American activity in this theater, including early part ici pat ion in air and commando operati , ns . The Dieppe raid communiques were re l eased originally by the Commander of Combined Opera tion s and our following statement merely confirmed the presence of Americ an detachments from one battalion in the expedition . 1 consider absolute censorship cannot be applied to these affairs since casualties are in evitable . Anticipatin g the c e rtainty of early casualties, it ap pe ared wise to me to establish the fact Am erican leadership is present whenever Americ an troops are engaged and that American officers share the risks with their men . There will be no menti on of names unless casualties or decorations are involved. Conf i dentially, it appean s from early reports that the Amer i can contingent in the Dieppe oper ation may have suffered extremely he avily. Almost the ent i re American contingent accompanied an assault force whic h by accident encountered an enemy coastal convoy . Apparently only remnants of this part of the assaulting force escaped ••• 11 * * L·'NDON, AUG. 21 , 1942 -- General Clark, as he watches new and revised reports crossing hls desk regarding the number of avail able invasion and sup ply boats, the restricted North African port . facilities; t h e problems of securing naval escorts and the diffic ulties of supply , s H ys he finds himself becoming more vessimistic ever y day about the advisability of TORCH . ( Two great hazards face t he operat i on : First, t h at Germany will get wind of T08CH and rush troops into Tunisia and Algeria. Second , that once the operation is started Spain will become a belligerent , thus cutting the TORCH group off from supply rrutes . Rommel and his army in Libya already block the way to the Red Sea r oute , and if Spain enters the wRr the str a its of Gibraltar andGtbvm~tar itself will be menaced by the Spa nish with the Mediter ranean sup p ly route virtually useless . �,{ The TORCHf orce would then be marooned in an isolated se c tion , cut off from suppl i es and with the enemy on both sides . I f the op eration is succ e ssful and Tunisia i s taken, the Allies will h ave greater control of the Medite r ranean and Rommel wi l l have greater difficu l ty supp l ying his army . I t will also show Russ i a that the United States and Great Br i tain are trying to do something in 1942 to r elieve the pressure on the Eastern f ront . But , Gener al Clark polnt:::i ou.t , t he Allies will still be a lon g vrn from their .y real objective - - i nvading the contin en t and getting at grips with the bulk of the German army . General Handy discusses with General Clark other objectives in the event TORC is not put into operation H as now planned . Handy recommends as a first alternative the old GJMNAST plan , an attack on Casablanca and Oran , The other alternat i ve is to send United States troops into the Near East to reinforce the British fiP-;11.ting in Egypt . ( Genera l Doolitt l e , who i s flying back to the Unite d States tomorrow , has a fina l conference with General Clark . The air general is concerned about the availab i l i ty of th r ee med i um bombe r groups for TORCH He had counted on the m but now he u nd erstands . Lieutenant General Arnold, commander of the Air Corps , has assigned them i n part to other tasks , Gene ral Doo l ittl e feels , however , that TORCH air _ plans will not be impaired ser i ou sly i f he c an get one of the medium bombardment groups over here by Octob e r 1 . He will dis cuss the matter personally wi th Genera l Arnold in Washington and return to London in a few days . General Truscott , who went on the Dieppe Commando ra i d as an observer , reports to General Clar k that wha t he saw on the French beach mer e ly confirms the teaching that an attack aga i nst a defend ed beach 11is most unli ke ly to succeed u n less it is a compl e te sur prise to the defenders . " He reports that many speci Rl landing craft were lost i n the attack . Gene ral Cl a rk orders an inv e stigation into what effect the Di eppe losses will have on landing craft ava i la b le f or TORCH . The port capacity at Oran has been double - checked by General Lark i n and he reports he i s sat i sfied that the earlier figures - larg e r than the later ones -- are sound for planning purposes . He is going to check them again to be certain nothing has been overlooked before he sends them to General Patton in the United States . Gener al Gale expresses concern about the planning for General Patton's f orce b•1t Genera l Clark tells him that on Patton's sttaff , as wel l as that of U. S . Admiral Hewitt , there are officers who have had c on s i derable experien c e i n p l anning for amphibious operations . I n the evening General Clark and other high - rankin g off i cers , includir1g Generals Eisenh ower and Handy , have dinner at the apart ment of Sir John Dill , highest-ranking general in the British Army and the sen i or off i cer on the combined war plann i ng board that �( meets in Washington . Sir John has returned to London briefly for conferences. General C1ark s ays Sir John is qu it e enthused about TORCH and thinks it will be a wise operation. * * LONDON, AUG 22, 1942- - ~he entire . basic plan for TORCHwas drafted into a secret document today after an almost day-long meetin g at the Grosvenor Square head quarters of ~eneral Eisenhower . This is the way General Clark, t.1.ie Deputy Oomm t-r -in-..: hief of TORCH and , sketches this outline: The i mmediate objective is a combined land, sea and air assault against the Mediterranean Coa ~t of Algeria with a view to the earliest possible occupation of Tunisia and the establishment in French Morocco of a strikin g force that ca n insure control of the Straits of Gibraltar by moving rapidly, if necessary, into Spanis h Moro cco . The red to as tate that the earlier as D- day . the attack ( tentative date of assault is October 15- - hereafter referD- day . General Clark says that "strategy and policy dicthe operation be initiated at the earliest possible date -the better ." That is why October 15 has been designated It is the earliest that all components can be ready for . · The assault and Bone . will take place simultaneously at Oran , . Algiers At Oran, there will be two pre - dawn landin gs , each by a force of approximate l.y one regimental combat team: one in the vicinity of the Gulf of Arzeu , 20 miles east of Oran, and the other at Bay Des Anda l ouses . The aggregate assault force --c omposed entirely of Americans - -will comprise four regimental combat teams and one light armored force. The objective wi ll be to secure the port of Oran and the nearby airdromes at La Senia and Tafaroui . At Algiers , there wi ll be three pre - dawn landings, each by a regimental combat team: one near Sidi Ferruch , 15 miles west of Algiers ; on e near Castiglione, 20 miles southwest of Algiers, and the third near Ain Taya , 11 miles east of Algiers . The aggregate force will be fo ,1r regimental combat teams and their objective will be to secure the port of Algiers and the airdromes at Maison Blanche and Hussien Dey . The Alg i ers force will be composed of one British Division ( the 78th), with one U . s . Regiment l-l combat team (probably l ' from the 34th U. S . Division . The operation will be under the Commanding General of the 78th British Division . C At Bone , there will be a pre - dawn l anding in the vicinity of Cap de Garde , north of Bone , by app roximately one regimental combat team . The Bone force will be made up of one United States "Ranger" battalion with the remainder of the force British. The objective will be to secure the port of Bone and the airdromes near Dozzer ville , six and a ha lf miles south of Bone . �~o r The assumption is by the e nd of the third sup p orting and follow-up be timed for D.4 . that Oran and Algiers will day (D . 3, October 1 8 ) and troops into Or an , Algiers h a ve been captured the movement of and Bone will Troops landin g at Algiers and eastward will then consolidate, with the aid of reinforcements , their positions and prevent a n enemy landin g in Tunisia or westward . A total of six divisions, four infantry and two armored, will be required . These will include the original landing forces . The striking force in Tunisia will be built up by land, s e a and possibly air movement eastward from Algiers and Bone with advance elements starting as qu ic kly as poss ible after they have taken the ports and airdromes . The Oran landing force will consolida te its position in Oran and French Morocc o and build up striki:rg forces that could occupy Spanish Morocco if necessary. This will require seven divis:ons , five infantry and two armored, inclu d in g the ori ginal landing forces . The second conv oy landi ng at Oran will land air forces and an armored division . They will strike west i mmediately to open up communic at ions through Morocco and seize Casablanca from the rear . If the r e is no Fr ench resistance in bulk , t h is convoy might be div e rted , while it is still en:boute to Oran, to Casablanca and thereafter the troop build-up could continue through both ports -Casablanca and Oran. ( The ultimate disposition of all troops in the Northwest African theater wou ld be as foll0ws: on e division to garrision Casablance; another to garrison Oran; one division to k eep communications open between Casabl anca and Oran; one division to form a striking force on the southeast border of Spanish Mor occo, and three divisions to fo ma striking force at the southwest border of Spanish Morocco . After assault units have been brought up to normal strength in men, equipment and supply, the probable rate of build-up for the entire new theater will be: through Algiers, one and a h a lf divis ions per month; Bone , two-thirds of a division monthly; Or an , one division per month, and Casablanca, one division p e r month. TORCH is really divided into two parts --Am erican and Ang loAmerican operations . The All-Americ an force under General Patton is to occupy Oran and French Morocco , maintain communications between Oran and Casablanca, and be rea dy to g o into Spanish Mor occo if necessary. The Angl6-Am e rican force is to occupy Algeria (e xce p t the Oran area) and Tunisia. However, because it has been deemed expedient for political reasons to have all assaults against French North Africa led by Unite d States troops, one U.S. combat team (f rom the 34th Division) is being alloted to the British for · the Algiers assault and the U . S. 11Ran ger 11 battalion that has been assigned to the Britis h for use at Bone will land first . Eventually the British troops participating in TORCH will be relieved by Am ic an," Gener a l Clark er explains . "Since a strong force must be maintained in Great Britain for the defense of the islands as well as to furnish troops for other theaters, it is apparent �( that after a permanent position has be e n reac hed each Br i tish division sent to the New North African front must be replaced by an equivalent American unit . British tro op s are bein g s e nt into the initial invasion and consolidation be c ause we must utilize troops readily available and properl y tr a ined . Of the estimated 13 division r equired for the entire operation , it is contemplated that ap p roximat e ly nine wi ll be American and four British . 11 As to air operations, aviation will provide prote c tion and sup p ort for the initial assault , protect bases an d commu n ications , and su pp ort subsequent ov e rland operations . Carri e r - bas e d planes will sup p ort th e assaults at Oran and Algi e rs until aird r ornes have been se c ured and land - bas e d planes moved in . Fi gh ters for the r e li e f of car r ier - base d fighters will be flown during assault from Gibr a ltar . Bombers will be flown from the Un it ed Kin gd om and the Unit e d States after Afric an bas e s have b ee n secured . ··The re quiremen ts for air sup p ort , 11 says General Cl a rk , so critical to th e success of the operation tha t the provision of necessar ;y air forces must be g iven the h i ghes t priority ." 11 are The mission of American and British nav a l forces will be to safeguar d overseas movem e nt- - from the United States and t ~ e United Ki ngdom , support a nd land military forces for assault , and maintain sea communicat io ns and supply . I n addition to the most important TORC operations H conferenc e to date, Gen era l Cl ark has a number of side meetings du rin g the day. Colon e l Stokes, t he War Department's shipping exper t, breaks down the TORCH water tr ansp ortation prob l em and tel ls t he general that the actua l prob l em doe s not involv e sh i pping for troops or mater i el , but that rather the d i ff icult y li es in t he i nabi lit y of the Na vy t o provide es corts for l ater c envoys that wi l l bring buil d-up troo ps . Wat er movem e nt is a l so go in g to be restricted by cr amped po rt faciliti e s at Oran and Al giers . Th e numb er of combat loaders available i s li mite d but there ar e sufficient for the oper a tion as now plan ned and more cou l d probably b e found if re quired . On the basis of this report , and bec au se S ir John Dill bro ught up the question of' u sing additiona l sh i pping to strengthen TORCH, Genera l Cl ark asks General Anderson whether he would li k e to make an additional landin ~ a~ Phil i pp eville provided troo ps , sh ips and mor e time could be made available . General Ande r s o n favors the plan . Next , General Clark asks Admiral Ramsey to giv .e him a rt firm answer " as to the British Admiralty's c apacity to conV •)y and furnish sea and air support for such an op e ration . Commodore Douglas-Pennant advise ·s General Cla rk t hat a r epo rt is being p re pared by Combin ed Ope ra tion s to show the number of l and i ng craft lo st at LJie ppe and what effe ct these losse~ will have on c raft ass i gned ~o TORCH. The i mportanc e of TORCH and the fact it is becoming the big op era ti on raises the qu est ion of the future of the Service of Supp ly in th e European Theat e r of Operati ons . If ROUNDUP is dro pped , which appears li k ely, the numb er of U. S . Troops we hAd plann ed t o �( receive in the United Kingdom will be greatly reduced . General Truscott believes a corres vo nding reduction in the present plans of SOS expansion should be made , that certain SOS units and personnel should become available for the new North African theater and that General Lee should be so advised . General Clark and General Matejka discuss the possibility of placing the forward echelon of TORCH headquarters on a naval vessel rather than at Gibraltar. Matejka believes Gibraltar must be a link in our system of signal communications and that headquarters should be there during the early phases of the operat lo n . Major Yarborough, parachute specialist of the II Army Corps headquarters , arrives for duty with the new staff. He will work out detailed plans for TORCH parachute op era tions . LONDON AUGUST 23 , 1942 - -It , looks as though an assault on Philippeville , Algeria , will not be included in TORCH. Admiral Ramsay reports to General Clark that neither the ships nor the l anding craft required are available without drawing from other assault convoys or from follow - up convoys . Also , no Naval Air Force could be provided for the Philippeville attack . ( have - General to take Clark r eports the same form t h at suc h an a s sault as that now planned "would against therefore Bone. 11 The Bone landing looks as though it is going to be the toughest landing of the three--Algiers, Oran and Bone . General Anderson reports to Gener a l Clark that , al thoug h heavy loss e s are "inevitable th~ Bone assault must be included in TORCH "Unless . it is , 11 General Anderson de cl ares , "we cannot , in all probability, get to Tun i s in time . " The Bone attack is to be made with U. S . "Ranger" troops who will spearhead a combined Anglo-American attack . General Anderson turns over to General Clark a revision of the Outline Plan for the Eastern Task Force, stating that this study represents what actually can be acccmplished with the means placed at his disposal. "It is not based on guess work as were the earlier drafts , " S RYS General Anderso n who will command the Eastern Task Force that wi ll land at Bone and Algiers and then drive for ·.mnisia . Combined British and American Intelligence reports have an interesting TORCH sidelight in them today . ·.L e i tern reads : ·h "Unconfirmed reports indicate that there are 500 tanks in underground hiding places in western Spanish Morocco and that there is an u nde rground hangar five miles e a st of Te tuan where the It a lians are r ep ortedly assembling planes . 11 General 9lark instructs Major Yarborough to of TORCH with a view to examining all poss101~1vies the effective employment of parachute troops . Organization of General Patt o n's convoy that study every phase offered for vdll bring . = American . ," �troops direct from the States to their assault-jumpoff at Oran is already underway. General Marshall cables that three converted passenger liners which used to be on the New York - Buenos Aires run h a ve been earmarked for the task: the Argentina , the Brazil and t he Uruguay . They are al l about 17,500 gross tons and carry about 5 , 200 troops each. The Argentina was one of the ships in the convoy that came over with head quarters of the II Army Corps . In addition , Gener a l Marshall says the use of nine CB:' go s h ips for the All-Amer ic R. side n of TORCH is also authorized . "No further ships, 11 he adds, 11 can be allocated to you pending clarification of our needs here . " Cables are flowin g back and forth regarding the dispatch of ground and air forces for the air side of TORCH. General Cl a rk is building up the TORCH headquarters organization, bringing in some of his best junior offi cers from headquarters of the II Army Corps. He discusses with Lieut. Col~ Ramsey, the headquarters commandant, the composition of the headquarters security force and movement of headquarters echelons to the African th eate r. They talk over the personnel required to fill key positions . North 'I'he cable requesting an Americ a n to head up civil affairs in Africa once the occupation is underway is sent to Washington . LONDO AUG. 24 , 1942--General N, Anderson is pushing .for the inclusion o.f Philippeville as a fourth point of attack in the TORCH operation. He tells Gener a l Clark that he "can't put on the show 11 without use of an additlonal port . He considers Philippeville, des p ite its hazards, to be the best spot available . The British general's argument is that harbor facilities at Algiers and Bone will not enab le him to _get essenti a l trans p ort and supplies as h ore in time to move his troops into Tunisia to forestall Axis occu pation . He tells Deputy Commander-in-Chief Clark that to cut the strength of his force further would make his mission--a quick drive into Tunisia--impossible of accomplishment . He says he will need more assault ships, more landing craft and additional air suppor ·t if another harbor is incl rded. By using another harbor he main tains he can get sufficient equipment ashore and start his drive eastward on schedule . 1 In discussing the additional means needed .for the Philippeville attack, General Cl ark tells General Anderson that if U.S . troops participated they would go forward with hLm to Tu n is, if he so desired, and would subsist on British rations. General Anderson seems reluctant to accept additional U. S . troops, saying it would involve increased logistical complic a tions. General Clark maintains that the assault on Philippeville should be made--for French reaction reasons--on Philippev ille and that, preferably , it should be a second ccmbat team of the 1st Division. General Anderson is instructed to prepare a report showing the additional means required .for the operation, including shi pp ing and landing e ra.ft . �Generals Cl ar k and Anderson and Air Vice - Marshall Welsh also discuss the possibilities of' an "inside-outside" operation , that is , attacking simultaneously within the Mediterranean and outside at Casablanca . Anderson says this does not alter his problem . He agrees that Oran sho u ld be an all-U . S . operation. He adds that the extensive front--Algiers - Bone- - is too much for one commander to control, particularly since the forces will advance in divergent directions after landing . The Air Vice - Marshall observes that aircraft based on Gibraltar could move to the Casablanca area as read i ly as to Oran if the "inside-outside" operati on is decided upon . Follo wing his conference with the two British of'ficials , General Clark ca l ls in Admiral Bieri of the U. S . Navy and instructs him to study and repor t on the additional naval means required to broaden TORCH. He will consult with Admiral RamsaC and determine the U. S . Navy capabilities for the task . General lark points out that the planners of TORCH are faced primarily with a naval problem 11 . and that no amount of planning on the part of' my staff ,, can pro vide an answer until naval authorities state what they can and wil l do., 11 At a morning conference at Grosvenor Square , a cable from Washington is read to the Anglo-American group planning TORCH. It indicates the U . S . Navy can't aid TORCH to any further extent than it is already committed and that what the navy has promised is not yet definitely earmarked. General Clark says the naval problem "is the root of the ev!lll 1.of' this thing . They won't say what we can have despite the fact President Roosevelt has said that Russian convoys and TORCH must have numbe r one priority . There i s no such thing as two operations having number one priority . One thing alone must be decided upon . 11 He adds that the U . s . Navy "won't pull anything out of the Pacific and somebody ' s got to tell them what they have to do. 11 Later, SOS officials report to equipment for the combat t e am of the in time for the unit to . start training the combat team "will be l'e .asonably General Clark feels these d a tes a r e motor transport has already reached being sent ov e r from North Ireland . General Clark that 1st Division can by September well equipped by "probably optimistic the unit and some the y believ e be delivered 1. They say September 4 . 11 . " Some items are Lieut . Colonel Raft, commander of the 503rd Parachute Bat talion, reports for duty. With Colon e l Bentley and Major Yar borough he will explore all possibilities for the employment of paratroops in TORCH . * ( * * LONDON, AUG. 25 1942- - An urgent from General 6lark out of bed atcablegram and sends him Marsh all routes General 3 A. M. hur r ying to his st . James Squar e office . General Marshall says it is the opinion of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washin g ton that �TORCH is contracted too in ambitious scope . for the means on hand and that it should be It has become necessary to prepare a ne w directive ••• because of the limited military forces available , 11 General Marshall cables . "The hazard is too great , especia ll y considerin g the extreme seriousness of the effect on the peoples of occupied Europe, India and China if the United States should fail in its first major operation . " General Marshall says the u· s.• Chiefs . of Staff "are not favorably disposed to the movement of a p proximately an Army Corps to the Mediterranean as recommended . " He instructs General Handy to return to Washington b y the first available plane . General Marshall adds that it will be impossib le to get U. S . Naval units from the Pacific because of the battle of the Solomon I slands which he says 11is going in our favor" but which is still developing . 11 ( This is the new proposal outlined in General Marshall 's cable : that United States forces, probably combat teams of the 1st and 34th Divisions, move into the Agidir - Marrakech -C asablanca-Rabat Fez area in French Moro cco and into Oran-Mostaganein - Mascara area in Algiers; they will c onsolidate and rapidly exploit their attack to complete control of the Frenc h Morocco area; they will move into Spani sh Moro cco only if it is necessary , and make plans to p us h on to Wes tern Al ge ria "to facilitate the extension of effective air and ground attack to the eastward and keep the sea lanes open." The plan would eliminate t he Algiers , Bone and Philippeville landings . It woul d call for control of all of North Afri c a from Rio de Oro to Tunisia so the froces c oul d facilitate air operat ions against enemy forces and installations in the Medite rranean area. It would be an All - American attack and the occupation of Tunisia , at least for the time being , would not be attempt~d . Later , British forces would follow the Americans . The attack would take place at the earliest practicable date and would be accomp lished as rapidly as p ossible. All the American planners ofTORCH innnedia te l y go into conference . Because of the suggestion that the revised plan involve only American troops , there are no British officers included . Only yesterday the British proposed that TORCH be made stronger and on a wider front . Now, General Clark tells his officers , Wash inton proposes that we r edu ce the scale of the attack heretofore planned . Colonel Nevins speaks of the effect of the lim i.ted harb or c apacity of both Oran and Casablanca , bringing out that small and frequent convoys would be required , hence more demands from the U . S . Navy . The entire picture has changed overnight but the ans wer to General Marshall is going back by General Handy . The Marshall cable brings mixed reactions which are finally boiled down to this suggested answer: control The proposed operation of Tunis , the key does locality not offer us a chance to gain in North Africa and the natural �( route for Axis invasion. While our scale of attack would be too weak to impress the French and bring them to our side , it would offer the Axis sufficient excuse and sound military reasons for moving forces into French North Africa . This consideration strongly indicates that military and politi c al sense calls for a strong attack on the broadest possible scale and front . Time and space also favors t he Axis in the subsequent race to gain control of Alg i ers . Full tactical successes at Oran and Casablanca do not insure reasonable prospect for the ultimate strate gical improvement of the position of the United Nati Jns in the Mediterranean North Afri c an theater . Employment of the 1st ~ivisi on with pa rts of the 34th at · Oran , using British ships , is practicable . The TORCHplanners suggest that all forces a t Oran comprise the II Army 'Corps and that General Clark connnand t he ope r ation from the outset . General Patton's forces, in substantially the same force the ,, were orig inally scheduled to use at Oran , sh ould now be used at Casablanca . ( Note must be taken that limited United States Ai.r Forces already in or earmarked for the North African theater would be inade quate for sup p ort of attacks on both Oran and Casablanca without assistance from the Royal Air l''o rce . Also, physical ca p acities of the two ports impose stringent limits on the number of vessels that can be accomodated . The limit for Oran is 25 and for Casablanca , 14 . Gen eral C1ark and his staff agree that they 11are ready and anxious to proceed with any operation directed . 11 They add that there is "" rgent need for an early decision . " u This , substantially back to Gen eral Marshall , is the answer . He will leave General Handy will tomorrow . carry General L2rkin raises the question of what additional service units will be required by the revised pl nn - -if it g oes into effect . The problem of getting the 1st Divis ion re ady is discussed and General Allen is called · up from Tid worth . General Allen informs General Glark that he would be entirely willing to attaQk with two combat teruns fr om the 1st ~ivi sio n , reinforced by one combat team from the 34th Division and detachments fr om the 1st Armored Division , in event TORCH is chan ged . ( In the event the operation now proposed is put into effect , Gene ra l Clark says we must prepare at least two more U.S . combat teams for landin g throu gh the surf. He proposes to keep a c om bat team of the 34th Division in tr a ining until September 12 , then move the 1st Division for training between se:rt ember 14 and 26 . General Anderson says 10 days will be needed for rehearsal of the attack. Ari 'additional c 1st Division combat team may be trained at Roseneath and Toward , England , f rom September 7 to 21 . The ccmbined operations headquarters, ho v1 ever , cannot p rovide cre ws for the additional landin g c r aft in the actual ope r ation . t:... �'""' --. _ General Clark dis cusses the problem of air support Vandenberg ana he says it is obvious that the u. s . Army will not be present in sufficient strength to carry out ings at Oran and Casablanca without assistance from the Force. with Col . Air Force the landRoyal Air The remarkable , irrepressible man that is W inston Churchill is at his best again tonig h t as Generals Clark and Eisenhower dine with him at Number 10 Downin g street . As usual, the effervescent Prime Minister is wearing a smock . His first remark when he enters the room where the t wo American gene ra ls are waiting for him is: "TORCH offers the greatest opportunity in the history of England! It is the one thing that is going to win the war . Pres1d~nt Roosevelt feels the s ame way . W ' re both ready to help in e any way we c an . "We face two battles in TORCH booms out the ," "The first battle is to have no battle . " Prime Minister Mr. Churchill only returned to England yesterday from a 14 , 000-mile trip that took him throu gh the Middle East and to Moscow . He says, if necessary, he is ready to fly to Washington at a moment ' s notice to talk over TORCHwith President Roosevelt 11 This thing must go over , tr he declares. , . He asks the generals what is on their minds and General Clark tells him the greatest ne~d is for someone with the necessary pov1er to make decisions . " We'r e floundering around in a trough of day to-day changes ," General Clark explains . "W must have had ten sets e of det a ils . There have been so many plans that we are dizzy . We1 d / li ke to get one definite plan so we can go to work on it . It's not a military man ' s job to say whether the French will resist or whether Spain will enter the war . The political factors should be handled by politicians ." The Prime Minister promises to get in touch with Presid ent Roosevelt immediately so the set-up can be frozen to one s pe cific task. Mr . Churc hill emphasizes and re - emphasizes that he is 11100 percent for TORCH tr . with a bit there up to Mr . Churchill then tells of his recent conversations in Mosco w Stalin . "We talked very bluntly and s ometimes I had to squirm ," the Prime Minister recounts . "Stalin says the war over has pro v en that the German army isn•t as tou gh as it ' s cracked be . " 111 Why don't you do something, 1 says Stalin . And I have to admit we can't get across the channel. Then I tell him about the TORCHp l an . I tell him we a re go ing to do it . Stalin is disappoin ted that there wi ll be no Second Front in Europe this year . Then , the more he thinks about the North African attack, the more he likes it . " �Mr. Churchill then tells of a huge banquet -- a formal state dinner -- he l d in his honor in Moscow . "I attended it in me smock , " the Prime ~inister grins . " I t hought I'd show them how proleta r ian I wasl 11 Stalin , before he was told in detail about TORCH, kept tell ing the British leader that he "couldn't s ee why your two great nations can't attack . You ' ve got to plunge inl" - On the night before he took off from Moscow, Mr . Churchill was invited to Stalin ' s apartment in the Kremlin . "There'll be just the t wo of us for dinner and we can do a bit of drinking , 11 Churchill says the Russian premier told him . "When I got there , " the Prime Minister continues, "Joe -stt/r,ted uncorking bottles . Af'ter a while he says : ' Let ' s call in Molotov , he I s a good drinker! So we sit up until four o' c lock and talk . At five o'clock I take of f for home . 11 The Prime Minlster also tells how Stalin's 19-year - old , red haired daughter came into the apartment . "And do you know , " says Mr. Churchill ., "she walked right up and kissed the bloke l " ( While the Prime Minister is recounting these stories or else talking about international a.ffairs , he is likely to do unpredictable things . At one point , he gets up, goes over to a c orner and rubs his back up and down on the jutting edge of the wall . " I guess I got them in Egypt , 11 he observes , smiling , and then plumps back into his chair to continue with serious discus s ion . At another point , he rings one of the many bells beside him and the valet comes in . "Change me socks , " he commands , and while he talks to Generals Clark and Eisenhower he holds up one foot after the other while the valet takes off his socks and puts on fresher ones of lighter wei ght . Seeing the Prime Minister eat is an event . When the soup is brought in , he tackles it vigorously . His mouth is about two inches from the liquid; he hunches over the plat e . He eats very noisily , purring and slurping and working the spoon fran mouth to plate so rapidly you c an hardly see it . Scraping the bottom of the dish , he looks up and bawls out lustily : "More soup! 11 Then , he turns to his guests and says : "Fine soup, ain 1 t it!" Gener al Clark and General Eisenhower have a hard time to keep from laughing at the Prime Minister's boylike actions . After dinner ., Mr . Churchi l l and the t wo g enetals get down to a point - by-point discus s ion of TORCH Gener a l Clark outlines . transportation difficulties and soon Mr . Churchill is sunnnoning Lord Lou;s Mountbatten and Sir Dudley Pound, First Sea -Lorcii. . Gener al lark is puzzled by reports made to him that it will take 12 days to combat load TORCHvessels and 18 days to make the v 0yage to assault points . j �( ) Churchill turns the heat on Sir Dudley. "Why is it going take you 18 days to get to this point when it is only go ing to take the Americans 14 days to get to the Theater of Operations from New York? rr Mr. Churchill asks. Sir Dudley says the convoy going to look as though it 'is going to the Midd le East, then suddenly switch b1:i.ck nnd shoot toward the 'Straits of G .ibr al tar says if the 9~v.eP- pilian. were chan ged he could g o more directly the trip would take only 10 days . "Do it.," says the Clark, says triumphantly days alre ady !" Prime Minister , then, turning , "See, I 1 ve saved you eight to is . He and to General p recious Gener al Clark says he wants a direct order tell~ng the TORCH planners that they are going to carry out TORC that they must H, start the operation on a certa in date and that they a r e go ing to occupy certain positions and accomplish certain definite results. This will cut out a lot of red tape and get TORCH on a concrete footin g . The five men talk about the operation until 2 A. M. Mr . Churchill's 11 through ( observations include: I want troo ps pouring into the new area . I want the walls, the ·ceilings -- everywhere ! 11 "The French will g o with us if we are Frenc h can ' t afford to pi:k a loser . " g oing them to come to wi n . But the 11 What about crossing the channel? W ell, I told Stalin ' Why stick your head in the alligator's mouth at Brest when you can go to the Mediterranean and rip his belly! 1 " The men talk about the r ea ction of the North African French to the invaaion. General Clark tells the Prime Minister that he thinks paratroopers sho uld go down with parachutes made of American fla gs and t hat aerial sky-writers shou ld zoom across the heavens writin g : 11Viva France! Lafayette , we are here again-for the second time! 11 As the . conference breaks up at 2 A. M. , Gener al Cl ark tells the Prime Minister that he _ and the oth er TORC pla nners "are H tired of this piddling around . " "Ev ery minute counts," the Deputy Cornmander-in.;..Chief of TORCHdeclares . 111 've spent days talkin g about how we ou gh t 1.e to do this tl in 0 • What we need now is th e green light. " Mr . Churchill ( promises action . �( LONDON, AUG. 26 , 1942--General G1ark tells a combi~ed British .American staff meeting this afternoon that TORCH "is definitely on"' and that it probably will be launched "not later than October 15 . " H~ tells his section chiefs to proceed on that b~sis , concentrating , for the time being , on the inside operation, including Philippeville . To coordinate work, particularly between the British and American G- 3 and G- 4 sections, General Clark ann ounces to the bined staff that a British Deputy Chief of Staff and a British Assistant Be9meta~¥ i of the Gener a l Staff will be added to his personal TORCH staff. com - On the heels of General Marshall's cable and the talk with Prime Minister Churchill , General Marshal l calls in high - ranking officers throughout the day . GenerAl Anderson , wh o is to be called before Mr . Churchill today, is informed, for background purposes , of the g ist of the conversation of last ni ght . General Clark informs General Anderson that the Prime Minister says that November is t o o late and that TORCH must start by mid-October . The two generals discuss how the necess a ry combat teams can be ready to g o into action by October 15 . ( Th e conf ere nce turns into a rou nd -table discussion of how su py ly problems are going to interfere with operat iona l plans. General Gale , Brigadier Benoy and Colonel Philipps , all British supply experts, join the conf ere nce . As usu a l, the chief topic is the difficulty of supplying the exped i tion. Benoy -1 says ·.the e;cbmf b:bp.dld capaod:ty { ··~he ' po:oes at Philippeville _of and Bone fail to meet by some 5 , 000 tons the requirements for troops to be landed and conc entra ted at those points for an advance on Tunis . Th is fi gure, he says , is based on minimum maintenance requirements- food , Ammunition , fuel- - and that it does not include any allowance for reserves or for losses. According to Benoy 1 s calculations, the s hipping deficiency cannot be made up until it is p ossible to establish coa stw ise shippin g from Algiers to the sma ll e r ports . Gene .,..· Anderson al s a ys that under the circumstances it will not be possible for his forces to gegin the i r advance on Tunis by D . 24 . General Anderson seems conservative and cautious. At one point the conversation goes like t h is : Anderson : 11I am left with no reserves , except at Al g iers." 11 Clark Ca n 1 t we ge t it ashore in lighters?" Anderson : 1Lo g istics brin g us to one irrefutable fact : there are no allowances for loss e s; no allowances for delays . The Mission l s extremely dangerous . I might not be able to get stor e s . " Clark "You ' ve g ot to lan d and do the b e st you can. The ~rime Minister says November first would be out of the question and that TORC must start H the middle of Oc t ob er . 11 .Anderson : "In other words, lam, even if I can't advance?" �91 Clark : "That's advance! right . Land and you'll get your chance to u General Anderson agrees that regardless of what date is set for D-day, his ability to advance in t¥Ue to forestall Ax.is occupation of Tunisia is doubtful . General Clark bre aks up the conference by telling the other officers that "the operation is definitely orl' and that "ways and means will have to be found to make it successful ." Before General Handy leaves for Washington, General Clark tells h im of the conversa t ion with Prime Minister Churchill, of Churchill's insistanc e on action by mid - Oc tober a nd how the Prime Mi nister took immediate steps to assist TORCH b y ordering the First Sea Lord to cut down the time re quired for the voyage to the Mediterranean . General Clark points out to General Handy that TORCH planners must be furnished "a definite directive without a moment 1 s unavoidable delay--we are ready to go ahead just as soon as we get the basic decision ." ( General Gale, who felt sli ghted yesterday when the American leaders of TORCH met without the British, is told by General Clark that the Americans received a personal mes sa ge from Gen eral Marshall that required consultation by a few American o ff icers before an answer c ould be sent back to Wash ington . He explains , not only to General Gale but to the l at e afternoon Ang lo - American conference, that the subject matt e r has been turned over to the British Joint- Mission in Washington and that it will reach the joint TORCH planning board in the near future . Gener a l Gale again brings up hi s p r oposal t ha t he be place d on a 1-evel with the Chief of Staff . General Clark explains that or gan izati on for •roRCH will follow the U. S . type and that there will be only one Chief of Staff . However, Gener a l Ga le is to feel free to g o direct to Gener a l Clark anytime he wish e s. General Gale says that will satisfy him . He then s ays the r e is l ack of staff coordin a tion , especially b etween G-3 and G- 4 . Gen e rals Gale and Dewing say they believe tne dirficulty lies in the dif ference b etwee n British and American staff procedure. They feel a British Deputy Ch ief of Staff wou ld ass: i:st in smoothing staff work. General Cl a rk, who , although not h ing has been said yet , f eels that Gener u l Dewing, wh o would out - rank the Am ric 1 Ch ief e m of Staff, wants the job, asks him to submit a name and promises that he will put the ma n in as deputy. Moreover, Ge neral Clark adds , a British secretary might be a dd ed to th e secret ar i at of the General Staff . Cables TORCH sideli administration p rocurement will operate being dis p atched to ght op e rat i ons: the wit hin occupied of radio equipment on once the troops Washington cover a multitude of U. S . is to furnis h funds for civil areas , usin g local Frenc h currency; is asked; W RVe len gt hs that TORCH g o into action are s et . J �,I / ( l LOND , AUG 27 , 1942 -- Despite . t scarcity of time if proper prepara ons are to be made, the pl for TORCH still ls not defin ite . G eral Ma· shall cables Gene ls Clark and Ei~enhower that Pres·· ent Roos e l t appears to ve decided def:l,nitely that t att k on Nor. h Africa be mad exclusively by United State as aulting and Casa / - resident think that 80 , 000 Ampican troo p are necessary lish the rn.!bss n . rt must be large and werful landing or political well as milit y purposes At a conference eneral Marsha , President Ro sevelt saY, he feels a joi land ng , even if d by United St es troops will not suffi • He believe if it is All - American; operation e can , within week after the assa1 t , arrang~ma "'ersso th e will be no c plications con c erning th landing of Br· ish troo to reinforce· e Americans . I n the initi assault , Br· ish naval orces and sh · p i n g would be used . / acco. Gen al Marshall /wh o wire he t wo Amer an g enerals ..i.mmedia tely fo lowing the ·w;(i House te onference , 11s Clark ¢ Eisen I hower hat he is c fu;lnced t President as fully m~ up hi~ mind and intends o dictate" an Al l - Amer.·can TORCH _fle says ~11t if . sue a directiV, is i ssue , the force attacking Oran will be made UR of troops ready in he United ingdom . General Pa_,.t;-ton will ad the Ca blan c a attack . Gener ~l Clark probably l w1Ll be the ommander - n -C hief if TORCH becomes All - American . ( Cabling General Marshall as rapidly as possible , the TORCH leaders say that on l y two combat teams , plus a Ranger battalion , wi ll be ready if the Oran landing is to be made October 15 . The bulk of the attacking force , Generals Clark and Ei senhower , agree will have to come from the United States . They point ~Jt that the British opinion is that such a TORCH operation won't accomplish the real purpose and what is the reason for going at all if we don ' t gain Tunisia . They add that All i ed troops cannot get Tunisia unless __ they do so qui c kly and attack as far east as Bone . They point that Prime Minister Churchill promised last night to strip down his Indian Ocean fleet to assist in TORCH since the American fleet _E- as the Japanese well -engaged in the Solomon Islands battle . ou1 :· ( General C1ark is in conferences all day . General Anderson , saying that he will be able to assault at Algiers and Bone "with prospects of success but without a mobile force to advance , " asks for a new TORCH d i rective . He says the chances of reaching Tunisia in time to defeat German for c es is sli ght , even with Philippeville included . He adds that if there is no Frenc h resist anc e , he may , by requisitionin g local tr an sport , be able to move into Tunisia befo r e 1 s views , his D. 24 . He holds that regardless of the Prime M1 .nister present mission cannot be carried out against resistance . The new dire c tive might , he believes , order him to assault at the selected points , secure airdromes and ports in the vicinity , then move to the east without spe c ifying a date for the accomplishment of the latter objective . �General Clar k asks Anderson when he will have enough trans port to move forward witho u t French assistance and the Britisher replies that when the first follow - up force is in, about D.8, he will be able to move a brigade gro p but the remainder of the force wi ll not be mobile until after arrival of the second follow-up convo y . General Clark tells him that if all p;oes well in the initi al landing at Oran there will be some air transports available to assist him in getting his troops forward . General Anderson says that will be v ery helpful . Accordin g to General Anderson, the First Sea Lord is no w hedging on the 10-d ay fi gure for the sea voyage, pointing out the dan ge r from air attack to a convoy on a course laid near the West Coast of Europe . The Director of Movements is also doubtful that the time for combat loading can be reduced much below 1 2 days as five days is the normal time required for loading one vessel, but not enough berths exist for simul tane _ ous loading of all ships in the convoy . However , Gene ra l Cl ark points out to Anderson , Mr . Churchill has said he is willin g to light the ports at night to expedite loadin g . General . Gale and Colonel Stokes are ship ping si t uation. General Gale says if in the United Kingdom will not have time trip to the United States . I called in to discuss the D- day is early ships now to make another return The top - ranking intelligence officer on TORCH, British Brigadier Mockl er -F erryman , tells General Clark he cannot ag r ee with. t :1ose who think the French in Nort h Afr ica will not resist . He believes firm resistance will be encountered for at least 48 hours . He says the French army in Africa lacks both moral stamina and physi cal means for prolonged resistance . After talking over the proposed organization of the Headquar ters Security Force for TORCH with Colonel Ramsey, General Clark believes.it would be best to take the required reconnaissance unit and infantry battalion from the 1st Armor ed Div ision . Units brought in f r om the U. S . later will repla ce these so they can rejoin the division when it enters the theater . General Clark calls in General Allen and Bri ga dier General Roosevelt and outlines to them the training plans for the 18th Infantry Combat team of the 1st Division which will begin training at Inverary , Scotl and , about September 10 . General Roosevelt says that all special amphibious equipment is being shipped from the States and that it probably will be here by September 15 . A long intelligence report concerning what Washington G- 2 of f icials think will be the re a ction of the Frenc h and Spanish to the Afric an attack is received by General Clark. Excerpts from it include : j �J ( "The Vichy French may try to influence us into Occupied France in order to g ive them some guidance for thei r own action vis - a~vis the Germans 1 or bait us into a German net, or to warn us as to the futility of our effort . There is nothing however to indicate that the Vichy French are other than realists , and they ar e expected to make a d e cision which will put them on the winning side . There is nevertheless a hopeful tone in some French information which su ggests that if u. s . forces go into French territory they sh ould be in sufficient force to impress the local French authorities and t~ hold on at all costs . "With reference to the Free French , there is a slight indic ation that they may know or suspect something about it . xx (Officialis) fully understand the vit al importance of not t e lling them anything with re g ard to future operations . xx x There is a report that the French in North and Northwest Africa are on ed ge . In this c onnection , there is something on this in 11a most reliable source . 11 There is nothing reliable to indicate that the French wi ll assist us anywhere , but on the other hand , much information to indicate that the y will resist . However, emphasis is again laid upon the fact that resistance may be considerably less if they are faced b y a strong and apparently resolute force . "We have no information to indicate that Spain will remain remain aloof or that the Germans will not use the Spanish airfields . In this connection , if Spain stay s out of it , or the Germans do not use their airfields initially , surface u ni ts can reac h certain points in North Africa without effective interception b y Axis air and surface forces . If , however , German Air uses Spa nish airfields , earlier and serious interception of our forces must be expected. If t h is Axis activity from Spain is withheld until after our forces are ashore, the Axis Air might make it very di ff icult for the recently landed forc e s . However, the operation offers considerable hope of success if the Germans are kept out of Spain until a later date . I t would be in error to plan, however , definitely on the Germans staying out of Span is h airfields . If the ope ration is put through , German air and other forces might be sent down toward Spain for purposes of destroying United Nations' forces in the Mediterranean and an opportunity might arise for other United Nati ,ns' forces from England to strike in the German fl ank . " General vlark points of opinion in these views ( out that "there is considerable with those of the Prime Minister difference ." The Washington G- 2 also brings up in its report the subject 11 of 11Cooperat ion with Allies ." I t declares it is of vital importance to thoroughly war game and prac t ice with the British on t h is tubject (coordinat io n of air , ground and armored forces) practice with the British on this subject of coordinati on of the several elements from distant and near bases i n any aspect of the special operation p lanned. This should be thoroughly exam ~ned with the British in London, and as well should be soundly practiced with our naval forces . The coordination and ti ming of the various elements of this �operation give 11 are 3IHL of absolutely vital importance General Clark remarks that these me a pain in the hind end . 11 . platitudes " about coordination II the "It is axiomatic general declares , "that . staff officers in high positions fa; removed from the front , reiterate doctrine which is well kno~ to all of us , but which to put into effect requires considerable time . I n other words , Kroner (Brigadier General Kroner of tre Washington G- 2 staff) is going on record that for an operation of this kind to be successful, coordination of air , ground and mechanized units is essential . We have been preaching this in our training in the states for the past t wo years . W know e it is essential and would do it here , but time do e s~not permit. 11 0 * * * LONDON, AUGUST28 , 1942--Plans for United in TORCHare progressing favorably and the air ing plans for movement of both ground personnel the United States and the United Kingdom . ( _) C States air operations sections are preparand sup plies from Colonel Vandenberg confers with General Clark and the Deputy Commander-in - Chief discusses with him the p ossibility of using various devices to prepare the way for the American landing: sky writing , American flags dropped by parachute and leaflets. Some Spitfir e mechanics have been shipped to the United States to come over with General Patton ' s force . Gasoline supply at first will be by five-gallon cans , later by barrels , and finally by t ankers . Packing of equipment mus t be gin in about two weeks if the date is to be October 15 . Van:lenberg says Generals Arnold , Doolittle and Hansel all agree that we have not more than about one - fourth the air strength supporting the American attack that might profitably be used . They also believe that the British effort is so weak in air support that it is unlikely to succeed in view of the Axis Air Force strength in the Sicily - Sardinia area . Vanderber g says that General Doolittle, with his principal staff officers , plans to go f'rom Gibraltar to La Senia airport just as soon as it bas been captured. In line with air ope r ations , General Anderson , during a conf erence with General Clark , asks if the general would be willing to have American planes land at various point~ including Tunis , on the morning of the attack . He feels that a big bluff might work but points out that American officers landing at Tunis might be made prisoners of war . As a sidelight to this British request , Colonel Vandenberg tells General Clark that the Fighter Command is holding back from the TORCH operation . He says the 9onnnand is "reluctant" to be changed from its present role of escorting bombers to that of ground support in the TORCH operation . General (Hark says this is a matter which will "re quire definite action . " American bombers , accompanied by the flighters , are raiding Occupied France almost daily now . Admi~al Ramsay calls to discuss the readjustment of naval �9 f forces required in order to provide means for the protection of the Philippeville attack . No additional vessels or naval air c raft are available . The British Navy is planning to provide four carriers and t wo auxiliary carriers in the Mediterranean with a total of about 60 to 70 fighting planes in addition to some reconnaissance and a few bombers . Adm~ral Ramsay plans to provide air protection for the forces attacking at Bone and Philippeville up to dark on D . l . At that time , carriers will turn back to assist in covering the attack at Algiers the next morning . The British Admiral feels that the limited support that he co u ld afford for the attacks at Bone and Philip pe ville by naval planes does not justify the risk entailed to the carriers from Axis land - based planes . r ) Admiral Ramsay does not suggest that the Philippeville attack could not be made due to naval li mitations but he does point out that in order to mount the attack , use must be made of special ships no w being converted . These are large vessels of about 20 1 000 tons which lack armored landing craft and which are not of the best type . Crews for the landing c raft will n ot be well trained . He also states that in order to place landin g c ra .t't in condition for oper ations that training would have to cease about 'September 10 . The general tells him such a conditi on cannot poss ibly be agreed to; that the training of the c ombat team s had to be carried through , and that if the landing craft were not in the best shape , that was merely another risk that we would have to accept . General C1ark brings up the possibility of including a fient at Casablanca if the large - scale T ORCH operation g oes on . Admiral Ramsay thinks the idea is sound provided a s 1li table naval co111ering force can be found . In his opinion, the risk involved in brin g ing a l arge convoy into the vicinity of Casablanca without strong naval su pp ort wou ld be great . He feels that more battleships, some c ruisers and a carrier are essential . Gene r al Anderson joins in the discussion and soon a sharp difference of op inion arises betw e en the British general and the Briti sh admirql concerning the use of landing craft prio r to embarkation . Admi ral Ramsay emphasizes the need for c raft overhaul; Gene ra l Anderson the need for training of assault troops . After ;l!dm!L ral Ramsay leaves , Gene r al C lark explains to General Anderson that he is ordering a second reserve comb a t team of the 1st Division into amphibious training . Anderson understands th at he will have the 168th U . S . Infantr y re gime nt at Algiers and the 18th U. S . Infantry at Philippeville . Gen e r a l Ql ark ~rin g s u p the subject of anti - aircraft protection for the regimental combat teams in the assault and on the beach. Gener a l And erson states that none has been provided and that none is required since the land ing would be made at night . He believes A- A weapons on the ships will take ca ~e of the situation u nt il anti - aircraft units can be pu t ashore . He says that in the attack at Algiers some tanks would be used with one of the comb at teams . The C01 manding :1 General of the 78th British Divis ion will g ive Gene ra l Clark details of this attack plan at a later date . �r ( General Cl ark tells General Anae~son that he wants every detail of every plan laid before him and that he intends them fully as the plans develop . minute to go into Satisfactory progress is being made on amphibious training at Inverary , Scotl and . Colonel 0 1 Daniel reports in today to General Clark . Colonel o t Daniel says no provision is being made for anti aircraft support with landin g craft or on the beach, a thing that the general feels must be provided . General Clark tells General Allen that he has no objection to Brigadier General Roosevelt go i ng to inspect the Scotland base but that he must understand clearl y that the training is under British command and that he is not to interfere in any way e Gene ra l Allen is also told that another regimental combat team , the 26th, would g.o into amphibious trainin g and that the 18th U. S . Infantry Regiment combat team will .move to Toward about September 7 for advanced training . The 26th mmfantvw Regime nt team will go to Inverary Sept ember 26 to take over from the 34th Division combat team that will have complet ed its training by then . General Clark explains that in case the American TO RCH plan is put into effect we would need an additional u. s. combat team for the assault- - or, a total of three combat teams at Oran . Other urgent matters that get attention today inc lude discussion of the advance party that will go to Gibraltar by plane, arriving there just before the TORCH convoy gets ready to enter the Straits of Gibraltar ; (Genera l Matejka feels there is no.insur mountable difficulty to providing signal communications at Lribral tar.); organization of the Anglo-ArlBrican rel ati ons in the G-3 section , and formation of a definite staff program to bring out wealmesses or onnnissions that might otherwise be u ndetected until too late . In the evening, Generals ~lark and Eisenhower leave for Prime Minister Churc hi ll's country home at Checkers . They will remain overnight so they can hold lengthy, u disturbed confer ences with Mr . Churchill . . CHECKERS, ENGLAND, AUG 29 , 1942 - -While Generals . Eisenhower and Clark are at the Prime M inis ter 's country estate, an officer courier arrives from London with a secret cooe message of greatest importance . General Marshall cables that President Roosevelt appears to have decided definite l y that the attack on ~orth Africa will be made exclusively with United States troops assaulting at Oran and Casablanca . The President thinks that 80,00 0 American troops are necessary to accomplish the mission . It must be a large and powerful landing force for political as well as military purposes . At a conference �Ci , with General Marshal l, President Roos evelt says he feels a joint landing , even if led by United States troops, will not suffice . He bel i eves if it i s an All - American op e ration he can , within a week , , afte r the assault landing, arrange matters so there will be no com ~ pli cations conce rni ng the l andi n g of British troops to reinforce the .Americans . In the initial assault , British naval and air forces and shipping would be used . General Marshall , who wired t he two American generals i mmed i ate ly following the White House conference , tells Clark and Eisen hower that he is convinced the President "has fully made up h is 11 mind and intends to dictate an All-.American TORCH. He says that if such a directive is issued , the force attacking Oran will be made up of troops already in the United Ki ngdom . General Patton will head the Casablanca attack . General Clark probably will be the Comm nder -i n -C hief a if TORCH becomes All-American . The President , General ma rshall says , apparently is u·riwilling to accept the hazards of a single line of communications through Gibraltar . He does not ag r ee with the British argument that such a TORCH operation will mean the loss of Tunisia and possibly Algeria to the Germans . 'l'he President also bel iev es it is imperative that the United States strengthen its guard of the South Atlantic . Another argument 1V1r Roosevelt . giv e s is that there is not enough naval support for more than two landing points . Genera l Marshall s ays the ~resident expe c ts to convey his decision t o the Prime Minister on Monday and that all information concerning Mr . Roosevelt's stand must be highly secret and that Bri tish must not hear a single word about it. the Fri or to arrival of the cable, Generals Clark and Eisenho wer have spent hours in conferences with the Prime Minister and other British l eaders talkin g over the proposed African operation . Upon their arrival at Ch eckers las t night, the two American genera ls were met by the Prime Min is ter who , as usu al , was wearing baggy, informal clothes . The entire dirmer conversati on revolves around TORCH. Seated around the table are the Prime Minister , General I smay , General Sir Alan Brooke (chief of staff of the British army ), General Clark, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden , Lor d Louis Mountbatten and General Eisenhower . The Prime Minister expresses his enthusiasm concerning TORCH Eden is also . sold on it 100 per c ent . Fo ~-owing l dinner and the showing of motion pie tures, including newsreels of the Die ppe ra i d and the Prime Minister ' s visit in the Mi ddle East . • Afterward the officials go to Mr . Churchill's study where the conversati on continues until 2 AM. The same ground i s covered as was covered at the London conference earlier in the week . General Clark againoutlines the shi i> i ng problems, P transport and naval . At 2 AM., all of the party but Mr . Churchill, Generals Brooke and Cl ark and Foreign Minister Eden retire . C . ~ OJvc,,,..R,,,,, ,\,<JI t / / �1. .. II The Prime Minister suggests that a little f resh air might be in order" after being closeted in the study so the four men go out onto the lawn to walk up and down in the moonlight d iscussing every phase of TORCH. At first , the men walk in twos : the Prime Minister and General Brooke in front and General Glar k and Anthony Eden in the re ar . Eden tells the general he thinks TOPCH is the right operation but that he hasn 1 t yet made up his mind just what the Spanish reaction will be . Since Mr . Churcfiill keeps flinging remarks back over his shoulder , the men fall in a line of four and stride up and down the lawn . They talk until 4 AM . The next morning the First Sea Lord, Sir Dudley Pound , is summoned and the shipping situation is again gone over . Sir Dudley tells the Prime Minister that he does not believe he can reduce the time for loading ships and that iL looks as though the estimate of a 10 - day trip to the Mediterranean is optimistic . When the secret cable arrives b J courier , Prime Minister Churchill , who intimates he has been getting reports from his off~cials in Washington indicating the President is not satisfied with the Anglo-American TORCH plan , is cur i ous but Generals elark and Eisenhower stall him off. He invites them to remain during the afternoon but they both tell him they must return to London . ( While the Marshall cable is go ing to Checkers, General Gruenther, acting Chief of Staff for General Cla rk , c alls a conference of key U. S. members of the Headquarters Staff and orients them so they c an start work with a view to determining the earliest possible date for the operation . 1'hey are caut ioned to be particularly careful not to drop the slightest hint to the British that a chan ge might be made . As soon as Gener a l Clark returns, General Gale a nd Admiral Ramsey come in to fis h for informa t ion. Ramsey has learned scmething through Admiralty channels . General Clark tells them in a gene ral way of the conference at Chec kers and then tells them that the Amer ic an and British governme nts are not yet in agreement on TORCH; that nothing d~finite has been set but that a decision is expected soon . General Clark informs Admiral Ramsey that the Prime Minister wants further examination of the possibility of sec ur ing the n ~val means necessary for simultaneous attacks at Casablanca, Oran and Algiers (t~porarily eliminating operations at Philippeville and Bone . Ramsey states that the British cannot support Algiers and Oran alone . He adds the operation might be done if the U. S . can, in addition to supp ortin g Casablanca , help the British at Oran . The assistance required by the British from the . U. S . Navy for Oran is as follows , Ramsey says : one auxiliary car r ier, 12 destroye r s, 8 combat lo aders complete with landin g craft, 5 car g o carriers and 8 p e rsonnel ships . Admiral Rams ey points out that the attack on Casablanca will re quire stron g er naval support than that now planned for Or an . He considers a covering force, includin g two old battleships, to be essential at Casablanc a . The conclusion is that the proposed three-prong attack is beyond the capacity of the combined navies at this time . �,., 1 ,p:- IC General 01ark is making arrangements to Bring General Ward to London from Northern I reland to work out plans for employment of the First Armored Division at Or an . Tanks that go with the regimental combat teams must be trained with them and Colonel O'D aniel is charged with finding a suitable location for this type of work . The General is also bringing down General Ryder of the 34th Division to discuss the work of the division ' s combat team now in training at Inverary , Scotland . Amphibious training for the l~t Division is discussed with Generals Allen and Barker . General Cl ar k dis c uses the ways and means of getting the maximum training for the regimental combat teams of the 1st Division and the 168th Infantry of the 34th Div ision on the su ppo sition that they will make the attack on October 28 . General Allen recommends moving his entire division to Scotlru1d , saying a large fraction of h is comm end w~ll be under training in that area anyway . General Clark reserves a decision but instructs a reco n naissance party to look for a suitable area for the division in Scotland . General Allen is told that General Roosevelt will not accompany the reconnaissance party . It is now anticipated that most of the equipment for the 1 8thJ i n!ant~y combat team should be in the hands of troops by September 10 and , for the 26th It'antry by Sept vmber 15 . * ( * LONDON, AUG. 30, 1942 -- Despite the indecision and the ne:rve wracking tension of waiting for the men higher up to make up their minds as to what should be done , General Clark continues to hold conferences -- hold them even though he doesn't know what the scope of the plan is goingto be , even though he must speak very carefully with the British , officers who sense that TORCH is in a state of flux Political factors have now become so interwoven with military factors that General Clark and his staff can ' t even guess which way the next jump will be . This , the general hopes, will all be cleared up tomorrow when President Roosevelt is scheduled to send his recommendation or directive to London . A cable is sent to Washington declaring that it is now "evident •th a t the estimated date of October 25 is too optimistic . 11 Assault e quipment for the 1st Divisi on is still ~ar out of reach and it a p pears that certain amounts will not be available befo ~e the middle of September ~ The American generals tell General Marshall that they can 11scarcely attack earlier than the first of November . " The Oran fcrce, tentatively, will be composed of: 1st Infantry Division; one Regimental Combat Teron of the 34th Division ; one composite regiment; a small detachment of armored troops from the 1st Armored Division . Followup troops will come from the United States directly to Africa. The balance of the 1st Armored and the 34th Divisions will be left in the United Kin gdo m. General ~lark points out that the U . S . must bring addition a l ground formations to the United Kingdom . He 11 says this has always been accepted and the length of the convoy from England to the North African theater will make it highly . �I desirable the other compel us new the at to avoid double shipment if it can possibly be done . On hand , the . necessity of an early follow - u p to TORC may H to truce the remainder of these two divisions into the er . 11 General Clark has one visitor with whom he can frankly discuss a problem without having to be troubled as to whether TORCH will be as originally planned or whethe r it will be cot'ined to Oran and Casablanca . The visitor i s Li eut . Colonel W. A. Eddy, USMC U. S . Naval Attache , at Tanger . Colon e l Eddy believes that if the United States alone enters French North Africa there will be a popular uprising to support us . However , he does not bel'ieve this will happen if the British are with us . Groups of guerillas , he says , have been formed in Morocco and Algiers and they are ready to take an active part in any operation started by American forces . Leaders of these groups have been tested for loyalty and , in his opinion , the J would be trustworthy . ( Colonel Eddy supervises the work of 12 contro l officers who are charg·ed with observin g the distribution of materials imported from the U. S . under the North African Economic Aid program . These control officers, ost ens i bl y under the Consul at Algiers, are all army and navy men - -former officers or reserve office rs who are on in act ive - cu ty status . Captain Nochs , now on duty at Algiers, is acquainted intimately with Oran and key peop le in that area . He will come to London for conferences and provide TORCH leaders with a list of the men who should receive le tters from our government at the time the landing is made . Colonel Eddy has conferred with General Patton recently and General Patton has requested -certain action as.Lore at Casablanca as soon as his forces land. This includes rounding up of the German Armistice Commission as soon as American forces go into action . Col,nel Eddy is to confer with Mr . Mack on cert ain pol itic a l aspects of the operation . He will also discuss with General Matejka the use of the Tanger Broadcasting station to t ra nsmit information to our convoys . I General Anderson, as worried as a stenographer with a stork hovering over her house , co , ies in again to ask General Clark just what is going on . He s ays he has heard rumors that U. S . combat teams earmarked for his force may now be used with U. S . forces ~ He insists that he must know of any contemplated action th a t would bring about changes in his plans . He is aware of the proposal to attack at Casa blanca and Oran only . He krows of the unfavorable reaction of the British government . General Clark tells him the::.-·e is nothing more he can tel l him at present ,nd adds that until the British and American governments agree "we might as well not worry over d 0 tails . " General Clark tells the British general that 11the lack of navpl means almost certainly precludes a simultaneous attack at Casablanca, Oran and Algiers . C �IC ( ( Air Vice - Marshall Welsh comes in to discuss the general air plan for TORCHbut General Clark tells him 11we 1 11 have to wait until things are on a finner basis . " Without giving the Britisher any indication of a probable change in pli:m , thi::., General gets his views concerning air support of the Or an - Casablanca operation. He see s no par-c;icu.Lar diff·1culty, believin p- tbe :1 ir plan can be adjus ted to meet any operation finally decided upon. He says he will go ahead with the shipping of crated fip.:hters to Gibraltar. Welsh S8YS he is pleased with the general set-up . In his opinion, the greatest menace to the expeoi tion will be submarines. This will be c ambated by flying-boat patrols based initially at Gibraltar. Later they will be based at Oran and other North African ports . Plans call for anti - submarine aircraft squadrons to move onto North rlfrican bases by D.3 . General Gl a rk confers thrrughout the day with his own officers. The amphibious training program, running on a more-or - less d ~1-toy day basis because of the indecis ion of what will compose the TORCH force , requires almost constgnt revision . The 18 th Infantry Combat team , under present plans, will be moved into the Toward-Roseneath area by September 7 . There will be tvvo landing ships available for training . After the 18th has completed its training at Toward , a combat team from the 1st Armored Division will start its training there, the 18th moving into a tent camp , the loc F.1t ion of wh.Lch has y \.., to be selected t . The 168th Inf ant ry combat team will remain at • Inveraray until September 12 and be followed there by the 26th Infantry which will go into training between September 12 and 15th . General Clark points out to Colonel 0 1 Daniel the necessity for training that will be a re8listic rehearsal for the actual attack . 0 1 Daniel says exercises of this type are provided for . The training in the Toward-Roseneath area as now planned will be under the British. In case an All - American operation is carried out , 0 1 Daniel 1 s staff will take char ge of instruction. Generals Gruenther and Barker and Colonels Hamblen and Nevins are c A lled in to discuss with Gene.ral Clark wha t service units must be obtained additionally for the Oran force. Hamblen mentions a water supply unit, evacuation and surgical hosp ital as of vital importance . Hamblen is instructed to prep ~re a complete list and send a dispatch to Washington listing special equipment re qu irements such as fine-mesh head nets, mos quito repellents and other tropical equipment . Gene ra l Clark says there will be an acute need for qua rter -ton an phibious trucks . The time necessary to get additional service units from the U. S . probably will set the earliest possible date for the at G ack back to the f irst week in Novomber . LONDON, AUG 31 , 1942 -- President . an All - American operation! l The all - important Churchill. It outlines c able is sent the President's Roosevelt wants to keep TORCH this afternoon to Prime Minister plans and arguments but , as �.3lllff: ( yet , the plan for TORCH is not set . President Roosevelt wants ideas of the Prime Minister and Generals Clark and Eisenhower 48 hours . the within The President cables Mr . Churchill that he has considered all TORCHphases and that he .feels "v ery strongly that the initial attacks must be made by an exclus i vely Americ'm ground force sup ported by your (British) Naval and Transport and Air Units . " He says the operation " should be undertak en on the assumption that the French will offer less re sis tance to us than they will to the British . " 11 ! would even go so far as to say I am reasonably sure a simult an e ous landing by the British and Americans would result in full resistance by all Fr ,nch in Africa whereas an i ritial Am rican e land ing without British gpound forces offers a Peal chance that there would be no French resistance or on l y token resistance . I need a week if possible after we land to consolidate the position of both of us by securing the n on- resistance of the French . I sincerely hope I can get this . Then your force can come in to the eastward . I re , lize full well t 11 your landing must be made before at the enemy can get there . It is our belief that German air and parachute troops cannot get to Algiers or Tunis in any large force for at le1rnt t.10 weeks after initi nl attack . Meanwhile your troops would be ashore , we hope , without much op p osition and would be moving eastward . C 11 As to the place of landings it seems to me that we must have a sure and p e rmanent base on the northwest coast of Afr i ca because a single line of communic a tions through t he Strai ts is far too hazardous in the li gh t of our limited joint resources . I propose therefor that: (a) American troops lR nd simultaneously near Casa blanca and near Oran . (b) that they se ek to establish road and rail communication with e a ch other back of the mountains . The distance is little more than 300 miles . This g i ves the enterprise 1., suppl;/ base in Morocco which is outside the Straits and can be used to reinforce and supply the operations in Algiers and Tunis . "The real problem seems to be th 1,t there is not enough cover and combat loadings for more than two landings . I r ea lize it would be far better to hqve three with you handling the one to the East ward a week after we get in . To this end I think we should re - exam ine our resources and strip everyth.mg to the bone to make the third landing possible . 1,/e cnn give up the Russi an convoy temporarilJ' at that time and risk or hold up oth er merchant shippin g . I t is essential of course that all ships now assigned to EisenhoHer for his t wo landin gs remain int :-;ct . Hence t.ne eastward landing must be made on ships not now available to TORCH I will explore . "tHis at our end . Can we not get an answer on this , it ilin 48 hours or less? I wm t to emphasize , however, that under any circumstances one of our landin g s must be on the Atlantic . ( "The directive to the Commander inChief of the operation should be launched at the earliest pract~cable da te . The date should be consistent with the preparation necess ·iry for an operation wit h a �( fair chan c e of success and accordingly it shou l d be determined by the Comm Hnders in Chief . But in no event later than October 30 . I 11 still would hope for October 14 . ( s i gned ) Roosevelt . Genera l C1 ark rushes over to General Eisenhower ' s Grosveno r Square off i ce when the co p y of the President ' s cab l e to the Prime Minister is received . The resu l t rlf this confe- r e:,J;R.~tis a c able 11 back to Washington saying that the chief points/occasioned the concern of the British Chiefs of staff were the omrnission of Algiers from the original attack and th e fact that the assault proposed by the president disposes at least half of its strength on a coast where possibilities of landing are dependent enti r ely upon the weather with the probability th t four out of five days wi ll be u nsuitable for l a nding . Consequently while the British Chie f s of Staff completely shar e the American opin i on as to the importance of Casab l anca and the open.1ng of an auxiliary line of communications , they believe t1 1 at the Casablanca attack should be the one, if p o ss i b l e , that should be made on inv i tation and at al l events should not play too great a part in the first display of over whelming tac ti cal power . 11 ( 11 As a counterproposal , Genera l s Cl a rk and Eisenhower be l ieve the British Chiefs of Staff wi ll suggest something about as follows : that the Br i tish pro v ide all escorting , supporting and other naval crAft poss i ble to the United States wit n the request that the two main American attacks be made at Al g iers and Oran with a smaller U. S . fo r ce ready to attack simultaneous l y at Casablanca . By elim inating the Bone and Philippeville attacks from the present plan , some additional escortinp; vessels and combat l oaders will be c ome available . The Brit i sh cou l d d i spatch to the U. S . a few combat loaders to assist i n making up the Casab l Hnca force under the general plan just des c ribed . It is clear , however , that to provide the necessary nava l strength for g iv i ng reasonable protec t ion to the Casablanca attack , even on a relatively small sc a le , th e U . S . will have to produce a dditional strength to that used by the U. S . nava l pla mers here in making their ca lc ulations . 11 A su g gestion that a British division mirht be placed in Amer ic ,.n uniforms was rejected as involvin g risk of " l aying ourseives open to the charge of bad faith . " The cable to the War Department declares "there is no hope of the F ~rst Division being able to take part in a major expedition from the United Kingdom before October 30 . 11 Generals Eisenhowe r and Clark say 11this is absolutely the most optimistic date upon whic 1:1we c ·rn calculate • 11 The cable , signed by General Eisenhower , concludes : " General Clark and I both believe that every possible chance of in c luding Algiers in the first attack should be explored but we repeat our conviction that this c a n be done only with some additional nava l strength from the United States , wh ich prior investigation has indicated could not be forth com i ng . 11 Before arrival a series of confer ofthe B~~ s md efuti a l cable , ~ 6neral Clark holds e nces . General Larkin is informed he probably will �( head the SOS in the Oran area. Initially, the SOS at Casabla nca will not be unified with that at Oran under one command . General Rooks is cFJ.lled up f rom Lon gford Castle , where he has been heading the II Army Corps as Chief of Staff since Gener Hl Clark came to London . Rooks is told that in c ase the projected U. S. ~lan goes through , he will be designated Chief of Staff of t he Oran Task Force . He remains at Norfolk house to work out the s la te for the task force staff which will be held down to the minimum . General Ryder is calle d ·in and oriented on the proposal for an al l u. s . operation . General Porter is going to be placed in co .irrnHd of the 168th Inf antry comb at team . General Clark discusses n with General Ryder the possible use of th e 34th Division in the follovv - up phase . Rydor is also told that General Clark might take one infantry battalion from his division i'or use as a headquarters security force . I'he c aa.i.- o1' the 135th Inf an try , now in Scotland, is to return to Northern Irel and at once . The 34th, General Ryder says, is considera b ly under strength but replacements will be made from troops enroute to the European Theater of Operations. Once again the 1st Division is having trouble getting the equipment to replace that on the ship that went aground off Newfoundland . Colonel Hughes _ reports that one ship carrying an estima ted 5 , 000 tons of organization equipment for the lst's infantry and artillery uni ts has had. to turn back in mid - ocean . HU f,he s believes the ship is c arrying the ex p r es s shipment which was rushed to New York to replace the equipment that was on the vessel that went aground. Under the ci rcum s tances it is unlikely that ti is e quipment will be in the hands of troops before October 5 . For a D-day of November 5 it would have to be reloaded i rnm edia tel y for shipment to the African th e ater and would not be ava il able to the troops for tr aining purposes . General Gale and Brigadi 6r Benoy advise G·eneral (.;lark that the British War Office wants to s end telegrams tonight dire ctin g move ment of sup ~lies to g o on the first follow-up convoy for the Algiers - Phili ,.1eville-Bone p force . The War Office is willing to hold u.,., the i ssuance of telegrams for the Philippeville and Bone forces , buthas instruct ed General Anderson to release t e l eg rams for the Al g iers equ ip ment . This conference occurs prior to rec e ipt of Mr . Roosevelt's c able and General Clark i_nstructs Brigadier Benoy to request the War Office to "send no telegrams for at least t he next 24 hours , or until fu· ,-, ther advice is g iv en by me . 11 General Gale is told that no "new p lan" directive has been issued and that "work is to continue along the lines indicate d at the last staff confer en ce--Or an , Algiers , Philippeville, Bone . * l , LONp , SEPT . 1, 1942 -- The Britlsh ON are f'inally told tod ay th :it TORCHhas developed a split perso nality; that , as t hings now stand , there are really two plans -- President Roosevelt 's All-Am er ican attack and the combined Anglo -AmGricoo assault that has Prime Minister Churchill as its chief proponent . 'I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 1-31, 1942 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 1-31, 1942. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/556 Date Valid Date (often a range) of validity of a resource. 1940-1949 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/46cce14661b5c808d1801026bc241306.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=Knrtd6evmDw-VZbk9o0vNrpbFTD7y33RGalEN1xWX1bEgvfYDIZ9IuTgiU0ONoWEf7JGDZ7UWhyAnlDDoYi0L6pN7QDSCD7fvCiSG1oXKxBNxqPGCgipgnTDvGgpCSYs10zbG8eExD80OA1mMdbFt18OnWIRPM6n-o1BQqEshghuD1ukjp86GnDiofO33E4AfSFB4YzBZLLbR0nJ%7E-31yssDmSPKkEfW2wIr5Bfyj%7E%7E61aRYxSaWuMKkaNkuXD0NykomILtLqD5cteyw6d9I4a8%7ErebV%7E4N5Epaoa4lH%7Er4bIooNOCJ0r3rLyfgOAX9hjaz2FQTpq29rPePlT4Xikg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM eeb1374395c5df6fdcd4aa0cdf36f6ca PDF Text Text 5D Though I am tellinP: the senior members of my stPff and r.w Divisional Conmander s of the new arrangements , I am issuing orders thr>t for the rresent no one else is to l·no'1; I think you will agree th~t it '"ould compromise securit y j_f it was to get about that we were cominis under your commend, as it "rould be an indication to the enemy th1,t the main effort of Eightr .Arr~y was t o be made elsewhere." * * * CECINA.--AUGUST 1 2 , 19/44- -At 0900 General Clark conferred with Generals Gruenther and Brann, studyipr~ or0rn.tional rriaps in front of Gen0ral Clark ' s van, for approxirratel y an hour ., At ten o 1 clock Genern.l Sulliv:m, with GenerPl Ramsay, 11.FHQ and r,rt1.TOUSA 111JwrterrnAster, called on Grmerel Clnrk. Lt. Col. Newton calJ.Pd to say s:i;oodbye to General Cl;c:,rk and vra.s rresented with the Le gion of Merit . General ClBrk also conferred vd.th severe.l ether of l,is staff of'ficers , including Colonel McClain, new Fifth Army Judge Ac~vocate, and Colonel Ryan, Fj fth Army Chaplain.. At 1215 Genernl F:i.rkman, C'·OC 13 Britjsh Corps , i:-,rrived f!ccompr-mied by Brigadiers L"'mbert, Roe , ·7111.tle;r and 1.nJJdey, his G- Ors , QM, Engineer rrnd Sii:p1Pl Officers rospect:i vely. General CL.,rl<: gr-eetea GenerP 1 Yirkman nnd Brigndier ' Lt>mbert end took the~ to his van with General Gruenther whPre they conferred studying operational mars for half an hou-r . After this co,nfer,,nce , Generel Clark escorted General n.rkmr 11 a.nd his . staff to a gua.r,1 of honor for the Brj_ tfah visitors . After tbe f,'Uard of honor General Clark entertained at lunch these British offie er s , several rnembers of ris staff and Gener~ 1 Lemnit zer , who had just arrived at the command rost . General Kirkm..'1.n and st2Sf left at 1445, after which Genernl Clerk rnd Colonel Saltzman left for Gerieral C1Prk 1 s villa at CAstiglioncello . General Clarlc had Genernls Hume, Gruenther, Sullivan Pnd Colonel Saltzne.n for a swim and riupper . General Clark srent the night at the vj_lla . Genere.1 Clark today received the following letter from General Leese : 11 You asked me to ,..,,rite you a short note on the state of tl:e divisions that come to you in 13 CorrJs . n HO 13 CORPS Is an extrernely ef'ficient Corps in every wB.y. General Kirkman is an excellent Corps CoI'lmander; M.s h.,., c kground mil ite.ry 1<novrledge is of a hi':';h order . Fe plans well e.nd his tactic....., 1 ht:',ncling of formations in the field is excellent . mhe dj_visions✓ work ,extremely harmoniously in the Corps . I rove been extremely satisf'ied with 13 Corps as a 1diole throughout the operc.tions . They have borne the brunt of the f'ightjng . 11 6 S. AFHJGA r,J J\Rf~011RED DJV Joined the Bip;hth Army Pt the beginnin? of J1me , a newly f'orried division . It hns fought mflgnificently throup;hout the entire ndvr>nce from ROlE to FLORB?JCE . It has had some 2 , 500 casuelties, including the crisualties (some 700) in the �5} 24th Gun.rds Brigade. It }111s lost 105 tr-mks destroyed beyond repair, by enemy_ e.ction. It \"ill be made up to strenf;tJi in men and vehicles; but it must have a rest of 3/4 weeks if 1t is to give of its best ?gFin jn the near future~ If it has the requisite rest it will continue to ½e a mep.;n:ificent fighting machine. '!'hey rre very well commended by Haj. Genert'11 Foole. tt6 BRI'I'TSH AR!T()UPJ~D DIV Has been continuously in action since the beginning of Mey. They have had some 2,000 casualties, ancl have fought extremely ,vell. They should he.ve a short rest if they are to give of thoir best. There is no Commander there at the moment. Brj gadier Andrew Scott is in temrorary corrrrnand. He is on experienced officer, but this is the f:irst time he has hPndled the divfa:ion. A new oorimrmder will be arri vjng shortly. ::;7::. :D:PIIO battle and continued in action to the beginning of \ July, vrhen the:,r were taken out for three weeks I rest. They have had the best rart of J,ooo c1c1sUc'llties. They 1.'rA ::i first-class division and if they a.re not ove:r-t:ired in the next few weeks, will heve extremely good of'.fensive power. Like all Indian troops, they are slovr and deli berr.te, but get there in the end. They are very v1ell commanded by Maj. Generfl l Russell. 11 1 l 1 BR.TI' INF' DIV You will remember this division in the bridgehead. Generol Penney has i:sone home and lms been replnced by Maj. Generr.l Loewen, whom I think you also knew in the bridgehead. 'T'he di vision has had two months' rest out of the line. It hns re-organised and tro.ined 11.nd is in excellent shape* I have had to t;,ke away the 18th Bde Bnd give :tt bPck to tre 1st Armoured Div., where it belongs. It bc"ls been replaced by a new brigPde, tvm of whose battP.lions hr~ve not been in action. This hrigr:de will therefore require battle inoculetion. Until this brigade ms done this, the division must be com'ddered a.s a two-brigade division. 11 \ 1 CA"'JADIAN .I\..RWv TI\.NK BDE Has been :f'i~htinr, on and off since the beginning of r1Py. It therefore should have n sbort rest. It is r first-class brigade, ver;r highly trained; e.clmowledged by all to be the most exnerienced in the Army." * * I * CT~CINA--AUGUST 1.3, 191.4--Genernl Cl11rk left the villa a. 0845, returning to t his comrmnd post. At 1000 hours General Clark, vri th members of his st11ff, attended '.Protestant church services held in the command post area. Genere,l Clark read the scripture. After tl->e service the General returned to M.s villa a.t Castiglioncello ;vith Colonel Saltzman rind speht a. quiet efternoon with members of' his staff. fl.fter supper Generr-1 ClB.rk returned to the co:rummd rost • �CRCINA. --AUGUST 14, 1944--At 0900 GenerPl ClRrk met at t:r,e Fifth Army nirffold Under Secretary of Far Patterson, General Somervell , General Lrrkin and Colonel Connor and four other members of the rarty. General Clark had a guard of honor for the visitors , after which he briefHd the narty on tre current situa tion and future rlans .. At 1000 hours Gene:r1'11 CJ.ark, Sol'lervell, Lar'kJ_ and n Colonel Connor accompanied t:r,e Under Secretary in L- 5' s leaving for the II Corps air strip. 'l'hey were J\'let by General Livesa;r ancl drove to the 361st RCT i"rhere one battalion "taS formed $ After visiting the regimentsl command post the party drove to the qlst Division comr1J.ond post where they 1unched . Generals Keyes and Crittenberger were also rresent. /\.:fter lunch the r,art;v drove to the II Corrs cub str5:p where they left by L- 5 for the Leghorn F'rea . The visitors were met by C',enerals Tate nnd Fume , Colonel Oxx of PBS and Cnptain Hr>ckenzie , 1J0IC Leghorn . General Clark and rarty then rroceeded through the tovm of Leghorn to Favy Fouse where they were briefed by Ca.ptain •Tackenzie on the naval side e.nd Genera,l Tate and Colonel Oxx on the Army side of the development and problems entailed in the operation of the port of Leghorn. Follovring the briefing , General CJprl- and ra,rty inspected tbe port for forty minutes and then proc(~eded to a 240 Jfo,-,,itzer battery of the 697th FA Battalion where they were met by General Rutledge, Commanding Genern.1 of the /;.5th AAA Brigade . Lt . Col. Christian, Cor,manding Officer of the 697th, pointfld out to General Clark and rarty a_ bridge target north of Jisa which they would take under fire ., The ~n fired six rounds for the Under Secretary, after which the ~-rty proceeded on to the 45th AAA Brigade where General Rut ledge briefed General Clark and guests on the current situation. GenerP,1 Clark nnd party left the /;.5th A.ti.A for Leghorn cub strip where they took off in L- 5 ' s for General Clark's Hee.dqur:irters. Generp,J. Clerk anrl Colonel Saltzman went for a swim on the beach nt the command post . After dininl'!, quietly with the regular members of his rness , the General retired for the evening. Today General Cle.rk sent the following ca_ ble to Gener~ 1 Leese: "Date 0001 hours 18 August suggested in your Sll for passA.ge of comr1r->nd of 13 Corps to Fifth Army is agreeable to me . I shall be i1'eljghted to have you address 13 Corps officers on 21 August and also on ony futuro date you may desire . Please consider that you e.nd your staff will be '"elcome to visit the corps at any time . ti General Cl.8 rk ca.bled General Alexander tod11y as follows: "The boundary outlined in your 0-4111-2 will j_mpose a rlefensive burden on 13 Corps which ma;,r seriously hamper the Fifth Army in its offensive mission. I urgently recom111end that the 1xmndnry be placed along the 5 EP sting grid as prevj ously sui:;gested by you so that riaximum forces of Fiftl,, Army can be employed in attack. If additional troops ere ne_de PVAilable as stPted in your message I suggest that they be placed under 10 Corps to assist in its defensive role. Although 10 Corps will be stretched its stntus in that respect will be no worse than IV U. S . Corps . n �53 CECINA--AUGUS'f 15, 1944--F'!r'. & F,'!r's. I'fyron Taylor and Hr. Be Mrs. Harold Tittmann and two sons arrived at General Clark's Headquarters by C-47 at ten o'clock. Generr,.l Clr>.rk greeted the party in his conference hut and generally briefed them on the current situl'ltion e1t the front for appro::d.m-<i.tely hali' an hour, after which the Taylors and Tittmrnns left by cer for Leghorn where General Clark had arranged a visit for them to the port nnd also for them to see a 240 artillery battery fire. 'I'he Generl'll spent the <lay working on administrative matters and conferring with various staff officers. 'l'he Taylors Rnd TittTTlBnns returned to General Clark's Hendqunrters l'lt 16.30 and were met by Generals ClP.rk and Gruenther. They chatted for about an hour. The party left by C-47 for Rome at 17.30a Genernl Beucler came for dinr,er with Generf."ls Clerk, Gruenther, Brann and Colonel Se,ltzman, after which the Genernl. retired to his van. I General Alexander today replied to General ClA.r}·•s cable of yesterday a.s follows: 11 Your 5365 of 1/, August, I hr->ve been lnto the bound1:1ry question very carefully and am afra.id it must stand as laid dovm in my 0.41./42 of 13 August. 10 Corps have got to release 4 Indian Division for Eighth Army's offensive and I am satisfied that they cannot take over More grotmd in consequence., 13 Corrs offensive effort will come later and in my opinion they hnve enough troops to carry out th=dr defensive tasks up to tl1e boundary given in my 0.411}2 and get their fOrmations rested before their offensive can begin.. 10 Corps already have a large number of unbrige_ded units to handle, en.d I am therefore lontr1 to add to their burden in that respect. Moreover even if an additional U..'1it can be found it cannot reac}1 the forward area before the new boundary must become orierative.. These are the reasons why if rm additional unit can be produced I propose to allot it to 13 Corps. I sympe.thise with your dir'ficulties rmd nm sorry I cr»1not accede to your request. However I am telling ~ighth Arrny thd if when their chain of reliefs has been completed they find trm_t 10 Corps ca.n possibly take more ground to their left they must do so in order to release the maximmn number of troops of 13 Cor!:->S for your offensive. I .will keep thnt question under close review. 11 1 General Leese cabled c.s follows today with regard to the cable Genernl Clark sent him yesterday on the subject of 13 Corps: 11 I greatly appreciate your a.greement on these two points. 11 * * * CECIUA--AUGUST 16, 1944--At ms/~5 General Cli:-,_rk bade fe.rewell to Lt. Col. Luther of the G-1 Section rmd p:·esented him w:ith H Legion of ;'erit . At 0900 Generrils Cl.ark and Gruenther left by cub for 13 British Corps command post in the vicinity of San Casciano, apy.;roxirrately ten miles south of Florence. \ The General <lrove to the command post where he was met by GenerB l Kirkman and a small gun.rd of honor. Generals Cla,.rl, and Gruenther conferred with GP.ne-} ral Kirkman for approximately an hour. Gene:r:11 Clark W!"' s anxious to drive ; into Florence, but was ,_, - , , ag, 1 11 ,:,v -it 'y Gm1era1 .i:'\:Lr. rnan 1 "'("Vised • , ,,.+ -~ rr • k · ·, ,)eceuse or r10 t s 0 �between the ratriots rnc1 the 1''ascists the rrevious evening. Generals Clnr'k- and Gruenther flew from 13 Ccrps. cub strip tov;erds Montelupo on the Arno River nnd then east ulon~ the river to Florence. General Cla.rk ci:c-cled the to,7n where he could observe the terra:in around Florence and the situation with regard to l1!'idges in that riren. He then flew to II Corps Headquarters :in the vicinity of Castel Fiorentino v:hcre he and Generr>l Gruent!1er conferred and barl lunch with Gonerr>l Keyes 8..nd r:en.bers of the II Corps staff. After lunch General Clark r0.turned by cub to his cori''"'and rost. General Clar./" enterta:ined a fe '1 "tem'·,ers of M.s st;:iff for dinner, rfter which a novie vms shomi. in the conference hut. General Clark today received the followin£1' letter from Generr-1 Crittenb,=,rger with regard to the ciwtilability of tl·e 1st Armored Division to IV Corrs: 11 1. A atudy of the situr--tion on our front and Ue d1srosition of the troops rresently f'Vailahl9 to r.e for the execution 0f' th~ rrorosed IV Corrs defersive r,ission ;_ncF cates th[it these troops e.re adequr.te. As you lmow they are noTI srread tbinly along the AR~IO River Hne with a frontage of app.·oximntely 7,000 - ~,ooo y,1.rds per battalion. Sh0uld future rlans require any increase in IV Corps frontnge, it sill be YJ.ecessar~ to provide ~clditioPal troors for the IV Corrs in order that a light river screen w,y be er;trhlished., and tJ,at essential :,o1Yile reserves, y-refPrrJ1ly e.r"1or, riry be beld availr-ble. "To attemrt to cover the sixty nile front f'rorl FLORF:l\fCR to tl 1ci ser- -dth trie troors rresently n.vailable to tr1e r Corps wo11ld, in ny op ·n:ton, be drmgerous, ar"J!l rdr;rt possibly· b8 tre cause of SP,rious enbE>rrassmrmt to our :<1rms should ony hostile counter-thrust be na.de :in trij s sector. "3. Assum:i.nr trrt arditional "'nfantry r' J1t be 1,r<'e PVGilnble to us to take over any incre~sed front, th~ need for stron~ nobile reserves becomes more impArative as the front lengthens. To rrovide these strort-; nobile reserves, it is requested tm-.t the 1st Armored Divisi.on be cont1nu.,3d rvrilrble to the IV Corps in the execution of its defensive mission, and not considered for other enployment olsewhere. 11 * * CECHfA--AUGUST 17, 19/j,4--IT"lhe Generrcl srent the with merb0rs of Hs stAff'. Tl'e Army co~1n1.:..,n0er i7ith Colonel •rygc.3rd. The Generri.l hno Generc.1 Division; Colom~l Braun, Chief of Str-iff of the ·1yp.8ard for 8 swim a11d suprer at the villa. * morninr, jn his vt1n conferring left for l':is villfl at 15C'O Bnlte, Cor'J'l..'lndfog the 3/+th 3/~th; rind Colorels l'orter r,rd Generrl Clrrk received t:re followini:; lettP.r from G,merrl Rooks, ::1e uty Chief of Stn ff, i 11 i ed Force Hendqur-rters: 11 GP.n.errl l ·evers, ,iust bPfore 1.e~ving for Corstcr 7est0rdry, c irPcted ~e 1 to ··.Ti.te to you in the ~nterest of eett·inr; the lBading el,:irnents of the g''nd Divisior c.nd the Rraziliavi Division into action as early P s rossiblB. While f I \ �s5 ,I did rot see tr,e rne::;sagP. , jt ,rpears th,t Gener::il Dev.,rs is under rressure from Gener~l i':,rshl' 11 in this rlr'tter. I gather thrt he has exrressec1 to Gc>ner~l Dew~rs the roliticnl ur~ency of' rett-5.r~ tr0se troors into the line anc-1 blooded ri_uickly. Generril Devers , rnc1 J y,remme Flso ''.reneral ;1"rsh1:1ll, are aware of t he unsnt::Lsfactory state of train:ne; of' t1'1e Brt>.zilfan -infr>ntry. rev~rtheless , I believe Gen0:ral P"rshc 1 1 r;11s su~gested thr>t some of tbe required training could be accomplished by givfr1g trern rractical e:xrerience in a quiet sector where they f!re not likely to coP1e to r,rief . "In resrect of the 92nd Divi:::ion , it 1 s len.ding RCT is now in the Narles area , receiving ;ts equipment . It was to r1ove to Civitn.veccl 1a several d,ys n"'o , rmt this arrears to hn.ve been delayed for some reason with which I a.m not -1",-,miliar . I have instructed Drn ·•oce to rush the r,atter and get it up to you as quickly ris possible . 0 11 : shoulc'l be ri:lad to },ear fror1 you , after ;vou hrive had an orrortunity to insrect trPm, of ;vour estim<ite of vlhen you cnn put th"'m in the line to get their initial ha.pti sm of ffre . :fow if I may pass to another subject , I must npologize for our Stnff nction i.n the rin.tter of R Signal 138.ttalion to be ·,j_thrrf'wn frof'.1 your Army. That cable Wfl s r1 i spatched by a .Junior Staff Officer oi' G- 3 ( org) without the 1mow1odr,e of GAnertJ.1 Foster, Gerieral Foce, or myself . 1 Te recently lost the r,ead of th.t sub- section , ColonPl Vittrup, to AFHQ Advr.nce Detachment , '1"1r1 ch rm.y exr lain the very stupid error i-1 a Matter of hj ~hest policy 7:i. thout reference to G- 1 or :.he Chief of Staff . At t},e :-1oment, :priority of available resources has been n:iwm to t'f,e Seventh Prmy ,~or its orerations , as you know, but no such priority hr>s been estrbl:..shed in respect of the Sixth Arrny Group . Thrit is a rn.?tte.c trnt will hrive to be cecided by Generrl m lson and I very much doubt th11t ns betTieen tre orerrtions of' tre Fifth Army nnc'l. the formntion of an Army Group , tht't he ,.,; 11 give 1 r-tority to t'be latter . G has been instructed to CE>ncel the telegram. -3 11 "Drn 11• oce hrs just Cf' lled me to sr;-r th1t the RCT of the 9?nd Division has 1 eft the •rapl<>s aren and is due to close in the Civit.-vecchifl aron between the 1/.,th and 16th of August . "It vms a r,reat pleasure to see you lrist ;rondriy rml to le~rn of your plans for renew~ ng the offensive . i 1y boss went up to see Harding :resterdr.y and returned wjth the inf'orm1=1tion that the XIII Corrs TT8s to be placed under your Comnand . I was sure thrt was the rrorer setup. 11 :at h vll best wishes , 11 Genernl Cln.rJ~ replied to General Rooks as follows: "Your letter of Aur;ust 12th has been received . I ns'1ure you I rm completely in accord w~ th General i'nrshnll 1 s desire to get the Brazilicns and elements of the 92nd Division in combat at tl e earliest practicable r1oment . I have already taken steps to see that this is done . 0 "The Brnzilie.ns should have their equipnent in a day or two . I Y'ill �then move them up this wa.y, give them P couple of weeks' training - they need n:ore than that - and gradually slide them into the defensive sector. "The 370th RCT does not have its equipment. We hope jt will get it by the 25th, when it will be moved into the front line immedfa.tely. "Am gled the removal from Fifth Army of enother s-i gnal battalion has been straiehtened out. I hPted to send the messe.ge I did, but under no conditions can the Fifth Army participate in its forthcoming scheduled attack if this battalion is removed. This same statement Ppplies to the remov8l of any of our coJ11bPt troops. "It was nice to see you. tt General ClPrk today sent the following letter to General Marshall: I delivered to GenerPl Juin the Distinguished Service Medal citation which you siened. Re was 0eeply touched by tris evidence of your esteem. Fe told me that he would,never ce~se to be grateful to you. The enclosed letter from him eloquently portrays his feeling townrd you. I am enclosing a copy cf his letter to me uron the depPrtu.re of the French 1<..:;xpeditionary Corps from Fifth Army conmmnd. General DeGaulle told you of his intent:i on to appoint Ge:ner21 ,Juin as his Chief of Staff. Gcmeral Juin was given th8t assir;nment about two weeks ago, but I tmderstand that he is uhhappy there. .Juin had stated as a conrl:ition to his acceptance of the poe:ition thet he must be free from politj C8 l interference by the SecretFlry of War. Apparently he is not experi.encing this freedom, and he told one of our French "riends the other day th11t he feared he might soon.return to an inactive status. I certai...vily hope tbat he will be able to resolve his difficulties satisfactorily. T condder that his ret5rement from active service at this time would be a great loss to our cause and would represent a serious injustice to an outstanding military leader. 11 11 Until about a week ago, General Ale:xr:rider rmd plannAd that the main attack of the Allied Armies in Italy '':ould be made on 18 Au~st by the Etehth Army on the BCLOGNA - FLffi''.FCE axis, with a secondary ettack by Fifth Army toward PISTOIA. However, the hea~J enemy force in the a.ree. north . of FLmEHCE and the strong enemv positions in that a.rea caused General Alexander to revamp his plan. The new 1,hm is shown schematj crilly on the enclosed map. The Eighth Army w:i 11 -ittacl· on the ADRIATIC Coast on 25 August to strike behind tbe APP'i?.fINE position. Fifth Army will attack at a later date in the d:i_rection FLOR:-:HCE - BOLOGNA when the enemy strengtb in the FLCRr;:NCE aren has been '"eakened suff:i.ciently, either bec:omse of the Eighth Army attac1: or from othnr causes, so as to rerrnit Fifth Army, ,'Tith Hs reduced strength, to d:rive over the mountains to BOLOGNA. 13 Corps (British), under Tieutenant General KirJ~man, has been ~~siip:1ed to the Fifth Army. It consists of the 8th Indian and the 1st British Inf1mtry Divisions, and the 6th South African Armored nnd the 6th Britj sh Armored Divisfons. 'T'he IV Corps w:ill hold defensively the line of the ARNO River from the sea to a point five miles west of FLCREHCE, while the II Corps, consisting of four United Stetes infantry djvisions, and the 13 Corrs "till mass on tJ narrow front just east of FLOR!-;;FCE to attrick over the r101mt~dns toward ll'LOGNA. �51 I shall be :prepPred to attccJr, ~',rhen condjt-j ons arP- rire, on tbree drys' notice aftnr the ,..;i_p-htr /i.rmy jumps off. I ·tl 1_1 use Pritchrrd I s 1st Arr:ored Divisi.on :md the 6th South Africcn Armored D: vision, one combat team of the q?nd Division anci. vRrious odes Pnrl rmds to hold ny 6O-mile defensive fll'l..nk . Altrour;l both Prriorcd cljvisions rust be ernployed defensively in the jnjtial phase, they w~ll not be dispersed unnecessarily, but ,., ill be E'VniL..,ble for rronrt employr'lent in the FO Valley. "The GP.rn:-ins dicl rm extrenely tricrough joh in m-ecking the rort of IBGHORN - T'JU.Ch more effective than in r>ny of our p-ev~ ous rorts. JI'. everthe less the reconstruction wor'k- has rrogressec rrridly enr yesterday th8 first liberty sJ,ip entered the port. i"le have hc(1 no hostile t1 rti llery f1.re in the city during the r,nst ten days althougr it is vrell v.ritriin Gern-m medium ri:::nee nrtillery. The reason for this inrictivity 5s rroh-bly ca.used by our extremely 1 effective c01mterbattery rrogram. Durinf, th8 'tist thirty c ays our heavy artillery (811 Howitzers, 2/+0mJ!l Powi.tzers) has knoc. ed out forty guns in the area north an<l north8PSt of' PLSA. 1Je lose t>J.l of our 8-inch 1u1c' 2LOmm ho·•itzers enrly in Sertember so it i.s :-robnhle trrt tl'e Gernpn r ay res11m,~ the shelling of the rort at that time. 0 "Since the Fifth Army ca:rtured V :GErR J all n. S. divi<;ions hinre X3An rested. "le rre using four r-utonrttic "let'lpon Pr,tjp ircrE> ft bntteries in an infantry role; for the rast two ,,eeks they l1 ave held a ten-mile front nlong tre ARNO River in t:be FISA area. 1fe borromed ~o.,,.tarfl, rnrchine 01.Jns, BAR 1 "' and the nece::;snry rPrlio SE'ts .,..rom the d-ivisj ons \·l~ich have been re~t~ r,g to enable the ,\A batteries to carry out treir 5nfantry missions. An antiaircraft 1-,rigade headquarters, unr' er tl' e conmrind of nrig~.d ~ er G0.,.,,er:-, 1 Rutledge, i.s in comril"nd of tl1j s sector. I likewi 9e co.1verted, d th Gonerr 1 Alex:...'l.nder 1 s rermission, a British AA regfr1ent ~nto j_nfantry, ~1d they "re holdin1 E defensive .,.ront in thie s:.:.re sector. I nm usirg t?n1~ rlestroyers, tank battalions, 1.7 1ritisJ, a"l.d 90mm antiaircraft g-i_m9 to ~urni~h the artillery surirort in tMs area. Altr-0110-}, it is rin i.mT'rov~ sec1 '"'etur it is '-7orkini::; ·;ell, aN1 nll of t},P, rermnnel r-re 8ntl1m,;r-stic over t, ei.r new role. It is prob.'1.ble thrit r-~ter thA ~ntiaircraft ba.ttclions in thei.r infpntry roles li.rve1 hnii closer contPct ,·,-'t11 tlie enemy, I s•1cll recor'!"P.nr' to the ':nr Derartr-ent thl"t cert..,in rer~onnel of tl 1 ese octtnlions s ."l"' receive t:bo Contx'lt I11fantry Badge. Incidentally, our c"011,:i;:bbo:rs are v9ry rrourl of tl1 rit 0adr;e. I con3ide:r tl at ·!jhe award of tre b~dge "nd the e}:trri .,,ay for tr ose ,rho hn.ve errneri it hrs given the infa"l.try a gi"eat lift in morn.le. 'i'he!'e is some sligH; wir:ing f'ror, some of the other hrarches vho feel t:bat they J:,Pvc been di;::,crir1inated r,gainst, but on bn.lrnce T definitely co11s-:c1 er th1.t the mea ur9 ici a ,.,.i ... e one. T 1:im, ho rrever, hrving a study rode now to det9l'rn5ne ·1hat recor"'lcPdntion sJ,oulrl be suhrl.1tted to tre ~.'ar De:r[lrtmP-nt t0 cover the P-11.~ib:ility of infa11trymen who are transferrerl to other brrnches to contin,1e to receive extra }1!:Y. As trri r8gulrtion now reads tre r.,Y continues if a man is transferred to the Collst Artillery and serves at Fort Dliss, Tex.rts, ,;hereas, i.f he is trar,sferred to tl e Divis:i.on Signnl Comy,pny in a front ljne rHvisi_on or to a 4 . 2u Chc!'licril ' 1ortar Batt:ilion in nction the extra pay ceases. 1 0 1 11 Due to a srortage in s.rt:Dlery and engineers caused by w1 thdrc.wals from tl-i.is Ari:iy for the Sout'1r>rn 171'[;.nce or""r~tion, I ½ave borrownrl scme sixty �58 ri·~cellrmeou'1 artillery yjeces from tre 1r~tish, rJ1c rlso t"o battf\lions of Royal Enp-lnABrs. It -is an i.nteresting task vmlr:Un~ tog')ther tl e miscell8;1eous assortm8nt of u'1j_ts 10, in tre Fifth ArM.y. vie are raking excel lent nrov,ress, and I mn cc,nfident t1-u>t ··e ·rill 17ive r' ~oo<l nccount of ourselve'.:l ,rhen we finally rttn.ck. 1 "Judge Patt,e1--r:;on and Gen~ral Somervell 1n~re here yesterday. m ~y were shovm sr-me C'f our activ~ties in tr e f'ront linr:? ru'fHJ s, ~nd botl1 seeJ11ecl greatly rlease1. Genernl Somervell to lr-1 ire of your views rs to the P,r'rly employl'1ent of the '9razilian Comb~t TP8m, nrr the cnmbat ·ean o~ t~n 02nd Division. I can r>SS11I'e you tli.at this r1i:d:,tPr is r9e~.dvinr"; my close per'30nal attention. I "'Pa1 l do everytl1inr; poss-lble to get both of t.}•ese 1 mits into action at ti,e cvrliest rossi le J'loment. The e1uipro•1t t'or th~ 170th RCT of the g:1nd n~vbion vrlll ar~i V9 here A.bout !rn£;Ust 25th. T rl"n to use tJ,,i.s unit in t'1e IV Corps defensive s9ctor r 1itM.n r ue131'· r('tm· its e1uipr1cnt arrives. Lf'tr>r j t 1--ins r"n l'l. suitahlA oprortunity to ol:>tPin ',attle i.nnoculr,tfori in t·1e defensive sector , T sl·all em:rlo:r it 01"' en°ively. "'he Brrzj liPn Co"TIbat 'T'emn ,,,Ii U 110 eriuipr~d s: ortly r,fter Au 0;u,t l~. I am pk cirri; i.t in nn rrer about, f'i"t8en 1"1;1es -:,ehind tl--iFl "rant li.'1e to coJ11plete it.-: trairiing. "' esti~te tk:,t Pr-ter n p9rior:' of Rbout tivo v,p,..,lr~ it 1"ill ,e ro"si.ble to nio·1e it into a rosition in our nefensive '1ect0'1··. :3~sr>d on its p'3rforr:mnce thnre T s1-i.~ 1_1 rletermirie ~~he er>rliest dr-te it "'f'-J be erirlov9d o~fi::ris ively. Hean,rh~ le, somA of the Rrnz-': li!\n of'ficers fl".ld e"'llisted ren i1ill be '"'ent to our front 1 ine units -l"or brttle ·nnocult1tion. T rm ·~ 1rea0y fo1J.o,ri.ng that rrocedure with the c0lored RGT. 11 11 .,.. trust tkt the -nnhlic~ty for the 100th Batt.fl Hon Anet the /~2nd Infantry has b0en sritisf':--ctory to you. The 100th 1lnttPlion :bns nc•"le F T'l~gnifice11t job, a11d ••re Pre vr·ry rroud of it. T consicer it most tmf'ortu.r1rite thr,t rresent A'TTTJL phns crll for Jts -r-erovAl •"rom Fjf'th Ar:~y e11rly in Sertember. TMs battclion bs )ecoine A.:n ~nteP,'.('al part of' the 14th Division, :mrl P stron~ feelinr:; of rrutur,l r<'!s1,9ct Pn<i '"'0I":irt1tion hris ooAn estf'l1J.i9hcd between -'_t, .,-, -id ,Jv"l rr-"1t of' th, ('j_vi s:i on. I re?.li?.e thPt nreration P""'TIL should 'it ve over-r:id;n'?: ,..r·or:lty. For thnt rea"'on I crin tmc1erstand why th'7 44?nd :nfcntry rP.giment sl-1 culrl prom bly be tP ]nm from us. r o,vever, I do feel that the 100th Battalion should ref"Pin ,fith tr e divisj on, iWe:n though i.t is rctufllly ri. :r:u-t of the U;?nd R,-,girient. U dcubtedly flll of these factors ,1ere co11sidereii by the 11/'[t!' t'e~_rtment vrhen the dee~ sion ,.,,, s l'1J'H~e to remove the 1not1-i Bntt1s,lfon -rrom the 14t:b Division. ·evertt1eless, .,. ti-ii~t thr->.t you vrill -f'ordve "'le i.(' I oontinue to bop,'" tl•rt tre South9rn "rPnce orer"'l_tion dll he so success+"ul th:'1.t -tt r'if1Y 11ot be nece~sary to take tre lOoth B<>ttalion after :ill. I wns sorry to see tre ''J.-,r Depqrtr11 ent orgrnizo the Jt>rr'neseAmer:i can battl=ilions ·into a r9giment. It see"Yls to mP th--t •re would get a mucb o/Rater rropaganda effect if they could be employr>d ?S ,-,ey,rrrtte 1::1.,,ttr>lions in as ~any the?ters as possible. m•Je Pre c".eliri;hted with th~ progress thr:.t ,;s 1?ei", mde ~n ff0R"1J\"DY. I believe tl1 'lt the 3outh0.rn Frrnce oreration · j_ll brve r f,1rther r:levnstrting ef'fect upon the enemy. I ho e that it May re~ult in a looseninr; on our "'ront, so thPt the Fifth Army Cfln ret poi.ng <1nd therebv continue our con- �59 tribution to tl1e bi'! ri cture. 11 Genertl ~1c~Tr>.ir I s rlePth rari n o-reat s,,_,ock to mo, for I ht1d ~rorked ::,o clo:::ely "ti th h; m thP.t : ht1d nn excell<mt op1)ort1m:ity to learn first-hand op his outstandh1i:i; q11rliVes. He hrs left tl'e arny 8 soinp- concern in the AJ.~my Ground Forces; T sincerely hopA th,.,t tr :is setup "'ill be continued after the war. Tts size could be nd i'usted to tl1 e streni::;th of the rea ceti.me army. 1 have h[ld nn excellent oprort1.mity here to observe the T.'ro- / duct "1liicl1 it h!l.s developed, and :: o..ri c0nv-ir1ced that tl1 ere js no ·:nr Dep.,r-tr-ent at?mcy •,iy,foh ca11. ta'ke its plr-ce in standrrd"zir.r; and oonrl.ucting j the train:i ni:; of our army afte1:' the war. "I w2s well pleased to learn of G811ernl Stillvell' s promotion. He cert~inly deserved it. To my mind J,e is one of our fjnest +>folrl officers. 11 I learned only a f'ew da,vs "r;o th<>t Allen "9:rovm hrd been awr-rded the Bronze <'.'<tar. ::ill vou rlet1se extend MY conPTntul..,tions to f"rs. ·•..,rshnll,. Tlie of'fici 'll noti fj_crtion has r lready been :'0rwarded to the '.'Iar Department throu~h channels, but for -rer:>r that there may be s0P1e deltiy, I t'TT! enclosing copi.es here,,,ith. "I lwve tak-An -she lj berty of wrjt:i.ng you a rnthAr lonn; J.ettl"lr in order that you nin;}1t 1 mow irst hn.nd of our situ:' tion 1-iere • 11 Operations Jn2truction ,'!32, issued today, reads rs follows: 11 1. This Orer~tions In··tructi..on SU;>9rcedes so riuch of O.I. 's 29, 30 m1d '31 as o ;tlines plans for the Arny attac1< and rrescribes ",t,t9 c1 riissions ' for -;ubord-i_nE'te tmits. 11 2. Allied Armies in Italy :-re rAgroupin·; in prepar~tion for nn assault r:, ~n.inst tre r/'1THIC Line with the m:is sion of c"1 estroyinr, thP- enemy rrned forces in Italy. \ 3. F'if'th Army, within its new zone of n.ction, 1il1 attac1,: on D Day l'lith Corps abreast, ma1·inCl' -its l!k'lin effort in FLffi1="', CE - FC'':'I'Jl.3SIEVE (Q Ol68) arna to: 11 a. In Phase I, secure a bridgehen.d ncross the River ARrm. b. tn fhase II, conduct further orerrtions to t}',e North to penetrate the GOTHTC Line. 4. a. lr Corp_s will: 1) Protect rir,ht flank of Fifth Army. (2) Paintdn con-'-.act with Eiv,rt}, Army a..11.d II Corrs. (3) Facilit2.te the movenent of the 6 SA Armourer! n~ vision to .IV Corps r-i.rea. (<-:ee :rnra, 4c (/{,) below). (4) Arrange muturilly "rith II Corrs for relief of elerients \'est o-1: FLORVJCE and esta.bl:i.shrent of temporary boundary. (See para 4b (1) beloVT). ( 5) Within its zone of action, rrio-r to D J~y, riri intr.in con- �tact ,-,ith the enemy by ratrol r ction rnd be rrepared at nny time to follow up enemy w-'lthdrmml with all possible sreed. (6) Hold present rositions from FLORENCE tnclusive to Ft Q 900704 until passed through by II Carps. Troops in city of P.LOR ,!TC:S will be relieved by sepl'lrr.te order at a later date. (7) In Phase I. (a) (b) (8) b. Force crossing of the ,~t~O River mrkin~ its m~in effort between the II Corps boundary and l-ffITAS ;If:VE . Coordi:ratine its effort ·,ith II Corps, cepture t1nd secure M. GIOVI (q <)51797). In Phase II, be 'Preprired on A:rmy order to continue the attack to tlie "'"orth, astride the roac'I S. PIERO (Q 8589) IHOLA (\I 1833). D:irect CO!'L'-:nmicfltion for planning purposes is a,1thorized bet 7een 13 and II Corps. II Corps, vrill: (1) Relieve 13 Corps units in the sector between tre rresent lJ Corps - II Corp3 boundary and FLORE 1'l"C...-: (exclusive). A nen temporary lxmndf'ry necr Western exits of 7 Lffi~'JCE will be determined by PJutul'tl agreement ,, ith 13 Corps and reported to th is Headqur->rters. Relief v.1.11 be effected not later than 0001B August 20. (2) DesiP,nate one :wT, 88th Division, to be rrep"red, fron bivoun.c area in the general vicinity of 1".f"i'J'/IIONE {Q 50/,.5) (movew=mt from rresent b:i.vouac is not n0cessary) to move, on Army order, to repel enemy oPfensjve action in the IV Corps sector. ROT selected rill rrepare :rl1Jns f'or such nction in coordin-:-tion with IV Corps. Direct oor.wnmication a11thorized. (,) Desi~ate a second RC~, 88th Division and move same to v:icin.:ty il'GFOR'f prior to the movement frow present bivouac of the last RCT, 34th Division. (See pP.xn 5a belo•Y). RCT selected '::i.11 rrepare rl,,..ns in coorr'l:i.nation with IV Corps to move, on krmy order, to repel enemy offensive E>ction in IV Corps sector. Pl,,,ns prepared wj 11 ; nclude rrovisions f'or r1ovenent of one bntti=? lion on ? hours I notice Pnd tre RCT, less one battrlion, on 8 hours' notice. Direct commmica.tion authorized. (4) Within its zone of nction prior to D Day, maintain contact with th9 eneny b;v patrol action and be prept1red flt any time to follovr up enemy vr1 thdravrtl ·7j_U all possible sneed. (5) In Phase I: (a) Cross the raver AR:;O with the main effort bet,IITeen the '":astern outskirts of FLORF.'\JCE and the 13 Corps boundriry. �(b) (6) c. Ca:rture nnd secure P. CALV'i.'ifA (Q 893799), M. SE"l'ARIO (Q 859820) and M. MffiBLLO (Q 776808). In Phase II, be prepared, on Army order, to o:mtinue the attnck to t11e Tforth and f'orth·vest astride 1-Tifshvmy •o. 65, FLCR~UCB - 00100 ,TA . Direct co111nunicr-tion for planning purposes is aut1 orized w;tl· 13 and IV Corps. rr Corns, will: (1) Protect t:be left no.nk of Fffth Army. (2) naintain contact with II Carps. (3) Assume cornro.nd of new sector (See para 8a below) at August 20. 85th Division Qnd attrched troops, less RCT (- 100th Bn and AT Co) :ire a.tt~ched to IV Corps th is rhase of the operation. The M~2d RCT ( - lOoth AT Co) remains under II Corps. (4) Relieve 85th Division and nttachP.d units utilizin~ 6 SA Armoured Division uith ntt~ched troops. Direct comnunication with 13 Corns and 6 SA Arnoured Division is n.uthorized. The 6 SA Arnoured Division is avrilable ?? Au~st. AttRchMent or<lers '!ill issue. Relieve will bA accorrplished by 27 Au,gust. Upon relief, 85th Division ill move under 1>rranger.1ents to 11e ro ne direct with II Corps. (5) In rhase I, in conjunction ith 13 and II Carps attack, simulate ,, crossini:; o.r- the River At1.'TO betvreen r:. :-'ISAIIO r>nd SIGNA (n 6670) wit}, Major emphn.sis f'ocus0d <'t FUCECCHIO (q 1~365) • (See PlP.n AR'IO Two). (6) Vfithin its zone of nction, majn+:.ein contact with tl'e enemy by patrol action nnd be prerared, at Pny tir~ ~fter the in:i.tir 1 attr:ick of 13 CTJ.d II Corp'1, to follow up any enemy withdravml. 0001B 442d -f'or Bn nnd 5. a. 34th Division, attr.chod II Corps by sepnrrte orders this date, will remain on missions risslgned by rrevious directives unt.; 1 mov,0 to II Corps zone of vction, 8t ··bich ti.me i.t is relieve<l o.r- snch m~·ssion.s. b. '37oth RCT, (q2d Division) attriched IV Corrs by seyir>r"'te oriJ.ers this date, vrill he r10VP.d to .r-orwPrd "'reas on rr Corps or<ler, :-:is soon as e11.uipped f estim1'l.tec:1 d11.te 25 Au~st). 6. 0001B D Day - Units vdll be rre-r~red to r-ttrck on 72 hourr,, noti.ce r+>ter AU'!USt 25. 7. Instructions for coordination of ..-rtillerv -fires will 1e is-ue<l sernrt">tely. 8. Bou.nd11.rie s. �r· (1) (2) II Corps - l"3 Corps : (a) Effective 0001~ Pu.eust 20 Fnd until D Doy - Tempor~ry boundPr;v indj crted nbove (See prrn 4b (1)) . (h) ~.!•fBctive D Day - Incl 13 Corps - 8IP."'TA (Q ~3Hs) CAST:LL-'Jft (801!~) - J,t 823/,30 - RJ at GR'<;VE (813/.72) thence incl II Cor:rs s. F0L0 (8757) - I t o00667 Ft 900704. ('Jcrr"": : Fs~ble ronrls .,-lth~n 13 Corps zone of "Ction as prescr:i Jed rerein t're inade1u... te . II Corps i"i 11 gr .. nt l-:, Corps nBcessn.ry running r;i::;hts vjthin its zone . Detoils byngreer'lent Corrs Co~n~nders . ) (3) h. Corps - II Corps (effective OOOlB Au.r01st 20) . Incl II Corps , road U. COLOTI/\ ( ~ 7108) - C0IJ,E Di VAL d 1 ELSA (6630) - P0GGID0;TSI (6835) - RJ 710430 - It 710456 J t 680500 - thence ro'ld to Pt 6755'-'\0 , thence to Cro ssro'ld nt CRR11'1.IA (685592) ·,r,ere road "Till bfl co·rrr10'1 to bot h Corps , thence incl Pl Corps Pt 7?0630 - Ft 6Q0710 BI. "';'TZIO River. Inter-Army -· (e"'fective 0001B August 18) . Incl Fifth Arm;v - ~r,•r.~ S . SAVPIO (Q 151180) - CI rL''";LIJ.. (q 16?8) - Tncl ~ir,hth Army - LI\.TRI'JA ( 1 l !518) - s rau~nro (Q H/43) thence Horth along 15 ,ast.in-;. North of River ARNO . , e Overlay. q• Security - See Flan ARr10 Trro. 10. S · gmls - Issued separately. 11 * * * C'":CI'l'A --ATTGTJS,,, 18, 1944--Gener~l Cl:>rk returned to Ids COf1Tlv"-lnrl. nost at ten o 'clock tl-J.:i 8 P'orni.nr: , oonferred rlth },j s ChiPf of St:uf "'nd tre~ left for Rome ['t 11'30. The GenerRl arr:ived in Ms C- 47 with Gener"l r3rann ['"Y1c1 Colonel Saltznnn , t the Rome 11.irf'ielcl ~t 1245 . The pnrty lunched in the Gern~rnl I s npartment i.n the Excelsior Hotel in Rome . After rest · ng i..n the enrl:v r~rt of' tJ,e Pfternoon , the Ge',er-nl r rove "ronnc1 the city "8.th Ge11er"l Brann a11.d Colonel Saltzrrn . Tlie Ge""nrril ertPrtr-ined a -f'e,·r guests +>or dinner. General Cl.ark today received the following cablegram from AAI Headquarters: "The C-in-C has been informed by British Legation to the Holy See through Commanding General, Rome Allied Area Command that his Holiness the Pope bas expressed his appreciation of the fine example, bearing and conduct of Allied troops in Rome. This reflects greatest credit on all members of Allied Armed Services in Italy, and C-in-C thinks YoU would like to know that he has received such a message." �CEOINA--AUGU&-1' 19, 1944-General Clark le~ Rome at 0845 in his C•47, ar• riving at Fifth Army Headquarters at 0945. At 1110 General Cls.rk and General Gruenther drove to the Cecina airfield to meet Prime Minister Churchill who arrived at 1120 with party, consisting of Lord Moran, per• eonal physician to the Prime Minister; Commander Thomson, ADC to the Prime MinisterJ MB.jor Grimsley, ADC to General Alexander; and the Prbte Minister's personal detective. I General Clark, with the Prime Minister, drove in General Clark's command car from the Cecins. airfield to General Clark's Headquarters. They were greeted enroute by British officers and enlisted men of the Desert Air Force. Upon their arrival at General Clerk's Headquarters a guard of honor we.a held for the Prime Minister and a large attendance of the Fifth Army Headquarters officers and enlisted men were present. At• ter the guard of honor, General Clark brought the Prime Minister to his hut with Lord Moran, Comnander Thomson and General Gruenther, where he briefed Mr. Ch~ohill on the current situation and fut~e plans. Art.er a ten-minute briefing, members of Generel Clark's staff were brought into the hut to be introduced to the Prime Minister. Mr. Ch~chill spoke briefiy to General Clark's assembled staff, congratuls.ting them on the fine record Fifth Army' has set ~ the important role this Army has and will continue to play in the final defeat of the enemy. General Clerk and the Prime Minister then walked to General Clark's van where they conferred alone for ten minutes. While in the van, General Clark presented the Prime Minister with the first British flag to be raised over Rome after the Fifth Army entered the city. Mr. Churchill expressed great appreciation to General Clark for his thoughtfulness and remarked that it would be a great trea~e to him. General Clark and Mr. Churchill then drove off in General Clark's jeep, acoanpanied by Mr. Ch~chill's party and General Gruenther. At 1230 General Clark and the Prime Minister arrived at Vada where they were met by Major General Bolte. Here they reviewed one RCT of' the 34th Division together with composite units of the Brazilian Expe• ditionsry Force, members of the u. s. Army Nurse Corps, members of the Women's Arm,- Corps. Art.er the review Prime Minister Ch~chill gave a ten-minute talk to· the troops. At 1300 Genersl Clark, Mr. Churchill and party left the review site at Vada, arriving at the 34th Division command post at 1310. They were met by General Kirkman, 13 Corps Commander; General Mascarenhas, Brazilian Expeditionary Force Commander; General Keyes, II Corps Com• mander and General Crittenberger, IV Corps Commander. General Bolte, Commanding General of the 34th Division, entertained the party for lunch. Art.er lunch General Clark, Mr. Churchill and party proceeded b7 jeep to Leghorn. Enroute they reviewed the 168th Infantry of the 34th Division, the 134th and 135th Infantries. In reviewing these units, General Clark and Mr. Ch~chill dismounted from their vehicles, trooped the line and talked to many of the officers and doughboys of these regi• ments. ��At 1430 the part,- arrived at Leghorn where the Prime Minister was greeted upon his entrance into the cit,- by many miscellaneous British units from the surrounding areas who stood in formation on either side of the road leadin~ to the port. General Hume joined General Clerk and the Prime l!inister in General Clark's jeep upon their arrival at Leghorn. General Hume pointed out the civil problems and the progress being made in the development or Leghorn. General Clark and party drove directly to the port in Leghorn where they were greeted by General Tate, G-l► of Fi~h >.nr,-, and Captain Mackenzie, Naval Officer in Charge of' Leghorn, and members of' their staffs .. General Clark, Mr. Churchill and pi.rty boarded a Royal Navy patrol boat, and for 45 minutes inspected the pert, Captain Mackenzie and General Tate e:xplaining to the Prime Minister and General Clerk the problems and progress in the developnent of the port of Leghorn. At 1520 General Clark, Prinie Minister Churchill and i:e.rty drove from Leghorn to a 240mm battery of the 697th Artillery Battalion in the vicinity of Nugola, where they were met by General Rutledge. Lt. Col. Christian, Battalion Commander, oriented his auITent situation briefly to the Prime ) \ Minister and General Clark, showing them a bridge target north of Pisa on .,,, which they would fire. Prime Minister Churchill pulled the lanyard firing the first round. Arter the battery fired six rounds, the observation plane reported the target had been hit. General Clark and the Prime Minister then departed by jeep for the Cecina airfield, arriving at 1740. 1 There General Clark bade goodbye to the Prime Minister and his party who departed by C•l~7 for Caserta. General Clark, with General Gruenther, returned to his command post.· General Clark worked on papers for about an hour before leaving for his villa at C&stiglioncello where he dined quietly and retired early. The complete text of Mr. Churchill's speech to Fifth Army troops is quoted below: "General Mark Clark, General Bolte, officers and men of the 34th United States Infantry Division; officers and men of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force; officers and men of the United States negro troops; Americans of' Japanese ancestry and ycur American officers; I greet ycu here this morn• ing with feelings of pride tha.t the honor should have fallen to me to in• spect these units of the Fifth Army, one of the great armies of the United Nations, which are everywhere advancing victoriously upon the roe. "The 34th u. s. Division was first, or among the very first of all the United States troops to leave the new world and carry by their sacrifices and their valor the precious blessing of freedom e.nd justice to the lands enslaved by Hitler's tJ'l"8.!Ul7. That tyranny we shall break. We shall shatter the sources from which its evil powers are derived, which will be so obliterated and blasted that f'or many hundreds of years none will dare to do the like again. "Officers and soldiers, and the representatives of the Women's Artq Corps, Army Nurse Corps, we have here in Italy one of the finest armies in the world. The combination of the Firth Army and of the British Eighth Army bind together tllO veteran armies in a bond of brotherhood and com-adeship �in arms, and in the sense of mrcbing and fighting shoulder to shoulder for a righteous cause. You have done deeds which will long be remembered. The earliest landings in Italy, the long fighting at Anzio beachhead, the battle of the Cassino front, and the capture or Rome and Leghorn• all of these are episodes which have played a. fruitf'ul and an invaluable part in the entire scheme and design or the Allied Armies. No operation oould have been more fruitful in this theater than the work which you have done by drawing awayj ) perhaps two dozen or more divisions dmm into Italy where they have been torn to pieces. You have aided notably and most effectively the great battle now proceeding to its victorious climax on the fields of France. though you have done great deeds in the past, and may well be proud of what has been achieved, I come here to tell you today that greater ventures and greater achievements now lie ahead of you, and that you will be playing con• stantly an absolutely vital pert in the long, hard struggle for whose speedy' end we all strike, and for whose speedy end we all pray. "I wish you • all of you - all the units represented here and the Bra• zilians - 1. wish all of you all good fortune; I wish you God speed; may God bless you ill." * * * CECINA-AUGUS'r 20, 191+4-The General spent a quiet day at his villa. In the evening he entertained members of his staff; including General Gruenther, Colonel Gray, Colonel Eberhard and General Brann. * * * CECINA••AUGU&'T 21, 1944--General Clark le:rt his villa at 0900 for his command post, arriving at 0945. Generals Gruenther and Keyes conferred with the General in his van for an hour. At 1230 Generals Devers and Barr called to see General Clark with General Gruenther. They confe?Ted for approximately thirt7 minutes. General Clark spent a quiet a.:rternoon working in his van, conferring with members of his staff. General Clark today received the following letter from General Alexander: "I bad hoped to come and see you to discuss the coming battle, but yesterday the Prime Minister specially asked me to accompany him on his visit to 13 Corps, and today the C.I.G.s. arrives and will, I expect, keep me fully oc• cupied for a day or two. I am therefore writing instead to make quite certain that we are in full agreement about our plans. "As I think I explained when we le.st met at Oliver Leese's H.Q., our margin of superiority over the enemy is in my opinion suoh thtit we cannot af• ford any detraction from our main effort. That is why I have included in my orders a statement to the effect that Eighth Army is to be given priority where requirements conflict. It is also the reason why I have laid insistence on your simulating preparations for attacks along the whole front from PONTASSIEVE to PONTEDERA, even it that entails some disadvantage from the point of view of your own subsequent operations. I am confident that I can rely on you and all your commanders to carry out that vitally important part �of your task, and to hold the enemy opposite you by continuing to simulate the mounting of a major offensive on a broad front .right up to the time at which you actually latmch your own attack. The longer we can kP,ep the enemy's attention and formations on your front the greater will be the mea• sure of our overall ultimate success. "As regards your own attack I do not intend to ask you to latmch it 1D1til I am convinced that the enemy has been forced into a position in which you will have a really good chance of getting over the APENNINES. I need hardly emphasise the importance of pressing it with the gre~test determination when it is launched. "During the past two days we have had meetings here with the Air Force, including Cannon and his staff, and I run now satisfied that we shall get all the support that they can give us. At the same time, we cannot for obvious reasons hope to have the same amount or support as we did before operations in the South of France began. D •Albiac and Dickson will do everything they can to meet the air requirements for your attack, but at that stage the air support for Eighth Army must continue simultaneously, and they may not always be able to give you all you would like. I will howewr watch this aspect of the matter carefully myself, and I must ask you to accept it at that. "It is, as I am sure you will agree, most important that we should be in full agreement about the way in which these operations are to be conducted, and I hope I can count on your wholehearted adherence to the principles I have laid down in my orders, and which I have amplified in this letter. "I shall certs.inly be seeing you again bef'ore your attack begins, but I want to take this opportunity to wish you and your fine Army ewry success and the best of good luck in our coming battle. The Prime Minister enjoyed his visit to you immensely and was most impressed by all he saw. Thank you very much for making such excellent arrangements for him." General Clark replied to General Alexander's letter as follows: "I have just received your letter of you that I am in complete accord with the the forthcoming operations. I assure you of giving priority to Eighth Army and the tions for an attack ftlong my whole front. out your instructions to the letter. August 21st and hasten to assure way in which you have outlined that I understand the necessity reasons for simulating preparaI have issued orders which carry "I have seen Kirkman and Keyes, and the two of them met this afternoon in order to work out some of the complicated details of their coordinated attack. "Am glad you are arranging additional air to support both the Fifth and Eighth Army attacks. I appreciate that the Eighth Army air support must continue when my attack starts. "Please dismiss from your mind any misgivings you may have as to our �desll'e to push this thing with all our enr,rgy. The only thing I do not like I is the waiting. We are anxious to get going, and the sooner conditions will } permit our attack the better we will like it. I will be ready any time you say the word 1 go 1 • "Devers was here today and proposed taking one of my signal battalions; which I naturally objected to. He had an alternate plan which would take some signal personnel, officers and enlisted men, to whioh I agreed. I can do this without interfering with our forthcoming operation. "I am glad the PriJne Minister was pleased with his visit. It was a great pleasure for us to have him with us, and all the troops were stimulated by his presence. "Please remember me to the C.I.G.S. I hope we may have the pleasure of a visit from him while he is in this area." * * * CECINA--AUGUST 22, 1944--General Clark worked on administrative matters in his van until 10: . 0, at which time he departed by L-5 to visit II Corps and 3 IV Corps, at which points he presented decorations to various members of II and IV Corps. Arriving be.ck at his command post in mid-afternoon, the Army Commander departed shortly thereafter for his villa at Castiglionoello where he took a short swim, returning to his command post later in the evening. General Clark today sent the following cable to General Mascarenhas, Commander or the Brazilian Expeditionary Force: "I send greetings from the officers, the men and the women of the Firth~, to their gallant comrades of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, on the occasion or the second anniversary or Brazil's declaration of war against the German enemy. Fighting shoulder to shoulder with troops of the Fifth Ar'f111' from the United States or America and the British Empire, the Brazilian Forces will play an important pa.rt in the defeat of Hitler and the Nazi war machine. Good luck to every one or you." General Mascarenhas replied to General Clark's message as follows: "Officers and men of Brazilian Expeditionary Force are filled with satisfaction at receiving your greetings on the second anniversary of Brazil's declaration of war on Germany. Your words strengthened us and reaffirmed the sentiments of confidence and friendship which tmite our countries. The soldiers of Brazil are proud to belong to the Fifth Army. They will do all in their power to raise even higher the level of courage and efficiency of the troops under your command. We send to the troops under your oommand and to ow comrades of the Fifth Army our thanks." �A brief SUlftl'll8l7' of' tactical operations for the week ending August 22, 1944 is as follows: The 2nd New Zealand Division sector was taken over by the 85th Division. Fifth Army asSUJ1ed command of 13 British Corps, thereby extending its sector to the Rl5 easting. The 442nd RCT (looth Battalion) ·(attached to the 88th Division) relieved left brigade of 1st British Infantry Division am assumed responsibility for the sector. On all other sectors, regrouping continued. * * * CECINA••ATJGUST 2.3, 1944•-General Clark left at 0845 by L-5 for. 13 Corps where he was met at the 13 Corps cub field by General Kirkman, Corps Comman• der, and .M!ljor General Poole, 6th South African Armored Division Commander. General Cl.erk conferred with General Kirkman and General Poole at the field for f'if'tee1,1 minutes, a.fter which General Clark Bnd ·General Kirkman bade good• bye to General Poole and left for the 1st Infantry Division British where they were met by Ml!ljor ,General Loewen. A guard of honor was held for General Clark. General Clark and General Kirkman conferred for fifteen minutes with veneral Loewen, after which they drove to the 8th Indian Division where the7 were met by General Russell who introduced General Clerk to members of his staff'. General Clark, General Kirkman and General Russell drove by jeep to within a mile of an observation post or the 8th Indian Division where they dismounted from the jeep and walked up the mountain to the OP. Here they could observe the terr.ain to the east towards Pontassieve over which it was proposed that General Russell's 8th Indian Division would attack, and to the west into the valle7 immediately smTounding Florence. While Generals Clark, Kirkman and Russell were at the observation post, it was reported to an officer at the OP that a shell had landed in the road which General Clark had been over appro:ximatel7 five minutes previously. As the road was completely under enemy observation, it can be assumed that the enemy observed the passing · vehicles and opened fire, thinking there might be considerable Allied move• ment on that road. After spending fifteen minutes at the OP, Generals Clark and Kirkman bl.de goodbye to General Russell and proceeded on to the 6th Armored Division British where they were met b7 Major General Murra:, who in• troduced General Clark to members of his staff and entertained General Clark for lunch. During lunch General Hornby, Artiller7 Officer of AAI, arrived and joined General Clark and p,,rt:, for lunch. After lunch General Clark was escorted by General Kirkman to the 6th Armored Division cub field. General Clark then flew to the cub field near Rosigna.no where he was met by Colonel Wood, Commanding Officer of the 38th Evacuation Hospital who escorted him to the hospital. General Clark visited wards where he talked to patients. After visiting the wards, Colonel Wood assembled all members of the hospital staff. General Cl.erk spoke to them, commending them on their fine work and giving them encouragement in remarking that the Fifth Army-would once again be on the move soon. General Clark then returned to his command post by L-5. Upon his arrival at the command post, General Clark, with Colonel Saltzman, went for a swim, after which he dined with the regular members or his mess. * * * ��I CECINA••AUGUSI' 24, 1944--General Clark left at 0900 by L•5 and landed at the 45th AAA cub strip at 0915 where he was met by General Ramey. He then drove to the 45th AAA Headquarters where he was met by General Crittenberger. General Clark spoke to Major Lyle who is returning to the States to accept his nomination to Congress from the state of Tens. General Clark then vi• sited the looth Infantry Battalion and decorated and promoted personnel of this be.tte.lion. General Clark then met General Pritchard, Commander of the 1st Armored Division and visited several be.tta.lion command posts and talked to officers and men of this division, observing their training. General Pritchard entertained General Clark for lunch at the 1st Armored command post. After lunch General Clark visited the 2nd Battalion of the 3':Q.~ Regiment of the_9~nd Division, _pow attached to the 1st Armored Division. General Clark welcomed the .37U1, Regiment to the Fifth Army, and his talk is quoted in full at the conclusion of today's diary. At 1600 General Clark returned by L-5 to his command post and dined with the regular members of his mess. General Clark's speech to the men of the ·37aj{ Regiment was as follows: "Officers and men of the 37oth Regiment of the 92nd Division: I have eome here this morning to welcome you to the Fifth Army and to tell you how genuinely pleased we are to have you, as members of the 92nd Division, in the Fifth Army. "Let me tell you a little about this fine Fifth Army which you have joined. It has been fighting for almost a year at Salerno, Naples, Cassino, Anzio and Rome to the Leghorn-Florence Line. We have captm-ed over 47 ,ooo of the enemy; killed and wounded several times that number, destroyed 10 to 15 German divisions; pursued him for .300 miles through this mountainous telTain, and ha.ve, with severe fighting, beaten him wherever we have found him. The Fifth Army is made up of old and new divisions - new ones like yo'ln"'s - and they have all performed magnificent deeds on this Italian field of battle. "Now to say a few words about your Division. I lmow how carefully you have been trained. I lmow of yo'ln"' fine leadership, of your discipline, and of your proficiency with yom- weapons. You are better equipped than any other army in the world; you have now joined the big leagues. You are with professional fighters, and with your be.ckground of training and your desire to close with the enemy, you have every opportunity before you to JDAke a great name for your 92nd Division. You are receiving the same battle inoculation which has been given to other units of the Fifth Army. You will find that when you meet the German you have notMng to fear from him. In fact, he will be A.fraid of you. You will defeat him and you will annihilate him every place you find him. "You will prove to yourselves that he is inferior to you and that you are superior to him in every way. "What could be a finer setting for an entrance into battle than with the German wobbling on his last legs, with the Allied Forces in France a.11d j �Russia closing in on him, and we ready again to bloody his nose here. Take this opportunity, as I know you will, to cover yourselves with glory. You men of the 92nd Division will be in on the final battle when we oompletel:, crush our enemy and thereby bring victory to our great nation. "Good luck to you and God bless you." General Clark this afternoon sent the following letter to General Leese, Commanding the British Eighth Army: "On the eve of your attack against the Gothic Line I desire to express to you my heartiest good wishes for a great success. The Firth and Eighth Armies have fought side by side for almost the entire length of the Italian Peninsula and all d'l.ll"ing this time the greatest feeling of respect and cooperation have existed between the two forces. Together our Armies struck the first great blows at the continent of Europe. "Now that we have reached the last great enemy bastion in Italy and all preparation has been made, our attack is to be launched. I am certain that the gallant troops of the Eighth Army who bear the initial weight of the as• sault will add to their already glorious history. You may rest ass,n-ed that as always the Fifth Army will give its utmost in its attack. "Best of luck to you, your commanders, and your troops." The Arrq Commander today received the following messa.ge from Field Mar• shal Sir Alan Brooke, British Chief of the Imperial General Staff: "I em so sorry that during my short 48 hours• visit I have been une.b le to call on your headquarters. I should so very much have appreciated the opportunity or meeting you again and of congratulating you personally on the wonderful successes of the Fifth Army. Best of luck and all good wishes for the future." Operations Instruction #33 was issued today and reads as follows: "l. Par 6, O. I. #32, is deleted and the following substituted: D Day - II Corps from present bivouac areas and 13 Corps from rear areas, will be prepared to move into final assembly positions and launch the attaek on 96 hours notice. In the event of heavy rain after movement has been initiated, the Anny Co:rnmander will decide by 1600 hours D - l whether or not the attack will be delayed. "2. Par 8 a (2) is a.mended in accordance with the following: Effective D - 4, II Corps will take oomma.nd of that portion of the II Corps attack sector from the Corps Rear boundary forward to include the assembly areas of the 34th and 91st Divisions and Corps Artillery. Corps Commanders will arrange mutually for a temporary boundary whose left limit will follow appropriate part of the temporary boundary now in effect and whose right limit will follow appropriate part of inter-Corps boundary for the attack. Commanding General, II Corps will notify th is Headquarters result of mutual \ �arrangements and exact hour of assumption of oomma.nd. , Effective D - 2, II Corps will assume ootnm8nd of the forward area. of the II Corps attack sector at whioh time the remainder of the II - 13 Corps attack boundary will come into effect. Corps CoMmanders will arrange mutually for exact hour of change of command and Commanding General, II Corps will notify this Headquarters. 13 Corps troops other than forward screen1.ng elements will be relieved and moved under mutual arrangements to 13 Corps sector. Screening elements will remain in position under temporary operational oommand of II Corps unt\l passe4 through.". ~ ,M" ~ ~ J"-" ' ~ a.-v~~ Co\ -'6 .. J O ~ s~ (> * gef ~ A * -1""-ir 0-0-0 /~' I ~ - ~ u;-crf"' *~ C • ~ etCINA--AUGUST 25, 1944--General Cla.rk left his villa at 1100 for Vada to fh1-! inspect an RCT of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. Upon his arrival at Y' }! the field, General Clark was met by General Masoarenhas and Captain Walters, '-''-.J" t/'L interpreter. General Clark drove to the reviewing stand where he was greeted 10_ .A by members of General Masoarenhas' staff and members of the Fifth Army staff. - if'/ Af'ter the Brazilian and American national anthems, General Cla.rk, with Gene/4- ral Mascarenhas and General Zenobio, Cornrn:mding the Division, trooped the x ft' 1 line and reviewed the troops. The General then returned to the grandstand, oJ:, at which time he was introduced by General Mascarenha.s to the Brazilian troops. General Clark then gave a ten-minute talk to the Brazilian troops .rV" whioh is quoted in f\111 at the oonclusion of today's diary. The General's \" speech was translated into Portugese by Captain Walters. After General ,~ Clark's speech, Brazilian troops passed in review before the grands~and, ar- 1uty>' ter which General Clark met officers of' General Mi.scarenhas' staff and mem• ' 1:l p.., bers of the Br-azilian Nurse Corps. General Clark and General Mascarenhas ;,,,,then drove to the Brazilian Expeditionary Corps Headquarters where General ~ 1 Clark and members of his staff were entertained for lunch. General Maso~ren' has in a toast at lunch expressed how honored and proud he personally and all Brazilians were that the Brazilian Expeditionary Force oould serve with the Fif'th Army. r t r"1/ Af'ter lunch General Clark bade goodbye and drove to his villa at Castig• lioncello where he spent a quiet af'ternoon swimming and resting. At 1800 General Clark gave a cocktail pi.rty and buffet supper in honor of General Beucler and members of the French mission on the occasion of their departure from Fifth Army. Approximately fifty guests were present, including members of General Clark and General Beucler 1 s staffs. During the evening, betore all guests present, General Clark presented General Beucler with the gift of a carbine and a letter of' farewell. General Clark expressed at this time his deep regret in losing General Beucler and his staff. General Beucler, with deep emotion, bade farewell to General Clark. General Clark's speech to the Brazilians -is quoted below: "General Masearenhas, General Zenobio, officers and men of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, I have oome here this morning to greet you - to weloome you to the Fifth Army - and to tell you how genuinely proud we are to have you by our side. You have joined a fighting organization, the Fi~h Army. I want to tell you something about this Fifth Army that you are a part of at the present time. �· "In a few days, September 9th will me.rk the first anniversary of our landing at Salerno. After Salerno, as you know, we had desperate fighting and defeated the enemy's effort to drive us back into the sea. We then fought up the coast to the great port of Naples. After that we fought our way through mountains, snow, mud and rain and finally landed at the beachhead in Anzio where again we defeated his efforts to drive us out. We won a great victory at Anzio and killed thousands of his troops. At Anzio we were constantly a threat to his flank. This threat, in conjunction with our push of May 11th, finally helped us to liberate the first of the European capitals under Nazi domination. We captured Rome. "We then continued the advance some 200 miles, and now are on the line Pisa - Florence. We captured 47 ,ooo Germans; we wiped out as many more. We annihilated many of his divisions and have defeated him on every field of battle where we have foum him. "Do not think that the Fifth Army is through now. We are just beginning, and you will play a great part - you of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force - in the great victories which are to come. Your presence here today is but another indication of the solidarity of purpose which exists between our two great nations. You represent the cream of the Brazilian Army. You are well led; you have fine leaders in General Masoarenhas and General Zeno• bio. Your junior officers are well trained. You a.re well equipped. With your fighting spirit great days lie ahead for you. "I like what I saw this morning. You mve a look of determination about yau. From what I ha. ve seen of you as I passed through this area you are well disciplined. Do not forget that discipline is a most important factor in the winning of battles. You ere receiving the same battle inoculation course which has been given to other llllits of the Firth Army. You will find that when you meet the German you have nothing to fear from him; in fact, he will be afraid of you. You will defeat him, am you will anni• hilate him every place you find him. You will cover yourselves rlth glory and write a fine, brilliant chapter in the history of your beloved oountry, Brazil. "What could be more appropriate than on this great national holiday of yours, Caxi.as Day, that you should take your pls.ce on the fighting side of the Firth Arrrry, and renew your pledge to destroy your hated enemy. "Great days lie ahead of you. Good luck to you and God bless you." Genertl Clark today replied to Field Marshal Brooke's message of yesterday as follows: "I deeply apprecinte your thoughtful message. I would have been highly honored and extremely pleased to have had you visit Fifth Army and sincerely hope that another opportunity to visit us will present itself before too long." General Leese today replied to General Clark's letter of yesterday as follows: �'73 "We are proud that our 13 Corps is serving under your command and feel sure that they will add to their fine reputation during your advance. "We shall all be watching your own operation confidently and with the greatest interest when the time comes. "I send to you and to the Fifth Army m::, very best wishes. All good luck to you." * * * CECINA-•AUGUST 26, 1944--General Clsrk spent a quiet morning at his villa working. Colonel Bruce came for a swim and lunch. After lunch Generals Gruenther, Brann and Howard arrived with tactical mps and conferred for an hour with General Clark. General Cl.ark left wi. th Generals Gruenther, Brann and Howard for his command post at 1600 hours, and conferred with these officers in front of his van for another hour. The General dined in his mess with the regular members of the mess and retired ear~. General Clark today wrote the following letter to Maj. Gen. Russell, Commanding the 8th Indian Division: "I enjoyed m::, visit with you the other day. It was an extreme pleasure to meet you and have the opportunity to talk with you. "I should like very much to visit you at your headquarters, and to have an opportunity to talk to the troops of your fine Division in the same manner in which I have addressed the troops of the American Divisions of the Fifth Army on the eve of our important battles. I hope it will be possible to arrange fr1r this in the next few days. "May I again express my pleasure at having your Division, and the other fine troops of the lJth Corps with us. I feel sm-e you will add even more to the brilliant record which your troops _ have established throughout the African campaign and here in Italy. "With best wishes, I am" General Clark today sent the following cable to General Eisenhower: "M:r heartiest congratulations on your outstandingly brilliant maneuvers in Northern France which resulted in the liberation of Paris. The whole world is deeply indebted to you for your leadership in this magnificent battle. Please convey my congratulations to Generals Bradley and Patton fr1r the superb job they have done. We of the Fifth Army will continut to do everything in our power to contribute to the final victory." General Cl.ark also cabled General Patch today as follows: "I extend to you my s:incerest congratulations for the successes whioh your troops have achieved in Southern France. Your amazing advances are daily contributing to the doom of the German enemy. Please give m:y best wishes to Truscott and De Lattre de Tassigny." �CECINA-AUGUST 27, 1944--General Lemnitzer and General Gruenther came to con• fer with General Clerk this morning at llOO hours. At 1245 Messrs. Murphy and Of'fie arrived. Before lunch General Cl~.rk spent several minutes alone with Mr. Murphy in conference, after which Generals Cl.P.rk, Lemnitzer, Gruenther, Mr. Murphy and Mr. Off'ie h,id lunch in General Clark's mess. Arter lunch Generals Clark and Gruenther played lridge and went for a swim with Messrs. Murphy and Off'ie. Mr. Murphy told General Clerk he was leaving Friday for Washington, there to take a new assignment. Messrs. Murphy and Offie left for Caserta in General Clark's C-47 at 1730, after which General Clark, with Colonel Saltzman, drove to his villa in Ce.stiglioncello to spend the night. * * * TAVERNELLE-•AUGUST 28, 1944--General Clark moved his coJl'lmand post from Cecinh l to Tevernelle. At 1000 General Cl~.rk flew to a cub field up forward where he was met by General Pritchard and Colonel Ladue. He then drove to the col'lll!l8.nd post of the 1st Battalion of the 37oth Infantry of the 92nd Division. Gene• ral Clark reviewed the troops and presented ten combat infantrymen's hedges, after which he gave a speech of welcome to this battalion, welcoming them to the Fifth Army. After the ceremony General Cle.rk returned by plane to Castiglioncello where he entertained members of his staff for dinner. * * * TAVERNELLE-•AUGUST 29, 1944-•At llOO hours General Cle.rk left by L-5 for the 56th Ewtcuation Hospital where he visited wards, spoke to patients, met mem• bers of the hospital staff and presented Purple Hearts to wounded. The Gene• ral arrived by L-5 at his new comme.nd post cub strip and drove to his headquarters, arriving at 1245. In the afternoon, Mr. Tompkins, newly appointed director of the American Red Cross in Italy, called to see General Clerk. The General spent the rest of the afternoon in his van conferring with various members of his staff. A brief summary of tactical operations for the week ending August 29th is as follO'fls: Normal relief's and regrouping or units continued to be carried out. Active patrolling in defense of their sectors was maintained by II and IV Corps while limited objectives were secured by 13 Corps. * * * TAVERNELIE-AUGUST 30, 1944--At 1000 hours General Clark made two recordings - one for the War Department and one for troops of the Fifth Army commemorating Salerno Day, the full text of which is quoted at the conclusion of today's diary. At 1045 Sir James Griggs, Secretary of State for War, General Alexander, CINC, AAI, Lt. Gen. Weeks of the War Office, General Lemnitzer and Maj. Gen. Theron arrived. General Clark greeted Sir James Griggs with a guard of honor, after which he introduced him to members of the Fifth Army British Increment. General Cle.r.,_ with Sir James Griggs, General Alexander and party, proceeded to the outside of his van where the General oriented them on the �I current Fifth Army situation and proposed plans. Sir James Griggs, General Alexander and part1' left by- car for lJ Corps at 1200. At 1315 Generals Clark and Tate drove to Florence where they were met by General Hume and Colonel McMahon. The Ar'JfrY Commander visited the ?1st Garrison Headquarters (British) where he met Colonel Alston (British), Florence Area Commander, end Brigadier Blucher (British), Commander of Florence Defense Troops. General Cl.ark tom-ed the city, visiting Palazzo Vecchio, Duomo Cathedral and walked over the Ponte Vecchio, where he could observe the enemy demolitions to the approaches to the bridge. Before leaving Florence for his Headquarters, General Clark drove to the Bailey bridge over the Arno under construction by the 337th Engineers and congratulated the men on their fine job. Arriving back at his headquarters in the early evening, the General dined with the reguJAr members of his mess. General Clark sent the follOffing message to Field Marshal Smuts today: "I am particularly pleased and proud to have the 6th South Af'rican Ar- ) mored Division under command or Fifth Army. These gallant troops have played a highly important role in the battles of Italy and have distinguished themselves in their relentless pursuit of the German enemy north or Rome to his present strong defensive positions. I am sure that they will take advantage of future opportunities to add even more glorious pages to their already superb record. It was a great honor for me to have had the opportunity to see :you on the occasion of your recent visit to Italy. The Allied cause has indeed been fortunate in this present war, as in the past, to have had the benefit of your wisdom, com-age and inspiration. I hope that I YM.:Y once again have tho pleasure of meeting you when the final victory, for which we have all striven so long, is ours." * * * TAVERNELIE--AUGUm' 31, 1944-•At 0930 (:'reneral Clark met Major Homer Roberts (negro) or the Public Relations Office, War Department, and Mr. Moss, photographer for colored press, and Lt. Col. Dollard of the Morale Division or the War Department. General Clark briefed them for twenty minutes on the situation mainly with regard to the 92nd Division. He also commented on the fine work colored service units have been doing with the Fifth Arm:, and re• marked on the good discipline generally throughout colored troops under his command. At 1000 hours General Cl.ark was photographed bye. color photographer with Miss Horn and other WACS - these pictures to be used by the War Department. The pictm-es were taken under the supervision of WAC Captain Moilhenny, Public Relations. General CJArk flew to IV Corps at 1200 hours to see General Crittenberger, ret~ning to his command post for lunch at 1300 hom-s. At 1415 General Clark took off in his L-5 for 13 Corps, where he called to see General Kirkman. After spending an hour with General Kirkman, he �new to the II Corps strip at San Casciano where he was met by his jeep and driven to the II Corps command post 1n the vicinity of Impruneta to see Gene• ral Keyes. ~Emeral Clark confe?Ted for half an hour with General Keyes and drove from I Corps comrnand post to his headqoorters, 8.ITiving at 1730. The General dined with the regular members of his mess. The following operational orders were issued today: "1. In view of indicated withdrawal of enemy forces on the Army front, follow up action as directed in O.I. #32 will be initiated without delay. "2. Specifically ~• IV Corps will, prior to first light 1 Sept: (1) (2) ,!?. Reconnoiter 1n force 1n the M. ALBANO and M. PISANO areas employing not less than one company of infantry in each area with the mission of developing the enemy strength in each area. Be prepared to follow up at once in either or both areas if the situation so warrants, using sufficient strength to occupy the hill masses concerned. II Corps will: Conduct strong and active patrolling with a view to developing the enemy strength and disposition in its sector. g. 13 Corps will: Continue active patrolling and follow up any enemy withdrawal within its zone of action. "3. Additional eng:i.neer bridge facilities will be made available to IV Corps by separate message. "4. Necessary artillery support will be coordinated by the Army Artil.. lery Officer." The results of operations during the month or August: A• Ground Forces: Contact was maintained with the enemy throughout the month by agpressive patrol activity on both sides of the ARNO River along the entire front. Artillery, tank and mortar firing was employed to harass and inflict maximum caSUE1lties on enemy personnel and destroy such equipment. Training was carried on in rear areas and infantry units were rested by utilizing other troops to occupy forward positions. Regrouping or forces we.a accomplished under a detailed cover plan devised to screen future intentions from an alert, sensitive enemy. In 13 Corps zone the city of FLORENCE was cleared and a bridgehead secured across the ARNO between FONTASSIEVE and FLORENCE, and an attack was launched up the SIEVE Valley toward the end of the month. �b. Air Force: In direct support of Fifth Army, Desert Air Force planes total of 652 sorties for the month of August. Following the Army Di• rective targets attacked included artillery positions, supply installations, bivouacs and command posts. Bomb damage assessment sholled truit good results were obtained with the minimum effort available. new; * * * TAVERNELLE--sEPl'EMBER 1, 1944-0eneral Clerk left by L-5 at 0900 for the Headquarters of the 6th South African Armored Division, landing at the Castel Fio- ) rentino cub strip. Here, the Army Commander was met by General Poole, Commanding General of the 6th South African Armored Division• . After spending an hour with General Poole, General Clerk flew west along the Arno where he observed elements of the 370th Infantry, 1st Armored Division and 442nd Infantry crossing the Arno River. General Clark landed at a cub strip north of Leghorn where he was met by his jeep and driven to Pisa. Here he was met by General Rutledge who briefed the Arm:, Commander on the current situation in his area. Returning to the cub strip, he took off for his command post, arriving at 1430 hours. General Clerk spent a quiet afternoon in his van conferring with various staff officers. ajor Hunter, of the G-3 Section, and General Moran were guests at General Clark's mess. Art.er dinner Generals Moran, Clark, Gruenther end Major Hunter played bridge. * * * TAVERNELLE-SEP!'EMBER 2, 1944--General Clark spent the day at his headquarters working on administrative matters and conferring with memb0rs of bis staff. He played badminton with General Gruenther in the late afternoon. Brigadier General B. o. Davis (colored) of the Inspector General's Office, Wer DeJ)8.rtment, and Colonel Bertholf dined with General Clerk in his mess. General De.vis is making an inspection tour or negro troops in the European theater. General Clark bade farevrell to Colonel Bertholf who is leaving Fifth Army for a new assignment with the War Department, Washington, D. c. * * * TAVERNELIE•-sEPTEMBER 3, 1944-At 0900 General Clark confen-ed with Generals Gruenther, Brann and Howard. At 1045 Mr. Clement Atlee, Deputy Prime Minister or England, arrived with General Lemnitzer. They were met by General Clark, and a guard of honor was held for Mr. Atlee. After trooping the line, the General escorted the Deputy Prime Minister to his van where he briefed him on the situation on the Fifth Anny front. Mr. Atlee left for 13' Corps at 1200. General Lemnitzer remained and conferred with General Clerk. At 1210 General Alemnder arrived to confer with Generals Clerk, Gruenther and Lemnitzer. Air Vioe flsrshal D1Albiac arrived at 1230 and was asked to join the conference. Generrls Alexander and Lemnitzer left for II Corps at 1300. �Air Vice Marshal D'Albiac lunched at General Cla.rk 1 s mess. General Clark and Colonel Saltzman lef't by L-5 for Pisa, arriving at the Pisa airport at 1330 where they were met by General Crittenberger and General Rutledge. General Clark and party toured the cit,- of Pisa, visiting points of interest, including the Leaning Tower. The General returned to his command post a.t 1730. General Sullivan, Fifth Army Quartermaster, came for dinner. Af'ter dinner the General entertained officers of his staff at a movie in his conference but. * * * TAVERNELLE•-sEPTEMBER 4, 1944-•General Clark went b,- oub at 0945 to visit the 34th Division. Arriving at the Castel Fiorentino cub strip, he was met by General Bolte, Commanding 34th Division, and General Tate, 34th Division Ar• tillery Commander. General Clark decorated seven artillery flying officers with Air Medals. After a short ceremon,-, General Clark and General Bolte drove to the command post of the 168th Infantry where General Clark presented decorations and made combat promotions to officers and men. The General spoke briefiy to the troops, oommend1.ng them on the fine job that the 34th Di• vision has done and briefing them on the part they would play in the coming operations. After the ceremony, General Clark observed the training program of a platoon in attack. General Clark lef't the 168th at 1330, arriving at the 175th FA Battalion where he made four combat promotions. After a short ceremony, General Cla.rk observed a training gun drill. The General then drove to the 133rd Infantry where he presented decorations and made comoot promotions, after which he ob• served training of tank and infantry tactics. General Clark and J:E1,rty then drove to the 135th Infantry where General Clark presented decorations and made combat promotions. The Army Commander spoke briefly to the troops. General Bolte entertained General Clark for lunch at the 34th Division Headquarters .. After lunch General Clark briefed staff officers of the 34th Division on the over-all plan of the 5th and 8th Arm,- attacks, pointing out the important part this division would play in the attack. General Clark then left for the Castel Fiorentino cub strip where he took off by cub for the 91st Division cub strip in the vicinity of San Gimignano. He was met by General Livesay. The Army Comma.nder decorated and promoted field artillery personnel on the cub field. General Clark and General Livesa,- drove to the 348th Field Artillecy Battalion where they observed the training program. Following this, the General drove to the 362nd Infantry where he spoke to a battalion in review and presented decorations and made combat promotions and appointments. General Clark visited the 363rd Infantry where he presented decorations, made comba.t promotions and appointments and spoke to the troops. General Clark then drove to the, 36lst Infantry where he presented decorations, made combat promotions and observed a training exercise consisting of an attack of a fortified position. Leaving the 361st Infantry, General Clark drove to the com• mand post of the 91st Division where General Livesay introduced him to members of his staff. - General Clark spoke briefly to members of the staff, giving the over-all picture of the Fifth and Eighth Army fronts. �General Clark then departed for the 91st Division cub strip, from which point he new be.ck to his headquarters. The General dined quietly with the regular members of his mess. General Kirkman today sent the following note to General Clark: "I have discussed the time of H hour with Maj-Gen. Russell, Commander While it has not been possible to go into the question in detail, I am satisfied that 0200 hours will be suitable. 8 Indian Division. "Should it be necessary to alter this time, I would prefer it to be earlier rather than later." Operations Instruction #34 was issued today and reads as follows: "l. German withdrawal on the Fifth Army front has permitted advances of Fifth Army elements in contact with the enemy. Such advances have therefore accomplished part of the Phase I plan envisioned in o. I. #32. "2. Eighth Army oont1nues the attack to debouch into the PO Valley and advance to the north and northwest. ".3. a. Fifth Army continues its current follow up action to maintain contact in the event of further enemy withdrawals. b. Phase I: Fifth Army attacks on D Day to complete Phase I by securing the general line of the hills M. GIOVI - M. CALVANA - M. SENARIO M. 1,{)RELLO (See Overlay) or such parts thereof as may remain occupied by enemy forces. (NaI'E: Prior to initiation of Phase II, action to capture MONl'I DELLA CALVANA, or parts thereof, will be undertaken with minimum forces if it appears imperative that the hill mass be occupied to facilitate further advance). c. Phase II: Thereaf'ter, Firth Army attacks with the mission of penetrating the GOTHIC Line and debouching into the PO Valley. "4. a. IT Corps will: (1) (2) (3) (4) ( 5) (6) Regroup its forces to hold the M. PISANO and M. ALBANO hill masses with a minimum of troops. Make every effort to withdraw to Corps Reserve as great a portion of the 1st Armored Division as possible. Maintain contact with the enemy and follow up any withdrawal with all possible speed. No advance in strength beyond the line PISTOIA - LUCCA - BAGNO ( U 9977) will be made except on orders from this Headq~ters. Continue to simulate a build up in the M. ALBANO area and on D t 1 demonstrate in the PRATO and PISTOIA areas to indicate an advance to the North and Northwest. Maintain contact w:i.th II Corps. Protect the left flank of Fifth Army. �(7) b. Be prepared in the event of enemy collapse, to advance, with one infantry division, reinforced, on LA SPEZZIA (P 600120). IZ1) Maintain contact prior to D Day and follow up any enemy Corps will: withdrawal. Begin immediate movement forward to attack positions, assuming command of the southern portion of its new sector at 042000B September and of the remainder at o60001B September (See par 8 below for boundaries). 13 Corps elements in forward area of II Corps zone of action after o6oOOlB September pass to operational control of II Corps. (3) Phase I: On D Day, attack to the North and Northwest within its new zone of action to capt~e and secure M. CALVANA (Q 893799) - M. SENARIO (Q 859820) - M. l.DRELLO (Q 776808). Then, if necessary, continue the attack to secure MONTI DELLA CALVANA (or parts thereof) using initially one RCT onl;r. (2) (4) Phase II: On Army order, continue the attack to the North making its main effort along the axis FLORENCE FIRENZtJOLA (L 9006) to penetrate the GOTHIC Line and debouch in the PO Valley. c. lt Corns will: 1) Maintain contact prior to D Day and follow up any enemy withdrawal. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Cover the movement and assembly of II Corps troops and hold forward positions until passed through by II Corps assault elements or relieved by Army order. Regroup its forces for the D Day attack. Phase I: On D Day, coordinating its effort with II Corps, attack to the North to capt~e and secure M. GIOVI (Q 95rt796). Phase II: On Army order, continue the attack to the North and Northeast along the axis BORGIO S. LORENZO FAENZA to penetrate the GOTHIC .Line and debouch in the PO Valley. To facilitate the advance of II Corps initially 13 Corps will make its ma.in effort on its extreme left. l'mintain contact with II Corps and Eighth Army. Protect the right flank of Fifth A:rmy. "5. It is contemplated the BEF will be attached to IV Corps on or about j 12 September. Attachment orders will issue by this Headquarters. "6. II Corps will prepare plans for the employment of a strong mobile force in an exploitation role to the Northwest on reaching the PO VAlley. For this p~ose the 1st Armored Division will be made availl!ble. Direct communication is authorized for planning purposes. "7. In the event of enemy withdrawal prior to 052400B September, re- �sponsibility for pin-suit in the II Corps attack sector remains with 13 Corps. Effective 06o001B September, this responsibility passes to II Corps. In the event of collapse of enemy resistance, instructions for advance into the PO Valley will be issued by this Headquarters generally in accordance with Excelsior Plan 'A'. "8. Botmdaries: a. (See OVerlay). Effective 042000B September: (1) II - IV Corps: No change. (2) II - 13 Corps: Incl 13 Corps - RJ at GREVE (833472) • thence incl II Corps - s. POLO (870571) - Pt 900667 ·thence incl 13 Corps - Pt 90Cfl04 - Pt 901741 - Pt 903750 Pt 870750 - Pt 870710 - Pt 750710 thence North along 75 Easting. b. Effective 060001B September. (1) I! - IV Corps: No change North to Q 720630 - thence all incl II Corps - Pt Q 750710 - Pt 66o795 - Pt 66o830 Pt 688862 thence along road to L 725100. (2) II - 13 Corps: No change North to Pt Q 903750 thence incl 13 Corps - Pt 916793 - Pt 912808 - thence along T. FISTONA (incl II Corps) to 917870. c. Phase II, effective on Army order: (1) II - IV Corps - No change. (2) II - 13 Corps - Pt 840790 - thence incl II Corps• Pt 838776 - Pt 840790 - thence incl 13 Corps - RJ 845823 - thence incl II Corps - RJ 852845 - Bridge 872889 - RJ 882892 • RJ 911931 - Pt 436 (92596o) Pt m991 - Pt 1171 (L 967030) - Pt 995067 - thence all incl 13 Corps - Pt 1031 (M Ol6o98) - Pt 756 (038124) - Pt 514 (081162) - RJ 138241 - 208302. (NOTE: To facilitate initiation of Phase II, II Corps will clear the road FLORENCE - BORGO s. LORENZO (Q 905885) and the area East of the Phase II bo'lmdary with all possible speed.) "9. D Day - Corps will be prepared to attack at any time after 080001B September. H Hour - LRter. 10. The Army Artillery Officer is charged with necessary coordination of artillery fires. 11 "ll. Security - Plan ARNO TWO, having accomplished its pin-pose, is no longer in effect. Every effort will be made to conceal the direction and strength of Fifth Army's main effort." * * * TAVERNELLE--SEPTEMBER 5, 1944--Genera.l Clark spent the morning in his van conferring with members of his staff. At 1130 he flew to see General Keyes at ��~ ~ p.~e- fib- ~ II Corps where he remained one hour. Upon his return to his command post, he bade farewell to General B. O. Davis. After lunch Generals Clark and Brann and Colonel Saltzman drove to FloUpon their arrival, they went to the Fifth Army Officers• Rest Center at the Hotel Anglo-American. General Clark and // General Brann, with Captain Croft-Murray, AID Fine Arts Division, as guide, went for an hour's sight-seeing tour of the city. rence in General Clark's jeep. At 1700 hours General Clark went to a bridge across the Arno which had just been completed by the 337th Engineers. The General congratulated the officers and men on the fine job they had done and decorated the commanding officer, Colonel Hooper, with the Legion of Merit. After the ceremony at the bridge, General Clark went on a shopping tour with General Brann, General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Lt. Col. Porter. Returning to the hotel at 1830, he entertained members of his staff for dinner and spent the night in Florence. During the week 13 Corps continued to progress in the area north and ~ east of Florence. II and IV Corps maintained their positions along the general line of the river and following a reconnaissance in force crossing operations were begun on the first of September. As the period closed, II Corps was exerting strong pressure all along the Monte Albano mass end IV Corps had occupied Pisa, cleared Monte Pisano and advanced to the general line of the Alto Paschio - Lucca road (including both towns), thence along the Serchio River. * * * TAVERNELLE--SEPTEMBER 6, 1944--Generel Clerk left Florence by car at 0930 and drove to his headquarters, arriving at 1030. The General spent the day in his van working on important papers and conferring with members of his staff. He played bridge in the evening with General Gruenther, Lt. Col. Gray, Judge Advocate General of Fifth Army, and Major Hunter of the G-3 Section. * * * TAVERNELLE--SEPTEMBER 7, 1944•-Generfll Clark spent a quiet day in his van conferring with members of his staff. In the evening Generals Clark and Gruenther, with General Hume, went to dine with Duchess Torriginani. Other guests at dinner were the Duke of Aosta, cousin of the King of Italy', and Admiral Mariano, his aide-de-camp. The General returned to his headquarters after dinner at about 1030. General Clark today wrote the following letter to General Marshall: "In order to keep you informed of certain importBnt conditions in the Fifth Army, I am sending another letter. "The 370th Combat Team of the 92nd Division (colored) has done well in combat. They have had no severe fighting. However, they have had an opportunity to cross the Arno River against slight opposition, take the high �V ground northeast of Pisa and conduct active patrolling against withdrawing enemy elements. Their morale is high. From August 26th to September 4th they had eight killed, seventy-eight wounded and two missing. I "With reference to the Brazilians, I found thBy had much to learn. Their officers were not trained to assume command responsibilities for such items as motor maintenance, sanitation, care of their enlisted men and their equipment. They were woefully lacking in small unit training. I have he.d my best tra:tners - a large group of selected, battle-trained officers and enlisted men from all our divisions - working ori them. We tried to condense their training into a two weeks' period but were forced to extend it to a third week. That third week ends in three days, when they will be put in the line. I intend to give them their battle inoculation in the IV Corps sector in the vicinity of Lucca. Here they will have an opportunity to patrol, to follow up if there is any retrograde movement and to come under the enemy fire. As soon as they have completed this inoculation satisfactorily, I will try to give them an opportunity in our attack. ) "The fate of the Fifth Army is tied up with that of the Eighth Army, which is not progressing any too well at the present moment of writing. They seem to be bogged down on the east coast. They are trying to get off an attack today, and if they put the weight behind it that they have available it might go. I hope to attack about forty-eight hours later. We are all set for the thrust over the mountains toward Bologna. It is ha.rd to wait, for we are quite ready and eager to go. General Ale::mnder is holding the lanyard, and when he pulls it we will be able to jump off with less than twenty-four hours• notice • . "I was distressed to note in recent press stories a statement, attributed to me, that I intend to retire immediately after the war and go fishing. I desire to assure you that I have no such intention. If the retirement story was brought to your attention you may have wondered why a relatively young officer who has received so much in the way of promotion and excellent command assignments in this war should throw away that experience if it can be used. It is my fervent desire that I reJM.in on the active list until I reach the statutory retirement age." The Army Commander today cabled the following to General Ma.scarenhas on the occasion of the Brazilian Independence Day: "General Mascarenhas, officers, men and nurses of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force: On this day when Brazil celebrates the anniversary of its establishment as a free and independent nation, I send you my personal end official greetings, and felicitations of the Fifth Army of which you are a member. "120 years ago today, 7 September 1822, Brazil severed the ties that bound her to Europe and proclaimed her independence. To the citizens of Brazil, this day is as sacred as is the 4th of July to the citizens of the United States of America. �"This year, Brazilian Independence Day finds you far from home. Yours is the first expedition ever to leave your homeland and cross the ocean, to join in the battle against those who would oppress freedom and independence. "Just as your forefathers fought to establish an independent Brazil, so too, you are fighting to restore freedom and independence to other nations of the world. t•we of the Fifth Army rejoice w5th you on this glorious holiday, d~dicated to the independence of Brazil." * * * TAVERNEILE--SEPTEMBER 8, 1944--General Clark ma.den Salerno Day speech recording to be sent back to the War Department. This is quoted in full at the conclusion o~ today's diary notes. Prince Umberto, Lieutenant General of the Realm, the Duke of Aosta and Admiral Pitu-ia.no arrived at noon for lunch, and General Clark held a guard of honor for them. Prince Umberto and pirty left immediately after lunch, and General Clark drove to the Hotel Anglo-American, the Fifth Army Rest Center Hotel, arriving at 1630. General Clark had a conference and dinner for the II Corps Commander, General Keyes, and the 13 Corps Commander, General Kirlanan. A total of eighteen guests were present, including Generals Gruenther; Bolte, Commanding 34th Division; Livesay, Commanding 91st Division; Coulter, Commanding 85th Division; Kendall, Commanding 88th Division and the Chiefs of Staff of these divisions. General Clark briefed the group on the plan of attack. The guests left at 2130, and General Clark returned to his command post, arriving at 2230. General Clark's Salerno Day recording reads as follows: ttJu..qt a year ago, on September 9, 1943, the Fifth Army - with the first American troops to land on the continent of Europe in this war launched the opening assault on Adolf Hitler's impregnable European fortress. "In the year tha.t has elapsed since our landing at Salerno Bay, great things have happened. The German Army, though thoroughly beaten in North Africa and Sicily, was still - a year ago, one of the fighting forces of the world. Almost the entire European continent then was suffering under the German heel. ttBut now - a year after the Fifth Army struck the blow for liberation of Europe - the entire rotten Nazi structure is shaking. The German Army is reeling from attack after attack from the West, the South and the East, from the a.ir and from the sea. Nazi satellites are deserMng the foundering ship. Hitler is striving desperately to hold together his beaten and disspirited people. The Germans today know that the end is approaching, and that it is only a matter of time now before they Fire defeElted. ttThe roe,d for this drrunA.tic turnabout in the fortunes of this war was �paved - in part - here in Italy. Here the joint Allied effort of the Fifth and Eighth Armies proved that Allied troops could land on enemy territory and not only stay there, but press the Germans back. "This drive has cost us heavily in men and materiel. Thousands of American, British and French soldiers lost their lives fighting in Italy, and thousands more were wounded or taken prisoner. From Salerno Bay through Rome and to the North, the Fifth Army was literally fighting its way up hill, over some of the most treacherous battlefields in the war. At all times the enemy was able to select his own ground, with the result that at virtually every stage of the campaign, the enemy was looking dmm our throats. "With a few men he oould - and often did - delay our advanoe by weeks. But in spite of every obstacle, these gallant soldiers of the Italian campaign did advance - across the Volturno and the Garigliano, through the Gusta.v and the Hitler lines; over the Maggiore and Cairo hill masses. The names of Battipaglia, Naples, San Pietro, CA.ssino, Formia, Velletri, Leghorn these are names which will live in the history of warfare; communities, now barely recognizable as such, where Allied soldiers fought gloriously and with surpas<ing courage, so that Fifth Army could go forward. "Anzio was an operation which will stand forever as a monument to the tenacious fighting quality of Fifth Army soldiers. Here, hemmed in on a narrow beachhead by the Nazis best troops, for week after week the beleagured forces withstood massed armored and infantry attacks, incessant air raids and continuous shelling. "The great viotory march of the campaign began May 11, as the Fifth Army on the Garigliano, and the Eighth Army troops further East, broke through German defenses snd drove North. Less than two weeks later the main Fifth Army in the South had jojned the Beachhead forces and together they continued on to Rome - to seize our first enemy capital in the war. Never before in all its tumultuous history had the Eternal City been taken .from the South. / And thA speed with which our forces pressed on, then, to the ·Arno lfiver was perhaps unprecedented. "For what has happened in the year since the Salerno Bay landings, all of us are proud and grateful. To the American, British and French soldiers who made this great Fifth A:rmy victory possible, we give our thanks and undying appreciation. But let us pause a moment in respect to those Americans, who, with their Allied comrades, made the supreme sacrifice in order th~t we might continue on. To them the free world of tomorrow will forever be indebted. Their deeds will never be forgotten. To the soldiers of Salerno now in their homeland or in combat in France, Italy or elsewhere, the Fifth Army renders a salute on this Salerno Day." * * * TAVERNELLE--SEPTEMBER 9, 1944..-At 0900 Maj. Gen. Partiger, AFHQ AA Officer called to see General Clark with General Bradshaw. Air Vice Marshal Dickson of the Desert Air Force arrived at 1230 to see the Army Commander. At 1300 General Clark decorated and promoted some 100 members of his staff. �At 1430 General Clark attended the USO show and concert at his headquarters. At 1500 the Army Commander watched exhibition boxing matches at which he met Joe Louis who was appearing on the day's schedule. At 1445 General Clark drove to the Fifth Army mobile radio station where he was introduced to Lieutenant Carstensen, Manager of the station, and members of the station staff. At 1700 Salerno Day program went on the air, and General Clark gave his Salerno Day speech. At 1730 General Clark gave a cocktail party for 500 officers of his headquarters, at which time he promoted Lieutenant Carstensen to 1st Lieutenant. General Clark shook hands with all members of his staff. After dinner Generals Clark and Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman attended a band concert given by the Grenadier Guards Band, after which General Clark retired. General Clark today received from General Mascarenhas the following reply to his cable of congratulations on Brazilian Independence Day: "I acknowledge receipt of your honorable message, concerning the date of Brazil's independence. "At present we E1re not only allies but true brothers in Arms, united by the same ideals in the struggle against the oppressors of people; your mes• sage demonstrates unmistakeably the bounds of sympathy and friendship as well as the identical sentiments which bind our country to your great country. "I am grateful then to you and to the Fifth Army in both my name and that of my staff for your affectionate expressions of cordiality and friendship which you expressed for our country and our troops." * * * TAVERNEUJE--SEPTEMBER 10, 1944--At 1000 hours the Right Honorable Mr. Amery, Secretary of State for India, Maj. Gen. Burch, Indian Army Lia5son and party arrived to visit General Clark. A guard of honor was held for the party. General Clark briefed lllr. Amery on the current tactical situation, after which the Secretary of State for India. and party left for 13 Corps. At 1115 Genera.ls Alexander, Harding and Lenmitzer arrived for a conference which lasted approximately one hour. Air Vice i~rshal Dickson arrived shortly thereafter for lunch with the Army Commander. After lunch ·General Clark flew to IV Corps where he decorated General Crittenberger, Corps Commander, with the Distinguished Service Medal. General Clark returned to his headquarters at 1700, played badminton with General Gruenther and dj_ned with the regular members of his mess. The Army Commander today received the followj_ng cable from General Alexander: "Confirming recent decisions g1.ven by C-in-C verbally, Fifth Army will develop their operations with a view to launching their maih attack on the Gothic Line on 13 September or as soon as possible efter. Meantime Eighth �Army will drive enemy north of the MArana. River and be prep~red to lFl.unch their main attack against the enemy position running southwest from Rimini approximately '24 hours A ter Fifth Army launch their attack on the Gothic .f Line. Fifth Army will signal the date of their main attack direct to Eighth Army repeated this headquarters imMediatel~ it is firrn. "Priority for air support is given to Fifth Army up to end inclusive 15 September, but C-in-C looks to Fifth Army to restrict demands to the essential minimum for 14 a.nd 15 September. In that WAY C-in-C hopes that sufficient air resources will be available to meet the essential requirements of both Armies on those two days. Priority for air support subsequent to 15 September will be decided later by C-in-C according to the way in which the sit'UE!tion develops." General Leese, CoMma.nding Eighth Army, sent the following cable to General ClP.xk today: "My very best wishes to you and the Fifth Army for a great success in your forthcoming operation. I look forward to our joining hands in the Po Valley. The best of luck." * * * TAVERNELLE-•SEFTEMBER 11, 1944--At 0830 Generals Clerk and Brann flew to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in the vicinity of Vada. The P.:rrny Commander was met at the airfield by General Mascarenhes, Commanding General of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, and Colonel Brisach and Captain Walters, Fifth Army liaison officers. General Clark observed a training program, visiting ROT Headquarters where he was met by General Zenobio, Commander of the 6th Brazilian Combat Team. With Generals Mascarenhas and Zenobio, Generals Clark and Brann visited artillery battalion headquarters and infantry ba.ttali.on command posts where they observPd combat training. The Arrrry Comander returned to his headquarters at noon and at 1230 Lieutenant General Anders of the Polish Corps, with General Lenmitzer and Lt. Col. Szymanski, Polish Liaison Officer, arrjved for lunch. A guard of honor was held for General Anders. General Clark spent the afternoon in his van following the departure of General Anders, working and conferring with members of his staff. * * * TAVERNELLE-..SEPTEMBER l?, 1944--General Clf'l.rk flew to Florence et 0800 and was met by Colonel Smith, Headquarters Commandant, Colonel Hooper of the 337th Engineers and drove to see the site of the proposed new command post in the park in Florence. At 0830 General Clark drove in his jeep to the II Corps Headquarters in the vicinity of Pratolino where he was met by General Keyes with members of the II Corps staff and General Coulter. General Clark presented General Keyes wUh the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Silver Star. General Clark then spoke to the II Corps staff, telling them how confident he was of the prospects of the battle. General ClRrk then drove with Generals Keyes and Coulter to the 338th Infantry command post. Gene• ral Clark spoke to several of the officers and men. He then drove to the 91st Division command post where he was met by General Li.v esay who br:i efed �him on the current situ1'tion. The Army Commander then drove to the II Corps a.rtill"ry observation post in the vicinity of Snn Piero where he could observe mountain features rmd terrain of the Gothic Line to which the 85th and 91st Di~ visions were committed. He also could observe fighter bomber missions working on objectives just ahead of our front line troops. General Clark then drove to Florence to the II Corps cub strip where he took off for his headquarters. L I At 1230 the Anny Commander held a press conference and lunch for forth newspaper corresrondents. General Clerk briefed them on the plan of his attack a.nd what we could expect. After lunch General Clark returned to his van where he rested and worked during the A.fternoon. General Sullivan, General Hardig~, of the Office of the QuartermA.ster General, Genervl Chidlnw, Air Vice Marshal Dickson were guests of the General for dinner. During the week ending September 12, 1944, determin"d, aggressive y:etrol work was successful in maintai.ninp; contact as the enemy genernlly withdrew to_ his Gothi) position and our troops i;;ained considerable ground north of tbe Arno River. The attack by II Corps to penetrate the Gothic Line was launched "nd wns neveloping favorably ns the period closed. · * * TAVERN'"~LLE--SF.FTEMBER 13, 1944--General Clark flew to the II Corps cub strip in the vicinity of Pratolino, arr:iv:ine at ninl"! o'clock. He was met by Colonel Wil• lems, Chief of Staff of II Corps, and briefed on the current situation. The Army Comman<ier then drove to the 1st British Infantry Division where he was met nnd briefed by '·~ajor General Loewen. The Army Commander then drove to 13 Corps Headqua.rtl'!rs where he conferrt'ld with ~neral Kirkman. After 13 Corps General Clark visited the 8th Indian Division, where he wRs met and briefed by C~nernl Russell. Ee then drove to II Corps Headquarters where he tA.lked to Colonel Forter, Corps Deputy Chief of Staff . The General then drove to the 85th Division where he conferred with General Coulter and from here :ent·to the 34th Division where he lunched with General Bolte. After lunch the Army Commander drove to the 91st Division to confer with GenP.rtl.l 11.veso.y. General Clark then drove to Florence where he took off in his L-5 from the II Corps cub 3trip for his command post. The General dined quietly with the rl"gulnr memb"'rs of his mess. * * * FLOR~NCE--SEPTEHBE~ 14, 1944--General Clark moved his command post this morning to Florence. Frior to the move of the commRnd post, the Genernl se.w members of M.s staff. in his van. Maj. G<"'!n. Nace, G-1 of AFHQ, arrived at 1030 and conferred with General Clark for hnlf an hour. General Clark then took off by L-5 for the 1st Armored Division in the vicinity of Alto r>aschio. He was met nnd conferrt'ld with Genernls Crittenberger and Pritchnrd. After oonferrlng a.n hour, the Army Cornma.nder flew to Florence, arriving nt 1230, and lunched .nt the Anglo-American Hotel. After lunch General ClPrk flew to the II Corps air strip in the vicinity of San Piero. General Clark visited the 85th and 91st Divisions, met and talked with Generals Keyes, Coulter And Lives~y tind return~d to the hotel at 1700 hours, din:i.ng with Colonel Saltzrum and other guests. �FLORENCE--SEPTEMBER 15, 1944--General Clark arrived at his new headquarters in Florence at 0900. The Army Commander flew to the II Corps cub strip in the vlcinity of San Piero where he was met by his jeep and driven to the 85th and 91st Division command posts and II Corps Headquarters where he conferred with Generals Coulter, Livesay and Keyes. The Army Commander returned to his headquarters at 1630, dined w:i.th regule.r members of his staff and retired early. General Clark today cabled General Devers as follows: "I urgently request that in forwarding to the War Department current recommendations for promotion to the grade of general officer you follow my priorities. Your disregard of my recommendation in the case of Jay has embarrassed me considerably. The officers whom I recommend have served under my direct command and under the close observation of Corps Commanders, and we know exactly the priority in which these officers should be promoted. Your selection of Jay, .who was the last man on my list, has created a. difficult situation for me and for the II Corps Commander. If you are unable agein to follow my priorities I request that my views be sent with yours to the War Department. I urgently recommend that Colonel Niblo be included in the next list. You will remember he was approved by the War Department several months ago. He is the most deserving man in the Fifth Army for promotion. 11 The Army Commander cabled the following congratulatory message to General Kirkman today: "I am delighted w:tth the progress which has already been made by 13 Corps. Please accept my gratitude for the substantial contribution by your troops to the Fifth Army attack. 11 * * * FLCRF.NCE--SEPTEMBER 16, 1944--General Chirk conferred w:tth Genera.ls Gruenther, Brann and Howard in front of Ms van at 0830 this morning before leaving by L-5 for the II Corps cub strip in the vicinity of San Fiero. Here he was met by his jeep and visited the 34th, 91st and 85th Divisions. The General confe?Ted with Generals Kirkman, 13 Corps Commander; Keyes, II Corps Commander; Bolte, 34th Division Commander; Coulter, 85th Division Commander; and Livesay, 91st Division Commander. General Clark returned to his command post at 1730 and dined with the regular members of his mess. * * * FLORENCE--SEPTEMBER 17, 1944-eAfter the 0830 conference with Generals Gruenther, Brann and Howard, General Clark attended church services at 1000 hours. He spent the rest of the day in his\ van working on papers and conferrjng with members of his staff. At At 1900 Grassi, General 1730 he called on the Umberto Colleti's for tea with General Gruenther. General Clark d1ned at the home of Mr. & Mrs. Arturo Grassi. Mrs. an American lady from Indianapolis, is a mutual frjend of many of and Mrs. Clark's friends. �FLORENCE--SEPTEMBER 18, 19/44--After the conference at 0830, General Clark took off by L-5 for San Fiero. He was met by General Keyes and ~riven to the 85th Division where he talked with General Coulter. Following this conference, he drove to the 91st Division to see General Livesay and then to the 34th Division to see General Bolte. General Clark returned to the command post for lunch and spent the ti.fternoon in his van. This evening the General dined with the regular members of his mess. General Clark today sent the following message to General Mascarenhas: "Upon a previous occasion, when welcoming the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to the Fifth Army, I remarked th,it we expected grea,t things of an organization which displayed such ability and enthueiasm in training. "The performance of the BEF during its in1tial commitment to combat \ \ in a Fifth Army sector indicates that our expectations will be justified. Your troops, under your leadership, entered the line confidently, seized the ini.tiative, and moved forward with determination, occupying successive \ key terrain features in the course of their initial advance. "Despite the presence of demolitions and heavily mined areas and of hostile observation from commanding heights which permitted the foe to direct artillery fire against. men of the BEF, your troops went resolutely forward. Not only has the BEF started out in combat with a commendable spirit, but it has already shown ability to coordinate its operations with adjacent troops, indicating good leadership ana sound knowledge of combat technique. "Within a matter of hours after L."l.11nching your first attack, you captured the town of Massarosa. I am confident the.t this is but the first of many military objectives which subsequent operations will list as 'captured by the Brazilian Expeditionary Force 1 • 11 * * * FLORENCE•• SEPTEMBER 19, 1944--After the 0830 morning conference with his Chief of Starr, G-2 and G-3, General Clark saw Air Vice Marshal Dickson in his van to bid him farewell. At 1000 hours Mr. Antonini, Vice President of the A, F. of L., Mr. George Boldanzi, Vice President of the C. I. o., Messrs. Thomas O'Brien, Lanthor of the British Trade Union Congress, Colonel Smith, Director of Labor Sub-Commission ACC Rome, \~jor Siccula, British officer with the Labor Sub-Commission ACC Rome, and Major Grimsley, ADC to General Alexander, crune to see General Clark. General Clark oriented them briefly on the current situation, after which the British Labor representatives drove to 13 Corps, and Mr. Antonini and Mr. Boldanzi drove up to the cub strip in the vicinity of San Fiero where they met General Clark who flew in after spending fi~teen mjnutes enroute from his cormnand post with General Kirkman of 13 Corps. General Clark and party then dro,re to the command post of the 85th Division on Mount Altuzzo where they were met by Generals Keyes and Coulter. After a short briefing by General Coulter, the party proceeded up the mountain to an observation post overlooking the town of Barco and the terrain north toward Firenzuola. On the summit of Mount Altuzzo, which had only been taken the day before, there were still a great many dead Germans and fantastic devastation to be seen. ��9( Artillery fire could be observed and targets were in clear vie\v. General ClA.rk E!.nd party then droYt'! to the II Corps strip :in t~e vicjnity of San Piero, stopping enroute to eat K rations near a prison~r of war enclosure. General Clark, with an interpreter, jnterviewed several of the Gr.rm~n rrisofll'!rs. The General then flew to an a:ir strip north of Pisa •vhere he was met by General Cr1ttenberger, after which he visited the 45th AAA Headquarters and decorated General Rutledge with the Legion of r,nerit. He then drove to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force Headquarters where he talked with Generals Mascarenha.s and Zenobio. He returned by plane to his c0mmand post at 1700. General Clark gave a birthday party for Colonel Saltzman at the AngloAmerican Hotel. Gen~rals Gruenther, Brann, Moran, Colonels Wood and Saltzman and six other euests were rresent for dinner. The progress of the bA.ttle for the week end:tng Septemb~r 19th 5s as follows: Excellent progress was rrade along the entire front. The enemy position was weakened on the r-i ght as our forces drove a deep wedge into the heavily defended Gothic Line, CApturing the strong points - Mount Altuzzo and Mount Patrone in the Apennine wall, and accelerating the drive toward the Firenzuola area as the period closed. On the left, contact with the enemy was mro ntained 1rn unrelenting pressure forced his outposts further north ge_ nerally beyond the 90 northingil The Sixth CoMbat Team of' the Brazilian Bxpedi tiorw,r_y For_ e enteri,d the lin..,. nort c of Pisa as the ~irst South American troops fign~ing on overseas soil. * * * FLORE~ICE--SEJ,TEMBER 20, 1944•-General Chldlaw came to see C'reneral Cuirk jrnrnedit=i.tely following his staff conference this morning. At 1100 General Alexander and Mr. Oliver Littleton, Minister of Production oP Great Britain, arrived, and a guard of honor was held. General Clark briefed Mr. Littleton on the sitUPtion and conferred with General Alexander. Generals Alexander n.nd ClPrk, Mr. Littleton and General Chidlaw then drove from Gener~l Clark's Headquarters to the command post of the 85th Division where they were met by Generals Keyes, Coulter and Kendall. Generals Alexander, Clark and Coulter drove to an observation post on the SUJnmit of !fount Altuzzo. Enroute Generals Clark and Coulter rointed out terrain features nnd ~enerally oriented General Alexander on tte situation. On the summit of Altuzzo, Colonel Grogan, with severnl newspaper reporters, appeared and interviewed Generals Clark, Alexan::ler and Wir. Littl~ton. Enroute to Florence, General Clark and re.rty stopped in the field for a K ration lunch. Returning to Fifth Army Headquarters rt Florence at 1530, General Alexander and Mr. Littleton left immediately for AAI Headquarters at Siena.. General Clark spent most of the a~ternoon in his van and went to the AngloAmerican Hotel for a hot oo.th and returned for supper at his command post. * * FLORENCE--SEFTE11!3I:R 21, 1944--Imrnediately follovr.i.ng the 0830 conference this morning General Clark saw Maj. Gen. ~. C. Conch, Engineer General, AFHQ, with General Bowman, Fifth Army Eng:i neer, in his van. The r~st of the morning the General spent working on papers and conferring wjth VArious members of his staff. �After lunch Gl'!neral Cl~rk, with General:') Gruenther a.nd Hume, drove to Pis• tois. where they made a. sight-seeing tour of t},e city, after wti ich they drove to Montecatani wherl'! they 5nspected a suggested rest c11mp for Fifth Army personnel. The General returned to }1is headquarters nt 17'~0 and dined wit} GenerAl Brann in Florence. General Clark today issued the f ollovring directive to his subordint"te commanders: "1. Fifth Army operations in the PO ~,alley may fnll into two quite different types of action. The first of these possible or1erations is based on the assumption that Fifth Anny will debouch in the PO Valley in the vicinity of I~10LA while major German formations are still engaged with the Eighth Army generaJly Rast of CESENA (M 6007). The second is based on the assumption thRt the enemy troops now facing Eighth Army on the East oot'lst w.ithn.raw from that area prior to the time Fifth Army debouches into the !MOLA area. 11 2. Assumption 1. a. General - It is no 1 most probable that the 88th Infantry Di vision of II Corps, operating on the FIRE iztrOLA - !MOLA rood, will be the first Fifth Army division to break out into the PO Valley. Units of 13 Corps, operating on the right of this division, should break out shortly after the 88tr Infantry Division. 13 Corps plans call for the debouchment of units of this Corps generally in the vicjnity of FAENZA. It appears from terrain studies thet the best defensive position against a n thdrawal of G"JrmA.n forces facing Eighth Army would be gen~ra7ly along the LAfvOrJE River to the confluence River RF,NO and VALLI Di COMACCHIO. If units of II Corps thnt ha.ve d.ebouched in the IM01A are.-i. are in contact gen~rally along t}, is selected line, it may be necessary for 13 Corps to debouch f'rom its present maJn axis by lateral roads North nnd West of FAf~UZA. As rapidly a.s tJ-,is Corps can be debouched, it sl1ould be employed in tl e right sector of this possible defensive position. b. IT Corps tasks. (1) If GermAn troops A.re still facing the Eighth Army, generally East of C'ESE'•TA, it is important that II Corrs i111P1ec'iiately estnblfoh a bRse in the vicinity of rr:nLA and rom that base dispntcl , forces as far East as possible to ~in contact with the re,:ir of the German elements, demolish roo.ds and cover other Fift}, Army units that must be immedjptely sent out to take rositions across the maj_n highways to prevent the withdrawal of German forces. The forces required for this operation depend entirely upon enemy forces engaged with the Eiehth Army but plans should be ma.de to debouch at lea.st two U. s. D:i.v:isions heavily reinforced with artillery, tanks and tank destroyer units as rapidly as possible a.nd rresent pla.ns should include the adjustment of our forces now in contact to make possible tl,e early release of additional infantry units to sup}'ort the 88th In.,.antry Division when it-oomes out into the valley. The total number of u. s. troops thPt CA.n be broup)lt forward to reinforce troops engaged in this opl"lration will rlepend to a grent extent upon the condjtion of the road over which sup:rlie s must be moved. (2) As soon as possible after U. s. forces have come out into the PO Valley ;n the vicinity of IMOLA, a task f'arce will be immediately dispatched to the vicinity of' BOLOG 1A. his task force must include tanks, tank destroyers �and self-propelled artillery (Ind be sent there with the mission of blocking the routes of wi thdrl'l.vtal of nny German f'orces facing the center of the Fifth Arrrry forces. (3) 0 ome forces will have to be dispatched as far as FERRARA as protectjon against enemy troors threatening the left and rear of Fifth Army units fncin~ East. c. 13 Corps task: (1) Depend1ng on the situ~tion when advance units reach the FA'EtrZA areR, debouch into the PO Valley either directly North of FAENZA or sideslip to the left over lateral roads North and W est of FAENZA. (2) Occupy the :rj ght sector of the Lf\.MONF, line. 3. Assumption 2. a. General - In the event the enemy ~rmed forces now engaged on Eighth Army front have disengPged and withdrawn prjor to the deboucM.ng of Fifth Army forces into the PO Valley, Fifth Army will advance as rap-:dly as possible to the North to cross the FO River with the mission of securing T'!A11JT0l!A and 'mRO',TA and preventing the· movement of enemy f'orces Eastward. In tM.s cA.se, II Corps will: (1) Upon debouching into the ro Valley in the vicin:tty of IMOLA immediately send a task force to the OOLOCPTA area to block the routes of wj thdrawal of any German i'.' orces f'acing the left and center of the Fifth Army forces. This force must include tanks, tank destroyers and self-propelled arti111'ry. (2) Continue the attack, seizing crossings over the :ro River between BORGOFCF.TE and SBRMIDE. (3) Capture WUOVA and ,!El.O'TA. (4) Tnke up initial defensive positions along the Rivers mncro and •,lTZA. ( 5) Employing necessary minimum f9rces, refuse its left flank South of the PO River generally along the River E~TZA. (6) Be prepnred to exploit to the West. (7) Maintain contact with Eighth Army. b. !lO'!'E: All plans :made will be based on employment of not more than three infantry divisions and one Armored division. c. l '3 Corps will, after debouching into the PO Valley, revert to Eighth Army at a time to be announced later. There nriy be some delay in moving the 6 South African Armoured Division from IV Corps a.rea and returning it to 13 Corps but it wil] be accomplished at the Mrliest practicable opportunity. 4. Under either assumption IV Corps will: a. Continue to advance to the iJorth. b. Release 6 South African Armoured DiVisio:1 to 13 Corrs at the earliest opportunity. �c. Prot"'ct Fifth Army left flank. d. Maintain contact with II Corps." General Alexander today wrote General Clark as follows: \ "I have just heard that having cleared up the FORTtTNATO ridge, lea.ding troops of Eighth Army have reached RIMINI and the 1,1i.RRECHIA river with little or no opposition. Leese I know intends to launch the 'Jew Zealand Div and 5 Canadian Armd Div to follow up as soon as he can get bridgeheads across the river. As l Br Armd Div have b~en heavily engaged and have had considerable losses, the launchinF-; of N.Z. Div and the Canadinn Armd Div will leave Eighth Army without any fresh armoured formation to sustain their advance, which they will neii,d more than ever now that 90 P.G. Div has bngun to aprea.r on their front. I am therefore extremely anxious to as•}emble an arnoured division in reserve behind Eighth Army as quickly as possible. "I had originally l1oped that it would have Div over the mounta:ins to join in the battle in roads so hea:rily demolished I think it will now by the East coast, where they will also he most and reinforce, or go through the lfew Zealanders been possible to pasr; 6 .Armd the PO Valley, but with the be quicker to move them round suitably ple.ced to follow up and Canadians. "I realise that you too will be hard rressed for reserves, but as the battle hns d!'lv"'loped I think Kirkman should be able to do all that is possible on his front to assist your battle with l Br and ~ Ind Div. In fA.ct I feel sure he will not be able to maJntain all of those two divisions forward. As the front loosens up, which it shovrs signs of doing now, it looks very much a.s if 6 Arrnd Div will be 11.utomntically pinched out anyhow. Moreover I doubt if the armoured bri1:ytde is making any useful contribution to the battle now. "What I woulrt like therefore is to begin to move 6 Armd Div over to the East coast, startinP, with the armoured brigade and Div H.Q. as soon as Eighth Army can assemble the tr,msporters which will takl'! a few days, nnd following with 61 Inf Bile as soon as Kirkman can release it without detriment to your battle. 1 Gds nde which you hnve already very nobly released for 10 Corps could then re;join its divfoion in the F.ast c0c:'1.st sector as soon as tre enemy really begins to pull out on 10 Corps front, of which there r,re signs this morning. "I would like r, Armd Div H.Q. to be relea.sed At l'lbout the same time as the armoured brigade so that they can organise the move of the division and its assembly ln the Eastern sector, and I ~uggest that g Inrl Div could wHhout any diC'ficulty take over command of 61 Inf Bde as long as th;it formation rema.ins in th!'l line. "I me know out the me Know should be very grateful if you would examine these proposals and let as cioon as you can if you agree in principle. '"he staff can then work details. I shall be in all day so rerhaps you will ring me up and let what you think as soon a.s you have had time to examine the problem. "As you know, I am most anxious to avoid doing anyt'bing thvt would j_n any �95 way pre,judice your battle, but I run sure you will agree thr>t it will be to ev~ryone 1 s ndvantnge if we can get another ~rmoured division into reRerve during the course of the next week or so and into country where it can be used, and this seems to me to be the best rim quickest way of a.chievin~ that object. "I nm delighted to hear tlrnt your lea.ding troops are acrof-1s the SA""ITERllJO river. They have done mal;!lificently. All the best of' good luck today." * * FLOR'ENCE--SEJ'TEMBER 22, 1944--General Clark flew to the II Corps cub strip at San Fiero where he was met by his jeep and driven to the 85th Division command post i.n the vlcinity of Barco on Mount Altuz?..o. Here he wr,s met by Generals Keyes ~nd Coulter and conferred with them for B. short time. From thf'l coMmand post of the 85th Division, General ClElrk cPlled General Gruenther to order f'iP,hter bomber missions on thrM targ..,ts northwe"'t of Firenzuola. Thirty mi nut es lat~r General Clark could observe the bombers perform:ing their missions. Gen"rnl Brann arrived at the 85th Division Heedquarters and joiMd Generals Clark, Keyes and Coulter in oonference. Gen~rals Clro-k and Keyes then dro~e to an observntion post overlooking the valley of Pirenzuola where they could observe the enemy held hill features of Mount Bene, Freddi, Sasso Di Castro to the northeast, Canda to the north and La.fine to the northv,e 3t, as well as enemy and our mortar and artillery fire. Genernl Clark then left General Keyes and drove to the 88th Division in the vicinity of San F'ellegrino, just three mil"s southea.st of Firenzuola where he met and conferred with General Kendall. General Kendall stressed his rroblem of supply for the 349th and 350th Regiments, all of which had to be transported by nru.le on twelve-hour runs. Generi::1 Clnrk returned to the fi.-,ld at San Piero where he return"'d by L-5 to his com:r.iand post in Florence. Mr. Amberg, Special Assistant to the Secretary of Vfar; Brigadier Gener,:il Greenbaum, Executive to the Under Secretary of War; Lt. Col. Knowles, Office of the Secretary of War; and Col. Mricon, clnssmate of GenerRl ClArk :>t West Point and also of the TTnder Secreta.ry of War I s Office, were the General's guests for dinner. * * FLORE??CE--SEPTET1BER 23, 1944--Following his 0830 conference this morning, General Clark conferTed for half an hour with !i'aj. Gen. Almond, Comnanding General of the 92nd Division. The Army Commander flew in his L-5 to the cub strip at San Piero at ten o'clock where he was met by Mr. Amberg, General Greenbaum, and Colonels Macon, Knowles and Grogan. Mr. Amberg t'lnd General Greenbmlm drove v~ith GenerRl Chi.rk in his jeep to the 85th Division in the vicinity of' Barco on 1."ount Altuzzo. Enroute GenerPl Cli:irk pointed out terrain features Rnd enemy fortifica.tions which the Fifth Army had overcome. At 85th Division headquarters General Coulter briefed General Clark and party on the current situation, after which General Cl.l'.lrk took the party to �an observation post overlooking the vn1ley of Firenzuola, pointing out key terrain features held by the enemy. Enemy artillery could be observed, as well as our artillery. Genernl ClA.rk returned to the cub strip at San Fiero, where he took off for his headquarters in Florence. The General spent the afternoon in his van, conferrinP, with members of his sta.ff. At 1730 n,1r. Amberg, General C'.rreenbaum and Colonels Macon, Grogan and Knowles came to say goodbye to General Cl.Rrk. After havinP, dinner with the regular members of his ness, General Clork took an hour's walk wjth General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman and retired early to his van. General Clnrk cabled Genernl Uexnnder ns follows toda.y: "This heanquarters has been a.dvised that disembarkAtion of remainder of Brazilian Di vision will take place at Naples because Navy objects to Leghorn for reasons which are not clear. I urgently recommend that strong representations be mede to have these troops unloaded at ti,ghorn. Training can then be supervised- by my headquarters and entry into battle will be expedited by at least two or three weeks." * * * FLORE'flTCE--SEP.rEimER 24, 1944--Genere.l Clark remained in his van today, working on administrative matters ro1d conferring wj th VA.rious members of his stPff. In the evening h"' din~d with General Gruenther, Colonel SaltzmA.n and Mr. & Mrs. Grassi in his mess at the oomffl!3-nd post and then snw a movie in his conference hut. General Alexander today sent the following cable to General Wilson regarding the disembA.rluttion of the BraziliA.n Division at Naples: "I understand thRt for naval rensons disembA.rkA.tion of remn:inder of BrA.zilian Division is pl nned to take place at ~aples instead of Leghorn. It is most :important to get this division up quickly to oomplete its training under Clark and to get it into battle at earliest opportunity. As you know my mArgin over the enemy is narrow. By disembarking this division at Leghorn it will affect the hattl~ two to three weeks sooner and this mAY make all the difference. Incicl1imtally this would avoid serious loss in maintemnce tonnage causen by a rail move. I hope th~t you will be able to arrange mtters accordingly with C-in-C ~led. 11 General Leese sent General ClArk the following congratulatory cable today: 11 ~any congratulations to you and your Fifth Army on your great achievement in breaking throUP,h th!' mountains. The best of luck and may we join up soon." * * * FLOREl{GE--SEf'TF.JIDER 25, 1944--Follo,,ing his 0830 conference, the Army Commander remained at his oommand post all day to<1ay, working on an accumulation of papers and conferring with his staff. �In the afternoon he received ~nerAls Chidlaw and Cannon And discussed with them the employment or the Strntegic and Tactical Air Fcrces in support of Fifth Anny operations. The General dined with the regular members of his ness and retired to his van early in the evening. General Clnrk today replied to General Leese' congratulatory cable of yesterday as follows: 11 I deeply apprecinte your CP.ble of oonp:ratulrttions. The ta"'k of Fifth Army was made much easi"'r by th" splendid accomplishments of the court1geous troops of Eighth Army." * * FLORRNCE--SFJTEMRFR 26, 1944--GenerAl ClErk srent the mornfop; working in his van. At 1::no General Dutra, Brazilia.n Minister of War; Gimeral Mascarenhas, Commanding the Rrazili.a.n Expeditionary Force; General 7,enobio, CoillI!l1lnding the Brazilian Regimental Combat Team; Colonel Machado, Secretary to the Brazilian Minist•r or War; Maj. Gen. Wooten, Commanding TJ. s. Army Forces, South Atlantic; Brig. Gen. Kroner, n. s. Military Attache to Brazil arrived and were greeted by General Clark. A guard of ho~or was held for Generrl Dutra and party. General Clark then briefed General Dutra and other guests on the current Fifth Army situation. Generttl. Clark expressed to General Dutra the great honor and privilege for the Fifth Army to have Brazilinn troops fight1ng by their s:i.de. General Clnrk entertained Genernl Dutr~ and p>.rty at a buffet lunch in his conferl'!nce hut. r.~ny members of Genernl Cl:>rk' s staff were present. After lunch Genera.l Clnrk bade goodbye to Genern.l Dutra and party and spent a quiet afternoon in his van. In the evening the General dined with the regular members of his mess nnn retired early to his van. A summary of operations for the week ending September ?6th is as follows: Fifth Army cont:i nued its offensive to brenk through the enemy's defl"lnse positions and debouch into the IO Valley. TI Corps committed the 88th Division on the right and succeeded in breaching the Gal'IHC Line, seizing key features on the Tforth slopes of the APF. 1TI'ITNF: watershed, and, assisted by 13 Corrs attack on the rii:;ht, was threatening to slash cor,munications 11nd plug the escare routes of en.-,my forces engaged before F!jphth Army to such an extent that numerous counterattacks were being hurled recklessly across our front. The enemy was frantically shifting troops pi.ece-meal from qujeter sectors in nn effort to slow further progress toward the end of the period. On the left JV Corrs troops continued to aggressivelv r~trol, rn._q1ntaining oontact wjth the enemy, closel•r folloVJinf; up w~~ thdrawals along its front nnd attacking at some oints to gain local oryjectives and drive the enemy ~urther North. The 1st Armored Division(-) was detached from IT Corps P.nd rlaced on an alert status, under Arm~ control, for possible use in a rapid e:xrloitntion role. General Clar~ received the followin~ message today from General Alexanrler's Headquarters: �11 General Alexander has received the following messt-,ge from General Wilson: 'Please accept f'o:r Yourself and convey- to General Clark and General Leese my oongratufations on the operations of the rast week~ which hRve r1t least resulted in the brea.king of the Gothic Line and have pt!'lved the wav for further great victories. The skill and speed with which the Eighth Army was regrouped once more completel~, surprised Kesselring. This fl"l.ct and the determinrition of the advance resulted in the earlv breAch of the enemv 1 s most easterly defences and coupled with the bitter fighting which follows has forced him to use up more and more of his reserves on that flank. 'T'he determined ottA cks the Ameri• can and British troops of the Fifth Armv in most difficult country have now breached the Gothic Line at its strongest rlace and Fifth are ready to push forward into the plains. All this reflects the grePtest credit on the leader• ship of commanders, but it cnuld onlv hl"lve h~en achieved as a result of the grMt courage tmd skill displayed by officers e,nd other ranks. I hope that the crossin~ of the Rubicon will leed, as with a f'A.mous commander in the past, to decisive }Tictorv and the destruction of Kesselring' s Army. 111 * FLOR~NCE ... -SEPTBI'!BER 27, 1944--Following the conference, Genernl Clark flew at 0900 to the II Corps cub strip in the vicinity of Scarperia where he was met b;r Generals Dutra, Wooten, froner, Mascarenhas and Ke;ves. General Clark, with General Dutra and Ma.jor v:alters his interpreter, drove over Mount Altuzzo I ass. General Clark pointed out terrain features to G.neral Dutra, explainin~ the enemy defenses and relnting the difficult task in eaining this ground. He then drove to an OF overlook:tn~ the vane,, of Firenzuoln. ;.Jhere General Chi.rk pointed out to General fiutra and other 1s11ests the mountain featm·es over which 1'~ifth Army troops wer~ not" fiP,hting. Enem~v as well as Fifth Arm;r artiller;v fire and nllied fi~hter bomber missions oould be observed rrom the OP. General Clark then bade Bt)odbYe to General Dutra and pl'l!'ty and drove in his jeep down a roa<'l entirely under- enemy observation. to the 85th Division, two miles east of Fir"nzuol/3. where he conferr"'d with General Coulter. Having srent half an hour with General Coulter, General ClArk then d.rove to the 88th Division in the vicinity of San rellegrino where he was met by General Kendall, Acting Division Commander, and was briefed on the current sitootion. General Clark lunched with General Kendall at his headquarters. After lunch General Clark drove to the 88th Divis1.on cub strip two miles north of Ti':irenzuola where he was rnet b:v his cub plane, nnd he flew back to his headquarters jn Florence. The (}eneral dined with the regular members of his mess and spent a qujet evenjng in bis van. Genenil Clark toda.~, replied to General Wilson's cable of yesterday as follows: General Alexander has conveyed to me your congratul~tions on the operations of' the past vreek. I deeply appreciate your kind message and hope that we may shortlv 'succeed in destroving. the German armies in Italy." 11 * I �FLOREN'CE--SEFTEMBBR 28, lq/+4--Aftt'!r the early morninP, cxrnft'!rence Gl"!neral Clark flew to see General oole of the 6th South Afr:t can Armored Division, returning for lunch at his headqWlrters. G"'neral Almond, Comnnnding Genernl of the 92nd Division, luncht'!d with G1mera1 Clark. The Genl'!ral spent the af'ternoon in his van. He conferred for ::in hour with )fajor Gent'!rnl ~'looten, Commc.nding U. S. Arn1y Forces in the South f,tlantic. At 1600 Mr. Eown.rd of r-mc, who was givinP, his fi..rst Army Hour rndio broadcast from Florence tonight, came to see General Clark. The Gen~ral briefed Mr. Howard on the current ?ifth Army sitmtion. The Gt'!nernl d-1 ned quietl:r with the r~gulEi.r members of his mess this evening and retired earl:v to his mn. General ClArk received the following cable from General Leese upon his departure from command of the ~ighth Army: ''I ~.m so sorry that time is too short for me to see you to say goodbye before lea,rin~. I haw, i;reatlY ttppreciated our corrHal coo:reration throughout the carnrai~ and hope we mav m"!et again in another theater. The very best of luck to :vou. Hv hest 11ishes to Al Gruenther." * * * FLORF.NCE--SEFTBMBER 29, 1944--The General spent the entire day, following his earlv mornine confert'!nce, in his van working on administrative ml'1tters and conferring wjth various staff officers. In the afternoon General CL~rk went to the Anglo-American Hotel for a hot bath, after which he entertained Generals Gruenther, Sullivan, Bradshaw and Colon!'!ls Saltzman and Nygaard for a drink. Generals Clnrk and Gruenther, with Colonel Saltzman, dined with flr. anrl Mrs. A.rturo Grassi at t},eir home in Florence. General Cl.Rrk today replied to General Leese' message of ~,esterday as follows: "Your message deeply appreciated. I nm very sorry to see you leave. I have enjoved and apprecfated our nnr.;ocfrtion in this .joint campaign. Good luck in ~rour new assignment. 11 General Clark today received th~ following letter from Lt. Gen. Harding, Chief of Staff, AAI, regarding Allien Occupation of '1estern Italy: "Referenee this Feadqunrt~rs letter v1A/5Y, of 11 Serternber. "1. APJ1row1.l has now been given b;v A.F .H.Q. to the rroposals in Jf:1ra- graph 7 (a) & (b) • . 2. As regards the quecition of the attitude to be Pdopted towarns the VFtrious poHMc~l rArti.es in We<1tern Itttl:V, the Supreme Allied Commander has directed thAt the poli?Y of the A!lie~ Corym~nd will be to suprort the ~uth~rjty of the Government of Signor Bonomi which incluAes r~presentrtives of the six· 11 �loo principal parties in the State . because it is pursuing a policy effort, and in internal affairs and influences. ~he Government tion of the future constitution people are in a position freely The Allies are supporting this Government of ma.ximum Italian pt1rticipation in the war is pledged to the abolition of Fascist methods is also pledged to postponement of the quesof Italy until such time as the whole Italian to express their opinion. "It should be pointed out to the various political elements in Western Italy thtit it is their duty to cooperate to the full with the Allied Mj litro-y Government officials, who will seek to restore civil administration and public services; and that they will be expected to refrain from any political or industrial action which would hinder military operations, or undermine the position of the Italie.n Government · of Signor Bonomi. This will not prevent free expression of political opinion to the ex.tent which considerntions of securjty allow. "Contact between the political leaders of Western Italy and the Italian Government should be encouraged." * * FLORENCE--SEP'I'EMBER 30, 1944--'J'he General spent the · early part of the morning in h:ls van. At 1000 ,hours the Army Comr,1ander held a press conference for forty newspaper correspondents in his conference hut. General Clark explained to the coITespondents his future pl8ns and the prospects of the battle.· The General placed particular stress on the fine air support he has had and explained in detail to the corrfl}spondents the "Rover_ J2e" set-up. After the conference, General GJ;:i.rk talked to many o.,. tlie cor1~esponden-fs. Lt. Col. McCreary, PRO of MAF, told General Clark that his orientation on air-ground support was the clearest and most concise exrlanation he had ever heard and that he would mke a full report to ~neral Eaker on General Clark's press conference. 17 After lunch General Clark d.ro ve to 13 Corps in Bol'go Lorenzo. Enroute, he met General K~yes who joined him in his jeep. Generals Clerk, Kirkman and Keyes conferred for an hour in General Kirkm,m 1 s van, after which General Clark drove back to his oommand post 1n Florence. Brigadier and Mrs. Stayner and Brigadier Divers came to dinner with G~neral Clark this evening. Operations for the month of September may be summarized as follovrs: ~ • Ground Farces: A crossing in force all along the ARNO West of FLORENCE was begun to maintain contt1.ct at the beginning of the month as 13 Corps continued to gain ground rorth and Northeast of the city. Elements of II Corps ~ssed through the left of 13 Corps but enemy defensive positions were not fully developed nor a full-scale attack lt1.unched for severnl dnys until the 85th Div was committed on the right flank . While outer defenses of the GOTHIC Line were cracked and a penetration shortly begun a determj nedly fighting enemy made excellent use of rpugh terrain to prevent a rapid Pdvance or break-through. Strongpoint after strongpoint was taken but each successive feature was just as stubbornly defended though perhaps not as heavily fortified as the main positions . M. CALVI and M ALTO were captured but the form.tdable mass of M GAZZARO M' FAGGIO - M CAS'T'BL GTTERRINO lay ahead . M. ALTUZZO was won but the heights of M PRATmlE and M ACUTO next had to be scaled. FIREl!ZUOLA, Northeast of FUTA 1 ��l O[ PASS, '.'fas occupied but the twin pea.ks M FRF.DDI - M BENI and M GOGIOLA, M CANDA a.nd M CnLORETA surrounding it to thf"l North also had to be cleared. The 88th Div was employed on the riP,ht flank to drive toward !MOLA and reached M BAT"'IGLIA where repeated counterattacks and stiffened enemy resistance m,:,de further adv~nce verv difficult. The weiP,ht of the attack then shifted from the axis of the FIRF.NZUOLA - IMOLA Rood to Route 65 directed on BOLOGUA. M CA IDA was outflanked and :later secured, all these key features end m.'9.ny others were in our hnnds with the ~dvance continuing to rush forward as the period closed. 13 Corps relieved elements of II Corps, taking over the zone occupied on the right by the 88th Div, while continuing to attack Northeast l'l.long its front nnd genernlly conforming to the ma.in advance. In IT Corps sector PISA was occupied and the fKlt~ PISANO hill nnss cleared when the period opened. During the month ~·nilTE ft.IJ3A'N'O and the important tovms of PISTOIA, LUCCA and VIAREGGIO were ceptured. IV Corps continued to engAge light enemy forces by aggressive patrol action and constant forward rz-essure along jts entire front and preptJred to a.ssist the main effort by a strong P.dvnnce up the PRATO BOLOrrNA Road. ~he first BraziliAn troops to fight overseas entered the line in a sector near the coast durinR September. ]• Air Supwrt: A totel of 11~ mi~sions or 7416 individual sorties •~ere flown durin1; the rionth of September in direct support of Fifth Army operations on virtually every oonceivable type of rern.merative target. Despite much poor weather and ba.d visibility very ~ood results w~re obtl'lined. A total of 129 missions, 638 sorties, wer('! handled by "Rover Joe" on c~ll targ.ets request-) "'d by forward units for close support with excellent results f!nil much vriluable . time saved. . . ..R. 4 "-Qw--'t ; - . ~ -:lo q~ ~ t- ~r i.;'-' * ·~~~--~~- 'Pt., * * FLOR.ENCE--OCTOBER 1, 1944--General Cl~rk left his command. post shortly Rfter hi.s early morning conference and flew into the Futa Fass, lPnding on the road on Route #65 where he was met by his jeep nnd driven to the 91st Division in the vicinity of Sru1ta. Lucia. General Clark also visited the 85th and 34th Divisions. At 1/..30 General Clrirk met GenerRls Alexander, Harding and Lernnitzer on Route .%5 . The General returned to his command post at 16oO hours and entertain-,d members of his staff in the conference hut with n movie. General Cl.ll...rk today received the folJowini; messAge from General rv~cCreery upon his assumption of command of F.ighth Army: ",1'any thnnks for your kind message. It will be a great pleasure to me to work i.n the closest cooperation with Fifth Army during our r>dw.nce. 11 * * * FLORENCE--OCTOB'SR 2, 1944--Generals Cnnnon, Lernnitzer And Chidlfl.w came for bren'kfast this morninr,- and conferred w1th General Clark. The G"nerel spent the morning in his va.n ,,vorking on papers and conferring with rnembr-rs of his staff. General Yroner called to see General CL~r'k at 1500 hours and conferred � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 12-September 30, 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 12-September 30, 1944. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1638 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/fbeff5f10ef3854715bc2f9c4c46d832.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=Im8bRMyYHI7%7EcRetsHDMt1NG3strhsKtbbAl2XQK4pAfyfQWoA1mefRoAJ9tUpNUExOJzHqae2VYn-4IY1xFQ8pH7XZoUjkbFwLrG8W6L0sjBz90UnsVDk0B3izuiO-9emWhU7XyNKwSddyeArmZgxthwkE6k2HL2GP0J3yn3Uur3Hj1lV7Fpqrek0UTlH1hl7bdIMCjupT-AtAFOwqBxD0yx0FvWwLLNURqrWFCoLzgGaYmWG90py6T4U8FqZg9dquVttYuPoKK-qwkI7u%7EXtzz1T1745OoAcKgmJsBONxT8sZGtWaIEIf1N5opT7tN0yO0rF3wfh8YIERrV%7Ev07Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27607d6bb9b4d3fa0d63be15d3143dad PDF Text Text Lf THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM As a result of my 48 hours contact with Marshal Konev I feel our relations have improved considerably, with indications that he will make some concessions from their hitherto difficult attitude." 11 7. * * * V * SA,LZBURG--AUGUS'f 26, 1945-- General Clark conferred with General Saltzman and General Brann on displaced persons and prisoners-of-war in the American Zone of Austria. The purpose of the meeting was to see if a solution could be reached in order that the displaced persons may be disposed of as rapidly as possible. Comdr. M. !. Musnanno of Headquarters, USFA, conferred with General Cilark quite some time on a personal matter. At 1030 hours General Gruenther arrived by plane and immediately went into conference with General Clark and General Brann concerning the results of a Depity Commander meeting which had been held the day before. The conference lasted through lunch and until around 1500 hours, when General Gruenther left by plane for Vienna. After the conference General Clark and General Brann took a long walk through the woods and returned to Headquarters around 1700 hours. In the evening General Saltzman and General Brann accomµi.nied by three other guests had dinner with General Clark. ( General Clark sent the following letter to General Eisenhower in regard to Enlisted Men travelling under their own supervision: "I am in wholehearted agreement with the spirit and purpose of the plan to allow groups of Enlisted Men to travel under their own supervision to points of their own choosing within our area, as outlined in your letter of August 20. "Accordingly,, I am sending out ten such groups of Ehlisted Men on Wednesday, August z:;. This number of groups, to be sent out each week, will be increased later. Each individual group will be composed of ten men, including a responsible non-com.missioned officer. Each group is free to plan and to follow its own itinerary, will be provided its own transportation, gasoline and the necessary rations and camping equipment. It will be at liberty to travel for one week but shall avoid entry into the Russian Zone and, initially at least, will stay clear of our organized leave areas. 11There is one further matter i'or consideration, which I want to mention at this time. Many of our men have not visited Italy and strongly desire to do so. To enable them to see the historic sights of Rome, Florence, Bologns and Venice, and to visit the renowned vacation, spots of Lake Como and Lake Garda, I shall make the necessary arrangements v1ith M'l'OUSA to permit them to travel in Italy, should they elect to do so. l �42 nThere is no doubt that the entire excursion project should be given a good publicity cami:aign immediately, both through coverage in the Stars and Stripes and through announcements on our Allied Forces Network radi stations . I will withhold my announcement until I received word from your headquarters that I may do so . in al). , I consider the plan an excellent one and , as it unfolds, improvements will be made, based on the findingfl and desires of the men themselves!' 11All General Clark sent the following letter to Marshal Ivan Koniev, Commander- in- Chief, Russian Forces in Austria: s. 1 want to thank you for the hospitality and kindness which you showed me on the occasion of my recent visit to your headquarters I was deeply touched by your underst~nding, your cooperation and your genuine desire to solve our Austrian probl~m in cooperation with our Allies . I assure you that I and my entire command will bend every effort to accomplish our mission with the full under standing of the different points of view which each of the Allies may have . 11 "Please accept my deep appreciation for your thoughtfulness in presenting me with the beautiful brief case . I shall always treasure it as a remembrance of my association with a grec1t combat leaderr. "I know that you are fully as disappointed as I am because we were not able to establish the Allied Council at our first meeting. However, I feel that with your continued cooperation and leadership we shall nevertheless be able to solve many of the problems which confront us until the Allied Council is set up. To facilitate our work, I shall be willing to confer with you at any time . · 1 expect to return to Vienna towards the middle of this week and will get in touch with you on Wednesday or Thursday to extend to you an invitation to coma to my headquarters, receive a guard of honor and have • 11 luncheon with me . At that time the princip:tl members of my staff will have the privilege of meeting you. "I would like, also , to ask your help on the occasion of that visit on certain matters, principal of which are as follows: (a) The movement of approximately 80 1 000 Hungarians whom the Hungarian representatives are anxious to accept . This• involves , as far as you are concerned, the mere passage by rail of these people without stop, through your zone . Having over 500 1 000 surrendered personnel and displaced persons in my zone, you will appreciate the necessity of moving some of these before winter. �43 (b) The commencement of the work by the Inter-Allied Kommandatura . This subject will include a discussion of the division of the facilities of the Innerstadt ~ "I am sure that you and I can again succeed in advancing a few steps,\ in spite of the fact that. we are blocked from the immediate establishment ► of the Allied Council . . } _ "Again may I tell you of my appreciation of your giving me the opportunity to meet you in Baden and of my anticipstion of being associated with you in the future !'. SALZBURG-• ..UGU&'T 27, 1945- General Clark conferred with General Brarm for sometime concerning various topics of immediate imp::,rtance in the Austrian setup. He next saw Colonel Colonna of the Engineers, who was followed by Colonel Custis, an old friend who dropped in to say bellow. Shortly after 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General Brann, left in a C- 47. for a short trip and is not expected to return until tomorrow. * ( '* * SALZBURG- AUGUST 28, 1945--General Clark was away from his office on a hunting trip and will return tomorrov,. SALZBURG- AUGUST 29, 1945• -General Clark landed in his C- 47 at 1435 hours at the Salzburg airport , accompanied by_ General Brann. He returned to his Headquarters and after lunch discussed the various problems which had a:risen dur ing his absence, later taking care of accumulated correspondence . At lWO hours General Keyes called on General Clark to say goodbye on his departure to take up command of the 7th Army. General Clark conferred with General Brann until 1900 hours and after dinner retired early. * * SALZBURG- -UGUST 30 , 1945 --General Clark saw Colonel Kirkman, Medical Officer , who gave the General a Typhus shot . -t 1000 hou.rs General Clark saw Colonel Brisach who is leaving for the States ani wanted to bid the General goodbye. Following Colonel Brisach, Co:l,onel Lloyd talked with the General concerning the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp in which the General was most interas~ed. �4Y Mr. Mccamy, head of Federal Economics Administration, saw the General: at 1100 hours, and at 1115 General Clark lef't for the airport . Before boarding his C-47 General Clark decorated Captain Adair , his pilot, with the Legion of Merit . Captain Adair is returning to the States shortly, after having been with the General for two years. General Clark took off from Salzburg at 1135 hours and landed at Tullin airfield at 1245 hours. He proceeded by cub to the cub strip in Vienna and motored to his office. Immediately after arriving at his Headquarters the General had lunch with General Gruenther, General _Tate and Colonel Porter. After lunch General Clark talked with General Gruenther and General Tate on the arrangements made for the reception of Marshal Koniev who is to ·visit the General's Headquarters tomorrow • .Next General Clark talked with General Saltzman concerning the deplorable conditions at the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp. At 1700 hours General Clark left his Headquarters and went to his villa where he had dinner with General Gruenther and Colonel Porter• * ( VIENNJ:-•Augtist 31, .1 945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours and conferred with General Gruenther for some time · on the forthcoming meeting with Marshal Koniev and his staff. He next saw General Lewis VAC Commander, who was followed by Colonel Porter . At 1100 hours General Clark conferred for some time with Colonel Rie:pe ·Qf G-2 on the Italian decorations which were to be presented in Milan in th~ near future. At 1200 hours Marshal Koniev, accompanied by General Zheltov and Mr . Kiselev, Political dvisor, arrived at USFA Headquarters and were met by General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr. Erhardt. After inspecting the Guard of Honor for Marshal Koniev which consisted of a comi:any from the 42nd Division, the party adjourned to General Clark's office where they conducted a confer ence which lasted until 1330 hours. In the meeting such topics as Hunf,,a,rian Displaced Persons being deported through Russian-occupied Austria to Hungary, food, and fuel were discussed. After the conference General Clark and guests had lunch in the Commanding Generalfi.s mess on th~ top floor of the Headquarters QUilding. Marshal Koniev and party de:p3.rted from Headquarters at approximately ltO0 hours. t 1630 hours General Clark left his Headquarters for his villa where he had di.n:ner with General Tate, General Lewis and Mr . Erhardt() · The following cable regarding the meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, was sent to the Secretary of State by Mr . Erhardt : "Despite fact llied Commission not yet officially established, considerable progress is being made by four Commarrlers-in-Chief. At meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, it was agreed, largely on General Clark's initiative, that eleven basic reports be prepared on urgent problems by subcommittees composed of representatives of each' power. Included V �in the subjects to be considered are political 1 activity, use of Austrian administrative machinery, supplies for Vienna, freedom of the press, compi• lation of lists of Nazis to be apprehended, disposition of Sudetenlanders and Volksdeutsche, and currency conver·sion, sub-committee reports on all of which are due on or be.fore September 10, and the subjects to be covered before the end of September are restoration of utilities, communications and tr~nsportat:i.on and study of Austrian food and fuel resources. 0 , ncordial relations exist between top Soviet and American officials, especially between Clark and Koniev. Clark is recognized as a man of action and successful combat leader. Considerable progress is being made in this direction, but this cordiality does not yet extend all way down. Food and' fuel are considered as paramount issues by Clark and MG is concentrating on their solution from a short range standpoint, in my opinion with fair hope of success. Clark does not want and will not partici:p1te in any arrangement that would permit the Austrians to freeze or to be on a starvation dietU * * VIENNA-·September 1, 1945---General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred with Colonel Grogan on public relations and later with General Gruenther. At 1015 hours General Lewis arrived to ·c onduct General Clark on an inspection tour of the warehouses in Vienna. General Clark took off from the cub strip at 1100 hours for Tullin airport where he took his C-47 for Salzburg, arriving at approximately 1230 hours. He went immediately to his office where he took care of accumulated corres,t:ondence and returned to his residence at 1500 hours where he remained the rest of the day. General Clark received the following telegram from the War Department: •tURAD AUGUST P 7013 raragraph 5 your view that formal establishment of Allied Commission should not be delayed contingent UJ?On meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers concurred here. State Department dispatched cable to London Embassy establishing United States position and urging British permit Mccreery to attend and particip:i.te AC meetings. Copy this cable sent to Mr. Erhardt, State Dept cable no. 84. In reply to this cable London Embassy advises that British Govt has reconsidered its attitude and now is in substantial agreement United States p:>sition~ British Gov. London also expressed hope that as result of instructions sent to Vienna formal meeting of AC could be held within the week., from 28 August beginning". r]' �) SALZBURG-- September 2, 1945•-General Clark remained in his villa during the morning and at 1100 hours went to the airport to meet General Eis enhower who was flying in from Frankfort in a C- 54. General Ei senhower arrived at Salzburg at 1128 hours accompanied by General T.J . Davis , and Lt . Summersby , WAC , General Eisenhower • s secr etar y . The party went immediately to the Schloss and at 1300 hours had unch. Shortly after 1400 hours General Clark took his guests to Berchtesgarden and to see Hitler's agles Nefl.t.., returning around 1600 hours . At 1830 hours the party had dinner in the small guest house and afterwards played bridge . General Gruenther arrived at 1700 and joined the group for the evening. * * * SALZBURG--September 3, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General E.i senb.ower , General Davis , Lt . Summersby and Captain Luther depirted for Dietlgut to spend the night at the General ' s country lodge in the Hinterstoder Valley.. The party had a picnic 1 unch on the way and arrived at 1400 hours , shortly after which General Eisenhower, General Clark and General Davis went fishing . They returned at approximately 1900 hours and after dinner spent the' evening in discussing old times . * * ( SALZBUR'G-- 4 Sept ember 1945- •General Clark and guests de:r:arted from the lodge at 1000 hours and arrived at the Schloss at 1230 hours . Arter lunch at 1300 hours General Eisenhower , General Dayis and Lt . Summersby departed in a C- 54 for their Headquarters. General Clark returned to his lodge in the late afternoon and spent the rest of the day fishing . * * * S LZBURG--September 5_, 1945• -General Clark spent the day at his lodge fishing with General Brann and General Gruenther . * * * * SALZBURG-- September 6, 1945-- G'eneral Clark rett1rned to Salzburg and after a short time at the Schloss went to his office where he took care of all accumulated correspondence and business . After lunch at the Schloss General Clark returned to his Headquarters where he conferred with General Bram. General Clark left his Hes.dquarters at 1500 hours returning to the Schloss where he spent the rest of the day. In the evening h~ had Miss Riley, secretary, General McMahon, General Ladue, Gaptain Mattox, Captain Luther a nd Mr . ·Beach for dinner . �General Clark sent the following cable to Major General Joao 'Batista Mascarenhas De Moraes, Commanding General Brazilian Expeditionary Force, Rio De Janeiro non behalf of the officers and men 0£ the United States Forces in Austria, I offer hearti st congratulations to your great nation on the 123rd anniversary of Brazil's independence, September 7o You may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of your Brazilian expeditionary force in Italy. I send you best wishes for a productive and eternal peace, and express our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in tranquility foreverl' The following congratulatory message was sent by General Clark to Lieutenant General Sir Bernard c. Freyberg, Commanding Gener-al, New Zealand Corps, AFHQ, Caserta: non. behalf of the officers and men of the United States Forces in !~ria .1-..extend hea!'ti.e.st col)gr:atulations to .you on your appointment as Q_overnor General of New Zealana. ou may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of the. New Zes.land Corps under your splendid leadership in the difficult Mediterranean campaigns. Today as we rejoice in the great victory so recently won it is our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in peace am tranquility forever. I send you best wishes for your continued success and for the la sting welfare of New Zealand. t' * * * SALZBURG-~SEPrEMBER 7, 1945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and after conferring for a short time with General Brann drove to the 124th General Hospital where he had dental work done by Major Meyers of the Dental clinic. At 1045 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters and saw Col. Burrill,Head of Liaison Section. At 1130 Doctor Schlem, Governor of the Province of Salzburg called on General Clark and discussed various topics concerning Salzburg. General Clark then left for lunch at 1300 hours. t 1500 hours General Clark went for a walk vdth Commander Musmanno , during which they discussed plans for writ:ing a book, and in the evening had dinner with General Brann. The following memorandum was received from Lt. Col Charles regarding the Austrian Russian Oil Negotiations. Vl. 'l'hayer, The Secretary General of the Socialist Party states with respect to the oil negotiations, that the Russians maintain that they acquired the right to take over German Oil interests in Austria as a result of the Potsdam greement. As the Austrians have no knowledge of the Potsdam Agreement, other than what was published, they can only take the Russian 1 s word for this. 111. ��0 2. The Russians, likewise claim that they can take over the plants in any way they see fit, but suggest that an Austro-Russian Holding Company with a Russian majority interest, would be more acceptable to both i:arties. n3 . The Russians have constantly stresse<i the necessity for keeping the negotiations quiet from the Americans . V "4• This information is as of noon 7 September 1945. "5. It is requested that the source of the above information not be revealed. tt6. The Vienna press today announces a draft law has been approved by the Renner Cabinet nationalizing the oil industry as well as the Electrical, Mining, Iron, and other heavy ind.ustries . The text of the law has not been published." i(r * * * SALZB1JRG-SEFTEMBER 8, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred shortly with General Brann. He talked to General Eisenhower on the telephone concerning a proposed trip to Italy, and also to Ambassador Kirk at Rome concerning plans for the trip. Shortly after• wards he saw Colonel Pesek, new Secretary to the General Staff and again conferred with General Brann. He left the Headquarters at 1200 hours and returned to the Schloss where he met Genera~ Gruenther, 'General Brann, General Tate, General McChrystal and Colonel Lazar and had lunch with them . He spent the afternoon at the Schloss with his guestso General Clark today sent the following ·cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: "Subject is Soviet Exploitation of oil resources in Austria . n1 . · Investigations made within pa.st few days by members of my staff make it fairly clear that Soviet representatives in Austria are exerting pressure on Renner Government to agree to formation of Austro- Sovlet Oil Corporation to exploit former German- owned crude oil producing properties in Soviet occupied .tJ ustria, principally in the region of Zistersdorf • . Soviets insist that Austrians sign agreement for establishment of such corporation prior to noon September 10th. First meeting of Allied Council will be held in Vienna at 1400 hours September 11th. v~ ��( "2. It is reported that Soviets accompanied original proposal to Renner with statement that according to Potsdam Agreement all German properties in E:astern Austria, including underground resources, belong to USSR . When Renner indicated that in his present provisional post he was unable to make commitments for Austria , the Soviets then presented proposal to cabinet . Shortly thereafter Soviets reported to have offered skeleton contract with following provisions: (1) That an ustro- Soviet Oil Corp:,r~tion be formed under Austrian Law: (2) That this corporation exploit former German-owned oil producing properties in Soviet Occupied Austria. (3) That this corporation be a private enterprise. To this ehd, the Soviet parties to the contract would be state controlled exploitation companies . The USSR, as such, would would not be a party to contract . (4) That ownership of corporation would be on a fifty-fifty·· basis by Austrian and Soviet interests . (5) That the principal officer of the corporation will be a Soviet national and the next officer an Austrian. Their depp.t ies would be reversed. ( 6) Soviets undertake to bring about maximum output of oil fields and will provide necessary equipnent. As part of their contribution, Soviets would turn over to the corporation former German-owned refineries in Soviet occupied Austria . ( 7) _ustrians to provide capital necessary for operations as their contribution to corporation. (8) . Austrian government to give corporation exclusive right to exploit oil wells which may be discovered anywhere in Austria in the future . n3 . According to reports given to me, Soviets have indicated tha0 the issue of pre- war ownership in the properties is not involved . They are only concerned with the present ownership or more specifically with the ownership a s of the date of the Potsdam Agreement . In this connection ) German actions after the annexation of Austria have complicated the question of ownership but Socony Vacuum, Standard New Jersey and British interests are all involved espec1ai1y around Zistersdorf. �"4. Date as of which property to be considered Austrian not clear. Soviets have stated they are willing to recognize as Austrian all additions and investments made by Germans in Austrian firms between [arch 12, 1938 and September 1., 1939 . Austrians prefer 1938 date . They say Germans actually made no new investments in Austrian firms between the two above- mentioned dates but that substantial Austrian oil property was tran~ferred to German firms . · 11 5. Soviet delegation handling oil matter here headed by Kunikin said to be Deputy Soviet Minister for Foreign Trade . It is not unlike11/ that . group is wholl:,y or in part a •; general Soviet Trade Delegation to Austria . )J ( "6. Soviet Delegation indicated it means to return to Moscow September 10 and therefore willing to leave blank in contract many un~ settled details . The delegation however , is insisting on having signed agreement before departure . Representatives of Remer attempting to ✓ delay to delay signing all by manner of means but it is not known whether they will be successful . Word was c ommunicated to Renner today to stall until after Allied Council meets . Russians have asked Austrians to keep negotiations secret but Austrian contacts were willing to talk until today. This morning they showed considerable reluctance for fear of personal action by Russians . Vienna press yesterday reµ,rted favorable consideration by Renner cabinet of nationalization law including crude oil production. This law has not been published and will not become a law until published . Renner press chief thinks publication unlikely and expresses opinion that main purp:>se of announcement of consideration 0£ the law at this time was to forestall the signing of Austro- Soviet contract . 7 . On September 6th, General Gruenther spoke informally to Genera l Zheltov about reports concerning Renner intention to nationalize oil industry and to sign private agreement for its production and distribution. He did not mention Soviet pressure but he emphasized that matter \ of such great imp:>rtance should ·n ot be acted on until after consideration by the Allied Council . Zhel tov gave no reply. { 0 ns. If I find that the Renner Government is unable to delay sign- \ in.g the · agreement until after the meeting of the Allied Council I shall f inquire of Marshal Koniev on Monday the status of the alleged agreement . I shall stress that the disp:>sal of an imp::,rtant natural resource which is vital to the Austrian economy should be considered by the Allied Council . What I object to is the methods the Soviets are pursuing in putting pressure on the Renner Goverr.ment and the unilateral interpretation they wish to give to the Potsdam Agreement without consultation with the other three Commanders. If ustrians are able to delay agreement I shall bring matter before llied Council on Tuesday. �Sl "9 . Request that my proposed action be confirmed by you as a matter of urgency. " • * * * ALZBUR S 1 FT.:£MBER 9 , 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and conferred with General Brann for some time o He took care of accumulated corresp:>ndence and other business and prerared his speech to be given at the dec oration ceremony He talked with Colonel Kir1'1nan con cerning the medical troops in Austria and at 1100 hours conducted the decoration ceremony held on the anniversary of Salerno . Day fter inspecting the Honor Guard consisting of a company from the 142nd Division with General Collins and General Reinhart, General Clark delivered a speech to the assembled officers and men . Next General Clark had the pleasure of presenting to his old friends and members of his HeAdquarters DSM 1-s and Oak Leaf Clusters to the D. S ,,M. '.!'.,hose who received decorations were General Gruenther , General Brann, General Tate, General Howard , General Lewis , General McMahon, General Iifor an, and General Saltzman fter presenting the rest of the decorations to some fifty officers and enlisted men, all the decorees and Section Heads gathered at the Schloss for a buffet luncheon given them by General Clark. Following the luncheon General Clark took a long walk and spent the evening at the Schloss * * * SALZBl"'R - SEPTEMBER 10, 1945 - General Clark left the Schloss for his Head quarters in Vienna at 0900 hours and after driving to Linz flew by B-25 to Vienna . He arrived at his office in Vienna at 1230 hours where he immediately had l_unch o fter lunch he saw General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt and had a long conference concerning the forthcoming llied Council meeting . He next saw Genera+ Tate and at 1545 hours Colonel Grogan and Mr . Bolling of Overseas News . Mr . Bolling desires to write an article for his paper on how General Clark is getting on_ s o well with Marshal Koniev and the Russians in general . -- - - .,,,,,... ----- . .t 1600 hours General Flory conferred with General Clark on the report of progress in the various fields in Austria and was commended by General Clark on the report which had been written . General Clark saw General Gruenther concerning the dinner which was to be given by the French, and was followed by Mr . Erhardt . Mr . Fodor and Mr . McCormack, news corres}X)ndents , called on General Cla~k 8:t his office for a short visit with him . General Clark left for his residence at 1730 hours where he rested until 1900 hours . t 1920 General Clark left his villa for General Bethouart 1 s Headquarters in the French Section of Vienna where he had dinner with General Bethouart along with General Gruenther , General Tat~, General Flory , Colonel Porter, Colonel Sutherland, Captain &.j_enow , Captain Luther and members of General Bethouard 1 s staff . fter dinner General Bethouart and General Cherrier conferred with General Cl&rk and General Gruenther and at 0300 hours General Clark left to return to his residence. �General Clark sent the follow:ing cable to General Fredd Blesse, Headquarters Army Ground Forces• ttMedical prob.lams in Austria dictate I must have best talent available . Would like you to head my Medical Section. Before making formal request for your assignment I would lik& to know if you could be made available. Will you determine if your headquarters would release you for such assignment and let me know by personal message? 11 General Clark received the following extract from an OSS report re• garding Austrian-Russian Oil Negotiations: · "4. On September 10 at 1600 hours Renner was called from meeting of Political cabinet to Russian headquarters where he was presented with contract for bis signature . Renner refused saying tmt political cabinet had again decided against signing for two reasons: 1) The Rermer Government cannot speak for the whole of Austria and the contract involves Austrian national interests. 2) No contract should be signed on a unilateral basis without, consultation with other members of the Allied Co~mission. "Russians were furious and cited previous support of Renner Government. s for point two, they declared the co.ntract was a purely RussianAustrian matter not of concern to the other powers . They insisted he re• t some evening with intention of signing. Renner said he would not return an that his answer was final . "Russians in threatening manner said this was a very serious matter and would be reJX)rted to Marshall Koniev . They stated that this refusal would make impossible any future trade agreements and implied that as a result of the present gover:rnnent 1 s ungrateful attitude, they would no longer feel obligated to support the Renner Government in its negotiations with the Allies. n General Freyberg of Headquarters 2 NZ Division sent the following telegram to General Clark. "My most sincere thanks for your kind message of congratulations sent on behalf of the Officers and men of the United States Forces in Austria . New Zealanders in Italy and the Middle East will remember not only the courage and steadfastness in battle of the United States Forces but also the never failing kindness and assistance which we have always received from you. After five and a half years of war we look forward to the days of i:eace which lie ahead and we hope that the friendships and associations which we have formed in war will continue and become strengthened to the benefit of our two countries . Once again my most grateful thanks for your kind message of congratulations . " �53 ( VIENN -•SEPI'EMBER 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther on the subjects to be discussed at first Allied Council meeting to be held this afternoon at 1500 hours. After the conference with General Gruenther, General Clark saw Colonel Neville of the Rome branch of Stars and Stripes with whom he discussed the p,ssibility of setting up a Stars and Stripes for Austria to be published in Vienna . After Colonel Neville, Mr. Erhardt conferreg with General Clark and was followed by Captain Winterhaler, Commander of the Navy Division of US!CA. General Clark had lunch at his Headquarters and at 1500 hours at• tended the first Allied Council meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Vienna.. Following the meeting General Clark flew to Linz in an L-5 and was met at the Linz airport by car in which he returned to the Schloss . * * * 1945- General Clark met General Eisenhower at the railroad station in Salzburg and at 1100 hours with General Eisenhower, Lt . Col . Stack aide to General Eisenhower , Lt • . John Eisenhower and Captain ·.G rann, left in a C- 47 for Venice . The party landed at the Lido at 1235 hours and was met by Captain Luther who had preceded the party to Venice . They went immediately to the Grand Hotel where they were met by Brigadier Lucas- Phillips, British Commander of the Vienna area . At 1.300 hours General Eisenhower and General Clark and p:1rty had lunch in the main dining room of the Grand Hotel , after which they toured the city of Venice in a launch and saw all the interesting spots . In the evening after dinner the party preceded in gondolas followed by a gondola of musicians through the streets of Venice, returning to the hotel around 2200 hours . SALZBURG--SEPrEMBER 12, * * * * S LZBURG-- SEPTiilffiER 13, 1945--General Eisenhower, Genera Clark and i:arty left the Lido in General Clark's C- 47 for Rome . at 0800 landed in Rome at 0930 hours, where they were met by Ambassador Alexander Kirk, Mr. '.P-itmon, executive to Myron Taylor , General T . K. Brown, Commander of t he Rome area , and Captain Luther who had again preceded the party. During the morning the party toured. Rome with Mr, Kirk, seeing the Colosseum , the Forum, the Catacombs; toured St . Peter ' s Cathedral, which was followed by an audience with His Holiness the Pope . and ,1 At 1300 hours General Clark, General Eisenhower and party had lunch with Ambassador Kirk at his residence . His Highness Crown Prince Umberto , General Brown and General Grady were among those present . General Clark and his guests took off from Rome airport at lE:o0 hours and landed at Nice airport at 18.30 hours . The party proceeded to General Eisenhov1er s vill at Cannes where they spent the evening with Ambassador Harriman and Miss arriman, General Deane and Lt . Kay Surnmersby. ~~ \ . l �( General Clark received Staff: the following cable from the Joint Chiefs of 01 . Subject is disposal of captured and surrendered e nemy war materiel produced for or used by the German Armed Forces. Reference S-18589 of 21 August . "2. You should endeavor to reach quadripirtite agreement on the provisions outlined in paragraphs 3 through 7 below. If by 15 October 1945 no quadripartite agreement has been reached you will comply with this directive in your own zone . "3 . As soon as practicable .you will destroy or reduce to scrap "\ all enemy war material in u. s. Zones in Germany and Austria with ex- } caption of items mentioned in paragraphs 4 through 7 below. In destroying or scrapping such material you should, whereever feasible , make provision for salvaging any parts and com:i;:onents suitable for civilian use . "4. War material suitable or adaptable for civilian use, except, aircraft, may be used to meet your operational requirements in your zone , including provision for needs of your forces, of prisoners of war and displaced persons of United Nations, of armed forces pending total disbandment or other disposition of such forces, and relief needs of civil p:>pulation. All types of enemy aircraft will be destroyed or scrapped except such aircraft as required for intelligence purp:,ses . All other transportation equipne nt should, whereever p:,ssible , be included in the category MSui table or adaptable for civilian use" . Any material retained by you and surplus to your requirements spould be rerorted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. "5. Sufficient war·material should be preserved to satisfy requests from you.r Government for war material for trophy purp:,ses, and for exploitation for scientific , experimental, and intelligence purposes . U.S. requirements will be forwarded to you shortly. n6. War materials which can be readily identified as having been acquired during the war in any way by the Germans f'Dom any United Nation shall be restored, providing, however, that mater~al susceptible only of warlike use shall be restored only when it can be identified as having been captured from the armed forces of any United Nationo "7. War material appertaining to ships and vessels of the German Navy should be preserved pending disp,sal instructions from the Trip:irtite Naval Commission in Berlin. Under Potsdam decisions such war material is to be handed over to the pov,er receiving German ships and vessels o German Naval uni ts are not included in this d:irective. �( �us. The Commanding General, USFET, should prop:>se that the Control . I) ' Council for Germany assume custody, through appropriate channels, of Germany war material interned· in neutral countries . In event of agree. ment on this point , and in the absence of Control Council agreement as to disposition of such material 1 .the u. s. share should be disposed of in accordance with this directive ." * * SALZBURG-MS PrEMBER 14, 1945--General Clark and General Eisenhower spent the morning relaxing on the beach. During the morning General Eisenhov,er received a message concerning Displaced Persons which necessitated his [ going to see General Patton at Munich, and General Clark returned to his Headquarters immediately After lunch General Clark took off in his C-47 and landed at Salzburg at 1730 hours . He was met by General Brann at t he airp:,rt and both returned to the Schloss , where General Clark conferred with General Brann on the Displaced Persons situation making prei:arations for an inspection tour to the Di·splaced Persons camps tomorrow morning. After dinner General ~lark retired early. General Clark received the following message from the War Dei:artment regarding long term supply arrangements for Austria ; ''I'he following :p3.raphrased message at the request of Secretary of State is passed to YQU• ( "On ll September at first meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers it was suggested by the British .Foreign Secretary that conference should discuss long term suPPlY arrangements for Austria . rrhe 4 Governments represented on the Allied Council Austria should instruct their respective represenatives to consult immediately on this question and submit their recommend.a tions as far as possible in time for them to be considered before the end of the present series of meetings This agreed on by Council of Foreign Ministers . 1 0 "With a view to an immediate consideration of these matters and sub" mission of reports not later than 18 September with such agreed recommendations as may be possible you should consult with your colleagues. 11!.t rr.ro each of your colleagues an identical telegram has been addressed". is desired that you. initiate action to comply with the a.boven . * I * �( SALZBURG--SEPT .BER 15, 1945--General Clark arrived at ·his office a.t 0945 hours and conferred with General Brann for some time on his proposed inspection tour of the Displaced Persons Camps in Salzburg, fols and Linz . General Clark left at 1030 hours accompanied by General Collins, Gener al Hume , General Ladue , Colonel Stevens and others. He inspected four camps in the vicinity of Salzburg and leaving General Collins at 1100 hours started for Linz where he was met by General Reinhart , and there inspected two Displaced Persons Camps . The party then proceeded to General Reinhart 1 s villa. for lunch. fter luncheon General Clark and party inspected three large camps in Linz . G eneral Clark was exceptionally pleased with the .condition of the camps as to organization, supervision and operation General Clark returned by car to the Horsching airfield at Linz where he bordered his C-47 and returned to Salzburg. General Clark returned to the Schloss and in the evening had Colonel Ostler, Colonel D 1 0rsa and other guests for dinner. General Clark received the following message from General Fred This is a reply to the message which was sent by General Clark on September 10, 1945: Blesse . Answering PV-7340. p:precfate message my release would not be favorably considered at this time by HQ ,AGF . Air mail letter follows;, 0 * SALZBURG- SEPT3MBER 16, 1945--General Clark left the Schloss for Vienna at 1000 in his car. He was met at the Horsching airfield by Colonel Martin, who had made arrangements for General Clark to continue his trip to Vienna in a C-47. Upon arriving at his Headquarters he immediately conferred with General Gruenther, who was followed by Mr . Freshman. In the evening General Clark had the following guests for dinner - Mr . Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Tate and General Saltzman, * * * * VIENN - EFT.EMBER 17, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Grnanther, Mr . Erhardt and General Tate . Mr . St . Aubin dropped in to say goodbye , and also Miss Ella Logan. The Allied Council meeting took place at 1100 and lasted until 1420 hours . General Clark who is the Chariman .of the meetings for September and for the first two meetings in October , with his guests , had luncheon in the General I s dining room. fter lunch General Clark left for his villa at about 1600 hours, and returned to his office at 1800 hours to receive tt . Christian Herter, Congressman from Massachusetts and Mr. Hanson, Agricultural Head of UNRR • Mr . Richter was also called into this conference . · General Clark left his office at 1930 hours accompanied by Mr . Herter , M!' . Richter, Mr . Hanson and Mr . Erhardt who were the General ' s guests for d inner. �( VIENNA---SEP'.,. EMBER 18, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and conferred with General Gruenther, General Lewis and General Saltzman. At 0945 General Clark interviewed Miss Benetzha with the idea in mind tha.t in the future Miss Benetzha 1 s services as Russian interpreter would be usedo At 1000 hours General Clark, General Lewis, General Tate and Colonel Samouce made an inspection tour of Vienna. General Clark remained at his villa during the afternoon and then accompanied by Mr . Thayer attended a French concert at 1700 hours . General Clark sent the follo wing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The message sent was in two parts - the first part contained recommendations agreed to in the Allied Council meeting on September 17, 1945 . The second part which is quoted below contains General Clark ' s personal views: ttThis is Part 2 of my P-7519 and contains my personal views . n1 . At the outset of the discussion it was made clear by the Soviets that they wouJ.d insist up:m a minimal feeding standard for Austria.~ The following prop,sal with regard to foreign sources of food supply was made by me and supported by the British and Fr ench: '~he Allied Council for Austria is further unanimously agreed that , as a matter of p:,licy, food to meet the Austrian deficit should come from normal pre- war sources, principally Hungary, Rumania , Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; that an exami• nation to be made of the imports which present conditions in those countries will permit; that the resulting quantities b~ taken into account as a part of the means of meeting the deficit and that to the extent that the neeq. cannot be met from the countries concerned, other sources of supply be found . n The Russians firmly refused to support this proposal on the ground that it was beyong the scope of the Council I s competence . Further they stated th...at though we were not fully cognizant of conditions in Central and Southeastern Europe, there were indications that because of draughts and other fact ors there were no surpluses for Austria to be had from those areas and it would therefore be impracticable to recomm end that any relianc e be placed on such sources . Despite innumerable attempts to reword this paragraph in more innocuous terms~---~ the Russians r esolutely refused to accept any text which made any reference to the Danubian Basin or Central European supply sources . In fact , they refused to accept the recommendation that as a matter of policy, deficit should from ttnormal pre-war so1.1rces , u no geographical areas being named. "2 . In this connection, I am aware of the alarming proportions to which the { US is becoming committed as the residual wor ld supplier . I have done e:very1 thing to stress in the Council meeting the im!X)rtanc e of reserling local resources entirely for the Austrian population and of obtaining for Austria supplies from nearby countries . Yet we must steer clear of wishful thinking and give you a fair picture of what we believe are the facts of the case as seen from here. It would be unrealistic to assume tha.t more than insignificant quantities of foodstuffs , i:ossibly sugar fr om Czechoslovakia , would be obtain.a d from the Danubian Basis during 1945- 1946 . It has become evident since I disp,.tched my P-1054 to you a month ago that sweeping soci al changes , population transfers , hasty land reforms , changes in farm controls , indiscrimminate ��53 ( removal of livestock, farm machinery and transport vehicles in all of Eastern Europe, as well as the drought that affected much of the area, have eliminated virtually all surpluses that would under nor mal conditions have been produced in these regions . (This information furnished by experts of the Dep:i.rtment of Agric1.1lture . Have had presently the advice of Dr . Motz and Dr . Richter, which was concurred in by a recent conference of 15 U3 agricultural attaches . These facts, they tell me, are well known in Washington and in London. ) Of co1..1rse I am speaking of the present crop year and it may well be t hqt'.over a long- term period the Danubian Basin will be the granary for Austria . l n3 • As indicated in µ1.ragra ph 2 of the official agreement the differencas in the calculations the deficits are accounted for by differences in the feeding goals envisioned. The British- French estimates are based on a feeding goal of an average ration of 1700 calories for the total population, including farmers . The American estimate is based upon an average ration of 1700 calories for the non- farming FOpulation, allowing for unavoidable retentions by farmers of approximately 2750 calories, or slightly less than their reterrtions ln previous years . The Soviet position is that the Austrian ration shoµld be limited to the r ation scale should be limited to the ration of a vanquished nation . Russians also wish to reserve barljy for human consumption, while the US , British and French feel tmt it will inevitably be used for animal feed . of C · I "4. The Russians brought up several proposals for increasing Austrian food supplies, such as making use of the existing central Austrian Government for the ·initiation of a foreign trade program , rehabilitation of Austrian industry and railroads,. and the extention of arable land , all of these proposals involv:ing political recognition of the Renner Government . 'l'hese, however, were rejected on the ground that the question of the Renner Government is on the agenda for the next regular meeting of the Allied Council on September twentieth . 'L. "5 . With regard to Point 5 concerning non- requisition of indigenous food supplies, it should be pointed out that although the Russians have ., invariably taken the p:,sition that they never have requisitioned Austrian \ supplies nor intend to do so , entirely reliable sources report that e~tensive requisitioning is going on not only by individuals and units throughout Lower Austria, but also centrally by the Russian High Command in Vienna with demands in some instances placed directly on the Renner Government. l 6. 0 In view of the urgency in reporting to the Council of Ministers, it with had previously been decided that only food and not fuel would be dealt at this time . n7 . As requested in paragraph 2 WAR 65058 US estimates by Zones (including zones in Vienna) of twelve months 1945- 46 import requirements based on 1700 calories non- farm average ration of foodstuffs listed and on farm retention of 2750 calories per day are as follows: 1000 metric tons �( Floiu;: u.s. Brit. Zone Zone French Zone USSR Zone Total 446 138 161 Farinaceous foods in terms of flour z::J 27 115 18 32 28 102 including pulses Potatoes in terms of grain 6 10 16 11 43 Sugar Fats 4 9 10 10 6 7 4 15 12 42 24 41 97 Meat Milk 26 17 None * * * VIENN - SEPTEMBER 19 , 1945---Upon arriving at his office General Clark con- , ferr ed vd th Mr • .t;;rhardt and Gener al Gruenther and then had an appointment with W..r . Frank Mason with whom he discussed the Russian situation in Berlin. Following, General Clark saw Count Larisch regarding hi s property in Vienna . He then saw General Collins, Colonel Martin and Mr . Grey.. General Brann arrived at 1130 hours and immediate~y conferred with General Clark. Mr . and Mrs . Harold Tittma.nn and their two sons arrived at 1500 hours from Rome , and were Genera~ Clark' s guests for dinner along with Mr . Erhardt , General Saltzman, General Flory and General Gruenther . General Clark sent the following message to the Hon. Henry L . Stimson, Secretary of War , upon his reti.rement: "With the sincerest appreciation of your remarkable and lengthy career of Government service I take great pleasure in wishing you the be st for the future . I take pri de that I have had the o pp:>rt unity to serve under your magnificient leadership dur:ing these past ciitical years . n . The follovtlng message was sent by General Clark to the Hon. Robert P . Patterson, Secretary of War: "I and all my command are delighted with the announcement of your appointment to Secretary of War . I look forward to continued service under your magnificient leader shipn General Clark received the following message from General ffarshall, Reference No . Willi 65707· �''The Army Navy Joint Staff College, after completion of the current course in the near future , will be involved in the establishment of the college on an entirely different basis from that which has pertained during. the v-.rar Our view is that the college should be organized on a higher war college level . General DeWitt is being relieved as commandant by Vice Admiral Hill of the Navy. This is in compliance with the p:,licy as to retired officeEs and as to alternation of the position of commandant . The deputy commandant will be an Army off icer. It is a key position in which should be placed an ·officer of keen menta lity, organizing ability and school experience . General Gruenther has been highly recommended for this position by both General DeWitt and General Devers . It would be a marked advantage to the post war Army and particularly to our post war educational system if Gruenther could be made available . He should be here by 1 November . Please consider this matt.er carefully and let me have your views -~ General Clark neplied to the above cable as follows: 11Your W illi 65707 received . I have carefully considered this matter and feel it would definitely be a great mistake to remove Gruenther from his key i:osition as Deputy Commander USFA . His position here corresponds t o Clay s in Germany. We are making progress in our Allied Council and to remove him at this time would, in my opinion, be a great error . General Gruenther concurs in my views . I recommend that he remain on his present assignment . 11 * VIENNA.- -SEPrEMBER 20 , 1945 --G,r neral Clark arrived at his office at 0840 and saw General Gruenther , General HoVvard, General Tate, Col . St.1ariley, Lt . Col . Halliday and Mr . Erhardt e The llied Cowmanders-in- Chief met at 1300 and the meeting lasted until 1730. General Clark then had a press conference with Colonel Grogan and several members of the press . General Tate , General Saltzman, General Gruenther and Colonel Grogan were the General 1 s guests for dinner . * * VI NN - - SEP.r.e~Iv1BER 21, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters 'building · at 0900 and immediately conducted a promotion ceremony for 25 officers - 22 being from the Vienna area command. He then conferred with General McChrystal and then saw Colonel Grogan and war correspondent Pat Frank. General Clark �left the Headquarters at 1115 to go to General Mccreery s British Headquarters, where General Clark decorated nineteen British officers and men . After the decoration ceremony GeneraL Clark was guest at General McCreery1 s Headquarters for luncheon with General Gruenther , General Tate, General -Flory, General Saltzman and General Winterton. Immediately after lunch General Clark went to the cub strip where he left at 1425 for the Tulln airfield where Mr . and lVirs . Harold Tittmann and family joined General Clark and flew in a C- 47 to Salzburg. General Clark and P9,rty arrived at the airport in Salzburg at 1600 hours . The r-arty was met by Captain Luther who escorted ivir . and l'Jf.rs . Tittmann and family to Berchtesgarden ·and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . General Clark went immediately to the Schloss where he rested and await ed the return of his guests for dinner . At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs . Tittmann, General Collins , General Reinhart, General Brann, General Ladue and General McMahon dined with General Clark, and then attended the performance given by the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . General Clark sent the following congratulatory message to Hon. Henry L . Stimson, V.ar De:p3.rtment, VJ'a shington: ( nCongratulations on your 78th birthday . No man in public service has done more for our Country . Under your stewardship the Tf.ar Department has conducted successfully the greatest military cam- · piign in all history . To your statesmanship, your leadership, your integrity, we express admiration. For myself and my of- · ficers and soldiers I proudly salute a great .American. t1 * * * * SALZBURG, SEPTEMBER 22, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately conferred with General Brarm . At 1015 General Clark saw Count Tyszkevics who delivered a message from General Anders, Polish Commander . The General took care of his correspondence which had accumulated during his absence in Vienna , and at 1100 saw Colonel Nygard concerning a proposed trip to Florence. General Clark had lunch with Colonel Nygard and General Brann at the Schloss and at 1340 hours General Clark dei;arted for the airp:>rt where he was met by General Gruenther and General Tate who had flown in from Vienna . At 1415 General Clark and party took off in the Generalt s C- 47 for Florence. 1 * * * * �( SALZBURG-- SEFT 'v11BER 2.3 , 1945--General Clark was in Florence and due to p:>or flying conditions was unable to return to Salzburg. The following message was received by General Clark from Chief of Staff, War Department , Reference No . WA.RX 68174, : H,A,sk you extend to General .Mascarenhas and party War Dept . invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks beginning not sooner than 7 October . Request you forward ETA of party in United States and issue necessary invitational orders for trav by ATC . " * * * * SA.LZBURG-- SEP1 EMBER 24, 1945--General Clark accompanied by General Gruenther and Colonel Nygard left Florence at 0900 hours by C- 4 7 to fly to Verona . They departed from Verona at 1045 hours by car driving to Innsbruck where they were met by Captain Luther . The party took off at the Innsbruck airfield in L- 5 1 s and landed at Salzburg at 1730 . General Mascarenhas , C-ommander of the B. E,. F .,, General Zenobio , General Netto , accompanied by nine other Brazilian officers, had arrived at Salzburg at noon, the three general officers staying at the Schloss with General Clark o At 1900 hours , General Clark entertained the three Brazil• ian generals for cocktails and dinner after which the party retired. 1 ( General Clark received the following cabl e from General Marshall in regard te General Gruenther 1 s release for assignment: (Reference No . WAR 68509) . 1Matter of Gruenther 1 s relea·s e for assignment as Assistant Commandant , Army Navy Staff College has been further considered in the light of your recommendation against removing him from th~ Occu:r:a,tional Forces in ustria Admiral Hill , who will be Commandant, has had Pacific experience only and it is most desirable that his Deputy should be a strong Army man intimately familiar with combat in the European Area . A large number of candidates for this position have been considered and Gruenther is believed to be the outstanding man for the :[X)sition. He has been overseas for over 3 years and when the situation is clarified sufficiently and rotation policy inaugurated would be among the first to be affected. The circumstances are such that I believe the best interest of the Army will be served by his assignment to the Staff College which is now in the process of laying the foundation for its Peacetime status . I appreciate that Gruenther ' s withdrawal wil l be a heavy loss to you but with such experienced personnel as Bra rm and Tate on your staff , his reassignment should not be irrep3.rable. Please let me have your further views on this mat • ter at your earliest comrenienc e. 1 * ( �SALZBURG---SEPrEl~iBER 25 , 1945--General Clark accompanied by the Brazilian party le.ft the Schloss at 1000 hours to take a trip to Berchtesgarden and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . However , because of the snow, the par ty was unable to take the trip to the =agles Nest . After viewing Hitler • s house, General Clark left the i:arty in charge of General Ladue, Deputy Chief of Staff , and returned to the Schloss where he had lunch with General Brann. · After lunch, General Clark and General Brann held a long conference in General Clark ' s office at the Schloss after which General Clark rested for a short while , and then went fishing in the stream behind the Sc:bJ_oss . At 1900 hours, General Clark held a reception for General Mascarenbas and the other Brazilian officers which was followed by dinner given in the main dining room of the Schloss . Among those present were General Reinhart, General \jollins , General Brann, General Hume and chief of sections . The dinner was followed by a movie after which the guests retired. General Clark received the following cable (action copy) from the Allied Control Co~mcil , Hungary , Reference No . Z661,: Marshal Vorosrilov hurriedly summoned me and British Representatives to meet with him at 1430 hours today . He read a copy of official letter sent by him to Hungarian Prime Minister this date to the effect that the Soviet Government recognizes the Hungarian Provisional Government and is ready to exchange diplomatic representatJves . The letter stated in substance that this recognition of the Hungarian Government was based UJXm its efforts in defeating Germany and in fulfilling the terms of the Armistice .t greement . Have informed Sbhoenfield . n 11 * * * 26, 1945--General Clark reviewed an Honor Guard at 0900 hours at the Schloss in honor of General Nascarenhas and the other Brszilian officers . fter the Honor Guard, General Clark bid farewell to the Brazilian party as they departed by car to Linz and on to Vienna where General Clark is to join them on the following day. General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours where he took care of all accumulated correspondence, and after a long conference vdth General Brann, saw C'olonel D1 0rsa for a short time . Following coionel D1 0rsa , General Clark saw General McMahon. SALZBURG--SEP"fE1JiBER General Clark had lunch with General Brann at the Schloss , and after resting for a short time, walked into his office from the Schloss where he again conferred with General Brann for a long time . General 61ark saw -Captain Clapper of the G-2 Section, Liaison Officer, with King Leopold of Belgium in regard to a call to be paid on the Belgian King . The King was not in during the afternoon, consequently , General Clark did not call but remained at his office until 1800 hours . Th.at evening General Clark had dinner with Colonel Nygard at the Schloss , and after taking a walk, retired early . �General Clark sent the following message to General Marsh.all , War Department , Ref. No . P- 2846 , : "I have extended to General lfoascarenhas and party War Department' s invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks , beginning not sooner than October seven . General 1·1 ascarenhas has accepted. He and his party will depart on or about October seven. Further details later. " . j1J2I' { J.Y ~ ;it7 ~ The following message regarding General Gruenther 1 s release was sent! by General Clark to General Marshall , ~ar Department., Ref . No . P- 2848,: "I will accede to your wishes but knovving the imi:ortance of the job to be done here, with losses of key personnel occurring continuously, his der,arture will be a se-vere blow . As you know I am scheduled to be in the United States for the New York Columbus Day affair . It is absolutely essential that Gruenther remain here during my absence and for a period of turnover to his successor . .If it meets with your approval, I can release him on or about October twenty . n * * * * ~ZBUR -. PTEJii1BER 27, 1945- -General Clark arrived: at his Headquarters at 0915 hours where he conferred with General Brann. Immediately after seeing General Brann, General Clark bid goodbye to coi onel Reagen Houston of the Secretariat and Major Scott of G-1 , both are leaving for the states very soon . General Patch saw General Clark for a short time followed by Commander Musmanno concerning a proposed book to be written. General Clark had planned to fly to Vienna-, but due to bad weather , was forced to drive to Linz where he was met on the road by Captain Hill , Operations Officer of the Linz Airfield, and was escorted to the field where he boar ded a B-25 for the Tulln Airfield. He arrived at Tulln at 1300 hours . fter flying from Tu11n in his L- 5 , General Clark arrived at his Vienna Headquarters at 1330 where he immediately had lunch with Colonel Porter . At 14.30 hours, General Clark met General Mascarenhas and other members of the Brazilian party in front of his Headquarters where he viewed a Guard of Honor consisting of a compmy from the 42nd Division . fter the Guard of Honor, General Clark accomp:mied by his guests went to his office where they talked for a while . After a short tour of the Headquarters building, General Mascarenhas and ~rty left to go to their hotel . At 1515 hours, General Clark had a long conference with General Gruenther who was followed by General 1 ate . Mr . Erhardt saw General Clark and General Gruenther was called in on the conference. 1 , At 1600 hours, General Clark and General Tate drove to the theater where the evening show was to be given , to see about the seating arrangements for the show, after which, General Clark drove to his villa where he rested. At 1815 hours General Clark accompanied by Captain Luther drove to the Bristol Hotel whexe General Clark gave a rece·ption and dinner in honor of General Mascarenhas and Brazilian P3-rty. Marshal Ko:niev, General Winterton, General / �Cherriere , General Zheltov , General Gruenther , General Collins, General Reinhart , General Tate, General Lewis, General Flory and several other staff officers were present . Following the dinner , the party went to the thooter where they saw the presentation of the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . After the show , General Clark had the manager a nti several members of the show to his villa f or cocktails to express his gratitude for the fine performance the cast had given. * * * VIENNA- -S PrEMBER 28 , 1945- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 where he immediately saw General Tate . Following General Tate , General Clark conferred with General Gruenther for a long time and called General Lewis in for the conference • At 1000 General Collins , Commander of the 42nd Division conferred with General Clark and General Gruenther and was followed by Dr. Richter of the· United states Department of Agriculture . Dr . R:i.chter is leaving the Headquarters after having completed his job as Agriculture Advisor . The assistance -given by Dr . Richter was highly valuable . ( \ General Gruenther again saw General Clark with Mr . Erhardt and a discussion of the Renner Government followed . After seeing General Tate for a short time General Clark left for lunch accompanied by General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland . At 1615 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters from his villa and saw General Tate, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt . General Winterton of the British Command called General Clark to tell him that General McCreary had arrived and would come to General Clark ' s Headquarters at 1840 for a conference concerning the Renner Government. General M.cCreery accompsnied by Mr . Mack, General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt co:p.ferred until 1900, following which General Clark saw General Cherriere for a short time . At 1930 hours General Clark le.rt his headquarters with General Gruenther to go to his villa for dinner . General Clark sent t he f ollowing cable to General Eisenhower, USFEI', Ref . No . PV - 7778, : n.E'ollowing message was rec eived by my Political dviser from Ambassador Yfinant on 27 September: ' Movement of all captured Danube vessels in US zone as far into German territory as feasible should be arranged at once. It is suggested that guards be stationed aboard vessels to prevent than from going down river without prior authority from Department of State until further instructions . In order to prevent any evasion of restrictions it i s also recommended that an armed vessel be stationed in river below all vessels . c �nsince the vessels referred to a.re under USFET control this message is referred to you for action . Desire that you confirm that necessary action will be taken by you . u * * VIENNA--SEPr:EMBE.11 29 , 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . General Clark then called General Brann and General McChrystal. He then talked with Colonel Langham and later with General Tate, General Howard and Colonel Lazar . General Clark received Count Larisch and his brother Frederick Larisch with whom he conferred at length. General Clark had lunch with General Tate in the Bank Building. After dinner Marshal Koniev and General Zheltov visited General Clark and General Clark called in Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther for a conference vr.ith the Russian leaders . Dr . Renner then paid a visit to General Clark and a discussion of the p:,litical situation of Austr ia fo l lowed . General Clark then called for General Flory. General Sullivan then came in to see General Clark . General Sullivan had just returned from the United States . After a brief discussion with General Tate, Gener al Clark left t he office for his villa where he had General Tate and General Sullivan as his dinner guests . The following message was sent through USFA Headquarters from General Mascarenhas to General Gois Monteiro, Ministry of War , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ; "I inform your Excellency that the mission was present at Military Ceremonies on the 26th in Salzbur g~ On the 27th in Vienna , presided by General Clark, I reviewed the American troops . The mission was feted by the Military Governor of Vienna " On the 27th, General Clark gave a banquet in Vienna attended by the British, French and Russian Commanders and Allied Diplomatic Representatives . On the 28th, United States representative in Budapest invited British, American and Russian generals to a lunch for the mission . I inform your Excell ency that I note a high and distinguished consideration for Brazilian part in gr-eat war shown by Allied Military Authorities . '' General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ref-erence No . PV- 7803 , : ttMy views with respect to the extension of the authority of the Renner Government are as follows : ( 7 \ �n The position taken by the representative of the United States on the Allied Council for ustria should rest on, (1) the basic interests of the United States, and ( 2) our international commitments . With re-: spect to (1) ., our interests reside in the re-establishment of a free and independent Austria and in making a success of four- power inter• national cooperation in Austria . With respect to (2) , our internationai obligations are to be found in the Moscow Declaration, the EAC protocol on control machinery, and in the Potsdam Communique. Specifically, the EAC protocol provides that one of the primary tasks of the Allied Council is to secure the establishment as soon as possible of a ce~tral administrative machine , and the Potsdam Communique stated that the Soviets, · British and the United States agreed to examine the question of the extension of authority of the Austrian provisional government to all of Austria after the entry of American and British forces into Vienna. "In my opinion there is no disagreement at this time among the four occupying powers , with the possible exception of the British, on the proposition that an Austrian central administrative machine is an urgent necessity. This same view is strongly supported by Austrian public opi nion . The question presented is whether to utilize the Renner government as such a machine . "In favor of such action it may be stated that: II (1) The Renner regime is made up of officials of the Socialist , Communist and Peoples Parties, the three democratic political groups in ustria . n ( 2) The concensus of opinion is that it commands the confidence and symp,.thy of the people to as great an extent as would any other non- elected gr-oup . n (.3) Insofar as can be bejudged from here, it would be as acceptable to foreign public opinion as any other non-elected group . n (4) By and large, it 1s composed of i:e.triotic and able men, several of whom have demonstrated capacities of leadership and gained national and provincial reputation prior to the annexation . All are free of any Nazi taint . n( 5) Al though hurriedly constituted in April 1945 and of a coalition character, it has to date maintained admirable unity in its r anks . n (6) ith some exceptions , its legislative record isI good and the vision and force displayed under extremely adverse conditions in planning for Austrian reconstruction commendable . �" ( 7) Its friendly relations with the Soviets place it in a favorable position, more so probably than any Austrian government that could be formed at this time, in the matter of the re-establishment of historical and traditional ties of all kinds with Czechoslovakia nd the :canubian area generally . "(8) From the first day of its exist ence it openly proclaimed its intention to submit to modification through consultation with the Western provinces at the earliest practical date . n( 9 In harmony with No . 8, it has within the :i::ast few days successfully held a laender conference, composed of eight delegates from each of the nine Austrian provinces . These delegates represented the three demo cratic political parties and the provincial government of each province . The conference, therefore, as nearly represents an expression of the peoples' will as could be had without the holding of an election. "(10) Among the principal · results of the laender conference were the following. n (a) •xpress ion in a resol ution of a desire for speedy recognition of the Renner Government . n ( b) Of seven new appointees to the cabinet ( two cabinet posts and five under secretaries) the Peoples Party obtained five, the ocialists one and the Communists one. This meets, in a way, the previous complaints of the western prowinces, where the Peoples Party formerly predominated, that. they should have more representation in the Government . "(c) Every province in the U. S., British and French zones is represented through these new appointments . "(d) The controversial matter of having the police under a Connnunist Mmister of Interior was settled through a formula establishing two new agencies . First, a commission will be appointed with jurisdiction in all questions of public safety composed of two member s of the Peoples Party, Two Socialists, and one Communist " It is headed by a new under secretary in the Ministry of the Interior fron the. Peoples Party . The Commission functions in agreement with and under the Chairmanship of the Minister . of the Interi r (Communist), and its decisions must be unanimous Incj_dentally, this latter prov· sion follows the standard practice of the Renner Government which requires unanimous decisions at cabinet level . The members of the commission have the right of appeal to the political Cabinet . �( nsecond, three-man Advisory Councils will be created with one member from each of the democratic parties. These councils, of which there will be nine, will act in an advisory capacity to the security offices (Sicherheitscirektionen) in each of the nine Austrian provinces . "( e) It suggested November 25 as the date for a national election for the provincial diets and a nationalrat . . The preparations for and supervision of such elections are to be entrusted to the previously mentioned five-man commission acting under the chairmanship of the new Under Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior (Peoples Party) . Its decisions must be unanimous; in case of disagreement the Political Cabinet decides . n gainst the utilization it may be argued that: "(1) The Renner Government was formed and has up until the present .functioned under Soviet control , whether nominal or otherwise . It is suspected of bein g unduly sus~eptible to Soviet influence . However, it did resist Soviet pressure for an Austro- Soviet oil contract . n(2) .Although Communist strength in Austria was always negligible and no Communist ever was appointed or elected to any high office, it contains three Communists of cabinet rank, two of them holding powerful and important posts , namely Interior and Education. · ( n(3) The rolice being under the. Communist Minister of the Interior has caused some conc ern and it may be argued that the new commission and the three- man advisory councils are no guarantee of the removal of such dangers as. may exist . This question is being given further study. Apropros of the matter of influencing elections , which is frequently mentioned in connection w:l th control of the police, there are various ways this could be done in Austria today without requiring any help whatsoever from the police . For example, favoritism in such matters as automopiles, gasoline , travel permits, foor and clothing rations, and glass for shatt ered wi ndow panes . (4) The- La.ender Conference only changed the government by adding new people and new offices to it . None of the old appointees were removed . (The Minister of Agriculture , a non- controversial figure , resigned on aceount of ill health and was replaced by a member : of the same party. ) 11 n(5) , The Under Secretary counter- signature device was retained . This has been objected to abroad but , in spite of the Administrative diff i culties involved, it has wor ked well in Austria , provid:ing as it does effective intra- party check . ''To sum up, the Renner regime in its comp:>sition and on its record is probe.bly as satisfactory from all standpoints as any other group that could be formed . Given the urgent need of an Austr ian central administrative machine to faci+itate the work of the Allied Commission, it is my considered opinion �l that the United States should agree to the extension of the authority of the Rem1er Government t hroughout Austria providing we can satisfy our selves that the present police set up will permit free elections to be held . The United States should couple such agreement with a definite undertaking on the :p3.rt of the Renner government to hold a national election for a new government before the end of 1945 . This will insure that vd thin three months the Austrian people can have a government of their own choosing, and this very fact renders less im!X)rtant any objections that may be had to the United States taking an affirmative !X)sition on the utilization of the Renner regime . »In a following cable I will set forth the British p:,si tion . * * u * VIENNA--SEPrEMBER 30, 1945--General Clark walked to his office and arrived at 0940 . He immediately conferred with General Gxuenther who was followed by Mr . Erhardt • He also conferred with General Saltzman, Colonel Porter , Colonel Sutherland. Colonel Lazar was'called in for a conference and was foll owed by Mr . Erhardt who conferred with the General for a considerable time , after which General Clark, accomi:anied by Mr . Erhardt, left at 1220 for the Rockette' ~rty given by General Clark in appreciation of their splendid performances given in Vienna for his troops . General Clark left the Rockette picnic at 1540 and returned to his villa . General Clark then saw General Bethouart at his home at 1800 hours and then went to the Bristol Hotel where he had dinner with guests . After dinner General Clark returned to his villa. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Washington, Reference No o PV- 7824 , : "l. Referring to my PV- 7803 , 29 September re extension of authority of Renner Government , I can now report some local British views: na . They may be willing to have the Provisional Government as constituted by Laender Conference posses authority throughout Austria , but they .strongly desire that it be instituted as a Government de novo rather than an extension of the authority of an existing Government as proposed at Potsdam . nb. Accordingly they want Allied Council to review all past legislation of Renner Government and to decide which laws shall be made valid throughout Austria .. In the case of laws found acceptable they would like to have them formally reenacted. All new laws should be submitted to .Allied Council for approval before promu+gation . �«c They want the Provisional Government to be not only under general supervision of Allied Council but under detailed control to prevent "free wheeling" by Government . "d. They want eight governmental functions to be exercised exclusively by Allied Commi sion: ( 1) ( 2) ( .3) (/4) (5) (6) (7) ( 8) Foreign affairs and diplomatic representation; Delimitation of frontiers; Movement of Austrians and foreigners in and out of Austria. Displaced persons; Demilitarization; Construction, operation and control of all forms of aircraft , equipnent and landing areas; Settlement of all questions relating to foreign- owned property; Approval of members of the central and provincial provisional governments; and of the head officials of the central and pr-ovincial administrations . "e. They want certain other functions to be exercised by Provisional Government only under direction of Allied Commission and with its prior consent . These include rationing and price control , allocation and distribution of food and. other resources , other economic matters , central banking, approval of national budget , and settlement of all questions relating to expropriated Austrian- owned properties . "f. They will press strongly for a thorough- going reorganization of all branches of Austrian police, under Allied supervision and direction. They feel this should be made a condj_tion to the extension of authority of Provisional Government . They have in British element of Allied Commission a staff of British police experts including a hihg- ranking officer from Scotland Yard . General McCreary has approached me with a view to securing my consent to placing the Scotland Yard officer in charge of Austrian police. They will supply the police with some British equipment and transp:>rt . rrg. They are now willing to have elections held this year , but even after the elected government takes office they will want to maintain close supervision over it , arguing that since so many Austrfans are now away a second election t~;elve to eighteen months hence will be necessary to ensure establishment of a thoroughly representative Austrian Government . J "2. Some of the Bri tish points would, if insisted upon , probably cause a deadlock in llied Council . They are aware that this would seriously delay Austrian reconstruction and under certain conditions might lead to chaos . �3 . British are most anxious to have us present united front to Soviets , arguing that otherwise oviets can play us off against each other . Russians on the other hand are extremely sensitive to any appearance of a US- UK bloc. 0 "4 . Soviets are prepared to Recommend recognition repeat recognition of Provisional Government as broadened by Laender Conference, and have it function under the guidance and control of Allied Council as supreme authority in ustria . They have expressed themselves as agreeable to free elections in near future . On police problem they object to sincrling out for special Allied scrutiny or control one of the two ministries frnterior) headed by a Communist . This they say would be a blow to Soviet prestige Accordingly they propose that reliance be placed on the agreed control bYi the Allied Commission over all ministries , including Interior n5 • In an hour ' s conversation with Renner yesterday he said he would be satisfied with extension of his government cs authority although he frankly stated he preferred recognition, because recognition would give the government greater prestige and enable it more effectively to deal with neighboring states . In either case Renner accepts fact that Allied Commission will r emain supreme authority . He expressed complete confidence in government ' s ability to hold free and honest elections in 1945 . On the police question he said the safeguar ds provided by laender conference would effectively curb possibility of abuse by Honner or Communists . tt6 . CUestion of extension of authority of Provisional Go-vernment and · related questions are on agenda for tomorrow' s Allied Council meeting . I discussed these questions privately with both Koniev and Mccreery yesterday and made some progress toward reconciling these vievm . My own views are · set forth in PV-7803 . n * * * I �VI 1 NN --OCTOB 1 1 , 1945 - - General Clark arrived at his office at 1910 hours and· immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . t 0945 hours General Clark pinned Second Lieutenants bars on 2nd Lts . llves> Greenbush , and Gifford, making them commissioned officers, after long and faithful service under General Clark ' s command He then saw Mr . Thomas Estes and later General McChrystal and General Flory for a short while . t 1100 hours General Clark presided at the regular meeting of the Commanders- in-Chiefs of the llied Council . The meeting lasted until 1300 hours at which time General Clark received the Commanders as his guests for lunch. fter lunch General Clark conferred with General Gruenther, Ilr • . Erhardt , and then received eight members of the press for a press conference t 1430 hours General Clark +eft his Headquarters to go by cub plane to Tulln airfield where his B 25 was waiting to take him to Rome . General Clark took off at 1510 in a B-25 and landed in Rome at 1735 hours. ·He went immediately to the Hassler Hotel where he stayed during his visit to Rome . General Clark had dinner with General Salt~~an and Colonel Sutherland. * VIENKJ - OCTOBE 2, 1945- -General Clark spent most of the morning shopping in various shops throughout the cit y . He ha d l unc h at the Gr and Hotel with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland and later in the afternoon went sho pping again with th em . .At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs • Tit tmann gave a cocktail party at their home in honor of General Clark, after which General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland at the · xcelsior Hotel . General Clark sent the follo rdng message to Ambassador Harriman, Amer can ~mbassy, London , Reference No PV- 7033,: Will be delighted to have yo1;i ct.op at alzburg on October L1- , as indicated in your September 29 message .to rhardt which reached 1 rhardt only this afternoon . Please advise your expected time of arrival n 11 VI ii' ..- - OCTOB 3, 1945-- General Clark spent the morning at the =xcelsior Hotel and after lunch -with General Saltzman, Colonel ~utherland and Captain Luther, left the hotel at 1425 hours to go to the Palazzo Viminale. At 14L;9 hours, General Clark, after delivering a few words to the assembled people , decorated 11r . Parri , - Prir•ie ;~'iinister, General Cadonna, ~~r . Piz 2oni, Mr . Longo , Colonel Palomba , 1~1ajor llattei ., .Major l\Jmrtini and .fajor Argenton. Im.mediately after the ceremony, General Clark departed with GeneralSa:ltzman, Colonel Sutherland &nd Captain Luther ·for 'the airport where he took off at 15/40 hours for Udine . General Clark landed at Udine airfield at 1730 hours vmere he was met by Colonel Garver of the 42nd Division and escorted to the train ai ting at the station . Immediately after the party had boarded, the train departed for Vhmna . Colonel Tully, classmate of General Clark, was in charge of the train General Clark had dinner on the train with his party and retired early j �VIENN.t --OcrrOB 4, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours He immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther . Following General Gruenther, the General saw General Tate and then Mr. Erhardt . At 1030 hours, the General conferred with Major Gregory, Officer in Charge, Southern Branch Edition of Stars and Stri:r:;es. 'The General had lunch at his villa at 1300 hours a~ter which he rested, returning to his office at 1550 hours e t 1660 hours, General Clark saw General Tate concerning a rtcurrency" problem and also Colonel 1~ arget on the same subject . Next General Clark saw Mr . Gray and General Tate who were followed by General Flory General Clark left his office at 1830 hours for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening * * * * VIENN - OCTOB 5, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw General Gruenther and General Tate At 1000 hours , Colonel Podhora , Chief of the Czechoslovakia Mission in Italy, decorated General Clark, General Gruenther, General Tate, General Flory, Colonel · Sloane, Colonel Porter and Colonel Sutherland with the Czechoslovakian Milit ary Cro-ss . The presentation was held in General Cl~rk t s office ., Follow:ing the ceremony, General Clark saw General Lewis and General Tate who were followed by Mr Erhardt and Colonel Porter General Clark had lunch in the Commanding General ' s Mess at Headquarters, and at 1430 hours left his office and walked with General 5al tzman to his villa . In the evening, General Clark had dinner with General Gruenther at General Gruehther ' s villa . General Clark received the following message from the Joint Chie~of Staff, Reference No . V1 RX 72736: ''The Secretary of State requests that the following two telegrams ap- proved by the Council of Foreign Mini~ters for disi:atch to the US, UK, USSR and F'WJ\JCE Commanders in Chief in Austria be transmitted. approved 29 September and 30 Sept ember respectively The telegrams were "First message. n1. The following comnn.mication has been sent to the llied Control Commissions in Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary and UJ (;) the Governments of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . 2 The Council of Foreign Ministers has decided to clarify through the Allied Control Commissions in Hungary, Rtunania and Bulgaria and also with the Governments of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia whether there are in the above listed countries surplus of foodstuffs which could be used for supplying Austria . 0 �113 Therefore by instruction of the Council of Foreign Ministers I request you to inform me whether blank country ce.n set aside foodstuff for supplying ustria . In case there are such surpluses the Council of Foreign Ministers would like to learn in what quantities they can be set aside for Austria now and from the proceeds of the next harvest . u4 The Council request that the information in respect to the present surplus be made available within 1 month and as to the next harvest within 3 months . n5 . On the b sis of this · information which will be communicated to the llied Council and on the basis of a study to be mad e by the Allied Council of the p:>ssibility of obtaining the maximum quantity of food from Austria it self both at the present time and from the next harvest . The Allied Council should examine the long term arrangements for food supplies to Austria and rert the result to the Council of Foreign Ministers with such further information on the su.p~ly p,sition in ustria as the Allied Council may deem use fUJ. . I 0 Second message n1 . I\Jith reference to the question of ration scales and consumption levels to which the Allied Council in Vienna referred in their reports on Austria food supplies 'the Council of Foreign Ministers consider that the ration scales for the deficiency areas in Austria should be based on a per capita temporary minimum ration of 1550 calories a day for the normal consumer which has been agreed by the Allied Governments for the present time maintaining the principle of differentiation for the· various groups of the !X)pulation on the basis of the type of labor performed. u2 . It is for the Allied Council to estimate both the quantity of food which can be obtained from local production and the quantity which remaines to be imp:,rted in order to reach the above standard .. u3 . This scale should be increased by the Allied Council to 2000 calories or' more as more local or imp:>rted supplies become available . n * * VIENNA--0CT0BER 6, 1945- - General Clark, due to a cold, remained at his villa during the day Colonel Sutherland spent an hour with him in the afternoon General Clark also saw General Gruenther for a short while. ~t 1730 General Clark received six members of the Press for an interview, and after dinner at his villa, retired early. �General Clark sent the following cable to General Handy, War De partment, in regard to his proposed trip to the United States Reference No . PV 7972 0 Plan take off from Pa.ris 9 P M on the 9th EI'A La Guardia Field some time during the night 10-llth Will want to fly to Washington late after... noon 12th or early morning 13th for necessary conferences Will you arrange · air transportatj_on New York to Washington ., Desfre to remain in Washington only until 14th and take off by air for week in Florida . Will you arrange air transportation for that trip, n * * VIENNA-··0CT0BER 7, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 hours and immediately conferred with General Gruenther and General Tate . General Clark then conferred with Major Nadich, Jewish Chaplain from DSFET in regard to some vital Jewish welfare conditions . General Clark then conferred with Colonel Sutherland, 'Jlr Adams and Mr . · 'rhardt . At 1100 hours, General Clark conducted a meeting of the Divisional Commanders . After the meeting, General Clark further conferred with General Collins and General Reinhart . General Clark then saw Mr . Rice, member of the Jewish Refugee Committee who had made some reports on Jewish Displaced Persons and conditions . He then conferred with General Brann, General Gruenther and Colonel Epes . At 1345 hours , Assistant Secretary of War , the Honorable John McCloy and party arrived from Frankfurt . They were immediately brought to General Clark s office where General Clark welcomed them . 1 hen .Ambassador Harrim~n and P3-rty arrived from Berlin and were brought to General Clark' s office where he welcomed them , and then, he took both parties to lunch in the General I s Mess in the Bank Building 1 ( i t 1515 hours an Honor Guard was formed in honor of mbassador Harriman and Mr McCloy. Then General Clark conferred at great length with Mr . McCloy . t 1730 hours, General Clark had the visiting parties and Mar.sh.al Koniev, General McCreary and General Bethouart as his guests for cocktails at the Bristol Hotel . i,t 1945 hours , the parties including Mr . M'c Cloy, Ambassador Harriman, Dr . Freeman, I/Ir . Vincent, Lt Summersby, Kathleen Harriman, Mr Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Brarm, General Tate, Colonel ~therland were his guests at dinner at the General I s villa . Following the dinner, General Clark read the citation and I r UlcCloy presented 6olonel Suthe~land with the awam of the. Bronze Star The guests depa.rted from the General's villa at 22.30 nours , and General Clark retired shortly thereafter . * * * * �N ~·- 0CT0BEa 8, 19/45 General Clark arrived at his office at 0850 hours and immediately conferred with General Brunn. He then said good bye to Mr . Beach and then sp:>ke to General vlcMnhon for a few minutes . The General then received and talked with Count and Countess DuLart for several minutes . The General was then presented with a rare collection of old Austrian and over printed German stamps by Lt . Colonel King and Captain Kraull as a gift from Dr Dworschak , General IJirector of Austrian PI'l T t 0950 hours General Clark conferred with General Bethouart and then Marshal Koniev just prior to the llied Council Committee meeting at 1000 hours at which Gene.,ral Clark presided. Immediately after the meetjng v1hich ended at 1310 hours General Clark had a light lunch in his 11office and wms taken to the cub airstrip where he left by cub at 1328 hours for Tulln Airfield where he was joined by General McMahon and Colonel Ostler . At 135 5 hours , Creneral Clark took off in a B-25 piloted by Lt . Colonel Moore for Pe.ris on his first lap of his ·ourney to the states . He arrived at Orly Field at 17/;.8 hours Vienna time VI Upon arrival at Paris General Cl rk wa~ met by Colonel Sutherland and was taken to the George V hotel where he was to stay while in Paris . Later in the evening he saw Lt General J C. H. Lee , Co.mrnander of Com Z, and had several people in for drinks , among whom were Mr .. Robert Berenson, former Aide de Camp. Later in the evening General Clark accompanied by General McMahon, Colonel Ostler a.nd Colonel S,utherland went to Madame Schiaparelli ' s home with Mr ., Berenson for dinner 'I1he General returned to the hotel at 1000 hours and retired for the evening. ( * * OCTOBER 9, 1945- At 1030 hours General Clark accompanied by Colonel Sutherl- nd , Mr Berenson and Captain Luther called on General Juin, 6hief of Staff of the FrGnch Army , where General Clark and General -Juin discussed old times and made plans for feteing the General in Paris on the 27th e After leaving General Juin I s Hotel Continental Headquarters the pirty visited the fashion shop of Madame Schiararelli , mother in- law of Mr .. Berenson whereth:e General v1a.s prese..-rited with perfume for Mrs . Clark.. After leaving the shop General Clark with Colonel Sutherland walked through the park until 1245 hours when he returned to the Hotel Continental to hmch with General Juin. At 1430 hours General Clark returned to the Hotel George V and rested for an hour ~ The General had guests in his suite for cocktails at 1800 hours , among whom were General Ralph Smith , Mr . Ridgeway Knight , Colonel James Tully , Gen McMahon, Colonel Ostler and Colonel Sutherland . At 1900 hours General Clark had dinner at the hotel and left for Orly field at 2030 nours where he de parted in a c- 54. at 2130 hours for the states . PAIUS * * �OCTOBE.H. 10, 1945 General Clark spent the day in flight arriving at the Azores t 0500 .Azores time He departed from the Azor(?S at 0700 and ar r ·ved at tevensville at 1 710 hours de:p3.rting at 1830 hours Gen°ral Cl~rk arrived at LaGuardia Field at 2 15 hours New York time, where he was met by ii/I.rs T;J Clr: r}r and Lt . liliiam Clark ;r . l ntonini Mr . Lovestone of the Italian American Labor Council wer - also present General Clark , ~Irs Clark and Lt . Jilliam Clark had a private dinner at the Astor Hotel and w· ited the arrir 1 of Miss nn Clark at 2330 . l,.t!i'{ YOii .. --OCTOBt:JJ. 11 , 1945• Gener 1 Cl rk had breakfast with Hrs . Clar}'" and Ann Clark and remained at the hotel during the morning He saw iJ.r . ptoni li concerning arrangements for that evening and had lunch in the dining room of the hotel vlith ivi.rs . Clark . In the afternoon he went shopping and waU:ed in the shoppine sec.iuion of l' ew York and back to the hotel . In the evening General Clark had Col . and rs Raymonds, Ge..ner·· l and !v1rs foe .ahon, Mr . and Lrs . Stevens , and Capt . ~rnest, to his hoi el suite for cockt il,:, ., I:Ie left for dinner at the 11 21 Club" with .r rs . Clark , Lt .. Clark , Colonel Sutherland , Captain Luther, :iir Antonini , .r Lovestone ' nd Mr . l vik President of r· BC ..fter dinner the party 1iroceeded to the theatre to see the musical production uon the Town t * N''~'v Y . . K , CCTOB ·"1. 12, 1945 - General Cl· rk remaj_ned in his hotel suite in the morn:ing com sir< his radio s Jeech for that evening . Colonel i.;UtherLnd remained yJith 'iim At llOO he s w Iiir . Antonini, 1,:r . Fovik, rv.r Snyder · nr! Lr . Lovestone concerning the arrangements for the presentation at the Hotel Biltm re and the radio broadcast At 1215 hours he sa" members of the .Tar Information Office after which the General a.nd Lrs Clark had lunch with Mr and ivrs . nopfs, returning to the hotel at 1500 hours e ft 1630 General Clark talhed with Mr .. Lowell Thomcts concerning the developing of winter sports resorts in which u· Thomas is assist mg Mr . 1;.ntonj ni and l.lr . Love....,tone arrived at the hotel at 1830 hours to &ccompany General Clark to the relieption at the Biltmore 'Ihe party arrived at the Hotel at 1930 hours ~,here Genero.l and I rs Cl rk were· l1onor guests t the Italian Labor Council I s a11nual Four Freedoms ..ward dinner . Amont those present were e:x: Gove nor and r s . L hman celebrated guests Mr. and .drP ., 1 y:ron C Taylor and several other .t 2245 hours General Clark spoke to the assembled eight hundred gu.9sts at which time his sp~ec~ vas bro ... dcast over rBC After his speech General Cl rk was presented wit 1 the r',nnual Four Freedoms Awara b-y .~r. ..ntonini President of the Council * * �WASHINGTON •OCTOBEn 13 1945- General Clark, accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Miss Ann Clark , nd C. .ipw in Luther, left L 11ut:.rdb Fi ;ld arriving t •. sh:.._ gton ..., C at 103 .... hours .1: er General Cla_k de,. art~ immea·atel -fc., ...-- th d 1 !lepartment t..nd at lJOO hom·s h9.d lunch a.t his cl.par ,"~•~nt at the enne ~ .arren " .:.t lL:JO hours eneral Cl.ark conferred with t~~e Ho ..o able Jc. mes Jtrrnes , Secreta r o:.' [}, t , n the ev ning he had Ci.inn with his mother, ,.LI'S. C .. C c:2rk, ...... . C_ ark nd hie avnt ~r· __a sh&ll ~. 0 * i,,~l.,,l __ l~, T .i., JJ .C . - iALH B.!!i. CH • ....u . .ILA- C OB'-:,~ 11. 21, 194) Gen0ral Clr-1rk de;c.rted £'rum ,' shi:rJgton, ;.J C air.i:'ort for .,..)alm Beach, Flo ... ida :.~na remained i Flc ida until Octo er 21, 1945 . hovJer The followini::: message Wes sent fl-om Generc.l' Clark to General ~,issn ., the ccasion of hi -- birthdr..y, October 1/T 1945 ir eart:..e t congrahll, .tions today on your birthday . The y ..,. . r · 1 st finfahed will be a most memorable one in the istor:-v of the Ameri · I can nd J ll_cd a ·ms he realization t,hat we have crushed the enene=.,r anG. estr.iblished p ,.,ace in the western hemisphere under yori· brilliant le:idership muct be . source of great se.ti sfaction to yo i ay this birthday be most enjoyable o.1e send my best 1.lishes for y·ou.1~ h~ppiness i,.11d good fortune in ~:~.e years t con!e u 1,.4 On the 19th of ctober Gener 1 Clark received the follcw.:Lng message of tlnnks from Gener~l 'isenhower: 1 I 'lhank you for your kind mess( ge on my birthd('.. y " a lot " I apr,reciate it On October 20, 1945, the following mess _ge was se u to the Joint Chiefs of ,Jt,aff from Gener~l Clark's Headquart9rr in Tienna. Reference • . V 8372 . 'Refer nee is 1 t'.330 ar..d 8337. n1 J't Alli ,d Coux1eil meeting this aft er~!1oon Kon:i.ev ar.nounc ed that the Soviet government a_ proves the extension of th'.J authority of the l rovisional A strian Government to the whole of .ustric.., A m,3mo!'andum will dispatched by the Allied Council to :...r . .... enncr v:hich confc>rms to the October 1st resolution of the Alliet Coundl Copy o: this, communication ill b·· :::ent to ,/ u in a later messaie · r .. !lenner ,. . s invited to nppear before the Allied Council ,h ~re he was noti.fied of the action of t 1.0 f ur govern- me ts . �11 2. Koniev: declined to discuss functions of government which are to ·be reserved to the llied Council . This subject was referred to the xecutive Committee with instructions to submit recomrr. endations to llied \,;ouncil for October 30th meeting . l n3 Con°iderable time was spent in dis eussing the question of currency conversion in Austria but no agreement was reached ., Koniev mainta ined the portion outlined in par 2 of our PV 8337 that the conversion should be made into Austrian national currency in spite of the fact that it cannot be accomplished prior to l 'ebruary 1946 at the earliest . He con-tended that this conversion is best for the Austrian Government and would not comment on the fact tha,t Dr . Renner and all Austrian financial experts favor immediate con version into llied lvdli tary chillings . British, French and US members presented the arguments in favor of immediate conversion into Allied Military Schil lin·g s and emphasized the serious results to Austrian economy if conversion is delayed until Febru~ry e A compromise measure was introduced by Bethouart that immediate conversion from eichsmark$ be made, into Austrie.n National currency to the extent that the SUJ.;J>ly of th:?.t currency will p _r mit ( about two billion schil l ings) to be supplemented by Allied Military bchillings . This prop::,sal has been referred to financial committee for study . 11 1 t r 1 I General Gruenther sent the follovJing cable to General Clark in regard to the Renner Government . .1. eference No . PV- 8.390:. October 20 , 19/45 . n1 . Sent mes sage to JCS this afternoon and rep9ated it t you ., llied Council recognized Renner although Soviet position was unknown until :honiev made his announcement at the meeting . However Koniev was tough on the financial conversion matter and would not budge an inch . } n2 . Soviet attitude in the meeting was most pleasant . ¥..oniev was \ .-more poorly briefed than eye have eve~ seen him and Zheltov prompted him ~ continuously . He sent his best regards to you and expressed considerable interest in your trip . Kisiliev told me that Koniev was very hapJY to note your complimentary remarks about him in the tates . n * * * VW..SHINGTON, D. C .- OC7013ili 21 , 1945 --- Gene ral Clar k arrived at the Washington, D. C. airfield where he was met by Captain Luther . He was accompanied by Mrs . • W. Clark. He went directly to the Kenndy ·'Jarren and in the evening had dinner with Mrs . C. C. Clark . On October 21st , General Gruenther, a cting in General Clark ' s absence, sent the following cable . to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , with an information copy t o General Clark. Refer ence No . PV 8396 ; �:~r+~i~~~~f~Y!f~it~it~~t'1t ... :,c: "Reference is PV 8372 . Following is a copy of the communication dispatched by llied Council in October 20, 1945 to Dr. Renner. Mes sage begins: LLIED COMMISSION FOR AU&TR J LLIED COtniCIL emorandum by the Allied Council to Dr . Renner u1 . The llied Council has considered the memorandum dated 28th September , 1945 in which Dr . Renner communicated agreed decisions of the · Austrian Provincial Conference which took place from the 24th to 26th September, 1945 . The members of the Allied Council have pleasure in stating that their respective governments have approved their recommenda tion that the authority of the Provisional ustrian Government , broadened as a result of ·the Provincial Conference in accordance with the list en_glosed in the above mentioned memo:r·andt1m, should extend to the whole of Austria subject to the conditions enumerated below . u2 . The. rrovisional ustrian Government will function under the guidance and control of t he upreme Authority in Austria- the Allied Council . The control over the ministries and de:p3.rtments of the government will be exercised through the machinery of the Allied Commi~sion . Certain functions of government will be reserved to the Allied Council and further commum.cations will be made as occasion requires to Dr . Renner setting out these functions . ( u3 o One of the main duties of the Provisional Austria.n Governmer:rt. will be to hold free elections as early as possible and not later than the 31st uecember , 1945 . n4. The ..t'rov:i.sional Austrian Government is empowered to enact laws applying to the whole of Austria , provided that they shall first be submitted for approval to the Allied Council and provided that this shall not ffect the validity , within the part of Austria occupied by the forces of the Soviet , nion, of any provision enacted between May 1st , 19115, and the date on which a new law applying to the whole of Austria is enacted in its place . In this connecticn, the Allied Council takes note that the Provincial Conference decid~d to examine the provisions referred to above and required that the result of this study shall be communicated to it for consideration. 5. Nothing in this Memorandun affects the validity of any military . government legislation now in force or her after to be enacted-. n 0 * r �✓ . SHil'J GTON , D .c . --OCTOB:&i'R 22, 1945 -General Clark left his apartment for the ?entagon Building at 0815 hours and went directly to General iarshall 1 s off ice where he conferred for an p;our with General larshall. Among the topics discussed was the possibility of bringing families overseas o General Clark gave General foarshall his plan of reversing the redeployment system and brining families over on a high point system . fter leaving the Chi ef I s of Staff office, General Cl·rk conferred with / General Hildring concerning the sh9rtage of personnel in his Austrian Command. General Clark left the Pentagon Building t 0950 hours and arrived at the airfield at 1000 where Mrs . M. ro . Clark and Mrs . Marshall were waiting to bid the General goodbye . General Clark departed from fiashington, D. C. in a C- 54 at 1025 hours accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, manager of the Astor and Ritz Carlton Hotels , New York City, Captain Luther .and ·gt . Thomas , arriving at Bermuda at 1455 . He left Bermuda at 1800 ho~rs and was in flight the rest of the dcy . 1 * * PARIS -OCTO 23 , 19/4-5 •-General Clark and µirty arrived at the Azores at 0250 hours and took off at 0430 arriving in Paris at 1135 hours, 1 ew York time ( 1735 Paris time He went immediately to the George V hotel where he stayed while in Paris . In the evening, accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, Gener 1 a l t.zman and Captain Mattox, he had dinner with General Ralph Smith, Military ttache Amerj c n: Embassy , Paris . * * P.fl+R S- OCTOBER 24 1945--General Clark spent the morning at the hotel where he saw General Pritch rd at 1015 . He departed from the hotel at 141,-5 .: and arrived at the airport at 1510 ·t which time he took off in a C-47 for London . He arrived in London at 1635 and was met by General Saltzman. In the evening General Cl&rk had dinner with General Eisenhower and spent the evening with him * * * LONDON--OCTCB~:Jt 25, 1945-- General Clark left London with General Eisenhower at 1015 for O:xrord, arriving at 1200 hours . He was accompanied by General Saltzman, Mr . berenson and Captain Lampson He went immediately to Vice Cnancellor Livingstone's home where they were received by Vice Chancellor and Lady Livingstone whose son had been wit p the General on the submarine trip which the General took lifhen on a secret mission in North .Africa . At 1300 hours he attended a luncheon for the decorees and at 1L}30 hours General Clark at ._,ended the ceremony where he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law _from Oxford Unjversity . Among those decorated were Gener~l Eisenhower, His Excellency John inant, Professor ~~ax Imber , Lt . Gen. Frey berg, The Hon . Jan Hofmeyer , The Rt . Hon . Earl of Gowrie , Admiral John Trevey, �Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke , Field 1viarshal Sir Pe:"na rd Montgomery, and Marshal Arthur Tedder . Immedia tely after the ceremony th e decorees . and other guests attended a tea given by the Univ~rsity after which General Clark left Oxford with General EisenhoV'ler to return to London . In the evehjng General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman, Captain Lampson and Mr,., Berenson * * * * L0ND0N--0C'l'0BER 26 , 1945--General Clark spent the morning in the hotel and at 1030 hours saw Mr ., Collins, publisher , and at 1230 he left the hotel accomps.nied b~y General Saltzman, Mr. Christenberry, Captain Luther and Sgt~ Thomas for the airfield where he departed in a. B 25 for Paris t at 1400 hours arriving in Paris at 1510. He went to the George V hotel and in the evening attended a cocktail p:1rty •at th _e American Embassy after which he had dinner with General Lee at the hotel * * * PA 1s--OCTOBER 27, 1945-- Genera.l Clark left the hotel at 1039 accompanied . by General Salt zman and Captain Luther for the Hotel Continental where he was met by General Juin ' s aide who escorted him to General Juin ' s office . ( At 1055 General Clark with General Ju.in depg.rt.ed for the Arc de Triomphe where he was met by General Gentilhomme, Military Governor of Paris . At 1100 General Clark placed a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and signed the book for distinguished visitors at the Arc de Triomphe . At 1205 General Clark had an audience with General De Gaulle at his Headquarters and departed with General Juin at 1250 for the Hotel Continental . At 1300 General CJ-ark attended a luncheon given by General Ju.in. J...mong those present were Admiral Fenard, General 1Jiast, Mr . Ridgeway Knight, General Smith, Gene.,_-,al Lewis and 1hr . Christenberry o At 1500 hours General Clark visited Les tnvalides where he was received by General Rodes with a Guard of Honor After a visit to the Army Tu~useum , Hall of Fl· gs, Napoleon Room ., Francis I B.oom , War of 19141918 Room , General Clark visited the Tomb of Nap leon and signed the Golden Book ~ · At 1700 hou~s aecompanied by General Juin, General Clark attended a reception at the Hotel de Ville given by the Mayor of Paris , Monsieur Troquet . ~fter the reception the General returned to the hotel and at 1830 hours, Lt . Clark arrived by air from Le Havre where he had docked earlier in the afternoon . J...fter s :ending some time with Lt . Clark, General Clark· went for a walk and retireo. early o * * �VIENN 0CT0BE~ 28, 1945 General Clark left Orly Field, Paris, at 1000 hours and arrived in Vienna at 1245 He was met at the airfield by General Tate and went immediately to his villa . After lunch General Clark dictated letters to his secretary and then conferred.with General Gruenther snd General Brarm He had dinner with his son, Bill, at his villa and later in the evening werrc to his office for a short while . * * * VIENN --0C~0B R 29, 1945- General Clark arrived at his of: ice at 0930 hours accompanied by Lt . Clark. He first saw Colonel Porter concerning a fare well party for General Gruenther to be held on the 31st of October, and later saw General Gruenther . Colonel Grogan, Press Relations Officer, was called in on the conference . At 1030 General Clark saw Colonel Rogers and made arrangements for his visit to Venice . At 1945 General Hume talked with General Clark and was followed by Colonel Kirkman who is returning to the States because of physical disability . General Theron, South African General, arrived at General Clark's office at 1100 hours where he confer red with General Clark until 1115 . Captain Jones and Lt . Lane, General Clark's pilots (C 47) paid the General a farewell visit as they had been released for redeployment to the s ·tates General Brann and General Tate conferred with General Clark on changes in the Headquarters·and discussed different problems which had arisen during the General ' s absence . Mr . rhardt then saw the General and discussed State Department }X)licies General Clark had lunch at his Hea.dquarters at 1300 hours and upon returning to his office decorated Cdptain Grann with a Bronze Star Captain Grann was about to depart for the States . At 1400 General Clark held a press conference in his office for twelve members of the press . The General spent the afternoon in his office taking care of accumulated correspondence and departed t 1600 hours for his villa In the evening he h~d dinner with General Gruenther . General Clark received the following cable from General Reference No 29938· isenhower , tr omination for appointment as I~:ajor General in the Regular Army of United States has been submitted to ·the Senate by the President for General Mark Clark. n * * VI "r:NL,,--OCTOB r JO, 1945- General Clark arrived at his office at 0820 hours and irnmecUately conf:"Tred with Hr .. .8rhardt who was followed by General Gruenther and Genere.l Brann, on subjects to be discussed at the Allied Council meeting . Colonel k arget was called in on the conference to discuss currency and financial problems, as well as Colonel Rundell . General Tate talked with General Cla rk concerning the cocktail party to be held for Gener~l Gruenther At 1100 Gen-~ral Clark departed for the llied Council · meeting accompanied by General G;cuenther and General Brann In the evening he had dinner with General F.10ran, General How~rd, Gener al Sullivan, Colonel ij!artin, Colonel l,.lmith and Lt. Cl~rk. * * �General Clark sent the following birthday message to Lt. General Geoffrey Keyes, Commanding General of the Seventh Army, Reference lo . -4546· ttI ext end my heartiest congratul3.t ions to you today on your birthday . You can view the year just finished with pride and satisfaction in your accomplishments, and in the achievements of II Corps whose gallant efforts w..f!C'e of in ~,spensible aid in our great victory over the enemy in the Medj_terranea n last May . I send my best wishes. for your continued health and good fortune, and for the welfare of all members of yoi.:_r command. rr * * * VI H~A 0CT0B3]l 31, 1945 - General Clark arrived in his office at 0930 accomp:i.nied by Lt . William Clark . Gener: 1 Clark immediately conferred with General ·Tate who was followed by General Brann and General Gruenther. At 1400 hours General Betbouart visited General Clark At 1430 hours General Clark called Col. 'ilC,11.1ean to his office to discuss a serious co rt Martial c se . Comdr . msmanno -conferred with General Cla rk for a few minutes in regard to a biog-raphy which he is writing about General Clark, and received the General ' s approval to print several pictures of him in his book General Clark left his Headquarters at 1500 hours for his villa where he rested until 1600 hours at rhich time the General gave a cocktail µ1rty at the Bristol Hotel for General Gruenther who is leaving Headquarters. The General left the Bristol Hotel at 1830 hours for his villa where he had dinner with several members of his staff, and later played poker with his guests . @eneral Clark sent the following cable to General Hull, War Department, Reference No . P 4733 nr left with you on 13 October radio from Gruenther which I received in Washington regarding request from General Bethouart for issue of certain components American ration to French troops in Vienna . Hope you will have favorable word soon as situation is becoming a little embarassing . n The, following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Cla rk in regard to the Allied Council meeting October 30, Reference No . P 4 752: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 26 - October 30, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 26 - October 30, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1670 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/a7fa20c0b380b1ed72ccde343917b586.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=Z9mgCkZ76jbZ%7EyOiShxHecd5hZ5j3wiV2amKG1SVdS%7EVuJRYa84OjSzNcT2qR4T2kKYBh9zAkOGVy4PSUiqIc4ZU9bekVS5dOac0OR8Nf3hhTmrffm6hLGdUQU2%7EoXqrlLLIsfV-bS7oLHL6alDYMdLo-tBbzzjQDedLFPLwoNkNapEo8coCpXZJ8lN-COZksPoAQdLkk4OgfoW0NvUCi3krkvoGNR7I8iVtfQqTDJORn09b2EOIJ9Og7WUXcDBBbP2uAcg%7E5ceerDBKpjVerqullXWdmd4twWVy767coiEH0e4OnJC%7E0au3CljiAQdp3OCr6P-MMq1mbykpm4jIcw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e6821a9161c76ec3c075bcb19c61ded1 PDF Text Text J NOI'E This is iTolume V of the War Diary of Lieutenant GenerAl Mark W. Clark. Volume I, covering period 28 June, 1942 to September 24, 1942; Volume II, covering period 25 September 1942 to 5 January 1943; Volume III, covering period 6 January 1943 to 6 June 1943; and Volume Dr, covering period 7 June 1943 to 29 August 1943, are held in safekeeping at the Army War College, Washington, D. c. �IIJCOl JTG I. SS. GE rn· FRG : '::'. C 1~ ....ri1J Group CLA.SSIFIC TI01!: __S _ _ _ T_ _ _ _ _EC. .;;_ J.EF ITO: ?I C/L/4 ??..:O TIT ------------ PHECEDE:!CE: ---------- TJT~ ~.ECD:1310.50 ------- Il~TE: 1 _ _ _3 _ _ __ _ 3 0 7 _0 ..-;.cli't.ed Literal TO: itlC s 'C ,. F"rl ; .S'l'H REY; 1 IN 15 AH! y G~OUP c....;1JSO_.s:-rrp I'i.ALTA Censorship guidonce. One. ~ ithin limits available information play up Eighth Army and particularly Tara11.to advances . T\vo. Fifth Army havine tough time. Likely continue till Eighth Army ca11 relieve pressure by nearness. ft- �IOSTAGAHEII-AtJGtJS'r 30, 1943•-General Clark spent the day in working on plans tor Operation AVALAllCHE 1n bis ottice and in packing his belongings tor his departure to Algiers where he will 'board ship. Be tentatiwly plans to boa1"d the Aneon, which will be his OOlllllllld ship tor Operation AVAIANCBE, on Smlday, Septeaber 5. General Clark sent oat toda,- to all bis woop commanders the following letter: •t want )'O'l1 and the pereonnel or your command to know that I u pNUd to haw ,.:tur organisation assigned to the nfth Arrq. In addition to the MD7 u. s. organisations which belong to us, we are tortuna'9 in also ha"fing Bri• tish and Prencb troopa as a part or the Fitth AnfT. All or th•• Allied organisations will enter combat as an k:rfq team, with but one thought 1n mind • the complete destruction our despised ene117 who tor 19ars has attempted to deprift us and our lO'ftd ones at home or the liberties and principles~ free• do• tor which our eountr,- has alwa)"8 stood. or •I want you· to explain ,ersonally to your men the necessity for being well disciplined and t h ~ trained, in order that they will outfight the German soldier who for years has been trained and disciplined tor battle. •Great opportunities lie ahead o~ our Firth Army, opportunities which will lead to the complete liberation or Europe from its present rule or tyranny. It is a great privilege that we ot the Fifth Arr., can be associated with such an enterprise. It your organization is alert, determined, disciplined and trained in the manner whieh you are capable of being, we can and will defeat the enemy on the field of battle. It is absolutely essential that J'Olll' organi• zation do .its part to win this "fietory. •I u conf'ident that the Firth Any will be taithtul to the American soldier. of the past and to the United States of America, whose glorioos exis• a tence and development it is our privilege and duty to guarantee. With each man doing his duty to the exolusien er every other consideration, we shall be worthy ot our trust. our cause 18 a righteous one, and God will direct us in our ,mdertald.ng. •It ia my desire that the contents of this letter be brought to the atten• tion or e-nry member of )'Ol1l' command." * * * IOSTAGANEII-AUGUST 31, 1943-At 0900 this morning, General Eisenhower arrived at Nouvien airport and spent the day with General Clark and his ottieers. At 1000 hours a conf"erence was held in the Headquarters attended by numerous ranking officers or the Fifth Anr::, units so that last minute details could be straightened out. General Clark addressed the conference at some length. Be told the assembled officers that three joint C0111manders had been selected for Operation AVALA.NOHE commanding respectively ground, air and naval rorces. With headquarters widely separated, the planning tor the operation bad been moat ditticul.t. Planning had~ however, gone ahead, and plans had been completed by the three services. Today was an opportunity to get together and iron out any controversial points. General Clark warned that opposition my be expected �to be hea-.y and that he was very glad the American land torcea involftd in the operation had had a rehearsal tor 111any weaknesses had been brought out which would be oorrected by the ti.lie the actual _ operation is to come ott. General Clark gaw a cordial welcome to the . British otticers attending tba conterence and spoke with pride that his Anr3' was truly an A Anny, con• med sieting ot American, British and French elements. General Clark had tor lunch at his rllla General Eisenhower and a munber or other high ranking British and Alleriean orticers, including Air Chier Mar• . abal Teddar, General Bradley, General Patton and General lcCreery. There were forty guests in all, and a very good buf'tet luncheon waa eerved. After the luncheon was over, and to the complete 8Ul"priee of General Clark, the Connander-1n-ch1et, in the presence or the assembled guests, pinned the Legion ot Merit upon General Clark's breaet. The citation which was read by General Gl'U.enther is as tollow11 "IARI w. CLARK, 05309, Lieutenant General, (then Major General), AzFq ot the United States, tor exeeptionallJ' atritorioua conduct in the perf'ormnce of' outstanding service. A• Deput,.- Chiet _ start, General Headquarters, or United States~, and aa Chief of start, Headquarters krfq Ground Forces, be diapla~ tireless enera, great reaourcetulneas and llilitary attainment or a high order in soln.ng, with sound judgment, perplexing problems and assisting in the training of units of Aftfy Ground Forces as Commanding General of' the II Corpe. By bis tact, professional ef'tieienoy and leaderehip1 he laid the groundwork 1n the European Theater tor a vast organizational housing and train• 1ng dtWelopm~t for United States knrf Ground Forces. Bis exceptional mill• tary judgment, aomaon sense, dnotion to dut7 and loyal aenices were or in• estiable ftl.ue to the Theater Comander." In the afternoon, tleneral Clark took General Eisenhower • a tour ot in• spection or Fifth AffrT troops stationed between Mostaganem and Oran. The lar• ger part of theee troops were or the 36th D1Ti.eion. Both General Eisenhower and General Clark were pleased and inspired by the splendid appearance ot th• troops ot th1a division. The Ccmander•in-cbief' took ott from La Senia airport to ret1Jrn to Algiers, and General Clark tlew from La Senia to Moataganem in a O'llb. . Going straight to his Headquarters, General Clark then m-iet'ly addreaaed bis atat1' in the •P room at the Headquarters. It was a speech or thanks for the splendid eooperation he had reoeiwd. f'roiD hia otticers, of warning that hard fighting lay ahead and ot inspiration that this great task had been giftn to them to do. Be stated that he bad COllJ)lete confidence 1n the abUit,.- of hif offieers to carry out the lliaaion assigned. The Commanding General oomienced hie speech with a story whioh got his officers laughing and finished it on a ·i:;?',' note of praise and encouragement. It was obvious that his start was deeply r~.) F,.1/.' i11preseed by what he bad to aa7• (/ lt General Patton was a go.eat at General Clark's Ti.lla tor the night. * * * m s r A ~ 1 1 1943--General Clark spent a pert or the morning 1n talkh1.g with General Patton. Be tben finished the morning in warking on papen ' �and took the afternoon ott to get some rest and relaxation with Colonel lnurd on the beach. He bad 20 ot his start tor supper at the villa. All or them were officers who haw been worldng extrnel.7 bard on pbns tor AVALANCHE, and it was a pleasant relaation tor them to dine and tallc together at the villa. Arter dinner, Colonel Kammerer entertained the gathering at the piano. The part,- broke up at a little atter ten o'clock. General'• 'l'he WAAC's beCUle WAC 1 a today. They are no longer amdllariea bnt are, in taet, aeabera or the Ar,q of the United states. A brief' ceremony was held. in the compound ot the Headquarters in honor of the entry of these young ladies into the !nty'. * * orr tros the airport at Boiq General Clark, aooompmied by Brigadier Richardson of the Britilh Anl7, who 111 acting as a Deput7 Chief or staff for the Firth ArllyJ Oeueral Lens, .lrtillel"Y' Otticer; Colonel Brann, G-3; and Captain By-1.es, and stopping ott w,ry brietly at llaiaon Blanche, flew to Bizerte, arriving at Sidi 1Jmed airport at 1250. General Clark was llet there 1'1 General Wilbur, · who baa been in Bizerte tor the paat two weeks in arranging tor the shipment of troops and equipment traa Marte tor Operation AVALANCHE. The General d1'0ft ilalediately to the Headquarters of Major General Hawkeswor.tb, Coanand• ing the 46th Din.ad.on ot the British 10th Corps. There, General Clark ll9t and talked brlefl,- to General Hawkenorth's start officers. Going next to Adldral Conol.l.7'• Headquarters, the pert,- had lunch. AdJll1ral Cono1]7 is Ccmander, Landing Craft and Bases, Rortbwest Atrioan Water• and hae been working in the loading or ships and entt at Bizerte. Just at the conclusion ll>STAGANEI-BIZER'l'E--s.EP.l'EIIBER 2, 1943--Tald.ng les Bains at os1,, of lunch a telephone call trm General Gruenther, who was at Algiers, ad"fiaed General Clark that his preaence was needed in Sioil.7. A oonterence 11 to be held tollOl"NW or •jor illportanoe, and the Comamder•in-chief' desires the presence ot the Comanding General, FU'th >.r,.q. General Clark, accompanied by General Bawkesworth and Admiral Conoll.7, inspected a DU11ber or Aaerican units drawn up on a road near the airport. hong the units inspected were the 36th lngineer Share Regiment, the 191st ~ Tank Battalion, the 151-t Field Artillel"Y' Battalion, the 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion and the 645th Tank Deatroy-er Battalion. These troops all looked hard and f'it, and when the General stopped to talk to an otf'icer or a soldier each one expreseed hia eagerness to get into combAt. The subject ot the oonterence at Syraeuse tomorrow will be the switching of' the 82nd Airborne Di"fision f'roa it.a, present Jli.saion to a different mission. The Ccmander-in-Chief' will want to know whether ships and craft now assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division at B1serte oan, at this last moment, be assigned to Palermo to load other troops tc take their place aa a floating reaerYe. After checking with Admiral Conoll.7, General Clark is convinced that the nitcb• ing can be mde and will ao infOl'll the OCllnllander-in-Cbief tomorrow. He will send the 82nd'a shipping to Palermo and will there load another RC'l' tro• the 45th Di'ri.sion to be a'ftilable as a floating resene in place of the 82nd on "D" Da,-. General Clark, Colonel Brann and Captain By-lea bad dinner as Colonel �Conari'• peats at his rllla and spent the night there. Brigadier Richardson spent the night in the Oftioera' Hotel in Biserte. There is hardly- a building in B1Hrte whioh has not been touched b;r bombing or shell fire. There are no oirillans in it, and sueh buildings as are usable are now housing Allied ofti• cere and men, either tor living or working parpoaea. General Cl.ark called on General Horrocks at the 56th Evacuation Hospital ot Bis.rte. Unfortunatel7, General Horrocks was 'UDable to see hi•, aa a hypodermio had been administered to hill a short while before, in er• der that he could spend the night IION comfortably. He is mldng slow progress toward recovery. just outside * * * BIZERTE-SIRACUSE-J.t)gitAGANEM•-sEPTEMBER .3, 194:3•-During last night, it was found that the neet1ng at Sioilywhieh General ·Olark bad thought was scheduled to take place at Palermo will, in tact, take place today at Fairtield, General Eisen• hower•s advance headquarters near the cit7 or Syracuse. At 08.30 General Clark, aooompanied b7 Brigadier Richardson, Colonel Brann and Captain B)"lea, took oft trom Sidi Ahmed airport in General Spaatz• luxuriousl.7 appointed special plane. The part7 arrived at Fairfield just in time tor General Clark to enter into oonferenoe at 1100 with the Oommander-1.n-chiet and General Alexander. There was an air or exoitement at Fairt'ield. The presenoe was noted or Mr. Robert Murph7, the ADl9r1can Chiet Oi'Yi.l Administrator in North Atrica, and his Bt-itish counterpart, Mr. MacMillan. Also present was Major General Smith, AFHQ Chief' ot start; General Ridgway, Commanding the 82nd Airborne Di'Yi.sion; and General Lemrl.tser, General Alexander's Deput7 Chief' or Staff'. News bad been recei"l'ed that the Italians •7 veey possibly pack up and declare themselves out of the war in the wey near Mure. In taet, they 'IIIA'1 ac,t,all:, lend act1Ye assistance to the Allied Forces against Germany-. It the Italians should decide to oome to terms before Operation AVALANCHE takes place, it is desired to drop the 82nd Airborne Division on ROME instead of' using them partly aa airborne troops against CAPUA and partly as a floating reserve of' light inf'antey troops. It is for this reason that General Ol&rk baa been asked whether he can take the 82nd's shipping, which it will no longer need, and use that shipping to load a Regimental Combat Team of the 45th Division out or Palermo. General Clark answered this question in the af'f'irmatiTe, and General Middleton 1s immediately to make plans to pre• pare an additional Regimental Combat Team to the one al.ready alerted in his di'ris1on. Both or these reg1119fftal eombat teams will leave Palermo in order to be available to General Clark as a floating reserve on "D" De.:,. General Clark has tentatively decided to send this floating reserve straight into NAPLES should the Italians decide to capitulate. The BA?'l'OWN Operation oomnaenoed at 04.30 t~7. The troops involved are the / British and Canadians or Montgomery' a Eighth Army. They •de landings across the straits or Messina, and within a tew hours had captured Reggio and its air• ports, San GiOftnni and a hrge strip or coastline on the toe of' the boot. Oppoeition was light and casualties were rn. j l"ly:1ng back from Syracuse to Bizerte, General Ol&rk conf'erred lrietly- with General Wilbar, and Admiral Conolly at the airport. Orders were given to them to unload the 82nd from shipping at Bizerte and send the shipping directly' to Palerao tor the 45th Di"rlsion. The conference (fflJ'r, General Clark, Colonel �Brann and Captain Byles new back to Mostaganem, arriving at Ho1sy- field at 1945. Brigadier Richardson remined at Bis.rte, to take another plane to Algiers. * * * Jl)S'rAGANEII-SEPTEMBm 4, 1943-In the morning, General Clark conf'erred with General Dawley and General Walker concerning the developments which have taken place in the last two days. He entertained Brigadier Generals ~er and Me,er, Commmding reapeo• tiftl7 the '7l8t 11.eld Art1ller, Brigade and the 18th Field Artill.ff7 Bri• gade, at the Tilla tor lunch. In the afternoon, General Clark sought rest and relamtion trom the strain ot the pan \wo days in taking a swim with Colonels Bruoe and Nygaard. Both ot these officers oae to supper at \he T11l.a. ' * * * MOS'rAGAllEM•ALGIERS-SEPTElllER 5, 1943--General Clark spent a short time 1n bis office this morning and then took ort from the Jlo!q a!rpart at 1000 and tlew to Algiers. With hill in the plane wre o.neral .O nenther, Colonel Brann, Coloml HWle, newl.7 assigned to firth Arrq as a representati'ft of AllnO'l', Captain By'les, Sergeant Holden, General Clark's personal bodyguard, Sergeant Chaney, cook and orderl.7, and Ser,-ant OUalline, 0.neral Gruenther'• orderl7. General C~k drove iaediatel.1' to&l!•S.s. Anoon, where he was wel• ) oomd on board b7 the skipper, Captain , and rendered honors b7 the ship's OOl!lpaDY. The Aneon will be Gent:lr&l Clark's comand ship tor Opera• tion AVALANCHE. ft'le is scheduled to lean the port at 0630 tmnorrow morning. j General Clark and General Oruenther had lmch on board the British suburine 1-se ship the "IIAIDSTOlfE• 1n Algiers. There the:, were guests or General Clark' a great Mend, Captain Barney Pawlms, who engineered General Clark's taaous submarine trip to 1lmh Africa last year. General Clark was rendered honors b7 the ship's company when he came on board, and a very delicious luncheon was Hrftd. The Commanding General is very tond ot Captain Fawkes and alwa,s enjoys seeing him. During the atternoon, General Clark reoei'Nd a sucoeuion or Ti.sitars 1n bis ottiee aboard the Anoon. llaD7 or these Yiaitors or high rank were de• sirowt or obtaining passage on board in order to aot as observers in the coming operation. There ia a critical lack or apaoe on board ship, and none ot then oan be aCOOllllOdated. ,B rigadier General William O. Donovan, the tamous •ild Bill• ot the last war, is wry anxioua to go on the operation, and he is tl'ying traa the states in order to do so. A plaoe bas been reserved ror hi• on board ship, but it now appears that he is going to arriYe too late. There are 30 or General Clark' a atatt otticers on board the Ancon. Inol'Uded among tha are: General Moran, Signal Otticer; Colonel Honrd, G-2; Colonel BNnn, G-3; Colonel Tate, G-4; and, or course, the Ohiet or start, General Gruenther. The only aembers of General Clark• s personal start to ao• company hill are: Captain By'lea, his Aide; Mr. Beach, his Warrant Ottiaer �stenographer; Sergean18Holden, Dow, body guards; Sergeant Chane,-, celONd orderly; and Sergeant Patillo, radio operator tor the scout OfJr. The scout ear, sandbagged against llines, and one jeep of the Commanding Gene• ral 1 a, together with f'ift other headquarters jeeps, are being carried aboard the ship so that transportation will be immediately at hand U needed. The Ancon is a navy transport, formerly belonging to the Panama Steaaship Lines, and everything is •ship-shape, Bristol f'ashion". Adnira.l Hewitt, who is the Naval Commander tor Operation AVALANCHE, is on board with his Chief' of' sta.tt, Admiral Lewis. Genere.l Cl.ark will mess with the Admirals in Admiral Hewitt's cabin. The officers are scattered about in etaterooms, comtortable but small. Captain By-les has a cot in the ro011 right next to General Clark's bedroom which will be used as an off'iee in the daytime. \· General Clark and General Graenther dined tonight with General Eisen• bower at his villa. ' Legion or Merit awards have just come throngb., and General Clark pinned ribbons on Colonel Howard, Lt. Col. Sutherland, Brigadier General Lanitser, and tomorrow will •ke the same award to Sergeant Holden. * * * ON BOARD THE U.s.s. ANCOif AT SEA••SEP'l'EMBER 6, 194.3--1'he Ancon put out to sea at 0630 this morning and is proceeding at about 12 knots in a heavily guarded convoy. In the convoy are three Cl"Uisera: The Boise, Savannah and Philadelphia and fourteen destroyers. There are numerous large vans• ports am three large British IS1' 1 s. In all, there are about sewnty · ships in the ooavo-r. The General 1:reakf'asted this morning at Admiral Hewitt's •ss and will continue to take ' his meals there while on board. At 0900 he held a conterence in his office, adjoining the bedroom which was attend4td by- a mnber of key start officers, including General Oruenther, General Moran, General House ( in obarp or :tighter 911pport command) Colonel !rann, Colonel Howard, Colonel Tate, Colonel HUlll9 and Lt. Cols. sutherland and Wood. At the conterence, General Cl.al'k informed his officers tha~ news had been receiTed within the pa.st two or three days to the ettect that an armistice agreemnt bas already been signed by a reprenntatiw of General Eisenhower and a representatiff ot General. Badoglio. It is planned that the announcement ot the armistice will be 1:roadcast at 1830 hours, September 8; tht;Lt is to say in terms or Operation AVALANCHE, on D•l. The terms or the armistice call, in general, for a passi"Ve resis• tanoe on the pert er the Italians to the Germans. For example, they will / not mintain rail traf'f'ic or oonnm.mice.ticm tor the Germans. They will not permit the Germans to take over their coastal def'•ncea. They will, in some instances, lend active help to the Allied forces as, f'or example, by shooting at statt cars German officers. This is a critical move f'or !\ Ar.l.s aa well as Allies, and General Clark is skeptical that the armistice will be consummated. as planned. He ie certain that the Germans must know or I �9 about it by now, tor other nations have been in communication with the Ollliander•!n-Chie era, askin to be in at the si.,gning or. the armistice terms. If these nations mow about i why- shouldn •t the Germans themaelwa, who are actuall 1n Itily'l It is more than ~ssible that the s may- seize control ot Italian radio ssion 1'acilitiea in order to pl"eftnt the public announcement of the terms of the armistice by Marshal Badoglio at the appointed hour. If the announoement is not ma.de, and indeed ewn if the announcement is -.de, what guarantee is there that the reaction ) of the Italian people will be rawrable to the Allies? It is pN>bable that they wottl.d react faTON.bly. We see that Operation BA!TOWN is proceeding with littlo or no resistance ~ n s , aiir_preeuma they are rea to bel us. However, General Clark is not going to be caught short, iiid e will go aliead in the BAY OF SALERNO with plans as they have alread7 been tornulated for the capture of the city or SllElUI) am ·then a divergence northward toward the objectbe ot WAPIES, which still remains the prime objeotiw or the Fifth Arrry. General. Clark is carrying one ace up his slecne, and that is the possible uae of the 45th Division, less ·one regiment, to sail directl,- into the BAY OF NAPLES and take the city itaelt. General Clark would onl7 direct this to be done it the Italians bad completely col• lapsed and come to terms by that time and prcm.ded turther that the Germans had ot been able to take over defensive installations in and around the Cl'l'Y OF BPI.ES,. Be- f'ee1"stliiirC-uiek thrust at the city in the ve-q 'earliest ~ge,s o ~tien AVALANCHI iii!ght well yield tremendous results, ihereaa it he we~ to wi toraj,eriodof' ""t;i• i(°' JDight then be too late, tor in .e meanti:nr, 'tJII 'Germans might "fWY well haw recovered f'rom ~ " l i s h e d themselves in the defenses to the city. I ti I l General Clark has in hie personal possession the signed armistice , agreement, and it is planned that some time prior to the assault ot his troops 1n Operation AVALANCHE he will aeet and negotiate with a represent&• tiw of Marshal Badoglio. The meeting would probably take place at sea. One of the tenns 1nsistec1 upon by the Italians we.a that one of our } parachute divisions be dropped in the vicinity of ROME to assist Italian troops already in that area in the defense ot the city against the Germana. The Italians are af'raid that the Germans will try to take severe reprisals against them as punishment for dropping t.rom the Axis. The 82nd Airbm-ne Division would be used for this ld.saim. General Clark is keeping an e,e on the ball, which is the eit7 ot NAPLES, but he also has in mind the emplo,ment, if' things go well, ot tw9 r ~ colmma; one to cross the peninsula and take FOGGIA with its airfields and with l its control over the road net cOftring the eastern ooa.st of Ita17, the other is to strike northward at ROME itself, aaking contact with General Ridgway' a parachute troops. General Cl.ark entertained in his cabin in the atternoon General Gruenther, Brigadiers Richardson, Cooke, General Houae, Colonel Brann and Colonel Bulle. Teabnieal Sergeant Holden, the General's personal bodnuard, was awarded the Legion or Merit today by the Oommnding General who, himself, pinned the ribbon on Holden's chest. The oitation reads as follows: �lb "ROBE2lT R. HOLDEN, 32056347, Technical Sergeant, Headquarters Compe.ny, Firth Arll7, tor e:xceptiona.117 mritorioua conduct in the pertormnoe of outstanding services aa personal guard tor- the Deputy Commander•in-Cbiet, Allied Poree and later for the Coimnanding General, Firth Artry. On 11 NOftmber 1942, onl.7 a rw days after the ship transporting hia battalion was torpedoed 150 miles at sea and af'ter he had taken part in the assault •de from that point in . . boats, he was designated as senior guard tor the Deputy Comnmder-in• Chiet, who bad arrived to establish the f'orward echelon, Allied Force Headquar• ters. At ·that time the politieal and military- situation in Algiers was extremely unoert&in and the small group of officers was substantiall7 without personal seOllrity. Technical Sergeant Holden, by hia untiring vigilance and exceptional qualities or leadership mterially assisted in maintaining seCtlJ'it7 tor these otticera. Be has continued to aene with exceptional f'idelit7 ,mtil the present date. Entered service f'rom Newark, New Jerse7." n * •· * OR BOARD THE tr.s.s. AlfCOI AT SEA•-sEPTEMBER 7, 1943-'l'oday bas been quiet as far as this corm:sr is oonoerned. There haTe been no attacks trom on or under the or tram the air. A cable massage receifld in the earl.7 part or the atternoon informed us that Bizerte was bombed by 100 German planes baaed at dif'terent points in Ita.1:,. The raid took place last night, but the cable tailed to state what damage, it any-, was done, nar haa m17 intonation been •a 1 forthcoming eoncerning that question. It is appe.rent to those close to hi11 that General Clark is teeling the strain ot this period ot waiting far Operation AVALANCHE to connence. There is nothing that he himseU' can do now. Be has placed his troops, his otf'icara and himself in the hands or the JJB.TT and must await their deliTeey upon Italian shores before he will be able again to assume act1Te command. Bo turther intor•tion bas been forthcoming since our departure from Al• giera concerning the proposed armistice to be entered into between the Allied governments on the one side and the Badoglio go-,~nt on the other. General Clark remains skeptical. They will have to show him by deeds and not by words before he is oonn.noed that the deal will go through. !he Bll'l'Offlf Operation continues to •ke good pl"Ogreas aga1nat opposition to none at all. The only thing holding up Montgomery' a progress are demolitions, and the7 baTe not been as heavy as was anticipated. It re•ins to be seen whether or not the Germans will make a stand along a ta-.orable line selecrted b7 them in advance. Taryi.ng from light In the meanwhile, the Firth Army is sailing along placidly' waiting tor a 110111ent to strike. The7 will not haTe long to wait. Today is Tuesday, and "D" Day is Thvsday next. Looking at a •P or the BAY OP' SALER?I> we see Rangers and OOlllll!lndos going into th, hills on the very northern side of the bay. 1 Crossing this rugged country in the night, it will be their mission to aeoure the passes whiah let out from the SALERNO plain onto the plain or NAPLES. It NAPLES is to be taken from the SALERNO area in the near ruture, these passes 1IU8t not be blocked b7 the enem;r. Worlcing om- way down the edge ot the BA.Y OF SALERN'O in a southerl7 direction, we come next to the British 10 Corps, whose 46th Di"ri.sion will attack on the northward flank of the area assigned to the e. ..,~ �i\ in a oolwm or three brigades. Joining the 46th DiTision on its southern tlanlc we eee the 56th Din.aion attaoklng with two brigades abreast and one 'brigade in reserve in the rear. Proceeding still turther south, we oome to that portion ot the bay assigned to General Dawl97's American VI Corps. Although the Corps c,onsists ot two :lntantry and one armored dirision, actual.17 but one division, the )6th Infantry Di'rlsion, will represent the VI Corps 1n the assault. This Texas Division will ake the landing with the 14].st and 142nd Regimental Combat Teams landing abreast on the beaoh. In reaerv9, and to land at a slightly later hom-, is the 143rd ROT. In back of these assault torces, at the call or General Cl.ark and ready to be shoved into &J13" sector upon a aoment•s notiee, is General Middleton's battle•pronin 4Sth DiTision fresh from the Sioilian oupa.ign. This Division, less one ROT which tor lack or shippiag space has been lett in the Palermo area, is Gene• ral Clark' a f'loating reserve. As stated in 19aterda71 a diary, it all goe• well, that is to say it-Italian resistance collapses and German resistance is disintegrated and uncertain, the 45th Division may well be directed straight into the BAY OP' NAPLES to take the city- itselt. General Clark sounded out Admiral Hewitt today and obtained a favorable reaction on the question or sending in a small party or two ot troops to probe areas tor a determination or whether or not resistance is to be met. Far example, General Clark may decide to send an LSI or two, accompa.nied by de• stro,.vs, into the BAY OF NAPLES to test the :reaction or the detenders. It all went wll with suoh a little party, he would then feel conf'ident in send• ing 111 the 45th Division. Taking a nap arter lunch, General Clark rose a little after 1;00 and walked on the deck tar an hour with Captain Byles. The General and his aide walked briskl:, and worked up a good neat. General Clark has been feeling the laok ot exercise the pa.st tew da,a and was glad tor this opportunity to get some under bis belt. Returning to his cabin, be took a tew setting up exeroiNI and then a shower. He was f'inished just in time to greet six of' his of'tioers tor a drink bet'ore supper. They were: General Gruenther, General Moran, Colonel Howard_, Colonel Tate, the new G-J.,and Lt. Cols. _ sutherland and Clark. Lt. Col. Sutherland, former Liaison Otticer of' the Firth Arrq Head• quarters while the Arrq was stationed in Morocco, later the Fifth Anq repre• sentatiw with AlllOT Planners 1n Algiers, is now acting in a general utility eapacity 1llm9diatelyunder the Chiet or Statt. It 1s f'elt that his wide experience with civil attairs and his knowledge of' the Italian .language and people will make hi• extremely useM as a trouble shooter in varied oapacities. Colonel Clark is, ot COU1"8e, the Public, Relations Otf'ioer ot Headquarters Fifth Army. Arter a heart,- dinner in the Admiral's mess, General Clark, Admiral Hewitt and General <h'wtnther took a constitutional on the deck. It 1a highly likely that the comoywill be subjected to air attack bef'ore another 24 hours has gone by. All we can do is wait and see. Defense against such attack is out or General Clark'• hands. He bas expressed considerable concern f1ffr the lack or knowledge on the part of Major General House e.s to whether adequate air protection will b9 given the convoy in case of attack. General House's responsibilit7 does not OODIJl9noe until the morning or "D" Day, �when bis tighter planes, based on SicU7, will aupport the landing operations ot Fifth Ar'r,.y. The protection or the convoy against air attack is in the hands or the Coastal Air Command, none of whose representatives is on board this oomand ship. General House does not lmow what precautionary measures the Coastal Air Command has taken. He can onl7 assume that they have been taken, and such asS1J11ptions are tar trom satisfactory to the Commanding General, Fifth Arrq• · * * * ABOARD TW U.S.S. A•qcoN AT SF --September 8, 194:::-we are off th northern coast of Sicily this morriir:g. This day was a quiet one, as far as this part of the convoy is concerne0. Towever, there was a red alert at 1004 and another red alert at 1800 which aff8cted other parts of the convoy. At 2000 there was an air attack on ships of our convoy hul~ clown off the port ,bow. Anti-aircraft firing could be seen. The en"'Ill'J planes werP too far awa;r for us to make use of OU!' AA defense gu.TJ.s. At 1800 the R01:1e radio closAd· down. At 1830 ar. !ir.nouncement was made from the Algiers radio to the effect tliat ~ General Fisenhower had anr.our,ced the unconditional surrender of the Italian government. A message from General Badoglio was read in Fnglish over the { same rafio, announcing the acceptance of the surrender terms imposed by the \lf Un~ted Nat:cns. It was not until 1945 that the Rome radio announced the ac- ~ / ceptance by the Italian govermr:ent of the terms of surrender. It will be• ir\ interesting to see what effect the Sudden collapse of the It.J.ian government re, will have upon its ar~r and its population genPrally. Will Italiar soldiers continue to offer resistance even though that resistance be no more than that which they have giv.en to General Montgomery's northwa ' advancing Fighth Army? What will the German reaction be? Will the Germans take over ~talian military installations in time to use them tomorrow? * ABOAR.n THE u. s. s. J\JTC'r Ti\T TTm BAY OF SAP''=<NO-_,SPPT~ Ti'R 9, 2..f4:--Today · s D nay. The landfogs commencec. at 0330. Frio• to this hour heavy firine was t heard and observed ashore in the SalPrno area. Tt was not 1,novm what this ,~ firing was, although in all probability it was demolition work. Th~ assault ~ landings were carried out on schedule. ~here was opposition at every beach \1w taken by the VI Corps and the 10th C'orps. On VT C'orps yellow beach, the rP- ..rsistance was particularly intense, anr1 lRnding pa...ties wnre c'riven back. 1:eavy air attacks were made on the ships of th( corvoy at OSOO an· 0700. "'t >- ,CJl41 is not known how muc}i damage was 0one, but it appears to have bP n smaJ 1. o."'Y' 11. The Comn:candos, anc! thP t 6th anrl 06th nivisions of the 10th Corps are all T, "i;,~ ashore. The 56th Division made successful lan 'inp:s on freen and blue beaches .1?" ~ Yellow beach is still held up by enen:i;i,r cross fire. No report received from .o.7~ red beach. if~ -1 ~l>f 0 This morning, after daylight, General Clark sent Brigadier Ricbar son to check OL 10th Corps, the Rangers and the Commandos anc: report back. lt. Col. Yarborough was sent in on a similar mission with regard to the Zf:th Division. It appears that heavy artillery fire is holding up yellow beach. The 45th Division is still helc. as a floatirrg reserve. General M" o.cUe- ry~ - rY , �t3 ton, the Comr:ianding General, has been called for to come aboarn thF. Ancor. for consultation. It is not likely that the reserve will be sent to(:<o~ General Clark is thinking now of putting one of the :RC'T I s on the beacnes between the river Sele and the north flank of the :':6th Division. A report from Admiral Hall, whose task force is supporting the 36th Division, states that he believes the 36th Divisiop is making ~ood progress but has not penetrated far enough yet to clear artiller;;r fire off the beaches. ~ TherP is no communication with General Walker of the f6th Divis" on. .Apparently something has happened to the two du.½vs carr;ying 299 radio SPtS with which he was supposed to coJI1.municate with army. General Dawley has gone ashore to see how the 36th Division is progressing. A report is received this morning that beachhead at Vietri tak 0 n by the Commandos :has been re-taken by the GPrmans. ('j f l 1 J ~ f·:~ S) \\ "' \f' ft General t~iddleton reported to General Clark and discussed plans for use of the floating reserve. He is going ashore to see General Dawley, taking with him Colonel Hutchins, Comn:anding Officer of the 179th 'lC'l'. _ )I'S./'. ~>f~ ' :r~i'J If General Walker can hold his beachhead, General Clark may put one RCT of the 45th Division onto the beach between C'astellaJI1.are and Annunziata. ✓.1A report was received that It. Col. Darby's Rangers have succ<"ssfully reached the vicinity of rJocera on the Salerno ridge aric' are ir a favorab:e position to observe and fire upon the pass below. ! Brigadier Hichardsor.. returned from 10th Corps and brought moc1erat6ly good news. 10th Corps has a better hold than does the 36th Division. The fighting has been hard. General McCreery is not worried. Salerno has not been taken. Supplies are being unloaded pretty well on schedule, and combat persor..nel is ashore. General Lewis, Artillery Officer, has been slightly wounded. enough, however, to put him out of action. ~ vl ci ~'y>'o :v-~ / ~ /~sr l > ~ I l'Tot ✓ ~u~ At 1745 General Wilbur came on board, reporting directly from the ~ _ , field of battle. He described the situatior.. as m:xed. The opposition on l'\"'_9'/./ 1 the beaches was strong. Most of the 36th Division stuff was landed on red .'l beach where conditions were most favorable. Confusion was natural]y causer' <, ✓yaw by heavy dumping of men and materiel on the same beach. General Walker is ✓ ~ alright. His communications are very limited. His two 299 radios have not u yet reported to him. ~~~ v\.r r General Clark is going to senc Colonel Hutchins 1 179th PCT ashore onto red beach to move north behind the canal. ! V'-', 'f {!_ ~/}>' Two more German divisions are reporter! coming up from the south. This is tough on the Fifth .Army, although it will help bring the Eighth Army C, / north. " -'{_} '1' I}~ ..... ~ .~.ry ' �/ L{ J-. ~ if ~ General Clark is still very keen to get the 157th RCT of t.he 45th ~6 Division onto the beach north of Castellamare. ~ Messages of particular interest sent and received t.oOay a~e as I~ follows: cl' ~; / ;r~· ~~ \:. ).5 ()')::: Generals Dawley, Walker, r~cCrPery are advised by General Clark to p;o r:?' ') 1\i" ahead with established plans regardless of the Italian armistice. o'..9- lY' 1$'~ General Clark asks GPneral Alexander whether, in view of armj_stlce, scheduled bombings of Eboli anc.~ Batt.ipaglio to begin at H hour should be cancelled. General Clark feels they should not be cancel] ed because of \ German armor believed to be in the vicinity of these tovms. I ~.,1..- ~ / t/'~.)' ,_, .'! ,1 J_r. ~q,.j) At 0225 General Clark cabled _General Alexander, "Arrived in transport ( area on schedule. At this writing, 0200, boats havP been lowered ancl are in position. Sea is calm. Indications are that beaches will be reached on time. Two convoys attacked by enenzy- aircraft starting 2130. Jo rAport,◊f casualties but believed to be light. Five enemy planes believed shot dovm. Coc'le word messages will be sent as requested by you. 11 <;, I At 0454 General Clarlr cabled General Alexander, 11 Time 0400. Attack in proeress. Ancon is opposite mouth of Sele about 11 miles from shor< • ,,.,, Intense acti"I ity visible in 10th Corps sector. Tittle in VT Corps area. _fV~ Radar indicates second wave , 36th Divis ion, about to lanrl.. "io ir.f or:rr:a- .~ fl' / tion on 10th Co-rps. Weather perfect. 11 ~..ri-- f-'r .y t) ,r Another message, Clark to Alexander, points out that ~s of 0700 ~ ~o-,r situation generally favorable, that initial landiP.gs of Cl?mri_anrl.os, t16th , 1,-. . / and 56th Divisions are successful, that 36th Division is having trouble (J-rb ,.,.rY on yellow beach. K · ~~JA +.I 11 fo"j,. VI At 2039 a message from General Alexander states that because of can- r,, cellation of other proposed missions, the 82nd Airborne Division is now ~, available for use in the Fifth P:rrrry ar a. ~ c A~ 0 / At 2045 a message from General Clark to General Alexander states 36th Div2.sion has extencled beachhead from poi:-i.t approximately four miles from mo of Sele River, extending generally souLh to include Capaccio a!1d then generally southwest. Five small tank attacks repellec' by a battalion and a half of tank destroyers, extra battalion of 105 1 s and two companies of mediu.m tanks. Units badly mixed due to sea mines restrictine; available beaches. Reorganization taking plece, an~ situation appears more favorable. Am committing one combat team, 45th Division, in VI Corps sector immediately north of ::6th Division an0 south of Sele Piver. Landing to take place tonight. ro additional data on 10th Corps advance. Neither Salerno nor N:ontecorvino airport yet in our hands." , y:.;. ,,e..;:trA clV" ~o.d > o.--~ - ~ i..r:s /.i,_/L~ --1,M- f~ 1 ,.,.;;f ,...., {jVI.. ~ u.-Uo..-,. -:- I ( 1--~ .,1--9 11 l.._i; I/ ~-y R_.~ C . - ~ ,7...,. u_e-J.,,',,, ~l. ~ ,J ...,,.,._........,.,. ~r/1 /1 tv. - 7• t- ,/l a- ~•""""'11 $1/- &. ~~ ~· a> I If ~t'-'f.- t, ;.J.. ~ ..,_ 1, �15 There follows an aide memoire coverine act ion to be taken bv the Italian government prior to and following upon the pronouncement of the armistice between the Italian eovernment ari the Unltetl Nations: 1. This aide memoi_rP enumerates the points which it has been aereed that the Italia'!'l. Government will do everythi'1e; poss· ble to accomplish prior to the proclamation of an Armistice between the Italian Forces and those of the Allies, and other points on which action ls to be taken subsequent to the proclamation. 11 2. From the hour that the Armistice instrument comes into force until its proclamation: 11 l!• Take all possible measures to -~a-l'eguard Allie,✓ pr~soners of war. If GEIDkilN pressure to hand them over bAcomes too e;rAat they should if possible be released and succourPd by the people. _h. No ITALTA1 warships are to be allowed to fall into G""'"'flAN han'.!s. Arraneements must be made to insurP tmit all these ships can saH to ports designated by the Commander-in-Ch::ef, ~rediterranean, immecl iatel~· on declaration of Armistice. TTALIAH subma~"ineR should not be withdrawn from patrol as this would be a revealine; measure. _g_. :No merchant shipping is to be allow8r1 to fall into QR.iiviA.1\1 hands. Merchant shipping in Northern ports shonlrl, if possiblP., be sailed to ports South of the line VBNIC:W. - :EGHCYPN. In thP. la.st r ·P sort they should be scuttled. _Ul ships m11st be reaJy to sail for ports designated by Commander-in-Chief, r;eriiterranean. d. GERM.A coast defenses. Forces should not be allowed to take over ITAL TA~ e. .Arrangements are to be mar1e to be put in force at the propA"' time for ITALTAN organizations in thP BALKANS to march to the coast, with a view to their being taken off to ITALY b3r the UlHTRD NATTOFS. 5. For the defence of B.Q~i:=;, in which one Allied Airborne Divisio"'l (probably reinforced) is to participate, detailed plans will be completed and all preliminary preparations nmle, in.c-luding the following: 11 l!• secured. Three key airfields in the vicinity of ~Oti'r, to be effectively 2_. Preparatory moves will be taken to insure that all avenues to ROME can be seized and blocked with the least delay. _g_. Agreed navigatiorial aids for the Allied troop-carrying aircraft will be established. d. Full measures will be taken to insure that anti-aircraft fire is not opened on the troop-carryine aircraft. As far as po~sible nPutralize GEPW1A' F stations. �~- Arrangements will be made for contact bPtween CoTffiTlander and ,Staff, im'1ediately the divis ion lands. f. Arrangements will be made for provision of all suppli_es required b;r the airborne division, exclusive of ammunition (food, trucks, possibly some mdical assistance). g_. Fighter groups selected by the ITALIA' Air Force to be retained to assist in defense of RO!'liE. 11 4. Anticipating the need for length,y communicFtions which cannot be handled by the present link, arrangements will be mde for a rendPzvous as required at times and places to be designated by Com....,,.ander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, and with recognition signals. Written messages in code will be exchange~ for onward transmission by hand of officer courier. 11 5. PROCLAPft.ATION: At 1830 hours ROME time (1830 B hrs) of X ctay (Y day will be conmrunicated later but only a few hours :n advance) following immf'diately after the announcement of the Commander-in-Chief Allier Force of the conclusion of an Armistice, which annour1cement 1,.:i.ll begin at 181S hours R.rn:w time. ~Karshal BADOGTIO will proclaim the Armis,ice by every available means of public dissimination, by radio broadcast, by announcement to thP press and foreign diplomatic corps, and by telephone and telegraph to all agencies of the ITALIAN Gove,,.nme".l.t and the TTALIAN armed forces. Included in this proclamation will be orders to the ITALIA£ Armed Forces and people to cease all forms of resistance to the Armed Forces of the U:nT~D NATrors. At the same ti.me instructions will be issued to resist and obstruct the operations of the GF~~A~ Forces in every possible way as long as they remain on TTM,IAN soil. 11 fi • PO T PROCLAMATION ~· ,ASURES: From and after 1830 hours ROMF, time (1830 B hrs) X day the following measures 1are to be put in train, as rapidly as practicable: §:.• A ceasing of wor~ by all pe,,.sonnel engaged in occupations which facilitate the maintenance, movement anrl/or operatlons of the GFRl~~N Armed Forces. £• So far as possible, the paralysis of all movement of GE.B.MAN Forces throughout ITALY, especially in areas mentioned in sub-paragraph 1d 1 below, by the following means: I 1. By direct attacks on Headquarters and Command Posts of German military organizations. 2. Cutting of GER~,AN commurications (telephone and tele~raph, road and rail). 3. port. Destruction by sabotage or other means of eneizy motor trans- �port. 4. Ambushing Staff cars, dispatch riders and transport movement genera Uy • .£.• The destruction of GERMAN aircraft, stores of petrol, oil ammunition, etc., especially in areas mentioned in sub-paragraph 1 d 1 and aroutl FGGGIA. s!_. ROME area. 1. i!.• The seizure of all communications running through the outskirts of the city to prevent the GERMANS occupying it or moving through it. £• Direct attack on G~~MAN Headquarters at FRASCATI • .£.• Air defense of city. SP~ZZIA area. 2. Maximum cover for the departure of the fleet. Between ROIVF and '1.APLES. 5. Interfere as much as possible with movement of GERMAN divisions located between Rome and ~APLFiS. NAPLES. 4. Prevent destruction of port and shipping and hold port area if possible. 5. TAfl.A ',JTO. Seize and hold port for entrance of UYITFn NAT Im S Forces. BARI AND BRrnDISI. 6• Same as TARANTO, but with priority to TA:R.ANTO. CA.7ABRT.A. 7. Cut off GF.RMAN Forces in the TOR of ITATY by blocking road and rail communications." * * ABOARD U.S.S. AFCOE IN THE BAY 1F SALF.B.NO--S~PTFMBER 10, 1940--The followinp; important messages were sent and received b;y General Cli:P-·k today. Personal from Clark to Alexander. ttTime 1300. Have just returned from personal reconnaissance of VI Corps sector. Situation there is good. Favorably impres~ed with morale of 36th Division. General Walker estimates �250 dead and an undetermined number wounded. 179th Conbat Team has landed and is being assembled just south of Sele. Am leaving immediatPly to visit 10th Corps sector. Word just received indicates General McCreery's concern over possible attacks on Salerno from the north and northwest. Will advise you further on II\Y return." From the Commanding General, Fifth Army to 15th Army Group. occupied by our troops at 10104SB. 11 "Salerno From Clark to Commanoing General, 10th Corps. 11 Upon my return to command post I f01L'l'J.d that through error navy had commenced unloading combat team of 157 Infantry over'beac~es south of Sele River. Bridge is being put in co1mnission over Sele River on Route 18 which will permit me to fulfill my promise to you that this combat team will be employed on the right of the 56th Division and north of the Sele River at the earliest practicable moment. Will keep you advised on this matter. representative who visited Colonel Darby this afternoon finds it is entirely practicable to reinforce Darby by motorized units. ¥nerving you concur with me as to the impo-rtance of maintaining Darby 1 s position, I have directed that a United States composite force consisting of 1 Infantry Battalion, 1 Tank Destro;rer Company, 1 Artille!"J Battery, l Company of Tanks and 1 Company of ortars, all to be placed under Darby's command, will col!II!'.ence unloading in ICT 1 s at f'aiori as soon after 1200 hours 11 September as can be arrarwed. Have also reinforced Da-rby this afternoon by approximately 400 TnfantrymP.n as indicated to you this afte~ noon. These with rei..11.forcements contemplatec above should guarantee your debouchment from the Vietrl Pass when you are ready to make your attack northward. Desire immediate acknowledgement and comment." iw Personal froll" Clark to Alexander. 11 Vis ited 46th and 56th Division Commanders ashore this afternoon with McCreery. Am satisfied with situation in both corps sectors. [orale splenclfrl. All lanr1ings met German opposition at beaches. Resistance has een determined. Ii.ttle opportunity yet to observe any Italian assistance. Progress is being ma.de and beachheao. final objective is in the process of being secured. fontecorvino is in hands of 56th Division but cannot yet be used on account of hostile artillery fire. Observation points cove~ing airport are in process of beine secured. McCreAry estimates that use of this fiP.ld may be hcid by tomorrow night. A strip to the west thereof and another in the VI Corps sector are in process of construction, latter to be available for use tomorrow. 46th Division occupies Salerno and has advanced elements in passes as follows: North of Vietri about 2 miles, north of Salerno about 4 miles. Both are opposed by elements of 16th Panzer Division and possibly reconnaissance elements of He-rman Goerine Division. Althou~h 10th Corps previously reported occupation or Battipaglia, GP-rman armed elements are still occupyine a portion of town and com;ilete possession is being disputed. Due to wide sector of responsibility of 56th Division and resistance encountered, I am moving remainder of floatine reserve consisting of 157th RCT less one battalion on right of 56th Division and north of Sele 'River. This will permit all craft to return for anditional buildup. Darb~r 1 s Ranger position intact on high ground south of Pagni - Nocera. B.einforced it this afternoon with 82nd Airborne Division detachment of 450 men. Will also reinforce Rangers tomorrow over Maori beach with composite United States force take~ from VI Corps of one infantry battalion reinforced with tanks, tank de- �stroyer an<l artillery. This shouJ." assist materially in the 10th Corps debouchment north from Vietri when J6th Division ready to make such attack. Aerial reconnaissance today indicates many motor movements from south of Salerno sector to the north and from Rb.oli area to the east and north throueh Potenza. other motor movements observen are from north to the south in the direction of Salerno. It may be deduced from this that new Ge-rrnan st,...eneth from south may avoid the Salerno area and pa.ss a1,ound it into the Naples area. -r_, therefore, request that plans be laid on for the employrnent of elements of the 82nd Airborne Division as follows: 1 battalion with demolition detachments to be dropped in the Avellino area, if practicable, with mission of blocking all roads leading to or from thnt area. When forced to withdraw because of exhaustion of supplies to withdraw to the south to join elements of the 10th Corps. Also that 1 reinforced PCT or as much as can be airborne, be dropped in the most suitable area available, gener~ lly northeast of Naples in order to disorganize communications and facilities, harass enemy and assist the 10th Corps in its advance northward. Both these missions to be executed .at the earliest hour practicable on night 11th - 12th September. If this not practicable, execute on nie;ht 12th - 13th Septemb9r. Both drops should carry necessary supplies for aprJro:id.IIJl'!.tely five day period unless you feel that improvement in air situation here will permit re-supply by air. Desir~ to use the 9 T,CIL 1 s offered in ~rour QQl"'OO to lift ground elements of the rlivision. Mission of destroying bridges oye.r Volturno not now necessary as jntPlligence indicates some of them alreacy destroyed. Requeat early advice of decision made." A penciled note was broueht to General Clark from General Mort~ol'1ery by General Montgomery's aire, reading as follows: 11 1 send herewith Ce_:pt. Chavasce, my A.D.C. to bring you my greetings and best wishes for future successes. Will you give him all Aetails as to your present situation, to bring back to me. Good luck to you. 11 At 0830 General Cla~k WPnt ashore in a PT boat, skippered by Lt. Tullock. He was accompanied by Captaj~ Byles and Sergeant Holnen. The party ar~ived on red beach about 20 minutes later, where C'eneral Clark found General 0 1 Daniel supervi.sing unloading operations. Borrowing a jeep from General O•Daniel, General Clark went to thP- Headquarters of VI Corps and 36th Division which are in a tobacco factory about two miles NE of the village of Paestum and conferred with General Dawley an~ General Walker. The situation was described as being well in hand. A strong but narrow beachhead has been established. The 56th Division has penetrated inland about 5 or 6 miles. Tt has not, of course, effected a juncture with the British 56th Division north of the Sele Fiver. The 179th RCT, which was supposed to have landed at midnight, was still landing on the beaches during the morninr hours. The 141st RCT of the 36th Division has suffere~ fairly hP.avy lossPs, although the e)...-tent of them is not lr.nmw at present • In the afternoon, General Cla-rk took the same PT boat to H.M.S. r; lary. The location of this ship was not kno~n, Gnd it took the PT boat 2 1/2 hou~s to find it, much to the impatiPnce of thP Commandinz G<>neral. The Hilary is General McCreery 1 s command ship. TTe was not on board, but General Cla-rk found him very shortly .i.._ a motor launch on his way to shore. General ~kC.,..e.r-iry �transferred to General Clark's PT boPt, and both officers went on into Sugar Amber beach. Get tine; into jee!)l'l, both Gi:>nerals drove- to t11.E> Hi:,adquarters of the 56th B.,.itish Divisior, v:bich was not more thar:. a mile from the shore in the· vie inity ·of Ponte Cagano. There the~· md and talked w~ th Major General Graham, Commanding the Division. The 56th Division has had very hard fighti!'g. They have not yet r;ot control of the Montecorvino ai.,.port or the town of Battipaglio. Ger-era1 HcC:reery agrees , ith GeneraJ. Gla,,.k that the result of' the ~talian surrendBr has beer. to make the fighting more difficult for us be::. cause the Germans immediately took over Italiar defensive i:rstal:ations, includi!"_J coaste.l defense batteries and a.nti-&ircra.ft guns. Upon returning to the Ancon in the late afternocri, reneral Clark V'"S c:.istressed to find that, through a misconstruing of or,1 , "S, the 2.S?th Tl("!' , wl·ich was supposed to have been held as c1 float in£ reservs, was 1mloar•0 · ahead of and alor-g with the 179th RCT which was supposeri to have 'lPPn ur.loaded by midnight last night to reinforc,.. General nawley 1 s left flark, ConsequentlJr, Gr:meral Clark lost the last of :tis fJ eating reserve a!"rl, at the same time, the lan,' fog of the 179th was held up by 10 or 12 hours. Word was received in the late evening that the British r..ow holil Ji'odecorvino airport but can not use it because it still is unae,.. hostile a"t i:lerJr fire. It. Col. Yarborough returnee.. from his ,..econnc:.issctrice trip to It. Col. Darby's Ranger position on the top of the Sorrento ridge. Darb~r has ar excelle!"lt position and is laying down artilJ ery fire ir the va1ley to the 6 reat harassment of German motor convo~'S passing up and down the hi~hway. Ge::..eral Clark is going to immediately reir..force Darby with one reinforceo battalion from V! Corps to be chosen by General Dawley. ije is ver<.J pleasec w5.th Darby's effort, and he intends to back him up to the limit. ~ ~ p-e...,,.,._.. ~w.J (rl ~ ,~ - f ,v.:f ,/,1,'Cv.p ~ ~ °d ~S'T " /-G.w ~ ~ t.ff _,_""f cfd ~?-...~.A ~L~~ - f \\ �I ABOARD THF U.S.S. A COi Ii THF BAY OF SAil<''RPO--SFPTl<'11BFF 11, l~,1_:c: __ There was heavy bombing of the area around the Ancon at midnight last night anrl again at 0500 this morning. The Anc.on was not damaged. Colonel Porter, Secreta!'y to the General Staff, who was on board ar LST near the Ancon, was wounded by a shell fragmer-t which penetrated the side of his ship and ripped an openir..g in his chest while he was lyine in bed. The wounr~, although pa.ir_fu2., is not serious, and. it is not believed that he w·11 lose aL;y time from duty. At 1000 hours the cruCser Savannah, while passing within 200 yarCs of ~i· r the Ancon, was hit by a bomb just forward of her bridge. Flames broke out 1 on the deck of the ship, anc Dumerous casualties were incurred. She will bet,/ able to proceed under her own power to docks for reconditioning. It is pro- y ) bable that she will be out of action for some time. At 1 ·oc hours, General /(y~ Clark, accompanied by Ca:rtain Byles and Sergeant Holden, vrent ashore in a FT LY~/ boat. Gem ral Clark talked with General /ilbur on the 'bP~ch regarding the f. ~ sending of a reir_forced battalion to I,t.• Col. fle.r y. GPneral Clark' plans to'~-.. ~ place General vrilbur in charge of loadine and deliverir..~ the battalion. Fe r, will then report back to Fifth Army Headquarters. \L ?;.si Y. /j}, ~" The Commanding Generals Dawley and 45th Division which north of Pae st um on ,< General then went or to VI Corps, where he confE'rTe" with f ,, Walker. Afterwarcls, he continue~ on to the Bea 'qua1·ters ,' ,:~0-Gis set up in an olive grove about three or four miles (t'~.J' . the eastern side of highway fl8. ·r/7~ vt ., / Continui.r~g on up highway _J 1l8 to the Sele River bridge, which had een vr?. blovm out, General Clark turned left into the area which Lt. Col. Brovm has fY../4"'~ ~ chos~n for Fifth Arm;,r Hea~quarters. It consists of ari old Italian mansion ~;"j}.-~ tp set in a large grove of pine trees • \~~'".,y:t if ,V/\' ''(/ Coming back to the beach, General Clark talked briefly to General 0 1 Danield -~" and then returned to the Ancon, arriving there at 1745. ~\1 v v?-ll""r The 179th and 15 7th PCT I s of the 4-5th Di vision are pushing northwarcl in o/~/ . two columns. The 179th is on the east~rn side of highway #18, and the 157th ? · f"')f/ is on the western side of the sa!fte highway. The 17\?th has made fast progress Vo,,J and was lying on the south bank of the Sele Fiver. The 157th RCT had met • oY/ stiffer opposition but expected to cro,-s the Sele by 1700. A hare fight was l~:yt going on between German tanks and the 645th Tank Destroyer Battalion north of (5 f) the Sele. We watched the 91st Tank Battalion crossing the Sele on pontoons /v~<;, .,." ir.. order to go to the assistance of the 6Ll Sth Tank Destroyer. Throueh con- t1,.f.,"' fused instructions, a delay was incurred fr. getting off the reinforced battalion to aid Colonel Darby on the Sorrento Ridge. They are, however, now on the way. General Clark . is tentatively planning to use Darby's forc8s and the 82nd Airborne Division northeast of 1 aples anr-1 at the same time push the 10th Corps through the passes into the iaples plain. A number of important messafAS arE' quoted as follows: Commanding Genera 1, Fifth Arrr-.y, to TAC Hq. lfith Army Group. "Fragmer tary reports 10th Corps incicate advance is satisfactory considering streDgth of �hostile force. 1ST u.11loading rate this sector favorable. Situatior .~6th Division confused and generally unsatisfactory. No communication with Walker since he landed early today. Staff officer this Headquarters just returned reports beachhead still has little depth and vulnerable to counterattack. I.ST' s :lid not start to unload until 1230 today because of minesweeping requirements. Troops have been under fire durine unloading. Dawley is now ashore. I will probably comr:it one combat team 45th livision on left ril of EBth Division tonight. German prisoner captured by 56th Division stated } -16th Panzer Division has been waiting on beaches for this attack for two f-, weeks. Two German prisoners captured by 5f;th Division stated they have order~ ft -~ ff' 1 to defend Montecorvino airport if forced to withdrav. 11 ?. /;;_"t;J i ft/ ,P ersonal fJfem Clark f~lexander. "Referring to my :MA109T of ?th, I want to make it clear that you may use 82nd Airborne Division in ary manner ~~} you deem advisable. You may use it as an infantry reinforcement for your J~ ground forces in AVP_LJINCHF movhl~ it there to by sea or air or both, which..:I ever you desire. Or you may use it in an airborne operation or in a combined airborne-seaborne operation to reinforce AVALA?rcw. I want :rou to know that 82nd Airborne Division or any other resources at my command are available ~ to assist you in your current operations. For your information, all combatant elements 82nd Airborne Division are now concentrate~ on Sicilian air. n _J fields. 500 plane loads of equipment to complete concentration being movei · l:r'f Sicily today as are all remaining gliders. Heavy transporta.tion of Iliv·is ion . ✓ " <:/"" must remain in North Africa pending availabil H.y of shipph1r. 11 1 ~ zg 9/" Zc-'o · 1J> Personal from McCreery to Clark. 11 Heavy fighting took place today tJ-1 arotL11d Battipaglia and also on the left flank north of Salerno. 4 units of Herman Goering Division now identified on left flank. In centre proP,ress t ~ ,,. e,-;, has been good and we are up to point 210 80528:5 and Montecorvin.o 77'FO. i•" Casualties yesterday i=-nc to<lay have been rather heavy. Total estimatP.rl 3000 Immediate tasks are (1) Tonight capture of strong pocket of enemy about ~ ,, tobacco factol"'J 8024 (2) Tomorrow obtain more elbow room to our positions s vt\~¥( north of Salerno astride roads to Avallino · and Pagani. (3) tight 12/F S e p ~,.,,} attack by 56th Division to capture Battip;:i.glia ancl high ground to the east ~ ~ 1 8602:30. Ji.f'ter this attac;k consider 5Rth Division will not b e strong erough ~ ~,1 to at once undertake a fu;rther major operation. Therefore, urr ently request ,J 1- ~ tr,.+ boundary wlth v~ Corps be . adjusted so that VI Corps has incl of spur SW of JJ .r" ' c-"" . Eboli 872:5. The form1;,tion attackinG T'boli must also capture this hie;h ';ct, 0 ,,J.f' ground to the SW. Host grateful for the reinforcements for narbJr. 11 ~ .;,,..,. -;:;.., ~ p·;,y_ •V- .7/~ ~ % ;,1£./' Personal Clark to Alexander. "VI Corps position generally favorable. Y Visited ths.t. area this afternoon. Movement of 157th combat team north of ,_,,.._,.. the Sele has taken place. , F01.md it necessary in order to reduce the area g,/of responsibility of 10th. _ orps to shift the boundary between Corps to the~ C north to a line running generally through Eboli slightly south of west. ~~ ~' GerJ'!l.an counterattack inclu.r ing tanks developed in the late afternoon from ~ ..J"' Eboli to the south towards Persano. Movement of 157th Combat Team into this ✓ I area should correct this situation. Results have not been reported . Have 1-J-i 'J directed VT Corps to reduce strength in the rv~ged area in the south and tlL'/ ~ aided by the use of mines to shift its weight to the northin Orf PT' to meet ~:.,.~ enemy counterattack in its new area of responsibility north of thP SAle. ~ () Situation on 10th Corps front has not improved. Position u.~chan~ed in ?.:::J }P"'iv ~ ~ ~ ~✓ :~ tZ~J£~~ ~ ~Dr_ 7 yv- .t-</~ \ ,C\ ~ ~t4 ~~~CA, ;. ev--- I r ' cJ. ~✓ �passes north of Salerno. Fighting still progressine for possessior of Battipaglia. Some observation points north of Poute 18 still remain in enemy hands. Reinforcements for Ranger forces previously reported are takinr; place. This should materially assist 10th Corps in its push to the north as soon as they have consolidated their positions. Generally,.,. am satisfied with the progress made to date. German resistance throUf;hou-t.. has been determined. VT Corps reports over 900 casualties to date. No casvBlty report from 10th Corps, but they probably run in about the same propqrtioh. Unloading has been slowed up froll' the start because of en"'Il'Y opposition at the beaches anc later artillery fire prevented use of some. With increasing resistance from the north, loth Corps has difficult task in breaking through passes. Consi0er use of parachutists as previouslJ indicated to you warranted to aid in this principal effort. Expect to establish command post ashore about noon tomorrow. 11 Personal to Clark from Alexander. 11 P.F>ceipt of your excellent re:::iort of your visit to 48th anc- 56th Divisions and 10th Corps ashore acknowledged. Reference your proposed operations for 82nd Airborne Division, lPck of time for preparation makAS e~ecution these operations impracticable tonight and doubtful for night 12/15 Sep. 82no AirbornE> Division has been dfrected to prepare for these operations at earliest possible date. Will advise you when they can be executed. In meantime, q LCI (L) 1 s now at Licata ari:s bAiDf loaded with grou.~d elements 82nd Airborne Division for immediate nispatch to Avalanche • 11 * ITALIAl,J SOTT--SEPTEMBFR 12, 1943--This morning General C'lark left the good ship Ancon which had been his home for thR pa.st week and which bad carried him in safety from Algiers to the Bay of Salerno. Captain Mather, the skipper of the ship, bade him good by and good lucl on the quarter r,eck. Arriving on shore, he visited first the VI Corps C'P where he conferred with General Dawley. He then drove to the Fifth Army CP in the baronial mansion on the south bank of the Sele River. Right after lunch he drove to rer beach by jeep where he boarded his PT boat and travelled north to 10th Corps sugar amber beach where he landed and was taken directly to General f'.cCreery 1 s 10th Corps ~eadquarters near Pontecangano. Arriving back at his own headquarters in the evening, he conferred with Colonel Brann and agreed with the colonel that the present location of the :Ieadquarters was unsatisfactory as being too small. l''oreover, the large mansion stood out like a sore thumb and made an easy bombing target. A reconnaissance was made immediately, and General C'larv a.nd a few of his officers moved southward down highwry #18 in the oirection of Paestum a:r J, turning off the highway a short distance north of the VT Corps Headquart-rs, were led to an area of close growing underbrush affording ample room and good cover. General Clark's ('P truck not having been unloaded as yet, he spent the night in General Gruenther 1 s. Messages of interest are as follows: I �Personal for l!lexander from Clark. "Your 111438 and your 112t25 Reached General Clark at 0930 today just as he was leaving Ancon to visit VI Corps and 10th Corps. Since 10th Corps will not be ablP to launch · attack north from Salerno as early as was previously plannPrl, th"' airborne attack requested for night 12/1:Z September sbould be car1cellPr'. >i':xr:iect to request this drop for night F/14 or night 14/lf in areas prPv~ously designated. You will be advised further. Report received from General :Mccreery this morning stating that ~6th Division had heavy fight.inf, 10th and 11th. He hopes to capture att·i.pa.glia and hie;h ground to east tonight. 46th Division cannot initiatemajor offensive to north until S6th nivision has taken over part of 4fth Divisio:ri front. .At preserit fi6th Division is fully occupied and caririot ~ide-step to nort:r... 1ovement of 179th Combat Team to north of Sele Piv~r will be ma.de today or tomorrow so that 4fith Division may assist fi6th Division in capture of high grounr' between Battipaglia and Eboli. 11 PersoDal for Alexander frori Clark. "Desire drop in Faples arc,a PCT 82nd Airborne Division be postpom'ld in(lefinitely. Desire drop of one battalion preferably ~09th if aveilable be JI'F. ,, "'13.rliest practicatlP moment at Avellino with mission of disrupting communications that area harrassine; enemy rear and then advancing on Salerno to join 10th Corps. Whe1 w4 ll ninA LCI arrive with 82nd Division personnel? Have just returned from coru"rfPCe with IfoCreery. Situation unfavorable in 10th Corps. 56th Division criver out of Battipaglia with heav-J losses. Fxhausted conditior this div-isioY) makes it necessary poRtpoPe attack night 12 Seutember on Battipagl:a an; high ground to east.. 46t.b ivision ma :intaini.nr position iri passes but ; s subjectec~ to inf i.ltration from north. "'lements of Herman Goeri!{, 15th Panzer Grenadier and 16th Panzer Divisio1-s identified on t6t1- n·visior frort. J:Io change on Raneer front. fontecorvino airdrome cannot be user' bPcause of artillery fire. In VI Corps the 179th PCT will be movec rorth Sele Riv0r night 12 September. left flank VI Corps after several counterattacks las beer withdrawn to conform to 56th nivisim front south of Batt-ipae;lia. Tr_ v·Pw heavy enenw reinforcements it now ap._iears T must await further builr'up b0fore resuming offensive. Will continue to shift troops rorth of river as situat · or / demarids. Meanwhile I hope thi?t ? .ighth Arrrry will attack with all possible \ vigor in order to cont• ·r.. 26tr and 29th Pa>1ZPr Divisiom~ to maximum. ~mpera. \ tive 6 r ST I s an 18 LCT I s now at Termini loadfog 4Sth Division ..,CT bE' si=\rit j} with all speed. Also request most urgently that combat loaders and akas row apriroaching Algiers be '"'ent to suitable ports in Sicily to load :"rel Divi::-ion for AVAU'J('.t.n with 7 ria;;Ts maintenarcP,. 3rri DLvisiori :rm.1y bP utilizPd as buildup ir. Salerno· Bay sector or it may be used in amphj.bious attac .:.n Gulf of Gaeta. Please send General Truscott and at least OD" staff officor hPrP y most rapid means to confer with me referP-nce probablP employmPnt. At th:s conferencP we shall work out loading plfn and the nur-ber of 1 ST 1 s ano. ICT 1 s to be made available." VTCT''HTY OF PARSTlTl"-SEPTTTBf'P 11,, 1943-General Clark spent the wholP day today iD a series of confer"''1Cf>~ ir Gereral Gruenther 1s GP true¥; which 11P is st.:.11 using pending thP errival of his own. Tn the afternoon bac' news came to the effect that the enemy hacl infj ltratec' through the American 1 irP,S south of the Sele River. The situ:.tlor. is extri= m~ly critlcal, anr' it is �possible that the American forces may sustain a seveT'e defeat j_p this a-rPa.) n-eneral Clark has made arrangements through his aidP , Capta; n Byles, to evacuate the Readquarte-rs on ten minutes I notice and take a FT boat north to the loth Corps area , where the situation is better for :tr.a ir.:.tair_ir~ a clawhold on the Italian soil. During the night firine from the 3(th Division art ille~· wert on right next to the Army Ht'at1 quartP.,,.S. "'.:11 the morl"'.ine G0n:> .... al r,1ark will review the situation rapidly on the terrain and rnakA a dec.ision as what best to uo to save the situation. Messages of particular interest follow: J l Persoml for Clark f"om Alexander. 11 our .'12:.. received. Drop of RCT in Naples area po"'t.pon80 in-lefi.n ;tely. Am iil'l.meiiatPly ey:.rnil"lL:1,::: pos ibilit;' ,.P of Avellino mission , hut 82nd Airborne 1ivtsior, an 1 Transoort Co111.IW nri anvisE '\ against it because of 110ods :ci.nd configurati.on of terrain ·vhich rec.._ uirAS drop¥ (,'.r ping fro~ 3000 feet w;th resulh.nt disp"'rsion greatl:· .,..e..,uc Lne; effectiveness. d' t.. ..P ~ Am urgine a l concerned to spee up to maximu.rn r'isp· tch of h IST I s and 18 T.C I s 1_0' !:ii\ ~ J (L) froI'I T~rmini. Am requestj ne C-:b.-C' for cornba-1; loa, ers t, nd ake s you askP.rl \ "J ~ ~ f o r to get ~,ou 3rd. Division as 1uicldy as possible. A.m orc'terint; General Trus~ v cott anf necessary staff to re~ort to you at earliest pos~iblP. romP1t. rave 0 al-ready instructed 8th Army to press on with all possiblP speei ari yestA-rr'l.ay .!J' j I sent cy Ch-ief of Staff to see General "or,tgome1-y- am' ex-.,lain e11t irP ~ t.''f 1 s:.tution. As ;'OU kno,1 , T ha.v8 put the B,...·t·sh Airbr..,.rie ivis,i.o:r. into Ta"anto/ ·; ·~'o l with orders to act boldly and threaten thP G,-,,.IT:.an flank in th"' a,..ea bPtWPnr v-✓f :'.,'OU and Taranto. Bes of luck to ·. 1 l of ,1~ou. Keep rie i1for1rP. · ar ' let J::" \1 / ~ 9' know how I can help. 11 f'J"f J' \ffv ~ r1emorandum for Genera J C'l. rk from GP:rieral •rc-CrP.i:;ry, inclu 1 inp; ri port of Colonel Darby: 0,J 0 i3 J J_J. T Y ·. 1. T sent you a most secret r.:essaee last nieht but T am senc' :'...nf this fuller memorandum by I .O. i.n case the cipher ...,ec:sage is slow. 11 2. Tt is splendi0. nP.WS th"' goorl progress of 4fi Div South of th" ' S"li'l 'Ii'. T sinc<::rely hope th"':' will succe~rl in ePtting to -onNTF. Sli'T ~ 0 422 torlay. This will be splendirl because it will block G -rm n -Air>SorcE>nents from thA POTF. 1ZA ar<=a • 11 0 1 56 Div harl very heavy fie;ht ine ycster· 1 ay and on 10 Sep an if thE\succeed i11 capturing BATTIPAGLTA anc1 the high grounl to the Est on n·:::ht li?./1... Sep , I think th'lt will be us much as th1=1y can rlo for the moment. Tho Pf ore , if Pi Corps can capture EBOIT and the Spur to the C\.W. of T;'J30II it .il:_ be the greatest hel::_1 in fi.ri.ishing off 16 Pz Div. 5. I am very gli=l.d that you have reinforce1 Col. DARBY. This ac'dit ional support will enf ble him to plr.t;:· a promi'1"'rit part in helpinp; 46 niv ,,."'llYout into the \TAPLFS PlaLl'l. I am ver'-J keen thr1t Col. DARBY shall remain in com.,,,·md of this Force. A Faval signal ,,.eceiverl yesterc•ay from C' W'J'H' tm~' 0807 hrs, stated that these rel~forcing units woul0 e und~-r Brie. Gen. PLlbur under him. 11 It is essential th':l.t the 11 T.CT 1 s withdrawn from us :'PSt'.)r lsy b~r A '!'liral TIRWITT to trans!)ort these reirforcer ents :=,hall rPturn to ass-ist ou·,.. u...11.loarling of store ships immec'i~tely they have rli~cha-rtr,Prl th"' r.1P11 anrl vehicles at f.W1RT Beach. I h~Y"! , at the moT"ent, a tota 1 ly ineieqwtP riurbPr f'/ ./4 J;trYM �of 1,CT I s, and unless these 11 r 0 turn to ri i_scharge essential stor 0 c, operations wil 7 be seriously pr8·jtYlicecl. Tr fact, I c>an forPsee that u 1 PSS discharge is speeded up a shortR.e;e of 25 pr ammun.:.+,ion ,vill result. 11 4. Thanlr you for the copy of the rremo sent bJr you Parly 11 S0p to Ge11e.,..al ATE¥AnTJF'R. I hope it !'lay be possible to a"'ra'1£:9 the a. ·irbc "UP ope.,..ations which you outlined. I think thRt the night, l ~/1 ~ Sep woul ~ be c;_u • te soon enough for this, or PVPr t;0 n~ghts later. With the arrival of several U..'"l~ts of the '-IERMA'T Grn;~'t"':"m DTV .:.n thP sector North of SAL"fi:P"!O it will not be possible for 46 Div to initiate a major offensive to captur8 the PAGAIH Def lle to enable them to debouch into the T\TAPT~S Plain until 5€ Div has taken over part of 46 Div front. 56 Div, at, the morr.. -mt, is fully r->iS."ten( r=Kl and therefore cannot side-step to th"' 'Torth U.."Ylt ·.1 6 Corps has taken over a considerable part of the present Cj6 Div sector. This obviously cannot be done u.11til the hieh grou..T1d between r.BOLI anc BATTIPAGLIA has bee11 captured. 0 T full a!)preciate the necessity for spee,c1 , but I would aea_. n po"nt out that there has been ver-J heavy fiehtir.,::;, n, 1 thet unlnss the airborne operations which you have suggested to 1.c; A.,..nr.r Group actually tak8 !)lace it will not be easy for 46 Div to break out into thA_ 'APIF.S Plain. My build up is ver~r slow ancl I hope that nothing will be donA to interfere with the arrival of 7 Armc Div. In fact, a:riy a•·ltll t ional T S'T' 1 s which can be allotted to hurry up a.rriva1 of thP Division will bi=- o-P thL greatest value. · T ca"lnot agree thet the arrival of the Composite U.S. Force to reinforce Col. DABBY will Anable the 4fth Div to takA the off0nsive at once, for the reasons i have outlined above. 11 5. Unless the situation changes radica1l~r 1 -io not think it advisable to land 011A RCT of /11:j Div in CASTh'LLAJ\lf\.~F BAY area. "!'t app<>ars that part of the HFRMA'tlJ GOFRING DIV must h1nr.e moved up close to thP coast ir t h.0 FAV FS BAY area. Col. nA":)BY, will, with energetic patrolling, try anr1 get info~·mation about this area. The TJaval P.eccA Part~, is unlikely to fine out much more than the slope of the Beaches. All m~' troops are in very good heart. rv~r L.O. has just returned from Col. nARBY ancl his rf?ort which is attached shows that DPJ?BY appreciates that the ANIJU'\Z ATA - Ct•ClTFT,I&MI'ARP. Bay is actively defended, also that owing to thP built up naturi:i of the strip alone the coastal roui, enemy defenc<> would be easy. 11 6 • SALERNO Port• ls now open and a first class B8ach just West of the Port will also be very useful. 11 ~RPORT BY C0~. DARBY TO L.O. OF 10 CORPS AT 1600 HRS 11 SFP. 45. Suitable all way for all tpt less transport<;rs and only one wa;'. Demolition '11<.:ST of VI~TRT - matter receiving ~ttention. Ts fit for Inf Bde Gp on move to riebouch into Plain of NOCKRA if they go straight up through Defile. Not suitable for halt on roarl going .ORTH. �O.Ps. with observation towards coast. CASTELLAJ1V[AR.F - TORRE ANNu1\TZTATA difficult but probable shortly - after enemy are driven out of area PIANILLO - AGEROLA, where battle is imminent. Patrols very doubtful on that sector of coast. CASTFI LAMMAR"B": very strongly held - also presumably coast NOR.TB. Suitable place for landing RCT probably just SOUTH of TORRE ANNUNZIATA. Rest of that sector faced by factories and not suitable. Will do best to patrol, and recce. Contact established with 6 Lines on RIGHT. AR1'1Y O.K. and in process of coming in. Reinforcements from 5 Inf strong in sector NOCERA - VI'STRI (Man;;" empty troop transporters in NOCERA) Armour EAST of PAGAT\TI - also many half tracks seep coming out from CASTELLAl\1iVIARE. A lot of armor in this sector generally. Coast is recced as far as CONCA DF.J MARMI. Difficult to say at moment how things will work out. should clear shortly. Situation Attacked by paratroops in NORTH sector this morning (11 Sep) repulsed.". From Ridgway to Clark, reading in part as follows: "Your message re/ ceived 1330 hours 13 September and instant attention initiated to dispat'ch Avellino mission (2nd Bn., 509th) first priority and reinforcing mission / to D.Z. south of Sele both tonight. Latter to consist of 50Llth less one battalion with engineers attached. Vitally important that all ground and naval forces in your zone and in Gulf of Salerno respectively be directed to hold fire tonip:ht and succeeding nights for further reinforcements." (It should be noted that General Clark issued an imperative order to withhold all fire during the nights of the parachute drops). From 10th Corps to Fifth Ariey. "Situation VIETRI area critical. Hope· one Ranger Bn will counterattack from MAIORI direction tonight where enemy has infiltration onto Road. 46 Div very extended. Reference my 014 of 12 Sept. Can one Airborne Bn. be sent as early as possible as reinforcements? Gliders can land on v:j_ew strip due completion tonight in area ?f,021.5. Would like if po sible two hours notice landing and whether para or glider troops." From TAC, 15th Army Group to Fifth Army. 11 Combat Team 82nd Airborne \ Division will be dropped in brirlgehead south of Sele River tonight as· you J requested. Time of drop not yet firm will be furnished you later. Sug1 gest Navy and ground forces Avalanche Area be warned this operation may be expected any time tonight and rigid control anti-aircraft fire is abso- · lutely essential for its success, Navy also being notified at M this end. Incomplete prep:i,rations for Avellino drops prevents . its execution tonight. Will be carried out tomorrow night. Avellino area will be heavily bombed by Wellingtons tonight. Spaatz requests you keep House fully informed ~ these operations as a double check on his channel to House. n .,,. ~ , 4 ~ f AA.et ,~~ 111. ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ :z,...,dtlVI. 1 A /4.C.,1,i.<..I,~ ~~u...,,, J ! ~ I o ~ ) . ~ eJ'V\. r.,,..~ /.Jt:I.. - .,R~ --J-£~ft~ -1 -'-"',e.4 ~A,e~ ~ , _ h ~ N ..t..J_J - ~ ~ - t. . '.t ~ µ..f.,._J l.~t> ~..:r 1- A~t. - .,,l.c~ -S 11.~ ~ Pw,\ -:r- a;;_1 It'-<~.- co �~~ 0 I.--'1,,,~ -- ~ a - ~ ~ ~ 5-0 'I~ ~ - ltc-. .fa.C.e '7 ~ ~ - "' ~;· A f ~ / ' -- ~~- ~ /.','I ~ .J J, · _ A - - - M ~ /J A -tr-C- ""'- I t~ ~'"tV ~t s. \'.._._._., ,. :"l uersonal for Clark from Alexander. fl In view of extreme Ui.'sency for Avellino operation as indicated in your messagP, this operation is also beine executed tonight. Impossible now to advise you time of drops but. you may be assured they will be earliest possible hour. Warn all concerned. Ack..nowledge. fl Personal for Clark from Alexander. "My Ch~ ef of Staff has ~ust r~~turned from conference with "r;iehth Ariey- at which instructions Vffr . . ""iven Eiehth Army to push forward with all poss il:ile vie;our to threate r rma:t1 forces opposite you. Gen. 1\fontgome!'"IJ informs me that by 15th he wilJ have~ f brigades in Belvedere T5914 and Firmo Tsr-27 and will push patrols towa:.,.rl.s _ ~ Avalanche area with every means at his disposal. His patrols have already 'f reached Scalia T5336. Every facility and DeRns availablP this theater ineluding air, sea and grou..nd are being concentrated to assist_you. TCT 1s [)if.·~ with RCT 82nd Airborne Division about 1600 men and second flight 4S U.S. Division now in route to Avalanche. Should arrive tomorrow 14th. Plan to ~not)' fly additional 'R.CT 82 Airborne ivision in tomorrow night. Let me know how }F/ else I can help you. 11 t,>, .. 0 A ir-,{).,-.\'_ Y A radio from General AlPvRnder to r.e'1.era1 Clerk states that by th,., 18th of the month 2 "RCT I s of the 3rr1 Division should be lande0 and the remaincer of the 3rd Division on th8 19th. VICUTITY OF PAESTUM--SEPTFMBH''Q 14, 1945--General Dawley arrived at 0700 for a brief conference with the Commanc'line General. The s2.tuation of VI Co•·ps is grave this mor"1i.ne, p::irticulE rly in the sector formed by the confluence of the Sele and Galore "Ri~rs. The 38th rivision has eeri hard hit in thP last 24 hours and has fallen back from Albanella and Altavilla durine the night • ~ 7, ~ ~ ;_ C-,t. ~ J:-l-.:,, &:°7) o.cic. ~°'- '2 ~ 't4._ r""-°"" ,r"''Ej. Immediately efter his conference w'.th Ge1eral Dawl"'Y, General Clark got in a jeep and with Sergeant •fold<?n rlriv;_ne anll accompani r hy his two air3Ps, Captain Byles and Lieutenant Thrasher, drove forward to the front. Go int: UJ Highway /.118, he turned rieht on the road that parallels thA south ba 1k of the Sele "qiver. i{e visited a number of small units postP.d in this arP-a; -ror example, a small reconnaissance element of a Tank ,estroyel' Battalion; another was a platoon of m~ium t~~ks. Tt was apparent that officers and men ha~ taken a hard drubbing, were fatieued and were in low spirits. General Clark, in a few precise, cetermined word@, bucked up the officers he spoke to and told them that there must be no indecision in their minds and that they would not give up another inch of ground. Proce13ring on out this roa' at a poirt right on the front line where the rcxa.,1 passes between two hills rising sharply up to the left and right of the road, General Clark and hi.s two aidPS dismounted. Clambering up the hill on the rieht hand side of the roa0, General Clark observed the terrain below him to the east. He there discovered a formation of 8 or 10 enemy tanks which h~d crossed thA Sele River and WP,re about to in.f iltrate through the lines of the 36th Division. Makine a quick est·mate of the situation, the General ra. irly went down the hill, got into his jeep and, finding the headquarters of General Wilbur a short distance down the road, conferred with him and organized a defense against the ap 1)roachtne ,. v armor. ~ , . t - ~ t ~ - .J= ~ -r:~ 'i,,i~,._:z_ L(O ~ . v ✓ Pflx..v0 Y:'" rvb,_AJ--tt..l~.f..- Y;'- i-$~~ ~ y~~" fe~~ , ;ui,,0 ~t I (Jt> ;vc 7 I J �~'t~-tr/'-"' ;Cc }~~~ 1413-r~~-~~J~ ( J f ~~~~jQ~~ {)V\ General Clark then went on to the command post of the 157th and 179th RCT 1 s of the 45th Division. These troops, battle-trained in the Sicilian campaign, were in much better shape than the 36th Division. They had good liaison with their artillery, and the 179th, within the period of an hour, had that morning knocked out 13 enenzy- tanks. In the afternoon, General Clark visited Generals Dawley and Walker at their Headquarters. B:e toed them of the arrival today of the 180th ]CT of the 45th Division. The first elements of the 82nd Airborne Division came in last night and dropped near Paestum. They are now in the line reinforcing the 36th Division. One battalion of the 82nd Airborne will be dropped on Avellino ,) tonight. This city being east of Naples and north of our own lines, is an ;_5•1l" isolated spot for our troops, and the mission ofdis:upting enemy commu..7-ica- 9 v-,tions and transport is a highly dangerous one. J Qp,.. .,,, 9-JJI" <t>""• vLtv"'<,- '1 h '.,.J. ~ ~ c, o Important messages of the day follow: lo-R Jrs,,¥ . 11 ~:.rol""O p--" "O'.,.. / ~ +r ~1' 'I, vv#x, 9P~_& Personal for General Clark from General Alexander. "Avellino mission will be executed between 2100 and 2400 hours 14. Will follow same general ~ .... ~ · route as last night ' s operation. Preparations also under way to send ad- 14-e,,t'r"' ditional airborne troops to you tcnight under same conditions as lRst night. Will use all aircraft remaining after Avellino operation is launched. Aircraft will be airborne 2200 hours and unless we hear from you to the conf~ trary they will go. Notify me urgently confirming dispatch there additional--()_~~ airborne troops or requestion of same. Notify all concerned of airborne ~~ 66(' operation tonight. n p- V ~::=,11.,,. M- ~;y r.- - ""~.r. ~ c, . V From Clark to Alexander, Dawley & Hewitt. 11 Parachute drop on Avellino~~ will be executed between 2100 and 2400 hours 14. Parachute drop on beaches o/J\ in rear VI Corps area will be executed between 2200 and 2400 hours 14. In-~ .. ,( structions pertinent last night 13th will be in force tonight. n / Sitrep to TAC Hq. 15th Army Group. 11 Front areas north and scuth of rf ,<:_/y~ Sele visited this morning. Situation on 45th Division front north of Sele if_, r River favorable at present time, although it wa s necessary for 45th to w·th- v ~ draw right flank tc conform to line east of river. 45th and 56th Divisions are coordinating fronts. 56th Division has arraneed for counterattack to v,:: southeast to assist 45th Division should that become necessary. The 36th ./i~ Division front yesterday was penetrated in two places. Corps Comma.no er y-..r c'..e/ ordered withdrawal but not all of division was able to withdraw, and its '\' locations are still u...nknovm. Altavilla and Albanella were lost by f6th Division. 56th Division line now follows lacosa River running south from Galore Fiver. This line held by one battalion engineers, two battalions airborne, one tank destroyer battalion and one battalion 36th. This position is vulnerable but all efforts are being made to correct thP-t condition. 180th RCT unloading personnel and vehicles late this afternoon anc1 will be placed in army reserve south of Sele ~iver. Am urgently looking forward to arrival of additional 82nd Airborne Division troops. Favorable opportunity j will be sought to counterattack. 10th Corps situation unchanged. General Mccreery feels that he is overextended and will have difficulty in resistinc a strong attack. Flements of 7th Armored Division started unloading this r-• / ')I �afternoon. Enemy tank action sporadic over entire front. 179th PCT put 15 out of action this morning. Expect that enemy wilJ renew his attack again tonight with favorable moon and under conctitions where he will be able to avoid effects of our splendid air suprort. "8xcellent naval gunfire support. 11 General Clark received the following letter from the Commander-inChief today: 11 We know you are having a sticky time but you may be sure that everybody is working at full speed to provide the reinforcements you need. General Alexander will tell you of the measures already in he.nd and give you an idea as to when adclitional troops can be expected. "In the meantime, don 1t forget that we have an Air Force that is more than an.xious to do its full part in your support. I hope that your bomb line will be drawn as accurately as possible along your front so that our Air Force can continue to disrupt the forces tryine; to concentrate against you. J 11 You and your people have done a magnificent job. We are all proud of you and since the success of the whole operation depenrls upon you and your forces, you need have no fear that anything will be neglected in providing you all possible assistance. "Best of luck to you and Al and to everybody with you. Mccreery tell him I send him my very warmest regards. 11 When you see ~,-;<·viI. 0 y >"t' p~t ~ P"o-~ . . ~ 1°~ ~ ~ ., .~ * * ".f'~} j:) VICINITY OF PAESTUivI--SEPTEMBER 15, l9L1~-General Alexander, Air Marshal Coningham and Lord Reynold arrived at the Headquarters at 0600 this morning, having come over from Bizerte by destroyer. They breakfasted at this Heaclquarters and then, escorted by General Clark, went down to VI Corps Headquarters, where General Dawley went over the situation of VI Corps troops with the Commander of the 15th Army Group. The pert.Jr then went or to the 50th Division. General Walker was not there, having gone forwa:rcl on observation. Immediately upon leaving the 36th Division, the party drove to >=?.ed Beach #2 an0 boarded General Clark's PT boat. They were taken to Suear Amber beach in close proximity to the 56th Dj_vision Headquarters. On the beach General Alexano.er and General Clark were met by General Mccreery, and the party went immediately to General Graham's Bea0quarters. Thereafter, in turn, the party visited the 20 st Guards Brigade, cmmnarrled by Bri/!aoier Gascoigne, the 169th Brigade, co:rmnandec< by Brigadier Lyens, the 46th f•ivision Headquarters, where the party was met by Major General Hav,kesvrorth. The latter headquarters being just a short distance southeast of Salerno, the group droveon to within 4- 1/2 kilometers south of the town. Stopping and getting out at a beach, General .Alexander and General Clark looked eastward over the rugged territory in which Hawkesworth 1 s 46th Division sol~iers are now fighting. ~ J'. ...l... ~ v.--.. f e---fi- r Jr,,1 ~~ .Y .1)._,J_ ~ ,v--- ' ~ &--VV / ~ I ___.._:--o:-...__::_ ~ ~-- - ~ ~ 6:?-~~t!._~ ~ -kl t . ~ - ~ e;_'t ~ 1,.....,._"ct_ ~ " S' . , U.,... j_ .fl-- -(. (l"',\ t,~ It .J:c4~ ~ ~M - I , .L:,,,.,._J ,,.:t- - ~ ,--.., {..,v �Jl RPturriing by PT boat to Fifth Prrriy T-l"eadquartArs, Gen8ra 7 AJ ex ndu· arii' G-eneral Clark coy,fer.,..ecl for eb ut half an hou,,,, aftPr wh:: ch th,, CcmrrA.nrnr of 15th _Army Grou~), a.ccoropani"'d b:" General Clark, drov<'"' c'own to thP b0ac'1 ar.-J embarked upon hi 1Pst-royer for the trip back to BizA.,..te. Tmportant r."ssafE>S of the day Pre as follows: A letter from General Ti:ontgomery to .G,=ireral Clark, broueht by the former I s aide to this Beaf.qua rte rs is quot Pd i ri full as follows: serd ey A.n.c. to se, :ou aga":n, to p:ive you wy situetion anC to bring me back ar accurate picture of ~rour situation. 11 ..,. :::t looks as if ~rou may bBhaving not too ~oor1 a timA, ard 1 do hopP that all wil2. go well with ~rou. 11 2. rr.y OV\'l sitwtion is +: nt 1 will have one Division (the 5th) deployed on the line SAPFT - :::CA('NTF,QP() on 2.7 SeptPmber. Another Division (the Cana.diar) w::.11 be echellone :: behi:::.d. it in the area CASTROVII LAP. T - SP><;ZZANO on 17 September. Both of these Divis ions bave alrea~';r push"rl fcrwarc' strong reconnaissance c:etachments, with tanks, to tari i!l aE?l; nst ... he Sout11E•.,..n f::aYJ.'· of thP- Ge:rm-'.ins facing you. 11 3. ..,. haYe given or· ers that letachments from 5th Division ar"' to op<';rate along the re&d runni'1g .w. from SAPJF to"mrrls AG~CPOTJ, on ~rou,,. r'p;l't flank. Tt wm..u.ii be a great thing if we ~ould gain touch with you 011. t"l'S roan axis; perhaps you coulr push out a .,..ecorn1P issa'1CP E lone .1._1, , ~n::i.' ruP • 1, from A(~ROP1TT to the S.~., to r-i:;At m:~ p<"oplP -who havi=: e.l...i:H' st·.:i.r- 4 "- +>ror,, SAPRI. 11 1 hope that b;· 17 SE>ptsmber ll"Jr a--•ninist.,,.ativ_ s.:.+,-1r tio. will a] low me to move the ~th Division forwa~~. 111 "If so , T r:ropose to direct it on /IUTF.TT.A, alon1, thA az·s IAGri ~G'"'O "The Ca!la"lian Divisiori will hP rl irectecl on P 0 TRr-rz_A. 'y leading Corps r the 10th Corps) will in fact bt9 d ir<"d -,r] or to the area P(lTF,'JZA - _AJI'."'TTA; the Gerimns ill not be abk to .i~ror1;; t:1· s th.,..0at. 11 117 Iow will this suit ~rou? . f. The full rlevelopm0nt of the operatlor1s out:irAt' i!l para. " wil 1 clepen l on my supply situat Lon. But tr1"l thr~1.t will b"gin tomo-r-row, lf September, aml will develop grarlually with inc .... easea pressurn. 11 6. I oulr' b8 g"'ateful if you will giv'? my t.n.r,. (iE'tails as to :01.1.r present situation. he.,rP. "''1.t 0ne of my IrtAlliNence Staff OVA, aJ.so; h= can niscuss matters with you..,. r? branch. 11 T "7. All good wishAS to you. Ve ar:-e or" thA way to lPnc' a 11.anrl, anr' . �it will be a great ,ay whf>L WP actually joi.r. hf·n..:1s O"'l para 3. 11 OU:' riner fli:i.nks, v·1 (.., • Personal for AJ.Axanr'ler f-rom Clark. n~ ittlP enmr~r act:'..vit~T to,lay. r·ur naval and artille~r fire h<>avy. VT r:o-rps consolirlatw efensiv,:, :,os i+ i o"'l. :6th Division personnel i.solatwl ··ri Jlltavilla t:i.,..Pa r:ontiriu,., to .tr· rkln bac r • ..U,tac ..~ will r:ie launc11.':ld ea.,..l~r mornine 16th t O -,•nr1ucP. sa 7 lent, bP'1"W"'E' l S· ] (' a.nc ralore r lvers. 180th :RCT now i.n A-rm~r .,..,..SP.,..VG. n 1 1 Gene-ra] Or 1 Pr'S f'7n , rr 3.'1:-LUE rtP"Y'S Fifth /\r~T' r1at,piJ. lS 8Ppt 'mb0r ] the assignT'"'r1t "f Major G- "'".,..o.l iatth0 w B. '=<idgway, Comma 11 inf; Ge!l "a] of the 82r-d Airborne Divi.s::.nri--, as ,=.put~r Corunan"e,,., VI Co1·ps, ir ac'c1.:..tlor + o 11 · s presPnt ass i.gnmPnt. ()A arP..f"ll".."1C"'S • ' 0 0 Personal to \l'IontgomE'ry f,..om Cl, rk. flThan'l( Jrou for your l"'tter r1°li. r<>,.. -1 by your aide t or1 ay. The plans you out, inec fit b.to rr,:- schP.ffiP ar-1 wq l ::i.ssist me material2.y. G~ve your 9.ir·e copJ· lette,.. I sent all ~ifth krmy ur·ts. Please accept rcy rleep appreciat i0n for assistarcA !'Our Fiehth A~rrcr 11as :;_)rovided Fifth Army by your sl;::lJ.ful and ,...apid ac'vanc11. T _look forwar' to thP approachi!li pa.rtrership Fifth an, 1<!izht h A.rm.:..es i:ri r rivir~ G-,-rrr.£:.11s ouf· Tta l~r. It will be plPaSlJ.T'e to ses, yol: a,sa~.n at an ear1y c'a-1- 0 • Sitwtion hPrf M'll \o in hanc 11 M 1 • Casualties as of 2"00 10th Corps , 4 , L138. vrcrnTY !lOUt'S to,la~r are: For VT Cc,..ps, 2 , :'>~ 7; a-nr: for) k Yi 1/ nF PfH'STlJY--SfclTTi'" ><'P 16, 104::"--'T'oday is lanrl ing of Fifth Army on the shores of Tta l~r that t11.e ConwandirC" G<>r:era 1 feds that thE' s i.tuat i or.. is cor,pletPly iri riann arirl that t11P,..."' is no dane-A,... of losing our brir'geheac Th"' rr i'.. i ... 8upport Gornianr'l has e-ivAn thP P"lPm:r ) a terrific past;,,_L- in t:be ;>a.st l18 hours, arrl i+:'1 support has h lre- ir-1P~8- J SUT'ab1!r iri stop['ine thP. st,..one count.er thrusts which tr10 rTPY'J'"ars \7">T"r.- roir·.,.,/ on the lfth. The 10th CorI)S anr VT Corps a.,..e malrire rr=-co r ·s "i_YlCP iY) .!'orrl'> to the north anr' Past, and therE> ·s PV.dPnCP l1at thP P-riPm~r ·s w'+h,"yawir<T 1:".l th08':l r]i_-.•ections. Thn Co""' 111 anc'liPo: Gnrf'ral hopES to CQT~/C>'I')~ thP C valC'f u:,on "a;..)les 0':1 thP 20th. It. Co~. B.T'b:T r-tri liis ~ar;""rs ~""·n+>orcr> w·+:r elerients f:rom the 82n<l Alrborne nivis"or, ton-P+hPr w_ith rE'iy+'orC'Pr"· +c; ,h.,..h are. alrear'~r there, , il 1 strike f'-r-om th" ~a] f'rno rf>,_. iof\. 'T''1P 1 th C0r. s wiJl riovP th.T'OU~h thP. passes onto the 1 'a.rl0 s PJ::i.··n. GAner--<i.~ \ 'lbur, w"th the 120th CT fro:"'! thP 4"'t11 Division, -: 71 ITa P a wirJ0 sf• ep arou.,,· t:r Fri r-~''S li=>ft a'1r' h Brl for BPnev nto. 1 • 0 r,PYJ.eral Pirgv ay, ir ad itto= to' 's '11ti3s as Cn17r12nrl~ 'C" r .. ..,e-al r,r ih, )) R2!"'<i Airborne Div::.s;or.., w :i mar'e TJeput, r ,1 .ardPr of v~ Cor)s +or'Ja~r. G0n""al )I Ta11g"' is r~li1wel and is sert r:iac-k :' C .e-~a1 ClaT''' to w·ro,...t to G"'ri,ra~ "F'isPnhow"'r. Tt is felt y General Wall·e,,., Co!:'--an'i1v; the "'f h T)'v·s 0 0, arr" r~s v·Aw is concu.,.rer1 i..r b~ Gereral (;lar , +hat G~neraJ Tar~f' r.as rot show' suffic·P.nt irte--rPst in thA affairs rif the :56t::i iv·s·o~ to -~a .... ,..'3.'1 h.!=: r0taini.!1f' hi::, pos;tio'l. wit'l -i-hat orzanization, of whi.ch he was +hP Ass·etan+ 0 0 Com.TT\c' nrle.,... ~J" v �33 Albanella was occupied this afte-rnoon by the 50Llth ParachutA Tnfantry Regiment which continued on to attack Altavilla at 1600 hours. General Clark dispatcher'! letters today to Commandirc: Gr-merals of VT Corps, 10th Corps and the CoJ11maYJ.ding ')fficer of Fifth Arm:' Special T,..oops as follows: 11 As ;:,rom~ llrmy Comrr:anf.er, T want to cone;ratulate eve··y officPr and enlisted man of the Fifth Army on thA acc·-T"pl i shmPnt of their mj ssion of Ja,nriine on. the westel'.'n coast of Ttaly. A.11 the more splenr"id is yolr>· 8d1"e,rp_ ment wheD ;t is realized that it wes c'lccompl:..shed ap:a"in.st il.PtPrrl')ir>P•" GP~ma:r resistance at the beaches. Every f O"'t of our ar'lvP..ncP. has bP<cn coy,t esj;E ~ • 11 We have arriver! at our initial obj,,ctive; OlF' bea.chhParl is secure.. Ado itional troops a.re landing ever:'.r day, and. we ari:; herP to stay. Not one. foot of ground will bP ziven up. 11 GP11eral r~ontgomery 1 s het.tle-provr--"l Bightl-1 B~iti.esl-i ll_r!J_i;;r, cu.,.. partner in the task of clearine the r,.P..,..ml:ln forces out of Ttaly·, is aclvanc"iP,':': rap·,:_ l:r from the south and in a matte,.. of hours its presenC'e wi 11 be felt by thA enemy. Sirle b;r sine vrith this F~ shth Lrmy, thP Fifth Army wi 11 ac1 varcP. t n occup;r rTaples, Pome and othe,... cit;_l'.:s to the 11.orth and to frAe ~tal3- f-~om Germa~ 0omination. 11 T am highly gratifiec by thA eff~ ciArit rna'1ner Ln which thP U. s. VT Corps anc. the British 10th Corps have worked sic1P by ~ide in mutu;:iJ sup:po-~t, each being proud to SArve h;r the sirJe of thA other. ThAir pe.,..fr-.rmarce h.as justifii:,<'l the confirlence placed in them b~r thP people of the Un,tsd. rations. They know that we shall ilri.ve or. ,...eleritlPssly urt il our- j m is c' 0nP. IIT .-'lesire that the conterits of this 1Ptt,:,r bP comrnuT;_catPr" to all ranJ·s of your command." Tmportant :rn.essages c'li:=lp, tched and received torla:, follow: P"'rsonal to .Alexancier from Clark. 11 Situatioy, ;rast1y ·:ripr0verl. a11r' zPts better hourly. 'Parly this mor·Y;"l.£ saliPnt hetvveen SPlR anc} Ce 7 0,•p was rPc'uced and .Al',anella reoccupi<>ri. There arP some inrli.cations that th_e e1...,rm:~ may be withdrawirz +.o the ea st a.nd :northeast from ,:;:boli. S+ro11r r"'corra" ssance pa.r+,ies haVA beAn orgenized to determine att:'tude of enem~r. 11 Fielc'l Order ,1'2 refers ir• +he ma in part to General 1f'ilbur I s force to hP marie up of the 180th :'.=l('T reir,forcPri. Personal to Alezanfer frorn C'lRrk. 11 %rly toc1.ay e'1.emy marie strone; attack in Capezza"o area which penetrateri certain rHstancP. urompt col1J1tP" atteC' 1" by Co:rmnanrlo"' reeainen all 1:;round lost and took 10n to lfiO pri.s011.ers. nr .~6th Division frorit two attaclrs were made riu'l"..;:ne this mornine; ir 16"tr Br'.aa"'R SeC'to.,... Both .,...epuls,:,r1 • s~tuatio11 10th Cor9s front in hand. "'nemy shP1 7 irc: roa-'1 south of Bc1tt ~Pf'{;lia • 11 �,.,€-!'S YJ.al to AlPY.:' 'e.,.. from f'll r' for Cu.... YJ.·-ni:fri,m. llPlE'aS" l"0nvry +c \ .A rn'.ral CU"'l'1·:!'.'gh··rn iry r ce.p ~~. T'f>Cietior- f,;,.. ihi:- '1_;,le11 i_d -':l.nrl hl 1Ph Eirtf't! soop"rat.'._0:1:1 a..,- "'U .-o:rt ~iven h:r tli.e !:..lli.Ar" n vi<>s u,..~rr: 01.::"' 0per-a+·0r<1 ~ th·_s ·r122. 'T'h~·.,.. ~"'~rf} 311r.f,.,..e "llppor+ h s '1P"'rt TYJ/) t pffec iv0. T 1-'=1VP bee"l fl'lvorahl:• i!!lpressi:>rJ b~~ th"' Pf!3f>1"11E'""1 of r-11 r.rrv·l C'OT"'"!lanrl<>.,.."' +o ~(v~ +his supi)ort. The~• c".:!rtairl:r po·sess t'riP ':i.11 to f.'c:ht. fclrnir-al u,...,·~~t ) has ·one everything in h.:_s pry 0r to asst...+ u.s. l'{P USl'~ll~r frt_·,.i~·t"'3 Ol'-,.. • rPsr's arir' al·-Qys E-'"recntPs his sup::1ort mi·sions r>rol!'p+1~· •nc' ,,,ff'ic>~<>·tl:,. T :!ope thi.t llr"--·....13.2. ru.,n'."':::;11,m ·1i.ll },0ror us '1y [I vis ·t i'l. t~e Yl"'a.,.. futu.,..E • 11 0 0 Pe:-sonr 1 to Ale:xa11c!er f--or C'l!i,,. · to 'T'P lr"p.,... 11 0- tJ--:f ,.._f:,,.ct-:v~ a~21.lp)ort i"'1ich h s ')e"'r. JiV":m us :r th"' ,r-rli.t,,.,.,..rane-'i"' Ai,,. ro r · r.·1 pl< 'lS" c>c -r,_ ve:r to Lir C'h"ef ''lT'"'1R.' 'T'er<'E-r mv r1r,o:p a :;:'T'f>l"i"+ion. T +' 01 +r,•+ t'1.0 ncscs·star..ce ..:;iven us -:ir:: thP 14t.!:: '·jr eo r1 O :!'.' in h:sto~r ?"l 1- /"~E'S'"-=-" ' . rrr;,:-} 0 of effective C'T"pl.0y!'.:ent of n - ~ po· e"!" lr t,}'P c 7 os.-. ::up~ n,..t of ;;~o· '1_(1 -'--oo::is. : '.: shc.11 e :_-::ratefu::'... to A:- 'E.rshal 'T',.,rl,113r if' h"' .ill_ c:•~-r•es"' ~ r r,.,,., · ·-1- , - ,., to all COT"' ·11rers ro!'e -r<;'-.• - fT"' es;,ec~f" 7 ; ; .il.N:spr1 ,..~+t t½P .)"""re-,-,..- rr, ,f th<> >'TT!.~:_.,,. Sup.._'.)01"-l;, Cor"'"'..'1.rl. Gt.cnE'rFl ·-=01..1"'~ ar" t,i_[: st~f: trv ,...·vnn ueo th<: fin<:::t t::rpp o:"' ('0():!)AT'.fion i_mrli;r J110"t ,liffir.ult ('Q"'J•:+·o..,q_ -!le ~·nficien+ fu.nct..:.,m:.ne; of te~r:: :plr~• of the Pi,,., t:nv;:• an' n:r~r as p~q~-1-·c-r t"US fe..r i:i th:s 0p€i·atior, T rm convincer' that n(' erT'\:• i:!1 th<> 'Q'Y'lrl C"r 1102.,· ol.'t ege.i11st au.,,. COTTlbi!!Pr' fo 1•ce8. .: ho::_Je th0 t f;±_-,. ChiPf T~qrchrl T"'0f1E''Y' i_ -I-}, v,_ ~' n;:,e r futU!'e i l.l honor u ~ 7ith £. vie: i. t. 11 I I ··v, ju:=:t r_ce.:'._ver". ricep. 11 ·- rt ,.,... For !'.lF•Xc.'nr'er from r.1 r:. 11 Delightl;)':' to l"-'£.r-n of r-Pn,=·:r1=1' -_-S"' ho• rd q visit ~'"'~01'.'!'0Y:. PlP~SF:> r!''"'_'.:e tr !::'VP ti cru:SPr' co:11tr~ct A.cm.:_rf l Hi:-- itt 1 f shi~ thn ~~1con , as soor.. as :'lP. reachi:_:,s r.;al<>rr-o ~c·,:r. ":r "'epr~S"'1'1tFt ·vr ), 1:>c c.1:Joe.r, A.neon st~rtLr.'.:; ·t 12nr:: h.01.'.!'~ 17t'1 ~11r' vri 7 1 gul/e '<'isf"lf'ff"'"' ,art: to my f ar'qt1:1rters ·ith a!'rFn[:".:!Il"ents s i:mil·.,, to t'1osiP for ycu.,.. l'l."' '·v• 1 • T'1~ ,-, TCr' 's car~ri.."'.[; c·l'.'b0rne trC01)"l arrj_,ro? ::..· tp 1~c+ YJ.i.:ri+. rl"\>1tant ,,as Ir"H' h:, r12co..,nelssa 1ce elem"nts v-r_ C'or:ps a>1r' "'i:ht'l-i ;.!'my · ·I- " -..~a-1. '"', four m· lPS south of "'orch'B."a, t 140() h0tl."r'9 todiy. Two fi t'l'l."liUt"' 1--attRl"ons ,,,,.. r-Ctac>~-::ne- Altr-..vill· t0r?i,'.';!!t. "'o 'letf ils Fve :lrhlA :r0t. 11 r 1 0 11 C'ei:.eral l!lexanriei:- r1eliVPT'Pr'l to f-'A :·01.1..,.. lP+ter of l" se,+er,:1),..,,., • rr' .::_t .: · r~e to herar frol"' ~rou. T+ p:r,aqec' ,_.,_q .'.;T'l?<>tJ:r O ~:rr- t'}~ i :rep np:::t +rat Tie h&d c'nne our job "'ell. Tt r,as rice to 1cVA Alpvr '1.0P,,. CCI:" Ul) }:,r Y'';;) -ro-~ lP cm~n set? fi,..st hcYJ.r' yrh•t t:-:."" sitwticn "'l'iS. OU mu.Ft' ')__,,.,,.nir-'-r thrt ~l" 8F''1'in::; re90,..ts cl: t0 hl":.; T ,:i.;0 cl"+ ,·~nt tr P ov0r opt·I"'·s ·c: fir tn" p ss·m·s+·0. Tt :s 1 rrl to pair.ta true p·_ctur? of C 1 s:tUA.t ·o".l 1 irei r.1 s :v F '1 (' 11n r ,., [ C rA.pinl:- c:.s t'1i.s one has. Wr!." 11 0ur !'arlio ):i~s in.t0rc"pt'3'1 t-o ne S 1 )ro·r1(>r~ts on 0117' siti1 i:'0r h r , , '-ioth ext:~ceme2.~r p1=>s::•d!'listic in +,one. .Att· chHl i<' · l"O. :r of a 1,,ttPr- ~ s d tr E 11 cori=['.-,(.PT'S anri 'hich is ½0in~ ~iSSF"T" .. :!'.H,ter" to rl1 +rr0rs trr·~:·• ~Jf ",-,,.,.. c+ stiff !'er,istr:nce at the P[' C'hPS enr3 }i• rl ["()rfT.8t'}]_3r hP1.vy less< s. 'I'hn v- r0"ps �~ :r t-tf '1 t'i1-U; ~ /1trf.i hut thP 10th r:orp'1 mPt ;::;trm1 z OP. osit io• at 'Rattip1. 6 lia arA VR"" urwbl<> t ,,-v-ri~e. Tris lPft tli.e -Pla-rik of' thP VI r,~,·r,s so!'le ·1hat in the ::i.ir and b fo.,.e it ccuF e withd,,..f 1 it w, ·"' S!I'l cker' f"'oro tl19 rl•,,..ect;on of Fboli. Th:i.s calJ9d fo•· th<=> VT Corp~ left f 1 ,rc to b ,-;'+hdra n to co:iforr:. to the rlgh+, of the 10th. Subsec.uP.1t1y, es :rou k110,, i.ir~ 1t,ci1:1-J.i· of thP Gerr:v:m cour,ter--att~ck 11.it the :",Gth D·visiori, cutt ·.rc, c-Pf som"' of th..,ir eli:,mer:.ts, arri. forced us to vrithdra t,o the l:n" of thA r,., Pf'sa. r arr, i!c good sh&~e now. l.''p Eire hPre to stay. Tr fact, this mornir,,; v 0 hav"' restorer! t'hn sal ,ont 08+..\ e~n the 8Ple iver ·i.nr' the Colo.,. 0 • i e havP 1"<--tal "''" .!12.banell, , ~nd i:: :r~ve ~u"t r'J.irecteian attack to restore Altavilla. J.ia,re , ilrPwise db·ect'"'r'J. strone recom1r if'R nee :n forCP b:r th9 6fith T)ivic,cr ::.r t11P r irection of 1:bol~_ a"l.t4 told th"' ,r.,. Corps + 0 ~,_ liJcevise to·i'larr's Battip2rr1·a fror: the north "'est. Am rein-Pore.ire Da,.1::" s $')"-rer o rP.r,ion fore" wi.t 11 ;:i, "battalion of Natt I s p1..,..atroope•"'S. TJ11rl;:• l4s , ori=> h.:." wue l .";-PTJ.r j 00 , ':l.nr r recormrenrl thi:it he be pr">r:iot, r, t~. thA rra"'= of 0 n2.nrP.J • no not know J-- f'V' J' he has bPen a LiAutPrant C'olo11Pl but f'eel +hat h" t.1.s ,,one a S'1PP"~ O" .~cl, here and h: s severa: thou:...".nri f'P.Yl ,, cl,:,r his co:rF'<:trrl ard ·houlr, bE' ;-:·vet, +ris arJvrrir>ed to thP i'l" heach''lPa" li. c .1 0 increasei pro~otion. 11 Have fourl"l. it 11ecessary to reliP.v0 otto 1'1P£'~. Pc ri,·s not r,p,..fo,.rn,,.:i satisfector.r vrnrk. T em s"'ni~re q_ f>Elpe- to you ' ith r. clE&r-n1t ~r COT"'.,.. __,-'ation from me thRt I r'Jo not wa:>1t hi!:! .1.:r.. th€' Fifth Ar'T!:', that hP }13 s not measured. up an" that , accorr'J.ine1y , hP shoulc, bP rflc'IUr."'/ to hir r,e"ma"l. "1.-~ ,"a·'e. ThB.t shoulr'J. r'r kP your tF sk easie!'. 1 0 "I spol'e to AlPxanrler about na l"\T• Pe shoulci not be ~,ntinu"'-.:i , .. ·"!·s pres"?rt j o"h. l.fe aype~"S to ;;0 to p"Pc<=>s iri t1'1P. ,:,r,c,.,..genr_·E"'"· I ~il1 eive you full rleh ;ls , hen ;rou CC'Ji!", [lrrl rler-as0 'kro 1 we oulc" love to SH' you as soon as you can core l:!Ylrl for ·s loYJ.g "'S :rou C''=tr' :::ti=,y. 11 r1y ,.el "t ions wit}, }~c-C:re""ry p-e excPllP~ t, · 1~d wHh qJ l otr r Brit· sl'E>rs. 1 hc::v'3 told everyone of t11'3I" th t \"hPt' c- r,d.:..i.:.: ,,, ich is the-i,.. businPSS seems to b9 goi.ng wrong, t!ley mu t lty the cn.,..,,s or th"' table, trl ~ hcivP mac.e it plain to t11em th t thFLt is exactly v hat T int,mrl to ,.,0. "With the arrivPl of tNo c~,mbat tea"ls of Truscott 1 s ~.:_"I ~ pre:-,areri to at+ark on FEi ....'les. r:, pl,..r ::.-; WO" "E>c out 11:nc' , · 11 to you in secret code. fn,• ,.:lqJro :, l)p ~ O"'mu- T :J.r' · cat 0c' "Thie: h: s been A. great opportunit:r rnc'l privil0_se; :o:::,r I ap:, f C'i'"'ti:. :·nur letti!lg me ,..ir_r; ~~r Fifth -"~n:.· i!1tc act~.01. PTe ha\TP l"].[~e mlfta1ce9, a~1c V!~ .. have lea"n"ld the l1ar,' v · ;' , but vve , i 11 imI>"''OYE' PVE'X:r c F~' , r• l'!Tll su~"' , i ~ 7 !lot c1 i"'appoint you. 1 11 I hav, j 1.1"'t t.A1i f ccrn11ula te-.::1 th<o f i·• st rE.J.9ort or. c-~sm 1t; r--s. 1 as follows: f _1 Killer! l, 9lf '''ounrleri v~ CORPS 225 Yi.llP-r-1 ThP~T fl re �11 ssterrlay we :-epellecl !!l:.nor cou."'t"'"- th,...us+s, icnrl with ot,,... terk ,,,stroYP,,...S accoUPtE>d fc,.. an exc'3SS of 15 tanks on the v· C'orps front r-i.l 0r". 11 v::c~PITY ·JF PA.Ti:STUI't--S?PTFTB"H? 17, 1943-.Htavilla is still holclir['.' out aga i.nst u~, &lthough frag:1enta~~~r n . port:? ir..d.ic,..+e tt·it our t.,.OO:!)S m~1:T bP iri the towr. GenPra::. Cl1..1.rk sp"'nt the morning and thP first ~::i..,.t of +.he aftr->rroor i"'l a ser;_es of conferencec with meI!' ers of his r.t~ff. P.t 1~00 hours Genrsrr 1 F:.senho;}er, accorrp· riec' b~· 1: is a i •le, rlf'i2C'.,.. .,. c,.., arrived at this Hearlqua,..ters. Fe confer.,..e - alone with thA r:or-£ ,y' 7 er GPr, ra 7 ' F.l.fth Army for t"bout 45 !!l-:nutes anc thPr, ~scortnrl b:r Gnn"',al rJe. 1 , v·s·tf"C Headquarters VT Corps and l{ea:1.quarter!': ::'fth Divis.; on. Th0. C-.:.:1-C' , ~"' uri::- 1J to visit ti-,, 45th T)ivlsion bec11.uce of hPt.v.: st.ell fi.,..,.. Rlong the "l-i',, 11wa:· .,-~+1,, of here. r~ '8ra: li'is"'nhower was back at th.E> "beach ::i.+, 18'ZI") '10U"'S anr1 r",-,~>art r b~r sea fo:r his Hea,1qua..,.ters. 'n 'rhe British 7th ArmorF>d ,..,i.v.isfo"l of' t4e l0t'h r0~;is is· aho11t ,,,,lf asbor. • Arl.vance elements of the 3rd America:::. ivisio1. 3..,..."= alre'lc::r ci.shcr , <irr' +r.,,. r · v l c;, or its elf ,ill coMme'1.c-e 1m7 oac" ir..:: + omorro,'. Perso"lal for Al,::-xan F:lr f ... or r1ar ·• 11 Sitmt ion i"l 10th Corps q_uiet Jast night. Positions in Bat,tipRglia a,...FT still stron[';ly hP-lrl: Fo Pviclr!:!c~ of with,.:;rawlil or fi6th nivision front. F,..a.p;rnentary ... ep0rts inr, icr-te that, Altavilla was reoccupiflcl at osrn this morni.ne by ,::-..cJ BattaJ · 011fiOtth PA-,..acr11tP J,., _ fantry. 11 Personal for Alexander fron r.1c ,...k. nr, 09LlF thi.,, morning indicates that, p0ss"'ss-io11 tested. 'Results still ir. clo1.1bt. 11 ::-iri,..+ frorr Altavilla secto.,. t.:.m, , rif' r,hject'Vf' ;s e-:.n~ "1-iot:y co'1.- Perso:ri'il for T'o".lte;orery fro~ r1, rk. um..,an s for :•01ir mpss2-:e. , too, arn rlelizhted that our arI'lies are '. contar-t i.tl-t each other. 8ttuatio'1 ~200 hours 17th Septem er: Two miDor enAm:r thrusts ,... l"lth Corps front ~rAste .... iiay were repulsecl with loss to eneB:r. C:uiPt n·ght. VT co..-yis attackE>, PltavHla afternoon 16th Septer:ber c..nd ha,-< troops in villagA this rnorninp. '"w=,my now countE'ratt"C'"" ~- Pe!'\ainde,... r,f VT Corps front is r;_u;et anc1 re-o,...gani:z11tion continu'3s. CJ c:iier i:>>iPM;r ma:i have reeroupect '1fr forcE>s. Th'ririn:: our opposite VT Co,...ps but is still holding k"'3r poirts firml:·. 11 F.,..om Fieerl--ov1er to AFµ(. "Tsrue c.,..,.:il",...S rli"'ed'"~ :1::j0.,. r 'le"'al John -,ucas with personal staff 0°11y re;-ort tn r,·""'Tllandiri: G .,.,'=!ral, Piftr Ar-rri:r, AvalanchP area by fast,,,st mnans practicabl". This is a !)PT'JJ1.arent trc>nsf P..... Place F~a;;or C.Pnera 1. Geoffr-=,Jr ·e:''3S ln co:rnmard of the Corps • 11 T)• T~ - For Clc..rk from Monti::o"ler;r. _ighted to },ave '1011E' so. 1\ f p·_ I Vv· �31 'T'o F.:ftt t'-r!.:'.~r enc 1<'ir;hth Arp._~r fro!:" _T~C' "I-Tei., l!'ith .Army Group. n~ am sencing you the follow~ ng ,Urective for :rom· guir';::,.nce anr' action wri"'r you are rea0:r to resume th"" offensive. Closest toucl~ 1::111rl cooperation must t·e mt:tually arranged bet:1reen beth arrr.i.i=-s. First, r~ :'t:1 llr:my will SPcu.re the h:.gh grou.ni1 r..ortb. cf r.rraiori !' S02£1 on vrhieh th v -;:._1 pivot to gain the ge~.eral line Teora O E51 Hontemarano '' 8Li f8 Avellino !I r- 7S7 1:rocera "J 54 7 8 Cs.stellamma:i:-e Y 413:=. Seconrl, Ei.ghth Arm~: will secure the Potenza 0 S228 area. Point of ju.':.ction betwee:r ar·rr::..f'ls will be a+ ~oarl jt'l!'.ctiori f' ou (. Third, bou:!!lclar;r betweer armies. Trclt,_sive Ri.shth Arr;· Auletta C' 2rJ1e thence all inclusive Fifth Arm:r Buccb.o (: lf26 rorr' junction O 00Li'.:'' route '.:·l to !'oa,~ ju.."lction O 116€ road Vallata '.) 0~71 rrott·°FinPr,'a 11r gc:i7r:: thr.>rce Benevento P 6581. It r.iay be necessar;" for armiAS to sriare roe.( 1 Polla C' 261:: Luletta r·0c.d ju.:"".ction O 1FS210. Fourth, a pcuse will be :-,_c,csss::,~y whAr1 the general line above h~ s been reached :;_1, or,..1 er to concer-tratr.>, b"'inz up suprl::.es 1:u,d bullrl. up sufficient strength i:'_ ths Taranto a!·ea before securir:.;::; the next objective which v:ill be Foggia, Naples. Acknowledge • 11 0 :· * * VIC""'·'ITY OF PA-'STU]H-SVPTFTBRri 18 , 194-:'::-Ths "'rr: Division is co:'.':Lrr; 5r: tc,:.a:' ) and is cro¥'ding the ror~Jls. This v.'as Ge-nPral r"'lark 1 s diYisior:i for l!!~'?'~r :rears, and he is happy to see it arrive. The 'ivision hac1 en outsh>.rr"~n:; record U."lr1er CenAral rrruscott 1 s lea0ers'1:'...:;:-J :_r_ the Sic i.liar ce.n-paigr1 arr' mer!' ir.formed officers consic1 er ::'..t the fiLest _[IJnPric&r rl_i,ris~o:0 ir: this s,r ::i.r:other theater. 0 General Clarlr is pt,i_shi::~g ::'o:rv.a::_y1_ stror_g reco:::.naissa11cP eli::r rts ori 'both the VI ancl 10t!1 Corps fronts. The main attacJ, of the Fifth ArmJ' w-'..11 '>P ma "0 to the r-orth anc east b;r the 10th Corps anc~ ry the '::rd anc~ t. Sth Div.i.s" ons of the VI Corps . The cfth niv::..s-i or.. a:.;.r! most of tl:.e elemer,ts of the B2rc" Airborne Division will be held in arl"l;r :reserve. This D.orr.ing General ('lark mac~e. an ::.::-aspect i.c:r_ trip northna".'r' froE L:l.s Ileadq_t1.arters. Seeing Ger_eral !rricldleton alorig the roar1, he stopp"='"' av,,' the two officers conferred for some t-i~e lool:ing at their. maps. r.Pneral Clcirlr then went to General nrnR,niel 1 s Comff:anrl Post ar:i.d talb=d. there vrith hir.: anr" with G<>neral 'T::..lbur, taH::ir:g ir~ the ma· n part about r.0Y1Pral v11 ilbur I s plannec' sweep to the east an<' north iL the direction of Benevento. In the afternoon GereraJ r1art went hy PT boat to th"' 10th Corps arPa where he called en GenPral ~~cCreer;r at h:'_c co:rmnar:.r1 post in the vicir:::.t~, of Ponte Cagnar-.o. The Ger!:'ans have executeo. a v:--ltb.r1raval today from Battipaclia anrl also ) from Altavilla. Both of these i:rrr;)crta.nt tov,ns are r.ow ir. . our harr: s. 1 Important rr.essages received and dis:pl'ltched today are as follows: Perso2:al for .tle:x' nder from Clr-rk. 11 'Rece:..ved your directive for resumption of offensive. :rt fits in ver;;r ~,ell with plans T have alrear:, mac·P. Parachute battalion sent forward last r_ight to Teinforce Alta~r-illa a+taclr now on hill ~ust south of object:'...ve. :i: am goi!:.g forwaro t0 recor..r_o_:_tc:r �this morning v,ith a view of r'etermir_::r:.:::, fea ibility of ta~:ir,:; Dersaro latr., tode"y and also clear::.ng Ul) Alt.a'":::.lJ.a situation torla:•. T 11opP to b a l,,, to attack towarc. Battipaglia T'boli eveni:r.g 19th or 20th. ,,Jow u:nloadin:oelements of fro Division." 0 Perso1,.al for 1'.leYanaer fron c/s, Fifth Arr;;,. HJl_tavilla still ir om~ hanc's. -i:i:J.ements of 4Sth Division now marchir..g on Persano. Indications are that it is held verJ• lightl:r., Army Co!Ill"2nr"1?r r'eparte"' 1500 for- 10th Corps CP for cnnferer.ce with Ge11eral McCrPery conce,,.nir,g Pttack to be laUY:.chec' against Battip~glia 1':boli area. Just b0fore he left hP r-0ce 1 v0H word that the 10th Corps has ta:!{er th':) tobacco factory ar0 thf'f Rattipagl.:la a9:pt?ars to be helc lightl;r. The roru::1 frc:m Vi0tri. to iTocAra is still clefr->r1r1 ed by the ene!llJ". 46th Divis~ o:i2 made slight adva.nce alcmi Salerno ~ffe-rcole road this afternoon. We areoperating strong reconnaissance parties alonG entire front. n Personal to Alexanrer froi::: c/s, Fifth f>.rm:r. 11 11.t lW)O hours this e1rening Altavilla was firml:r ir- our possession but it vms still beine; sul---jecter'i to artiller>3· fire from mrnt of the C'alore Fiver. 0 Asistance elsewhere on the rest of the TJT Corps f1~ont a.no on the 56th Divis~ on frorit appears to be negligible. I have ordered the VI Corps ·to ac1vance to the northeast ir_ the morning to secure the high grou21d northeast of Patt ipaglia and th~ rmir' Eboli-Pontesele. I have also made plans to follo up vigorously an:; att.Pmpt b;r the enem;· to withdra"\"1 to t!:.e no:rth." Personal for li~ontgome~- from C'larlr:. 11 Sitrep 2000 hours. J(lth Corps. Some grotmd was gained north anc1 northeast of Sal ,:,rno. Erew:r st .ill holr ; n:: strorcgly the Vietri and SalPrno roecls, Battipaglia now ir: om· bnrls a,,,l patrols moving north and east from there heve fou...-rirl enem;y withdraw, ng. VI Corps. Persano fuu.Y1d unoccupied. Altavilla nm f lrmly hel3 "but up t ..i.J l 1800 hours ene:rrcr still located between Altavj lla anc'l Serre. Plan to ac'verc"' toEorrow to secure high .;-round in Battipi:;_glia--P-boli area. VT Corps has he"'-' directed to make contact tomcrrow vrith your pntrols on the vboli-Auletta roac:. 11 Word w1:.s received toclay that General Beucler, who co1:1r1anclerl the FrPr,ch Military Subdivis; on of Oujd.a v.h.ile the Peado,uarters of Fifth A-rrri:y was stationec1 in that city, has ju.st been appo::.ntec as Chief of thA Frer,ch .Arm;,r :::.iaisor.:. Missi.on assig:riPd to Fifth l~rrr:.--:,. This is an a);,oiDtment thflt n.,-,,..,Pral Clark has long wished to hR-ve r.iade. �VTCTrTTY C'F PA STill'f--SH'PTF.MFl"~ l<'', 1 C) f --G-"" reports that rl.urir:f the nio-ht C'f +;:- 18-Y• no activity was reporterl on tbe ]0th Corps front. Cri the C'crps front, the ~5th Division harl. advancen anrl. taken PA . . . sano hithout opposition. Patrols were sent on to Sboli but haC:: yet reported no concretE.. .:..nformation. This nornir..i General Ckrk, Captc:.in B:rl" ~, T ieuterf.r t Thrasher arr1 E'P""geant Folr:er_ -:.rove to att.:..p~ gli&. '!'he ::?aE'stm,1-'RBttipaglia roi ' _; s now aper f0r 0ur use, is ::n fair ccniit..'..on aprl ..:.s nd under fire. Bat-::.ipa,.) ia is in c or:1plete ruir.s. .After · ns ec+ :..r,e +!le El .,..ea, Gere.,,..al C'l r anc ~rt:T retU!'ns · to tre Fifth h.'m:,r C'P for ::..urch. I:r.1r.c:1iateJ:r afte2.· l1:nc~., r8nP.ra r.1r"'lr, C'cloc1"'J Rrapn, It. Col. "Rr::.ttr>r, It. Col. Clark; rewspa9er!!'... "' ~<'hu2.I!!ED ari-'l p. <' 1r~ , , "Pptai.!'l Ry]es, :i.PUtenflnt Thrashe::- a"'rl Sergeant Folrlen boartie l a PT boat ;+ "'-d BPac:•. '.'' anci spP<'1 to 1:a..:..or2. to visit It. C'ol. nc.rby 1s CP. C'•ene::'al Pee~ ery rret G..,,, eral Clark at the beach, and, after greeting each othe:·, thr~r v,ent irnmc :'t l;r to (;clorPl flarby I s CP where General. Cll'lr - 1:::x-plair..ec'1 propose'i operations to Cn"reral I.:cCreery, anrJ. Colonel Darb;• point<;r'l out his s.'...tuation. Ger. ri:al r~ccrf 0.,..:, then departed to continue on his duties. 0 Colonel Darby gu:'..ced G8r..eral Clark and party, by je"',, to ar ar'vercPr observat.:'..on post severe l I!!iles ir..lepn. GPriPra.1 ClPrlr an,' r01cn<=>J. T'arry PXposec1 themselves to poss lb le enerrcr fire to sturl:,r the ➔ ,,;r r ai.: anr errm_;r r ; 2positions, while the reITa ~r:rl?r of thE: pc>.,,.ty .,..eroa ire 1 tl!:.r'le- cove~. Fo~ s v ral m:'..les inlanri. the terralr.. held by Colonel ne.rb:r's corr:a.r/ .:s urur;1..~1=lj mountainous ard ruggec', offerir:.g e-v-ce]lent c'ie>fensive DOR.'...tloris. l-:::i.r pr+ this area been ta.ken by surpr ..:_r'-, this grounri. coulri. 1:..,," "'-:::• n E &.s · :~T r r ed b;:,r the Germans. General Cl'"'\. ~eci,1 e to rPipforc~ C0lorPJ nar'f):r. 0 General Clar-k ar:d party returll"'C' to rived back at F.'...fth Arrry CP for di~ner. f'.a iori} boa"'ciec':. tl-ie "JIJ:' boat arr' ar- 1 Field r)rder ~L1. ·was publ:;,,.sh0c at 1500 hours toc'ay anr' pro,~ects th,i foJlorrir:g ope~ations. The F2-[!ith Army opPratir:~ O!" the r.:.~ht of thP I ift1~ t1..-nm:r will SPCUr8 th<=> ,otenza area. Point of ~unctlor bet weer Arr. ..:..es will ½"' thr major road .:'..nte,,.sect..:.on t:i::.reG mil""S south9ast of Teora. The 'F'ifth Arr:r v::.:.11 hoF the :1igh gr01..1r..r> !2orth of Fiaiori on vr ich it Ull p.:vot to s~cu"c the l.1.ne T0ora - r'onternar-'lno - Avell:::..r,o - roce,,.a - CastPllamr cfft:" - p~F,parator;t to E:. further :..d'!aI"Ce on raples • r)I. A!'IT!J' ori'''rS t:1e v~ Co,..) UJ rr.o 3, with the .a Fth Infaritr~,r r::.vis ion 011 the right, vir ror ...J s wH h" n i to:, zone of action to seize the line Teora - t:oP.teea....ano - Av('llinc. Th~ vCorps is res:!:O!lsibl"" for the protectfon of the right flank of Fifth Arrrry and for ro.aintainin6 contact with Eighth Arro.y. The 10th (;orps will Sfcu-e the line Yocera - Castella:rmnare, mair..tair.. co!ltact 'f. ith V · Co,,.ps am{ b0l the Salerno bridgehea<" w.'...thin its z0ne of action. the 36th Infa~try r:vis · on, operating u.ric'er Fifth Arny, 1!ill secure the Sal.=,rno 'b.,..i<'gehear' w•:thin tr VI Corps area. the 82nd Airbor!le Division will assemble in k"m";,,' .... eserve. 1 0 :mportant messages receive6. and rH spatched. today wec"c as follows; General Clark dispatcheC::. the fol::..owing letter to rrer.e,.,e.l ''crtgori"'.,..~ which ::.s quoted in full: �11 r.oloneJ Mathewso:r: of no:· sta::f will "'"liver this 2.Ftter to ;rou. am sending him as my liaisor.. officer to you. I hopP, :he w; lJ bi:> of ass istance to ;rou and. will be able to answer ariy c~uest~_cns you :rr.ay nave wj th regards to the Fifth Arrrr:,r. 11 A::;a.in T want to tell you of our deep apirec~_ation for the s 1,.:..llfu] and. expecU.tious rr.anner b~r which you moved your l:'j'-'ht:h. b:~r to th0 :'."Crth. Although we were holding on to our beachh-::-acl it no doubt hc.s bad a profou.~d effect on the eneID'J. 11 0ur situation is quite favorablP today. t'lemerts of the VT Corps now occup;-,r the high grourci east of Battipaglia inclur ing F oli a!1c' PYtene'in~ to Ponte Sele. Reconnaissance is beine: push£ 1 ~10rth by both Corps. The 45th Divis.; on of the V~ Corps is assembling in thG H'boli a,.."'a cirir1 wi.11 soor initiate its aclvance vla the route Bboli-Contursi in the direction of Tr>ora. I have directed th t r'ivision to protect the J'ieht flank of the Fifth Army anc to ga ';_r._ and F..a.:.nt.ain contact with you,.. arrn~r. n, am lookir..g forward to the pleasure of meet.:.ng ~rou ar,2 in er, hor0 that very soon ~,rou can indicate to me a suitable point wh,,,,re ,ve ca:1 m8"'t. "Assu.,..ing you agair.. that we feel it a e;reat p:r-ivilegt=' to ope,..ate alongsir1 e of ;:rour ar~r, I a!!:.." Personal for Mor..tgomeYIJ from Cla.,..1'. 11 Sitrr.p 2000 hou.,..s. 10th C'orps. l"rieJI1.;r withdrawing pivoting on Sorriina ('170::'."). Detachme::.t s S"'C1.12'E::' n•o1.mr north of Battlpaglia as far as Olevano 872":.'. ~ r.orps patrols came l r der art:!.llery fire at 9727. Foad Fboli-Auletta reporter! clear of enemy. 10th Corps is being regrouped for attack northwarcs across Sorrento RicigP.. V Corps will follo ·1 up enemy tomorrow with :.ril Divisi.or on r-oarl. Flatt .:_pagl~aOlevano e,nc: LI.5th :r):..vision on read h''lJoli-Corihu·si-Teora. 76th fivis" on fc~mir..g beach..1'1ead arir-1 82nd Lirborne Divisior. in army 1·eserve. C'olnr"l ~Aa.+howsor my liaiso!'! officer lPft for your }TP,afquarters this afternoon. 11 Personal for Alexanrl.er f·•orr- Clark. 11 VI Corps ar'lvanced to rortheast firr r..ow occupies Battipaglia-T'boli-Ponti;-, SP,le area. Str-ong patrols recor..nc,;tc,..,:v' north of Battipaglia and north arrl east from Fboli. SevPral bric'ges ,..Pported c.i.estroyeci, Some d.esultor-y artillery fire against patrols but rr>sistance generally slight. VI Corps cl irectPr1 to ac'va nee northwa !'L,. Or.,,, RCT of '-'re' Division, plus division artillery, along the axis BBttipagl.i.a-l"levaro-AcA"'rio. 45th Divisior alor..g a:iris ";boli-Contursi-Calabrito. Mo1rarce w·' 11 probabl:' start froD. Bat.tip1:,glia-Fboli before noor tomorrow. 38th Divif:ior w~ lJ organize beachhead. 82!ld Airborne Div.:..sio::, less detachmerts v,ill be i_1 a~my reserve. Resistance on 10th Corps frorrt .L ernains u..>1cli..ane-erl. Corps rPeroupir.r, for attack across Sorrento ,idge. ()ccasicnal artillery fire on 10th Corps beaches today and ori Montecorvino' airport. Airport not yet in use. I visi.tec. Fanger Force today. Colonel Darb~r doir.g a fine job. GPneral iffcC-~AE'ry has requested and will receive reir~orcements for Rang -r-s consi stinp of two more Airbo':'r..e battalions and a second 155mm batte~-, He bas also strcnr:thened force b:r andition Grey 1 s tank ,.."'eiment. WhAn alJ rei.r.fo,,,cr>F<>rts have arrived Pane;er Force will total about 7,000. Air support tor'a~· l'as 1:-''°P most successful ir.. attackire; motor trcirsport columr.s. 11 �Personal to Alexander from Clark. 11 VT Corps now occupies Batt ipaglia. Patrols occupy high ground betwF>en Battipagl.ia ar.-1_ '!Tholi, ex-tPndirr, to Porte Sele. By mir"afternoon this ground will be stronely hel6. .1.fith Div-is ion reconnoitering on Eboli-Contoursi-Calabritto. 10th Corps has pat~'ols six miles north of Battipaglia or- Be ttipaglia-Clevano roar:. 11 * V"':CUJTTY CF PA.FSTlJI,---SBPT'Srlf~R 20, 19t1f--The ea!'l~r mo1"-ni'1r situation 1·eport by G-3 was as follows: ·The 30th Infantry, frd Divisio:r, is concertratec' just south of Battipaglia. The 45th Division is concPr,trPted in th0 arAa Fovello-Clevano-Campagna. Stror-g 45th Division pat~ols are working towarn the north. 36th Division patrols working toward Auletta Y'APort no cortact with British Fighth Army elements. General Walker flew ovAr th<=> Auletta area in a Cub and also reports no Eighth Army elements presPrit in that a-.-.E'a. Captain B~rles > senior aide to General Clark, was hospitalize l +,bis morning at the 16th Evacuation Hospital. The meiical diagnosis was tLE' grippe. Captain Chav~sce, General J\for,tgomery 1 s A.D.C., reportert to C'renera7 Clark this morning, bearing a letter from Gene~al ifontt;o!.'1e-•·y to G""nPral Clark which is quote~ below: 11 T send rr.y A.D.C. to SPe you ae;a'n, anc'l brine JTP your nPW8 anJ. your plans. !vy own situation is that T am ar'vancine; C'P Pote'1.zR-fluletta, arid hope to secure both places by tomorrow nie:ht 20 Sep. 1 must then pa USE', possibly for a week or 10 days. 11 2. : have got to switch rcy I of C to Tal"anto, build. up strPnsth, an0 generallJr re-organise. If, therefore, you decic' e to aclvance on raples whilP I am afraid I could not support you if you needed it. T am hF ltAd, T have come over 250 miles, by road, in two weeks; Tam so stretched, and have so much briogine on the e;rounc1, tnct a pausF> is riefinitely essential for me. 11 3. When I have completed IP.y re-organization Potenza and J;1elfi, keeping 5 Div in those areas. T will pivot my 1'rm:' ori V{ith 17 Corps (Canadiar, Div anc' 78 niv), T will str:i.kP towarrls FOGGTA, secure that area, then turn West, anri cor.:-e in on i.o :raples from the north. Tf meanwhile you have got l aples T will riot tm-r. towarrls it. 4. I propose to repeat the same tactics :l_n respect of Rome. can discuss that later. 11 But w0 �, 11 .5. I do not think it is necessa~, for you to sertl me a ::.,.c. to 1 "Ve perme.nently with me at my Tac H.r~. I realJy have no room for him, as m~r Tac HQ is very small. If you feel you would like to have a I .O. living with my Ar~r I will se!:.d him to :rri,:' ~:air: H.Q. which is back with II1J Air H.0. But if I keep an 1.0. with you, and senc1 A.D.C. ov8-r from time to time, I suggest that is all that is necessar~r. ~r n6. I will be at my Tac F .Q. all day tomorrow, 20 Sep, arn will b,.., delighted to see you if you care to come over about 10 a .m. n Several conferences were heL' ith key staff officers, follow·_ re which a co:riSerence was held with rArieral 11idgway w 1ich preceded a conference with General Dawley. General Clark dictated the followine notes b. connection with his confererce with General awley: 1 "T have just performed the U!'~riappy c uty of -rPlievinti; r'ajor C'rew''ral Dawley from com.'I!and of VT Corps. He has not performed his r1 ut:i.E's as Co-rps Cor.rr:-~nder in combat in a satisfactory marrer. 1 1 I nmier: the initi11.l bridgehear1 of the VT Corps was atte ir.ed, hP put all the troops at his disposal in a cordon riefense, keeping no_e in Corps reserve. He failec to require strong and 0eep reconnaissance to the froPt to determine the ene~r situation and probable intentions. When 10th Corpe:, or. his left, left his flank exposed by failure to attain the o" jectivA of Battipaglia, Eboli anc'1 Ponte Sele, he too:{ no steps to protect his left flank. "When the principal enemy cc,unter-3.ttack occurred on the lfth, he telephoned to me and reported a highly critical situation, the first ;n+,-:riatiovi I had received of this. When I asked him what he could do about 't, 1-ii:-, saic': 1 Nothing, for I have no reserves. All I have is a prayer. 1 He rJ.::.rl, 13.owever, take steps to reorganize miscellaneous units ou the Ia Pasa 'R.ivPr. However, the next morning vrhen ::: went to the critical point on this 1 ·DP, no troops were to be fou.'YJ.o, front line units ha<i. no artillery liaison officers by which they coulrl call for artillery fire ard Corps apparPntly <l.;r' not exert its full influence in straightening out that situation. "From that time on, General awley has trierl. to handle all thP rleta' ls of the Corps, placine; littlP confidence or responsibility in his subordinatP staff officers. r, ot only T, but ~· C'hief of Staff and G-5 felt l:'...ttl confidence in the ability of VT Corps to button up anc'l carry out c' irectives issued from this Heac.qua-rters. Conshwt checking by our own staff office.,..s of the situation in the :'.6th anrl 4{h D::..visions was necessary in order to get a true picture of the situation at the front. Few reports of the situation came from VJ Corps, anrl in no case have T bPen able to finrl out where v~ Corps kept 10th Corps ~irectly ..:.nformeri of the~r situation. VT Corps ma::..:ntained its Headquarters in a tobacco factorv, a vulnerable target fo,., bol'lb ire;, ar.d not centrally located v1ith respect to its ,,.esponsibility. My G-'Z, Colonel Brann, has informed me repeatedly that ColonAl B°'ll, G-5 of the VI Corps, had little confidence in r'-"'neral Dawley I s rlecisions. T placeri General 0 �Ridgway as Deputy Col!I'."arid0r of the. VT Corl)S in order that I might g,..t a true picture as to the functioning at that Headquarters. Genera] Rirlgwa:-,~ has reported to me repeatedly that General Dawley failec to mak"' p"'opn ... use of his staff, was quick an contemptuous of staff offic<=>rs an0 arbitra;rily directed rlecisions without their re.cor-menc,ation. HA portrayed. to me a completely u.ima.ppy situation at that Heacl.quarters. "From the beginning of Operetion AVALPTC'r:', T havA personally felt l .;ttle. confidencP. in the ability of VI Corps to carry out their assiv,ner1 mission. I always felt the necessity of either chAcki!lg personally 1rysplf or havin,t" large nmnbers of my staff officers out to bring m"-' factual ~rforTflct i0r tl-iat certa.:.n things ordered W9re being carriec. out. "When Gi=meral lU':lxander visited me on September 15th, hP ask, r m row General Dawley we.s doing. I replied not entirely satisfactory. He v.;sitPr1 General Dawley anrl han. ar: interview with him. La.tPr, General A::.exanc'er called me to one side and said to !"· , 1 T clo not want to interferP wit.:b you~· business, but I have hac some ten yPars I experience in this eaDe of s iz inE, up co:imne.nders. T car tell you definitely that yot: have a b ... oker reerl on your hands and I suggest you replace him immediatPly. 1 General ""lawlPy I s ~ervot'S!l9SS in the presence of General 1Uexantler ann myself was e;,11~te apparent. T askP.d GeneraJ Ali::xander to inc'licate. this situation to Ger ral Eisenhower, but the latter should take no act iori u.ntj 1 h"' sav mP. 0 "When GenPral Pi enhower visited mP on Septem er 17th, hP inquirPc of this situation. Geriera F.isenhowe:r- had a 1 vrct~'S bcPn c1oubti'ul as to General awley I s abilit3r to cornmanc a Corps in conb&t. General "'isenhownr took prompt steps to order G'3neral Lucas as a replac<:ment for DaVvlPy • . nT have ca~led for G"':rseral Da ley this dat"', ;nformec' him of thP situat.:.on, relieve ✓ him of COL'!Iland and am dirPcting him to proceeo to AFHQ, reporting to th_ C-in-C upon his arriv~l therP. I a~ sen ing a letter to the C-in-C stating tb.at in ey opinion he has failed to satisfacto,,.ily ::.:,erfo:rin. his duties as a Corps CoIIL~ander in combat and that, accordingly, I havP relieved him. 1: (, o not f Pel called upon to ma A a further rec onm1PNlat.; 01 as to whether he be reduced or retain his co~Jll;sc;oTI as a ~'lajor r.ene,,.al. That 1 is something for the Var Department to deci ~ , based on policiE's in pff 0 ct at the present time. I persona] ly wouJf not ~P :;UC"' him. H~ s case i.s sir·ilar to Fredenriall Is, who 'i'as sent bac - anc' promotAr" to iE'UtPrar.t r,"'r"" a, • With thP experience Dawley has hacl in pr"'paring fo~ t11~s ope-•·c1t.; OT\ and · r combat, I feel t _at he would be valuable .ir.. a traininE: c-e.pacity at home. T 11 1 rather feel, after havi!'lg worked. VJith TJa.wley 0ver a pe:rioc' of mont 1s, that he has ri.idr'e.n his lack of force beh~n-' a bold anrl 'blustPrirg fro:>1t. be live he has lack of confidenrP. in himself ar" fef~.nitPlJr c, oes riot me0t rf"quirements when the going is tough anr1 times er"' difficult. y Ch 1 ef of Staff, General Gruenther, m;;r G-3, Colone: Brann, and DP.puty Comma.nrP.~ Ge:>1era / 'Ridgway, are co!!'.pletel:r in accor" with me in my est:.mat<=> of Gn:reral '"'awlPy. ''T have just talked w ·th enera lewis> who hA.s kr;o,·Tl r ,.,era l nawlr ~ anr, serve, with. him for mariy ~rears. T told him tha.t I had r l-:..~~' _im. (!AYlpral 1 General Dawley ha~ c-omplP-t"-'lJ t:.own up. lewi_s I repl3r was as follov,s: Tt vras abs0lutely essential that l.~ be reliever. 1 r01om,l r·~at:rewson fPPls the 0 �same way , accorcl ing to General Lewis. General Lewis informs -me that Dawley has been ca 1ling frequent assemblies of his staff, anr1 at a recent one talkec1 for ten minutes with regard tc the necessity for office,...s and we-n covering up their dro2pings, failure to bring the penalty of havinc; the offenc1 er eat his lunch at the latrine. n Two officers of the 2nc1 Battaiion, soqth Parachute >'egiment, who pa-Pticipated in the Avellino area r1rop ancl who had rejoined Fifth .ATmy aft r walking for five rlays prir1 d pally through enemy occupiecl. territory, report ec, to the Commanding General , Fifth Army. These officers were Captain '1alph F. Whitmore, Jr. , and 1st Lieut. John n. Martin. 0 t.Tust prior to lunch, Air Chief Marshal Tec1der arriverl at Fiftb Army CP }) in compan;y v,ith Major Genera} House, Comn:anding General, YIT Ai:~ Support Com-I' man~. After luncheon with his Chief of Staff arn'l these two guests, General Clark , Air Chief Marshal Tef'lder , General House, General Clark's airle, Iieuter1 ant Thrasher , Sergeant Holden and two Signal Corps photographers c eparted from the Fifth Prmy C-P to inspc-,ct areas damaged by aerial bomba:rt'm::;nt. ""',1route to Battipaglia > the party encou..nt1:;red Majo"\"' Ge,1ers 7 Truscott,' Conu11.e·1ding General , Sr·l Infantry D.i.visio::1. General Clark discussed the situation with General Truscott who reported that his a<lvance elements were n0a:rine Montecorvino. General Clark I s pa,...ty proceeded to Battipaglia which is riow a devastated town. Practically every builc• ing withi:1 thP- to.vn limits h.as bAen damaged by aerial b mbad.meTJ.t. Air Ch.:.ef Ma,...sl::lal Terkler and Major Gene,~a1 House poserl for several p·ctures before triis <levastat<>0 backgrounc. n-e118ral Clark considere<'l. the setting most ap~)ropria.te. ThE> pa,...ty proceerled to Eboli.• ..'I.long the route a r~markable example of precis1on b0mbine; was obse~v<>rl. in that the :rboli-J3atti.paglia railro'V1 line had receiv9d a S9ries of perfectly placed bomb hits , rendering U."l.usable the rn.ilway line anri damaging the ,...oar'bed extensively. Jl_fter visiting "1)oli , which also was ss,,rerel~, damager, Ge-nAral Cla.,...k visited the fori. varr1 CP of the 45th n.:.vision. G"-'nP"al IErkll ton r0p0~t<>rl that his advance ele:r.1.ents s.re along the ,...o;:i,-l w<>st of Coritursi. G-Pr,e-y,aJ Cla~k arc' party then proceederl by roe d to the 10th Corps CP. n.<>'1eral McC~ .er~ was 1ot present at h::s CP , ai1r'I so Gel'.;.eral Clark 'iscu.sse' trie situation with Br: cac1 Le,... Cooke , 10th Corps B.G.8. He:,.~e, also, r,..,,,_eral r,1a-..•k: talked with Jieutr-,na.nt Sexton, another 609th Parachute R.egime'1t officer who 1,.arl marle his way back to our lines. 1 0 Upon ret1.trni_rig to the CP of Fifth P.rmy , General Cla,,.k hacl a corif<>~Pnce with General Grwnther and stwliAr' the accumulation of reports befo-""" havi n::; di:cmer. After 1inner, General Clark , accompanie-d 1-i;r Colonel '11a.,..t in anrl Se,...geant Holden, vis I.te<'l the g.Sth "'vacuat-ion "Hospital. R.etu.,...11lng to ri:'..s CP at approximately 2200 hours , the GenerR.l -cet ire<l l!TIJ'ied iately, only to be awaker:ed at 2250 by Colonel Howa,...d, his G-:? , who made a r<:>port on the 0n"'my s ~twtior,. Trie following important messages wsre received and oispatched toc'ay: Personal for McCreer-J from Clark. 11 This morning air force will start usi:'le Montecorvino ai"'·drorne for refueling of planes. It is essential thPt this field be placed in full op<"ration :'..mnediately. I am su.r8 that you ar1,:::,...Pc :.ate the devastating effect of hostile artillery fire on our aircraft. To insure �Y5 that the artillery which has been firine: on thP airpo:r·t is eliminatAc'l promptJ_y, I wish you would t;ive this mattsr your persona 7 att"lritiori. 11 Personal for General Clark from Genera 7 MoYJtgomery. 11 r1itr ADC has returned and given me your situation. It is wonrler vl what ;rou have dOJ:iA, and I so congratula.te you and ~rour troops on a mag11ificert pPrf ormaf'ce. · T would like to coneratulate you personallJ" anil. could come over on Friday ?,Ll. September. Woul<l it be con.venient if 1 arrive off Red i3each 2 in my laur1ch at 1030 hours?" The followine is the terl of a speciaJ order- issue(1 to thP t-roops of 10th Corps b~r the CoY!lmanding General of this organization, fi.en. WfcCreer;r: "We are now on our way to attack the mainland of 1 taly. This r1ecisive operation, in conjunction with the attack of F.ie;ht"i A-rm:r in the, toe of Italy, is the opening of the sec onf'l front in Bu.rope. Our lanr' ine;s will bi:::, a milestone in the downfall of Germa.ri..y. nwe form part of the America.n ,r:;th A.,,.my. We shall be fir;htint:; and wor1ring alongside our American comrares, we must go all out to help each othP-r, I have told General CLARK how pleased all ranks of 10th Corps are to form part of an Allied force U."YJ.cler his cormnand. "We must expect hard fighting. Ti;a:rly success w'll oepenc1 la-rgel;,~ on the speed of the in 1 tial 1Pnc1ings and on the ·""etermination anl dash sho m by all ranks. 11 Throughout the worlc the British so dier hrs aln:iys b8en resp""ctecI for his attitude to the civil population. We shall bein one of the most thLC'kly populated districts of Tl}urope. I rely on all ranks to make the.:r conduct a model, and an example. "The 10th Corps forms the spearhead of the ~-rm;r. T am ver~" proud to be the Commander of such a splendid formation. Of the outcomA I have no ~oubt. I wish you all good luck and <}od speed. 11 Personal for General Clark from General Alexander. 11 Fope to come over to see you tomorrow 21 September returni:ne same 0ay. Details of lan'Hne; erolmd and eta later. 11 Personal for General Clark from General Ali:,xanrl.er. will arrive Sele airfield at 1045 hours 21 Sep. 11 !!Pnference my MA 5Li2, �1FC'1r"J::TY ')F PAtSTlW--S"::-P'J'"'r'3F,D 21, 1o4r --G-"' eports th.i, mo,~n":,-:s_, the+ the islaw1 s of Procir"a, Tschia an0 Ca:p-r-· arP helc" ½y J11=- i_Pr' T'or('es. ThA arJva'1.ce :::-econnalssance el""rrr"'nts of the ;;o;r<J T)ivision were 1 1/2 m5.l"'8 south of Acerno at 0500 hours 1::ncl have recr~ived sl'Ylall arms fire from a positio,.., one mile south of Acerno. The ~Qth Re~iment is in the vic-init:' of "i};:,vano with elements moviYJ.g nort½.. The 7 w· Division artillery is ir.. ,9, position to support the anvance. The 7th Pegim1?nt iq now unloRc'ing at R,::,r1 Br>ach :r2. The '3!.~c~ Divis.ion CP is to :nave ~u,~t south of Olevano. Onl;;r info:r-ma+ ion from the 4St:h T)ivision this mornine: is that strori.3 ed.vance rPcornaissa•C'e ele!D.ents of' that Division are operatinc; in thP Coriturqi area. RpgardinG the Sa.lArno area , the news bu.lJetin this morning stat9s 11 ?ews fr0rr: i\ll".P · Force supports the view tl'J,&,t L'ontgomer~r may hP.ve cut .:.r beliinr1 thP GP 1•mavip, forc-i 11, them to make a hE> st:r withc'-rawal. 11 Un:f'ortun?tel:r, puch r<>pm.·ts a-r,~ pu~r:,ly fictional. 0 Colonel Clarlc, Arm;r DfF'l, b onght Pr. Park vratson, repres"'nta+,}_vF; of The Baltimore Sun, to interviPW General Clark. (;.9peral Clark e.,,., :;03'r/ talki1:g with Mr. lJ'Tatso:n, and invit,::,rl General Gru01,the-,,. irto his offfo,=, {ur!rL the conference. , Ge11.eral Wa 1!( 0 r reporter<, t O G':"nere 1 r1ar1r at 09:':0. Ger 0 ral r1a:rl,c p - - plain<=>d to GP.neral WalkP.r his proposec1 use of the '"Gti1 D::_v" S' o"" a~rl ordere =:. Ge::1.eral Walker to expPdite th r-2-ec;_uipping -"'Pc' re-orga:riizfr~'. of t11.at rlivision i:.-:c or,:ier that it m.:ght be prepare"l f,:r~ combat wi.thin a w0 0 k. 0 Colonel Sal+,z:man met General AlP~"anc1.er anr pa. ·t:r at SEJe airport "'L, escorter- them to Fifth Arm;/ Forwarr'i CP. Gew=•raJ tl,,,,::2,,,rler's part:r i-nC'JwerJ Major General Penney 5 his ChiP.f ,Sie;nal nfficcff; Ma jc:r Ge,,,Aral Mille.,.; Ma~o-r General C1mnon, Deputy Air Office-r, Comr"'n0i:re; the T· cticnl f\j_,.., Force; fi_1' Coml!lodore Bemish, Senior Air Staff nffic,,,,r; B-riga<'ier Aie~", 'nt ll iQ"o·••C"" Officer; Brie;ac:lier GeYJ.eral T.emnitz-?r; Depu.t~r Ch::ef of St8ff; C'ol 0 !" 0 l Portnr, Q 0 fficer anr'l Majo:r- Ramse~r, l\nC to Gene,...al Alexander. (;.pperaJ. Al":Yan,:ior arr1 General Cla:r•k ir:r.:'!'isdiately went into consultation. A su.rm;,2r3r of this conference follows: 1 0 General Alexanc1er outlinAd to 1ne thP future plans for the 15th A-rm:, Group. He indicated a map of Italy with a bounra:"'y bPtw,;;en 1•'.ie;hth anc'i Fifth Armies, nmning gene-rall;r north a.nd s ;uth throu2;h th"' mid,'lP of th rwpi.r:_sula with various phase lines in('ii.cateri.. ThP 10th Corps, aft"'r thP ca~:,t,_;,:r• of JITaples, is to return to Eighth Army. Polish troops are to P sert .; r ay,,'I assi,gneri to the ~i::;hth A:::-:my, anrl the FrPnch T',cp=,e itionar:r C0rps to lw mar'p a pa.rt of the Fifth Ar:rri,y. ff P i:-a t,h•'rr e:::p8cts ~,,apl es to fa] 1 b;;· ,...,ct obP 7th. , 1 T hope earliAr. He hopes a month lat.Gr we will a.,_Jpro~ ch tlv~ ::-iornP '1~ 0 a a"c-: gr<i.rlua.lly we \n·ill wo,.. 1 our way up to thA last GP1~man poslt.;ons ir th"J Po c Valley. Tt looks as though the combi.:nerl. Fifth anrl ::-'.i~hth i\rmies will total about lLl. divisions. This, no cloubt, will be less then the nu.TI1bPr of r'-ermari divisions masser'l in Italy. Upon Ge"'eral Alexander I s r1"'p2-,.turr., he took mr, to one si11 e and told me how ''elighted he was at the splenr' ir1 manner ir. which the operations of the Fifth A=my were beirg conr'lucter1 • BP sairl, 11 You are <loine it exactly as I wantec it. 11 0 0 n Gen8ra-1 Alexander in,1.i.cated his (P.sire to visit 10.th Copps Tfoar'lc{uarters. �ThP +-0~·0w·11_; pErt.y +rav,,,.llr:'- 1)~• ~eep to tr.1.<t rra·~uart~ 's: r.er.~·a 7 Alexrvicler, Gennral C'lark, GAf'FTfll :---10"', G"' nral C'c111or, .Air C'om,-,,oc' orr> B0rnis11 r"lr· TieutenaYJ.t Thra,3hE't', .Fl!: to Cr>ri<>ral Clark. At 10th Corps Heac,qua;rtPrs r..eneral r"r(; ""7 met thA part:r. Tl- 0 situation and. plans werP ega~n ,·iscusser', ,. ,,,,iat,,,ly foJ.lovri.rcr \'hic-11 a huffet J.w:1cheon wa'> server1 • Aftpr th0 re+UJ'n tr-ip to Fifth 'rr-7 rP was rac'o anr:l t11e ,.. T'"Jai:rider of General £i.::.."3v '1(er 1s ::?fl,..ty was ;:-'2.th"",..F , all :.mmedi· tel;- nopa..,.ted for Sel,.., a i.,.fir>lrl to bP f:::..0 n to 15th 6.'"m; r,roup ~eerl.qu.arters. 1 Generfl: C'lrrlr 1earnw1 tofiay that hi,:: 011 fr-ii:::r,·, Ge"leral '9PUC'l""'r, is to heaci the French t'ission to F.:_fth Army. °f-T"' :s loolr"r1c: fcrwar· tC' conti1 mine his fr.i.An°ship w·th r.erP..,.a:. E>Uclnr. The ph~rsical con"ition o: Captain Byl s, s0nio.,.. £.icr> -1-0 GA1e.,., l Clurl·, is rot er it ic"' l ann, a 1 thoUf':h nc- hc..s u ➔· rmp ratur0 of : n2 7 ./2 r"egrees, hE is AYp9cte1 to 1,'3 back wi+1-- us i.n th·' 0 P o~ fou.,,. C"' r. 0 G'3neral Clark sp0!1t the Mmainrl_=-,. .,-r· thP 4 ,9.3• :n -·,c iv'--~ ,,.,. ' st ff officr---::, stu.c"yi"1.'.: -·'1.com;re rP.)Orts ,-y' ;i_('c;w ·rt ·11,; h~n'R<'~; w•.j.• the changing situation of the ifth ArrT. 0• :or :·:rort~0rrr>17 f-orr r<larlr. 11 ·ou,.. mPSSafP of cori..,'T'ul. tiol"ls leeply a.pp.... ~ciati:-r>. 'Tl..l hr> r'r-,Ji::htr,, tC' S E' ;rou -.,..·f1:1:·, 2Ll SPpt~"1hA"", at lCY~O hou.-,·s. '. · l - ·•ed :·ou a·' "'"'ec' Br ac-h .' 2." Pe-<"'OY'L,l 0 TCT'TTTY "'7 DA_...,,S'T'r ~-SP.PTH''~¼'-q 22, :::_('1~--Colo••..,0:.. Brc>w rr>onr+.--.... -l:.o ·11-, Cor:'..:"3.'1.rin,:: GeriPr&l this :morrirs tha+ ,:i,~ncP. lrmPrt" of +r,.. .r'" n·".;_ 9 io:r &rA i!r~_.,,., iat:-ly sotth r-,-'"' l\.cF-rn:i. Th0 Ltt:;th "1ivisi QYl i" ::.ri C"rtqn+ with +i1e ePem;: ir.. the Cortu.rsi c:.rEa. -ro c-hf'-~E '.-,•.s OCC'Ul'""'' ·~ +1 ' : ).:. 1 Corps or T?err0r fore"; s5tu,,tior. (;=vpral r'l•rk 1 s p:!..F.'" of :;:n1~h-.r~ th vr rorps to thc. T"trt'1 ;q unr'J0r ay. Te X.,:'ctr>,' -m" cu:.or+ f»orr +,.. '<'~~ht:t -"-rm.,- , n tri.; s opP-::-at · on, but c · ce Gp·-ert l '"ort :3om r:' h' .c:i h·" o 17pr'! C'?rv,ral C2a.rk t,._,at it is nP,ces"'ar~· f')r him to hat fr p,.o½a 1~1 +E_ ~::i~•s o~ the Au.::.,,,tta-Potenzc1 lin,.,., Fifth Pr~; \,~1 +'i.;:11+ a 1 0 Tb,,.. 82nc'. ~-.,.. ornP. Divj sion, l"ss A}f"'T""Y-"' ts o.,, SA:''Prto Bir,;;"', 11.rs co:r1centrc1tF- · i!! thA Co-,trori"' 8.rE>e. '1'11."s f0rc0 '1;:1s 1)€-"' F prt~ Pr i " ,.T parec·' 0~1 1:J..'rrr;; orr1 e:::-' to as . st the 2 Vf-'IlC'.: of P:"' VT co-...r,f' ',:,·: (1; Protectine the ri~::.t flan of th--- r.o··ps (2, ::cter?"rir, thr ,..· :r+ -:.,_,., th Cor]:)S (5) Ha i.d,e. ·ning contact with tr.A °RiP'hth 1'rm:' (t) ')_"f s i.v~ c.' rat ·o "' ~gair:st thP lAft ar rAar on P!lF'~)' fore"'::: Fla:r·..-,: tl.r t V''rc'"' of t"'"' ro·r•ps. The :Gt:::. Divisi..on hes assr::mh:r>r' 1 YJ t'1E' er0a ,.~,,st 0.,.. ;·1tav·:.1q,; C\:3t\ree11 F Galore, T Lacasa anc' iTal,l0acllva. Tr., s•:tuatiC'::-, p.--r"'l_;_tt· g, ·t ·c:; planm c th t the -z t.: fli vis i o --~.2..1. reI'1t · '1 a 0·•" 111, tr, :r 7 a~ s L l .:s area for reorgPni.zat ion c r' rpc.,,pt i o,.., c-f rf'_:>lq cA:rnr->rt"'; "ft"',.. w' i ch t'..,, r1 v.:..sion il::'.. be usea to at=: ,.:..st _:_r.. th OfJPraL·o:ri er,airst "a.] s. \''1"lp t>1is asc9mhl~• area, tb.r. :"'6t:b Div: s · on will outpost t11.P l · D•' P.: ·i;>0, ·, f\::;"'iastro, rrr ... rti.,<>l"a; 7ourit Sopra~o rr·th rot to ;,,::cePr< OI!f'! r'.:f'lE' com a 4 ... • 1 J 4 4 �r.f>l1Pl"B,l r'lnl"k hPlr fl r.or"'P,..PDC"" wit11 r;.,-, eral Ton's, th£> l\.rmy a.,._ til}Pr;r Off ic .. , aftc,r , hich Lieut..,n.a.nt Go::.r-.-., 1 GlP.,...lr, l' 3r P'Y; pr"'S rt"'r ·,r. ·m. ~.an::; , r"'!)l"P.S n.tative of Ti111e .<irc1 I~.,. , to C" ·~ ~"l r1ark. v-,.. Tr nr, rec"W"Ster t~Pt he C o.llower" to acror1p· :r C'Pt1~l"l'll Gla.,...k 0'1'1 h.:.s rP:-t inspect:.o:n +,rip to :ifth .Arm;r uni.ts. G"'ner l C a-•·k g.,,.antec' th~s rf •"Ut>st by invltin.g rr. Ianrr to ac-rompa.T'ly hlrr: or 11i.s irispectioJ:1 trip p 7 t .... ned fo:;,' this mornine • 0 Gemira 1 r'lPrk , :r. Lang, Li"luter•ant Tln·ash0r anf Ser':"2.nt Ffo2.,.:i 0 n trv vellerl ~r jee.d to tl1e COI":-'Fl1(1 pos-1:. o"' t1'1P :,7,-.' ')'vi S. ')r nor+r of Ba+v pa ] ·a anc' severaJ miles so1.lth of Ace"'nn. Upon a,,.r :.vi"1~ at the ·,.. J1iv · siC'"l forvra"'n. (;P , Gen"'::::-al Cln.rk rli.scuSS""'l the situati.on wit¾ f;eviAral Tuca.s, v~ Gorps 0 arrpbrll, "'liv"s"cr a~Command~r , a>1c' G011eral 'l'rusc0tt . Br.iP"a..:ii.,,,,,. G""I'IP"' t.:.2.lery office ..... , f.,...,, Div~sior, jo.ire" th.., corfp-rqic , <11r1 r r' ·a, r.1n"'l' rrquPst0l that G':'PP,"fll "e,..,p ell s•10,- ¾im trP. a.,,. . .;"lP.ry r'"spos·ti.o c; . -I}~ Ac')rno arPa. '::\rf' '"liv.:.si.on a.,..tillery "-as at thc1.t t 1 :c" f.; ··r,; ).,...:_pc .)a 11: in sup,;;io:rt of the ?.0th 1:?egimP:J.t attacl-r or AcP.r'PO. G9·"erc1l Cam;,>bPll ~n·rEr Grneral Cla:ck 1 s party ami conr1uct<>o G-:.neral Clark to the C'F cf th' 'C+h "'=legi:rr!.ent wherr,, thA sH1.1r.,ti0:r s rli.,,r11e5p0 with Col0r~l Pop-nrs, Comr-1.r .. 1:., Officer of th<it '"'ee;im"":lt. Fror.: the , +he ::;,art:" prof!-:-d0 l or f~ct to f v::.sioi:: artiJl8ry ()P which wes c0rt,...ol1"·g tr, f'i.,..;:, ,, ... ti-1.0 <-l.;vis.;r-~ "l.,,t·1 _ lPry . The cliII'b to the OP was a st•,.0nuous or" , f•r1 rr-ne,,.pl 0 lri.1·k, w·+' hi.s -a:n;;;r arr1 at,:blet-:.c pt:·si,.~ ur>, sE-t a J:".Prr· 7~c~ fo- th0 l'f'f"'; ·!" f•r f tb.<' part;r. ThA ?:X_rPrnitur"' of P.rf"rr,:. iRS A,[l~)ly "f"[Ja;,, f'"l'Hf•V ,..., f"' up a-,...ivi:it- c.t thf' "P, a Pf>,..fnct v .. ,, of th cit:· ()~ Acr>~·nc /'1!"1(, tr, f' -tM.:.::rr for that local i.ty was afforr'0. l. Gen"'·.-.a l Cl& ,..Jr ;•;:,ma" rs, O'l. + 'l 'JP ro" ar hour & nc a half O c::eTvine th eff0cts of our F :rt illf :-:r f. rf' on t '1"' t <' ,, hn] ':)W ar,l obser rin.e the arvence of our irfartr:- t ,··ia ...i + 111? 10'/'!1, Tt snm becamP a _ '1_)8TE:nt tlw.t .Ace-•'nc would fall. 0 0 0 Gf ri-:.ra l Clark thE''Yl le!'t th<;i C'P anc' returr~•l to t11P fo,...warr1 GP; ;-,,.c" Div·s·or. , W'lf're. the pert; er ~03refl a lv.nrhror fV"'VP by (l.r• 1 Al'E.. 7 m,US<'Ott. G'3nera, C"·r thA, ,'rove tot--; (:"l of t'ri.A ;"L1+1, 'Jiv · s·or, w;:,~,·~ }p ,- Jcom"'l a'1r1 c,;~::f'~"'rer w·th G-::,n8ral ",rr·12r • F-•orr +his •ryo·'l.+ ' G~n0.,,.~ 1 C'la"'k .,,.ev 1 ..., -.. turm,c. to th"" Fifth Ji.:rr1y cor.JI"<ir 1 post fPrr- ~e ,.ecPive' of..,i.c~f"l J'.lot ·-0 · catior.. th,:it Ace-rno is now ours. r10 i•mprl.:c:t•ly Wf 11t h 0 to cm 1: ; " 1 • r.c w"·t, ~en"ral C'-rurmthP1' ano ColorP.l ~"'arm. -P. e p lainer" +r-"' si tUP.tio tc t }:-., sr office:r-s Pnr" 2.nd.ic1ctec1 to HF'l" possi.bl,,.. futurr- o::_}P."at;ors. l'l'r. La.PIT~,qu""stec' five r-inutes of t}i, G, ,=,-ral 1s +;_.,.., for E. nror+ ir1t'"T'V "v' , ,,~-,..h r~(IUPSt Ger.",...21 Clark s,,.ar't 0 0 Tt. r.01. YcnnPt}i Cla,...r, PRr ')+'f'ic~ ·, ,..,,..p()·•t,id to C'E•YJ."'~~ 1 Cla."1 to ' 11 \ n:;_a, shrm liim +rp follo?i.ng c011sO-rs 11'p pu.:.r'e.rrP. cable 1"f'CPiVP to ay: lnr, up :!i'.:.r,hth Army prorress -ienc0:'.'ort 1. (?) ~·ft11 A,...m:r pur 1 1~re,. rrcrrr,: bac 1 0!1 th~ r i.ght fl9.nk. Amoe' ic&ns r:r :- b'"' m ~t ; Or"'' , 'k- SU{' •nst . "T ' < :~as rr:ar",... e;ooc' r,etaway. r.0"1.eral r1ark ,,.ec-r--iv,.,,1 .f.,.o~ +rr:> ':l,,.inA ·i.- ·~ ➔ er th" fo] lowi , r,'·1J P: " Accept rr.;r hearty cone~atulritio., or thA ha,,.r' Pl - hr .. ,liaYJ.tl:r cor'u,..t• �battle which you .have won on ·+.he bPP.ChPS of 8/:•leri"o , in which Bwitish ari,-'l Amr-,rican solr1 iers have sher their bloorl toeether and not in vein.. H'v9.,..:• gooc' w-l.sb. for further successes. 11 The Gemiral immediately ans,1ererl this congratulatory message as follows: nyour messae;P. cona-ratulatio•1s deepJJ: appreciatec' b;r all ranlrs Fifth Arm.;;r. Tt ½as bAen e;reat privj lee;e to have. splendid battle-prov,:;:,n elements 10th Corps u.11der Fifth Army coro.marirl . American ann British units are :10rkiEg ::n comp1At9 coordination, each prom to fight by si('le of other. Alor:;:sin8 your finP T,,ic},th />''my, we kAenly anticipate future op0ration<:: to throw Germans out of Ttal;r. 11 The Comnancing Officer of th,=, 1,;th 'ieJ rl J,rtiller<z Br51:arJ_c,, Br·· garl ;e..,.. General Cra~.A , reported to r..e-,.,eral Clark th9 arrival of the a.-'1vance Plements of his command anr staterl that hP is lookine: forwarr- to thP tim0 when he can fire in support of Fifth l\.rmy 1.mits. Ceneral Clar1c has orflpre,1 th0 10th Britis11 Corpr to attack bPfo-r 0 rla3 li~ht tomorrow morriing to capture the high grou.. ..1 ~a~t south of 111 ocP.,..", 11. preparatory to ac1 va 11cine riortheast across the pla -i_n of 111apJ PS. The ma· :n th:rust will be on the axis Vi9tri Sulmare- ~'ocera anr' will be c;a,~-rie,-1 out by the 11 6th Division anc the 7th A.rmorp"' Division. . .A subs~c'fa,7 ai·tac}will "be made by thP ~~+.h Divisio11 o:r -~hp axi.s Sal"'Y'ro-San Saver":1.0. ThP Raneer Fore"' , crirnTianderl b~· Colori8l na,·by arrl or,e:..·ating un"e" th,., 2·,,,1 Armored Briea"'"', v1 ill cooperate iri th<> attaf'i: of thP 10th Cor:::is by aC't,or again'.='t the ene:rri;:r I s right anrl rear in the area 8. !1~auro-Hoc-"':~a-Scafat ~ • F 1:1.our has b1::en set for 0r:00B, 2:C: SeptPmber . G"'l"'"""B] Cl'-' ,,.1,.. has C'"'"ererl thP v~ American Cor:ps to push for the line Teo::-a-r~ortr->n1ar-' 110-.1\v'?-ll c ro with th~ missiori of p:rotAct::-,--,g the r-i. e;ht fla,1k 0f thP 10th Corps a,,fl I'lai":tai:nine contact ,,,..;th the Fie;hth _A.-,-.my. Th"" ene-m:y is bPlieved to occup;;r in some force the PoritAf-ratte ancl Vietri vall"'YS. Th.o. G8.,..mari flen_' e;ua:..·cl which was locatPc1 to the 8ast in the Dan Mango a,.,ee was evacuater1 this aftPrnoon. The r=>nArn;:;" has reacte<" strore;l3° to lOt>-i Corps pet,,.ols. AJl available air "'Up_;::,0rt v,;11 'be allottP.d to su:,_?o:rt thA 10+,1-i CMp2 'l'.1 thr:,i·~ attack. Tt j - "'"'t"rn.ter' th·t 24 fie;11tP:::"'- bombe~ squrrlron sort.:.Ps, iJ.1 hF availabl"'. Hie; 11t br,rrhers are to E ttac 1: Sa •. Severiro a,.,0 Nocp••a OL thE nights of 2l./22 9n,rl 22/2;-: Septem er between the hours of 2000 a i ' 218C. Preparat~_ons for this attack :inre beer:. thorcrgh, ex,' 1 a:thm.,1.01 the "Jrn: holds strong defer.'..s:i..ve posit.::.ons , success is GY.,'"'chc•. 7 - J11st j.J:P~or t"' c,~-=l~-~,-- , G(ner&2- Clar~ asr2-rrilll:~_r::te·,. e r:_,rc:: 2f r~:---0r+f ; afte!~ v1b:._c1: he sr ~o~:--crt a :-:ee..rt~"' r._Pal e. r, .. st~rnt1lctlr_g "'i~cuss-· or ,I:+~i :. ~-s c' i1:.ner 1 ;;-1.:.ests: Pr..:_e;~ , ..'._er n::eh2.rc:s0:_, r:i,~ _;_e;a' · ::." C'c c ~ _ , ~;.,,- R 1 r-- ,_, _ i 1 ~ ar.d Coloti~l Se ltzrr:.ar. Personal for Clark from f\r;cCreer~r. 11 I confirm J\ffontAcorvino airfielc' is fit for use. Eo shelling yesterdat or today. FuJ.ly a;,~.reciate iJn:~)OY'tance of dealing with arcy long range artillery that &ttemrt iPte1•f.:,-,-.p-~,cP. n Personal for ItcCreer;,r from Clark. 11 1 wish you good luck arirl complet'3 success in Jrour coming enterprise . I have directeil that VI Corps mal{-"' its maximun effort in coordination with you. As you requested, I have placecl a 155Tl'lTD. g1.1.n battalion at the disposa 1 of 10th Corps. If there is an:,rthir'"; more I can c"o , call on me. 11 �50 PPrsonaJ for Clark from Te,Fe ·• '""ay - t ' ! :rik- .ycu or eh lf of tl~r AllieC: Forces for yo"..U' gen°rous a.,:rr-Pc · at ion of , ork c O~P in su:::,-'Jort of ;rcur succ9ssfu.l operat.:.ons at Saler>10. om· m<;SSfl~e will 1Y' rlpe:-il:' ar11 L _reciated by e.11 ran s. 0 v 1 rn·-rrv fr' p ,.,..,sTrrr ---S..,P'T'..,_"1::rr,~ 2 ' J "i' ·H• r,y••:::-s Ptt<:t"k "()t'1 of-" J1..'!"pf'rl _ _ r.__ !y-•·· " c-,-J:,r-l,ilt' pc, c t1 • s no.. thrt n ~•~+, ho•r.vPr-, tl1. .... r r . ., T"~] T"L'"f "; •r ('r ..... f' c~m.r 'l. /"' .... b:r-thpt ro~.::: .;T' t1 ~ E 110 '10 1 • ,... ri-''1 Po¥r-vf'r, +J.-ir., PY, I)'~· C'O-'- i...,"UFS to ·,-,t ,..f ,...'°' ~ ·t!l t:r,r. ~ -V8"1('1" .... f rrr ,-,~ ....... shy ..,mol·+•o..., ._,,, :mirE'- :P.~•·. "C,..."'"lS - ar-'-·il-P~:r, m~,...ta .... 2nn 4 8m~,, "'-=s r·,-.,=-, ~,., h,,--:..,- re-- 11t to hP{Y' c-n +1~ "r·~ ,~~1 rffl~ ... -,..(','.'7 ~s !'0 C'O. 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Y' (' c<, .- ,.. 1 C'i ~.:, f~P ~ft}~ 1 + f ,-. 4· .1.-~ :·.. c ft .. r re.:r.ir r .(:- +, t' r.:_-r _.... ..-,•,..1~,-r'~rr., n-_1.,:-1., n,· f of S-'-r::,,.. ode - -1 r t._ :, .:r.f Or!: t . 0n . . !: =:_r,.?.. !! r~~ p O .,. ~ f rt . ·1 ., nr'. .... =p-t _e~t. C'-:..rp'"' ~·tac .:.~ !:'.,..oc-~ r ci; ~J" •~·. Th >f+ .:.v.:...,·cra 1.:.!,.r-. _s ____ ::::~:.E. --~-~.,_:_ ,::f o..., M·• . , '1-·_c +· r" r=-~ _,-. . e ...:.."' _:,-f.. t' C' • t_tr- cf·~ ,. ft,:. , [°'l'V' • eo _/'; !:'!-T ~:~~ ~1- ext :.€ .. E." (.rt' Of ; frc:: u- r0 ...... -M c." C', (;-r•os( • S "'S fc::.: m:::.. • or+h of 01 .> +c. ' r • + ' .r: ' ·s: L' ,--L "'"' !::r:r· · C' .:._. :·c T'-'-J.t • e, .,..( r :\ - ',. "' .i., t-V-tE. ':r_fr ,;, r~!:'! ___ . . ,. •~--<-: C'ff~/'"'4,,. c.r:' t t',+t< '!"' ~:)'.:.'.:.!'ti:-· ot',~ -t.o (;c:::..c. 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C rr-riE.:rc1~ '~~"..!' f",r,r~r· l c::r.._ :Lr> h0 c,..~,.. to wr! - - cttry vis _r of th-:. a·r crrc :.:vi::. ·or, ::,· +o +h Cr'~ ,..+ C' - L.., T>:: Co!!'r·r,'·--~ "er..--~•·l, Fift~l Ar;.', h -,, 2ta!f 6ff:cs~s, :ft r ~~:c~ =. JI'~~. t~ i~spr-c+~ · r~r,.. f' t R2rrl ':- c-pr- -· _ -:- 8 n r, rr,.. J v ,..,1 1pn+[ f'()'1fr -:i,.,. ~C - t:1 r -< r· • •n-ci:-c; ll•+ic_" or +r- r~• ~r:,rtic1.i..:r,..l~r ~-:-,=r:_~!_!:.:. . .-:.,, S'...?r=-:,. ir'_+ l_"t'"c __ ~_ T.,., ~Jor- , ·_r_S~PCt +: f :2.o'.'lir.,; 'J.r..lts= Cla'"r T'li 1m~ .1 J.; 0p""r<:1.+r' J: ---,,•· re.,.·-, ( ~·::.r n•~; +h r r 1 ~~.f-1·:,1 !_-r_i:r r __ =-F-ee: __ vt t~OC'JJC" ~l1..t C"''I' :T r. ~_r., lf:th -ri,.."Ct.:-t.:on T!cr ·trJ.s. ,L"'t i.l-1n :gLh T•v· f'1lc.."11.,,..,r.:_sitc.: .. 0 -i-t"..!!_P;lr...,, ••..L ~ ""1.ri., l"'\rr:' :::;.02.y bc':tsr t.::,r &:v. T 1 1\-cr. r t.u::r.:.r:;:; t0 tr.• c-orrJ?·.r o r.~ r " r:::._,- ,..,. "" t):,,: C0r,. p· :io"+, r.r:r: "· +1..1• + • e, •• ~ ro:.cr., Trf4-~- '• Uc-ri,.~A:, f"1r, :_~8 -s r ,:-·:-n;r~.J..., l\lf.•:_.:_-~-~ rt9'· 1t 2. ••0 °ff"csr i~, r~,•5.l r-: n--rm"'r •,. .. '.'..f ·lb_ 1·1 ''"' ,._f (;nr,· , .. "'r-'· T'rr.c.~ -,r • ir tr'\ °Y' rc.""'t i~~c~-,~7' +'!,t: r">!:"".!~r;-."•-t- r.t: ~ ft'"1 TT,:"' c_:+t:.:r 'L"'_~.L)C'; T)(""' f-::,--c_;:.. '.)" r~~ £ . . st cf ..L~, E,1_ntc, OU::.' --; (1f:1Sf'.,..-t.£ fron+; f'-l" arr1 C 0, ~r,...F, 4 ---l,: ._,-,) J..•: ~ 1 ,.8; r certc~ ,r· :cc-qt'or of -•E-~v_r. M 'l'i() , ::._t1 '.: .. , "'Tl/•. :-rt('\,..:.,..,,..,.,"'."...,.., ,,......... rripr - [, ... r .... ; ""Ur ...--1;. cer·+ v- f .,. , ,..,.._,r s·;r2.:• umpf .r;.,.,r' locE'i·i,:,n of r s•-y,r; 0 c-!'<f9.i··, C19.r Tl ~~:'-r_...,,...,;;-,c. 1 t +r T'fl 0 '/I () r "'"" !_,... mot" 7 �"'r_ ...,._ ,~:.ih Pr~r r"r-:-.,..tc- +t•. 'c- ; u.c,·i•rri} T,-,i :l' ri.r c::. ra_r ".)f (rem:,r t ... oopc, "IIJ., t; __llt s~ ...,PT'~ro . c ""0. ·"-.• . f "l.r' rz~, µ-1'4-r.,.. .:..a "1_:_v·s·o!l ls ..-r+.,..01>·r .0rtl-i e,,..' ThP.,... a.,.,..,.~,. er : 41 t~,. r •. '2."':'...:.£.ro. Tbr i::th ""j .:s·cri _:_c, a+ tsl u,) b~• • 1·+~crs. TP tf+b_ ,...,.,, _ +~,"" lOtt C:0,..p~ 1:i~s t COU:..t-::.•e,. strr __ o d;;i_rr .:!"' th v..:.ctr.:.t;r of rs::va ar thf [f,th ~iv~s·c.. Lt>..! C'i.PP=l-e. :v·s·o. :_,., car-" '1 .-8t""· ::r- t ,·r -·t~· o-f: s~- r"'lc a·· i "JT'!;,. r , tor· _-1,✓ ~t +_.c- ;a·ns cf th tfth fD C:fth ")"_ v.:::·o!:S hr suit· 1:.!.P -.,..:.'.'.' ·r.. fs-.. t9. . . . 1,- mp]c:,rm ,+ ir- +p - r. Th fl vrY'(' of +ts V ;_ Corps cor.t ....ru ' to b .:r..tf ,-.:: ~ ' ' ·_; __ ' ....: +h,, ,.., I": • r mo:: t c. s 2_Y'\(" !!!i. .:.:e"re , S1'::'" -ler- _.,.,tp_' b;r .,..,.+.;llP!'~, mortc1r Fl"'1 :.:::- 11 rr""'S .,..~ a.,.. bP·~i -sncc1.~.:t..,re~. Tl1~ ':1:'(. n~v:.s·o __ ic, :_..,:_ ·~ .. "c-e:"no;; ar 1:v t t"'c:s !:'f"er caph.:rer' by +h_p Llf-:t. n.:.vis.;':'r. 'T'r. 1•·• rorps. v• ('_ is c,r..+·:::.u.:. c • ci 0 0 Fo ... f.lP"'nc'er frc~. Clark. nirt' ('r,-,~s 'ttc.c·r :r. . oc C p; r•o ., • :'.:..r-!'t of Ltf.+h 1·•ri1=1-·cY'\ li!"IO or .. ·1E" _..,.+_~cf P ,..r· r-::. -·;.-.to:' l"' < c b£:::.f r::·::.. ~o.,.. h of c~T' Croce. Fltr.- rte- "':•· ivis r •• m +r_·· t. m 1 $ + of fcerro. H'le::-"rt"' .1r::1 _ .. v·,,·o!" !OW :ri ::.iv +o"' 0 :ri·• -:- _,.,..ti 11 0 =-~ v:::CPrIT r P,A'7'"''l'T)i"_Q'"'":'."~' 'i"' 2t-, "'::.--r: le. tl 7rJ.Jnc.r tr...~s c' orn.:nc: to r.-:'.}P!'[ ~ r1, r·, +:r.. t +r, l 'th r'c,-.;i~ to Jrogr SI"" f!l- .:_s t~ l'[:, rt.1 :,r· - :. . ( mt"- ·.+--in-n!."' rY) 1 T'~ ~~g t !'_t ~ioht , both -t ~t ~~ - C. r., L1 r:,: . . -·.:V .L~ .. (;_, 8 .... f .. ..-!'Of.'.!'BC!S'2.· b,::i_,t OPP !:."l r ~ or; th<>'"' p• nf ~ 'V"!T,.. T .... c, C..., ' \ F':.'.'.'~:. ,:.; 0 o.. S ...!_StT'l"..i:'t:'...o:. h ur ·' r- C"1ctql"f"l ~f"',.,...... T 0 V rr~ .a.·' _f u~ !."1.S rat·o~:: 11 !ftPr th_ l') Cc--i:~ r:~ src111•pc_' th<> VT'T"~ - ]'('(;RP _ f'- ~,-i~•r r R'=l~ • p~sc-q:; ar • q 'v9.rc"rl u£f-=.c:n.t ~ore o to +•_,, 1J::. . s sf _:_+ ,.~::..J "J"''?SS C:!.:_ to +:r,,. Y10rth1 est, capt'...:"'i:- 'TAPTFQ P.,..,' ror+ ·:::m t½_, r ,,. '...1-'1.-'- .:..::.. e!'c' C'"l'c:!'_;;' .:.C' ,;,,...:_VN'l !:0'""'.::_ 0: +r"' Vr'T U,:' ·r. 'fll-,r. C' a l'"T' '"ore' :ft.r · __ ti!l~ l' Ccrpc _:_r._ +h:: 12a:,+i_,r- cf •p 7 -:-', , ·1 r v r~ ('. P. r~ trol .:.. •. ~TfP-FQ. '1:J. n 10 r'crps trocp'"' ha•rn ~ ('r},.,,,-, thF 'IJ()TfTlF"'"<''" J +· r ...-1ill bs r,.,.s ~0nsihl0 -!:or i,•otrc+·o_ of JfPTT'<:: i!l ·+'" :zon 0f ~ct·,...r. c:·· C'i<' fore(_ r..ot to CX".'!8€' O!'C '~r:re~e il] T'f"'"T-i!' 2-P i'JlPlli'~ ,i,-, ~ , "d -1 S; ,.. , ""•i"' 11:: tr U.S. Rr:n.;:r- ::'c.,...ce r~olir-e tr.c cit:r of •·pp..-,-,c; unt'2. "F} PV' l-:r th r~~TI•r _:_:r._g Gc::.era.1 , 82::.' ..:::.r'!::orrP ~:." is ior. T+ • r r P<' ·;-,i=- ' t __. t !1P r' r Y'\<'f' r-~ t hE :.i!"e of tb.e V LT rn .e cor..ructcrl Y ith +he- r::· _ inum r:_u.._m1 ,,,.... c::' tr')OIJC! ·.r.. f r-0 n wari' cefem:0. ll'T'l1e v· Corr " ill cont' nue its ar"vc. ~c,.,. to ~wcurP tb=, _.:.rr ,.. r::w-r::,1. ; hen this 2.ir.e .:.s securer:., tie rorp:J v;i 2. 1 c p.,.,"'pH.rE ,,.:s. o. to sec,_.,.:.'.'.'e the li:ie _R'-JT'V-W'TT" T"'ff1 A wi+:. not tc -:. v-cr _r' t nThe ;:"LI.th on !~rm~· ri-.-,er. ar..,-:- '.:,6th ons will " mcv r1 r.,... f. -c (.,... � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 30 - September 23, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 30 to September 23, 1943. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1561 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/ea5bee2c7e93cd540945f8045858c18e.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=TC1NMqmda74-0WZvYToetmL3S%7EvsDf6d1SSvEiXqXwDOsW%7E9izRUdTusGXUK6CooFZLJvlhaZPHZdUqiSvntDnuD8URMIHDb%7EqokVGvaHgU1tW5AXxar%7EliIg0Ti4zN91iWpYQGvELsx%7ET2s1TPPVPd9yIy7w1yG8pu7sBbeOKJsICqS5aTmwrkWNlhoeml7qPaCwHDKhHKvl6BvFVNMCuAWHx0BOvhRdtDbAkk7MiahRVFdpU3VQ143N66aIEcaKj2SRKbjfOfcA%7EAJ0GyZs1LQEcS0zXJlVnjGdQJdXWP1dZN4W0Br63rebQwmL8OYbHWJmGqtzXjR5bkFOXx6hw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a1da4ee57266ac0748c328a3e53866bb PDF Text Text l5 1 T'1e fo lo -~n 6 sitrnr -as received from 10 Cor:r8 r.~in tonight= "Enemy ar i.ller~- · css f1c~ 4 -,e . r' V"3nent "rea GqOlOL,S l'pproxir1ate strength "2 companies 1 rriov-·: ,mt1-1, ot er f:last. EneTlly patrol ~nto i:; Thrrps position area S Carlo GQ3OC •lspersed by SA fire. o~n troops . 56th Division. 169th Brirade ' T B. . 168th '9rissade riatrols contacted 0nemy post G951048 ~nd Pl position ~~4~049 . 167t, 0 01st Brig~~es TR. 4\th Division. 2/4 Koyli patrol area Gqll0O1 fired on l·hen att0mptin~ to cross river ratrol leader hit and believed captured . 23rd Armored BriP,"ade . K:::) GS OP a.t 877963 received direct hit from 150mm. All jnformed. tt I I Corps issued the f ollovring -; ntelligence summary tonj eht : ''Very quiet jn ,orps sector . The enemy concentrated his artillery and infantry eapons -'n repulsing the reconna-issance ~n force by the Ranger battalion. 1 prisoner of captured at G974137 , -; dentified from 11 Co 15 FG regiment states his battalion in r1ount Lungo area . friso..,,er of vrar con,..irris that 4 of 1 our · men were captured by 9 Co 15 PG Regiment . 11 ,·,ar General Clark dispatched the following cable to General 1~senhower : 11 Have b"!en advised jnformally that your Advance Command 1 ost and the Command Post of ·AAF may be establishe ·1 n Caserta by lt:; December . Do not 1'."!low ,,,hether this is definite , nor o re h1ow extent of -installations coYtte!Tlplated . Since e::;tahl·ishr-" 1t of sue~ -~n.:itallaVons br dc.te i11.d·'co.ted may serfously int9r...ere with tl•e operation ac1d security of this lfoadT:iarters , re1uest r1efiP.i te in+'ornation, -' ·-icluding agenc-'.es co·1tem;:., 1 ated a 1 1d nu.':'lb'::rs o,.. rerso11nel ~nvolved . ,.,,0-~· vrmr · nfornation, · t is o' e:catio11.ally essentfal that J?i.f'tr Arry 'Ieadq'lart"rs rerna-l n J,ero 111t1.1 line h.as aclva 1c,3d to Cassi '10 area . •t 1 1 * * CASERTA--n":GEr'Bi:.2 1, 1°43--Generel Glark co +>err d ith Ger~ral Gr-uenther, G-8neral , ~r nn, Colonel Hf")warrl, G8,.,er8l rouse a11d. Col o·rl :::k:cce, r 'it:r • articular refer1ni::e to t'1e a··!' --:u:;-rort of t,e rrorosed rttack. TIA le:.'t ' 1 is cor-r1rn-· poot at abo1:t O9OC' d th G-'311errrl T-1ran..n, J;_~igarJ.:er R·· chn.rdr.:or:. 81'1 l Captn. i 1 Lar.11 son, ris 'iri t:isl a-· de crid "ent to lC' Corr.., 'ai:1, ..,1--, re he co'u'Ffi'rP-d 1i +;h G'3ne:::·9.l r~cGreery, t e Corrs om.mnnder , a::1d Generc 1 T9T"tla.,. , Coml"'anc.>1,; t"he 50th D1vi ~ion. T•e -r,...11·1d them a:'.. A".r;e1· +,o co,.,.ni~nce tl,e att ac r r la :titto =hich wus to occm· t -' s eve11.~ n~ : rdlirn·· ;,1ary to t1 e ma:' ~ r:mse Ill attac}r tomorro= . Tl- erc1: fter, Goner-a:.. Cla.r 1c 1ent to tl>e 1/,tl D·" vi::::ion, 1 1 er9 . e co ,..er:.:·"'d with General 'Iawk8<,worth, tho 0 0 ::)-·vis-ion Command9r ., · renorf'l Clarl- 11c-ticerl at tre c~rm B···up:e cro'"'s.:.111 that there as P co·1s"'dArable accurmlat::on of traf'fic . •re tr-l'red to an • _ there !'lo sa-id. thet l'e as ')t certa,;11, but f) t1. o,1--'-it there 't'"a1 n. r·r~clol;li~,1ance of Ju 1--,.icrv.1 trafPi.c crosrt·ri,., t e ririge . 7 Il t'e co1.:·~e oP •~~ con'er0'1co ,.,_.tr 'tnne·~l 'cCref'\·y, rze1er 0 1 Clar1 - to 7 ('l I'i:'11 t 1:wt .;t .,,.; r;'1t b9 necessar·· to remove n rortion of t'1i:; 10- C0r1 G -:raffic no! ,::.M 4 n1 +r::i.t hridr;r:: to h~ · rlP,,..,s 'J7est of C:ar·,_a E>rd .s. :i:'1ortion of the correspo11.di•1r; American tra n+'ic to bridge::: east tl1ereof . 1 On bi.:i ret·Tn to n5 s com:- a-nJ rost , G'lncrnl Cl,rk ·' nctructed Generc 1 ~rann to stF:ps to see tr <it t'ie trnf,e,ic was ½e+ter ·-•e;r;u.7ded at th'.lt roir+ ~nd that noho:1" f'ro..,ser1 al:. Cr-.--.w '1-io c'id l"lot ',p,7° l-ius:l.,,,e.1s render·.,.ir; _.t n,ccssar;r. T1e 1 j_br'm s tl ere, 'te11eral C7 ar~~ Z"~d, shc-u 1 r' '"JR r " ,·ti. +,iy, --:t>m rr'lcision 11d 1 fo.} '3 �efficiency as the Pennsylvania Railroad. General Clark wrote to General Dapino, Commanding the 1st Italian Motorized Brigade, commenting on the maneuver of that brigade which had just been completed. General Clark 1':rote that the maneuver had shown his Brigade to be in good spirits and capable of engaging in combat but that certain deficiencies, particularly in sanitation, had appeared and that these should be corrected immediately. The Army Commander today sent the following letter to his subordinate commanders: "On November 8th I wrote you a letter concerning tho welfare of our troops. I stressed therein that steps should be taken lf.o dispel any idea about tro'ops returnine from overseas duty to their horr1es. 1 ol'"'.. . ~ . \, "Unfortunately, our Stars and Stripes has stirred up this subject. An edi- · torial in that paper has provoked letters, a number of which were ubliahed a few days ago, from enlisted men urging that veteran tl·oops be returned to theil'(y homes a:nd that new divisions from the United States be brought into overseas p theaters to replace them. It is natural for many soldiers to wish to return to their homeland and to their loved ones without realizir1g the problems involved in such a program. 11 ! want you to teJce inanediate steps to see that this st bject is thoroughly 1 explained to all elements of your command by commanders of all echelons. It is obvious that, with the far-flung combat activities of our country, shipping :is the most important factor. Its limitatiors ill not perm1t the exchange of divisions betl'!een the United States and the various theaters. Even no,r we are struggling to build thie theater up to the strength required to accomplish our mission. Vie can give no thought to troops going home at the present time. Another most important consideration is the fact that these units are battleproven and have learned the hard way. We have had mariy casualties in bringing them to their present combat efficiency. It would be an unwarranted waste of · precious manpower to lose that experience and bring in new uni ts which ,,ould have to go through the heavy casualty period before they too were proficient in battle. "I am sure that you are aware of the fact that we are now operation on a rotation policy prescribed by NATOUSA whereby approximately 1/2 of 1 per cent of the command will return to the United States each month. A small number of individuals have already returned. For your in.formation British troops are consid~red eligible for return to England after they have been overseas more than 5 years. "As you Jr.now, I am bending every effort to have additional resources moved into this combat zone. ?.hen they arrive it will be possible to rotate units out of combat more frequently. We are expanding our recreational facilities in Naples so that Fifth Army un.i.ts will be able to enjoy a well earned rest." CASERTA--DECEf.iBER 2, 1943--General Clark left his cow.mand post at 08.30 with Captain Thrasher, his ADC, and went to II Corps command post where he met and ....., I �talked with General Keyes. Leaving the II Corps Command Post, and accompanied by General Keyes, the Army Commander travelled by jeep toward the 1st Special Service Force Command Post. As this command post v,as close to the base of Mount Camino, and under direct enemy observation, the General and his party dismounted from the vehicles, left them under cover and walked the last mile and a half to the command post. General Wilbur, Assistant Division Commander of the 36th Division, was conferring with Colonel Frederick, Commanding Offi• cer of the Plow Force, when General Clark arrived. The Army Commander reviewed the final aetails of the attack plan and spoke with the principal small unit commanding officers of the attacking forces in this locality. V!hile the party was walking back to the vehicles from this command post, about a dozen shells fell in the vicinity. The a·e neral continued to the vehicles and vdth the other officers went to the command post of the 36th Division where he was met by Generals Walker, Gruenther and Commander Butcher, General Eisenhower 1 e aide. The party then ,,ent to a point 1.8 miles north of the junction of the Presenzano road with Route #6 and climbed up about 1,000 feet to an observa- ~ tion point where they observed the ground over 1'.Thich the attack on Difensa and ,e, t!'aggiore was to occur this evening. The plan of the proposed attack by the J6th Division vias that the 142nd Infantry and the 2nd Regj_ment of Special Ser1 vice Force were to attack abreast; the 142nd to capture ~ount Maggiore, and the Plow Force to take f..iount Difensa. fter viewing the terrain from the observation post, General Clark returned to the 36th Division Cub Field and got into his plane, piloted by Major Valker of the Fifth Army Artillery Section. Major ~alker flew General Clark out over tignano and gave him an opportunity to view at relatively close range the· high ground to be attacked. During this flight the General came in line of our heavy artillery fire, the shells of which were flying thickly. General Clark then returned by Cub to Caserta. During the evening, he received reports that the 46th Division had been unable to occupy Calabritto but had occupied ground within 200 yards of it, from vrhich it could support by fire the attack to be launched this evening by 56th Division. Units which had attacked Cala.britto were the 5th Forester Battalion and the 2nd Leicester Battalion. The weather had cleared at noon December let and had remained bright and clear all day December 2nd, permitting air support bombardment to be carried out. This bombardment, however, had been marred by one episode occurring December 1st, of which reports reached General Clark early today. A group of B-25 1 s had mistaken their objective and had bombed American troops on the road running northeast from Venafro. Three Americans had been killed, 42 wounded and 16 vehicles had been destroyed by this bombardment. General Clark today received an order of the day issued bs; General Juin to �t he first troops o~ the French Expe ditionary Corps t o land in Italy. This order of t. ':l day 'rlas ; ssued .just be+>ore the 2nn l'-oroccan embarked . ::-t re m~ nded the :F'rench ,,f' .,_heir _,..ormer hero1 c exploits in :taly in yiP..st centllrfos , urged t 1em to v lo:· , lonor a.nd c.isci.,..,line Fnd reminded thr;n that ~n the:r relation" '1ri.+,h th3 ... t,, .l.:ans th0y shou1r e reserv ed without arro 6 .::nce , as the eyes of ..: ra:1.ce • e r e on tl, em. G"!ner a l BAucler wcs +,oday an::o~"1t9d a Drrr,uty C}'i'3f of Staff of h'-'-f'th Arr; 0 and ,rote a 1 ett01· to G=i11er, l Clf rv.: ; n l ich he m::rressed 11is gratitude anrl :pride at tl1is apr0·L:·1tm13nt . * * * r, CAS ~A--"::C I~~ 3, 10/1 --Gene,·'l.l ClA.rk re'Tiain9d Pt .d.., comrrn:'i r,ost to ,3 follow~-n • wi.,_, 1 1 careful attAntio:-1 -l-;h8 p.·o_r.r·ess o,;- t' e attr-ic'{ ~er , as ')e~_,7,,1 last l'l~ght . A,i ..,l~ .:: · "fl+, en, ·t )0C['ffi8 a,·"ar·rnt that vl-e ·rtense art~.llery rr"''"'nl't>.t::.o-.. ,, 10. & • r 1 ')ombar 'r3n-L , ["'1 dor.--i ~ ~,,, wrk. On t:1e F::. ~t> Arrv f:.e·on+, a. total nf' · 0•1.L., QO c '1'1on ·1E",d ')een c1:nc 0 rtratecl , fl"''1 f' c-lea!', colC: ..,.; g•1t ad -f'i=;c--1.l·ta-l;ad t!ie rdv<"nce . n:r -vrc,n·r-,,. ·t:, I.,0; :'0i'ce 1 1rd rJac: id ~+,s ·sec'Jnd ob·ject-· ve anl rero:·ted that ··t YJected ·o c consol')dated trer8 by 0000 i.n the T'!orn~:r. ... . T'1e 1.!..2 1d I'1.Mlntry rad m de y--,·o ;re"', accoru·r:.; to c edul8 . G8neral Cl8.r1: 0:xrre,:sed 1 ·,1.-;e!~ A.~ AS"'ecial1y: eeseJ with th"' •wcess '1f th9 Flor, Ti'orce , ~s th·s "S t ' ,w''~ r·l· t 9.Ction . O_,.. t' ,-,:·r ~-· y l-:,11-:~t, 1-'oris, "'~ve ,ere comrr ,dod " C r'lc1 'a'l o ~f: cci1· J , l".1-:.hrur;l +l o ~ j or.:.ty of tl.e t.roops :ere of' Uni"t,3d vtri.tes all0giflnce . rlO'l Force "'"'' evi:m· ·:1g 'y l t'.lh:m SO fr.::.:o:rv:irs . GenA •·al Gr•1r>nt or i:i,,q't-'rec-1 o·"' Crci110rsl •rou"e dtu'in"' +,re ,]:1y s ~- J t! A r~l .+,ive :no nts of ~ir- :"1a11nrl. .c-01· tl e ;j13'· ·L l hrmy attack .,.,_c: Fift1' /\.rmy <1:,+,Fn 1•, t1111.'. GP.'1er8l ·ouse · rforl"!ed '1~"'1 t':.c t ~o,-· +·1e F-ifth Arny air rre;)flrat.io11 a 'lquadl'ol' mo:c0 of ½o,.,,bn.rdme.r'; f: i·"crr- "t 1f 1 beer1 nsed bp1 had evnr ber:m nsea for tl e ..::igr.t. Ar-my. '1,..,.,...,_,r.<11 Chu:·1: -l;od· y rmter+,f ·"led at lu11~r"'on Ge· ,...rel 'i.d"!leton ,J.y) ms lea.vi11.- -"'01· A1--· ,.,..s e··1J. :rec· 1 r: Jl;r f'o-,.· tle ' Tritc,r Jtr-1-;er-: , rs a rP.r-u.lt of an a,.-t,1,·•~tic lr,r,-::ie wh-·c:1 h d h90:::0"'le ag11·-v1.t,:,r hy tie }, ·re hi.,.._, of -"~,...1r1 nervice . T1'1; G0:ri,:;r nl -,1s0 .,...0~eiv0, a c1:ll -l'rom feJo,,. r,,.,.,,_,,r1:l ..,1'-:. ~1 1-'o We:: l.efv:h.3 to :oin f"ienercl /·,illwell ~n C'1~na as De~uty Commander . G8r.,ral Cln•1r R~so re ce1vAd 'l C.'.'l] +'r0m r·r . ,'ate-on of ·+:he n ltit'lore u'lh, a:•1 0ld -C'ri'"'nl of-' tre Gcs".1.eral 1s , :t0 ms leavi:r~ for t e r11~t9d. Ste.ten . 0 I. +,'1e even:no- , G8'1lr'.ll c1~r1r en-Lertri 1Dd rt, 1.i" '1.'1:..~ ri:r . ··11.ig I'i"holson o+' ReutPrs , r\.' . C1 .[ .rk Lee 0: nt..,.:rnPtiripa: T.; rs Jervice r'l'ln_ \• • Geo:r•n-9 r-: c'~-; 0 . . t•1e B1 "l" ·•0t or}:. ':'hese corre"r ()~Hient'3 f Y • () ' t tr ch-:d to T"3arl p ...A.rt~r .J Fifth Ar·f';y end '"31'8 i:resc:31-l;erl +o t ' 8 G1=>nnral b:, Lt . Co_ . K. VI . C.,EJr 1·, }u-.,..::·c Rel1'1tions Of·"'icer of ifth Army. '.:'rm" gh'· t.1 rE' ,..r:. . iv .d -l:, Ge~ !re 1 C:£..:2': 1s co.. n ... · ,.. t !"'!'.:ii•:- or vi -,iti116 '3iar oMr• C! t-3 J- o Tiere ente-.-tR ·ried ~t G.'n'1er '1.f Colonc,1 ..>nltz"la"l f'rd •;ho ver8 qu r-t~red ~ n r, n__,1· 1 Alexn lc1er ' ,.. Cc m: • Tl'e~· C01'1S.; steel or G9'1P,W 1 asil--'. o~f' 3~I". 9~ tl Jolodovn3k, Cnlonel )11dF.kon.n, ra~or .....,0"9~~i c..OV', L .!' (")"1+e11 nt 1)1~11bev .. l 0 1 G9ner['l Cl•rlr 'l""'otE> Ge11ertl J•1~r +:.oh~, ,..xpr9J"°ir, ',-· yr-·o.e n 1rl saVs"·ct.ion -~n t'1e f ct t:,,i;, ,1le•1c,:d 1111:,s of' tLe rsn'!· :x erliti0"lary Corps have ioi119d t:18 F-ift:1 Ju·my. ''i r, ~t1 c-1• ~xte"l.J;rl tl •=w E' corf· 1 ·111corrio E>nd ~'1.+'crmed +,1-,.,,m of' i·_, coif-'.1e1t eJqnctaticn "S t o t e r1;s+,·11~ · ..,hAd :rc:.rt tre.1·01.,_d la' - n t1 1 '1 •·'.Pni".l.~ ,..,+> t'e battl,,.. '~ch 1 · e [l'leP.r: . : �The Army Commander wr ote Juin today explaining that it \ Ould only be necessary that operat ional m essages pasa through t his Headquarters. GcmerA:?. 'Jbr} r .c:e'vp,' 8 le ..,ter f'::_~0m -!;he "nyor· o::' o,1jd[' tod.ay. TJ:,~s lett9r to 7 il 0f -':-h.3 r-r--at :'..e~sur9 ·t: •J:,.:..cl:. ~:" 'or k,: ~~0"1 11 E'cl rAceived Gen9l'E'l c~arl , ... lGt+...,r ~.,.. Oc ober 10th r1.d ..;nf0rP1ed G1m9r"l Clark t:,at C jda md 11~me rt s :ocre E'ftnr ,i_m 1: :-1 rad 11.E'm9d a .~~1•.,;r~ , "Boule· rd o-1" tl e Fifth Army. 11 . * * CA.J.u"l.TA --DEC";' 'ER 4, ,91e3--G-;>1.erf'l ClPrk rent th~_:3 ay rt hin command post co"lferr:in; with ',-"s '1k..£'f o~fic~r~ r11J rec9ivi11.-: r,vJ. co,...rPlPti,1:r trP re'orts ~ow" r, i; "n of' tr P ~ucc9s ... f'•1l ·1cc,"'m::-l 5 ghnl'mt o.,,.. t:1e "irst ,..:i--iE's8 0f' the e-ttack r'escr~bf-'d ·'n rrer ~::.ons .,.1nt.:~uc.i:.::.o'l 1111. : tre "lose ,..,f' -!;le 0f'y, ,t <i.s ,.,v::_ fo ,~ t' _<1t tl A ~ttac1· }1 d hPen complete 1y sncce "'f' 1l. :'' e f ollo .: 11s ,'j_sratch to l}e11.er9,l A1.exe.rdAr f'rorr ":re'1'!rQ 1 Clflr 'c nw~ ~... · ze ~ t 1e opera:l;icn A.'l'l.t its re·-r,lts : 11 3u~crA~t fo~ lo,i"'; Y'";l'"'"'10 of o~ r-ecorcl l-i!1'!lrr.-ro1•>1. ma-l:;e·•-' :::. to ( I rre<1s: A ft9r '1 p,ri•rv anc: cont· r 1 •ous -"-: ,' 1 t · 11 ~ ·i:-·v-:'1 +;1"' R ~+8rnoon of 2 Jecember , Allied troors of the t '.i+>t:t Arm:r rave crar:\. 0-d :ci_1(l ro 1-,n ·n ·o +,r•" 0.ri r y' 8 s4;ro11e defey,c-es n 1 ?•01''1, Gnm~no Ein..-1 ~curt •• r.~i.ore . 0 "' 1d r1ritL11t r i 11 ~as ~e'1 , : ose rer ', + m"Ter to '3 , COO f'eet , form o'1e mo"t i.mro· ·tant h c,t-'ons i11. 4:.h9 <119my 1 3 u·nter ,., 1--. , <'>'1cl r,;- <J.rd the left entrance +.o t' e L· r~ 11" lP.r +,h·o'1_sh r}-:ct ru:'ls the rord to Rore . 11 These 1..,1 o-1" t 1 .., 0unt C T1~ no nnd r•n•w1t t•qgr,~ ore 'v,r.-, he,'l.vi.ly fort, if.: Gd . "'he rme □y 1 S c nn~i ve ,.. osi.~,;on::; , rrnn r blr sted out c" trie , rocir.:-1,ou, wa, l □ of +,h9 h·· r,;r.est 1e· sum.-nits , 7Are -it,,.o"l~er tL9.'1 nnyt -:n; +,ln 1i"i+'tll Arrry h.acs P.nco,mtAred si11c0 the 11cnd::.,.. -:;1 ori O J'°': tenb9r o 1. +,' 9 bP.acl "s of ..;<:'..Arno y. ttr trT'1e n.+,t c'· j'lIT -,d_ c,f'.P r Ul'~ n~ q.i.,8 a-f't0~-·noon on 2 Decemb r ,.: 'v'1 C0'1\!9"'ltrcted 1 art-i, lery "~re f'roI'l r1111dreds of' ,..,r·iti ,h ind •\;rre:.~.:c~.11 r:-nnn . m A P,t'.'1.3 Yli:.ire Sf' ced only a fe1 ye_rds f: rart ~ ' +he r"p-' J ·"ir9 · c Mhes i, lu_,,,-· '1A.ted 4:.1 e l'!ountrys-ic..e "or m:lles . Po C.TG"ter rr·~.;1,cry 1 "ir9 J0IT0r r"l'3 ever he~n emrlo.red .:r. th.:s 1 treA.ter . Duri.n t ' 0 c ay our a··rcrpf't C"rried 01t auccessful "1o:"b'n; 'nd ~traf-~ro; nis~-i..011n -~n ,-,.-1,,.;n,; close surpol"t t0 r;round op-,rat-"ons . 0 0 ·... nund9r ~ovqr o-;: ,1ar 1c11ess o·.tr troors A.ss,,,,11 t9d the "irst n.n'3r.1y st:rnngrolds on t e lo7Jer rlores of r•ou.nt Cn.minn, in t 11e r> r er of Co.labritto . T 1e , hole re~ion hf',d been strewn vitli rrin9s r>nd v-~re , and the enerr1y tr~ed to stop our adVP11ce w.; -l:,h mach.:ne PU"1 , morta r ancl art: ller y -""re . Allied troops ·ept r,oing, f:gr-t~ng t,eir 1a.y ur st0er tr·ails <J.11.c1 over hcirren rock<- to '1er,,.,~>1. ros~_tio·1ri . "Ie quickl y oveITan sev'3ral citrong poj ts ' i c}-, th9 9'1emy '1ad 'J PJ:nt weeks in cons tr •ctins .;n Dn effort to delA.y ,t11e Fiftli Army ' s fldV'lnce t ovm.rd Rome . "Mount CA.m" no , • h-ich 1-" es to tre ~outh of r•ount r'ar::r;iore , co"l~ists of se vera l pe11.ks "l.''1d ridges . Tl.e +, ree· ~ost formid11.ble .Ave b9en n:i c mBmed by t 1e t roors " T "0na5tery Pi 11'1 , "Bare Botton R' dge" f'.nr TIP zorb~ c1r n-· dge 11 • Peavy -"igl t .• no; is ; n rrogress .; n t hese areas . T're assa11lt on !'ount Camino was r9.de b ritish troops "M.ch hnd distinruished t 8mselves on the 'l)eac'bes rnd · n t 1 m nt nj '1s :111 t he Srilerno rrea . 1e m 11 �'\ ~ �11 Tied 'n w-ith the attack on Mount Camino was the si.mult nGous l'ssnult on ~o,mt !".o.ggiore, wh-ich 'ms Made by Amerjcan troops, some of whom had particip11ted so successfully in the or·i r,inal lancn nr,s ~ n Italy. "The enemy • s wi nter li "'19 in t, is r-.roa is anchored in the Camino- ~ag-iore featnre . The r:reat import:ince 111':ich e attaches to jt -is shovm by the extensive .,.ortifjcations wMch he has constructed over a considerable r-eriod of time . There are co 11crete dur,outs and protected gun positions reminiscent of the first World \7ar . I nsupply presented one o:"' the major problems of the attack. Food and ammunition have to be taken up to front l:ine troops by horses and mules , or by men struggling over stony goat tre.ils .-vi th packs on their backs . "The attack was preceded by a period of detailed .o..nd painstaking preparations , whi ch jncluded aggressive day and night patrolling, regroupjng of combat forces , and the buildjng up of R.mple stocks of mnmunition and supplies . \ During practically the entire period the Army front was a sea of mud from almost daily ra·ns . On the day the attack started the weather was clear but ever since rain, from li r;ht showers to torrential downpours , hRs fallen . This gives our forces an additional heavy handicap to overcome in sroashing the enemy. in terrajn dj-1:'ficult even to climb, let alone a.ssault and capture 11.gainst a\0._~.,1/1-' strongly entrenched fo e. " ~ /¥~ "1 --(iv , I'~~ r-tJ'I'" y General Clark entertajned at dinner the Russian officers who were visitin1; the Fifth Ar my Command Post: General Vasilieff , General ~olodovnek, Colonel Sudakoff , M ajor Bobelikov and Li eutenant Golubev and also the officer s accompanyinP,' them, Lt . Col. Rea , Lt . Col. Bernier and Major Anderson. The Russian visitor s were greatl y impressed b;r their visit to the Fifth Army front , partj cularly b,r the rugged character of the terrain and by the amount of shell"'ire to which they were subjected. One British Fifth Army Staff officer , Major ' Renwick , who had been accompanying them, had been wounded by a shell fragment and had had to turn back. They also coT"Inented on the fact that able-bodied young Americans were working on the highway, while Italians were still in civilian life and expressed some curios~ty as to why the Ital:ians were not put to work on the roads . General Clark received the followinr; personal cable from General Alexander: "Following received fro111 General Eisenhower . 1 P1ease tell both Clark and ~.'ontgomery that :r contemplate their recent accomplishments with great satj sfaction and am looking forward hope-f'ully to prompt and decisive advrmce . 111 The Army Commander r1 ispatched the followj n~ cable to Ge11.eral Keyes: "Congra~ulations upon th0 success the II Corps has attrd ned in its .r-jrst o+>fensive action under Fifth A:r-my cor.inand . Your careful rlannino-, coupled with the fine artill~r-y support of corps rrnd div: sions, paved the vmy for the successful attacks by the 11Sth D:lvision and the Spec_'.al S8rv~ ce Force . The capture of t"re im:'."'ortant Defensa-J!aggiore f'el'1ture will rermit the renewal of the advance of J?ifth Army to t'1e north. Pleaae extA 11d to vour o~fic"'rs :-nd msn 5'1.volv,=.,d in this O'!eration rey ·-·arm epprec· <>tiori o"' th-,.:.r- splendid ef'forts. 11 I The ~rmy Commander wrote each of Corps Commanders explaining the current instructions with regard to interviews with the press. �(51 Mr . Mark flatson, correspondent for the Baltin1ore Sun, departed for the States tod~y, and G neral Clark handed him a letter, the full text of hich is quoted below: "It is with real regret that I see you leave the Fifth Army . Before you dep~rt, l want you to know how much we have appreciated hav1ng you with us. ~e feel as though you e.re a uember of our family . You vrere v,i th us during the formative days :tn North Africa and you were v,ith us during the Fifth Army ' s baptism to fire . "During the time you have been with us I have read many of your stories . You have served your readers and your newspaper well by your admirable presentation of the story of this Allied crunpa:1.gn. All of us are grateful for the things you have wr.tten about tho Fifth Army. "Y e are extremely eorry to have you go . 11 of us had hoped you would ste.y with us a little longer--at least until we ca.ptlll'e Rome. I look fone.rd to seeing you again soon. "{,'ith evely best ,.-ish, I um, 11 * * * CASERTA-•DECEMBER 5, 1943--General Clark today remained at his command post, having numerous conferences with various officers. At 0830 he received Major General John C.H. Lee, Commanding General, SOS, ETOUSA, together with Lt. Col. Beeler, the Chief of his Operations Section. He then conferred with Colonel John Haskell and Lt. Col. Decarlo of Marshal Badoglio's Secretariat. Colonel Decarlo brought General Clark the best wishes of Marshal Badoglio and expressed the hope of the Marshal that it might soon be possible for Italian troops to enter combat against the Germans. General Clark spoke of the good reports he had from the Italian Motorized Brigade and said that he hoped soon to employ it in an appropriate sector. At noon the General entertained at lunch Major General Lucas with Colonel Gallo•ay, his Deputy Chief of Staff, and Captain Eyston, his aide. After lunch he received a visit from General Beucler, Chief of the French Mission, and Monsieur Rene Massigli, Foreign Minister of the French Government in Algiers. M. Massigli said that he had come to call on General Clark and pay his respects because of the presence of French troops in the Fifth Army. He said that the French were proud to serve with the Fifth Army- and that the people in Algiers would follow their course with interest. General Clark said that he was happy to have the French troops under his command and that he expected great things of them . • In the evening, the General entertained at a buffet supper and showing of the movie, ."The Remarkable Mrs. Halliday": General House, General Moran, General Lewis, General Brann, Brigadier Richardson, General Beucler, Colonel Martin, Colonel Vincent, Colonel Bruce, Colonel W ilbur and a nur.iber of other officers, totalling 24. Today General Clark received the follow1.ng message from General Keyes in reply to the Army Commander's message of yesterday: 11 Deeply appreci at e your me ssage of congr atulations which has been trans- �l58 mitted throughout II Corps." * * * CASERTA--DECEMB.ER 6, 1943---General Clark left his command post at about 09.30 with General Gruenther and Lt. Col. Sutherland and went by jeep to the command post of II Corps located a short distance west of Route #6 just north of the hamlet of Santa Maria. Here he discussed the progress of the battle with Major General Keyes and expressed himself as well satisfied with the results thus far achieved by II Corps troops. He then went on up to the 36th Division command post where he talked further with General Walker. GenerE1.l Walker said, in substance, that the 36th Division had completely attained the objectives thus far assigned to it in the attack. General Clark then drove back to the village of Spara.nise to the command post of 10 Corps, where he conferred at some length with General Mccreery, Commanding 10 Corps, and then had lunch with General J,icCreery's senior staff officers. General Mccreery stated that the Monastery had been occupied by British troops the night before but that the Germans still held some high positions commanding it and had driven the 56th Division troops out of the Monastery itself by mortar and small arms fire. They intended to go back this evenins Qeneral Clark, leaving 10 Corps command post, drove to the 95th Ev&cuation Hospital on Route #6, where he met Lt. Col. Sauer who commands the hospital and visited some of the wards and the operating room. It was noteworthy that some of the seriously wounded men in the hospital belonged to the Special Service Force which had made the attack in the southern part of the 36th Division sector. The General then returned to his command post, where he received a call from Brig. Gen. Aaron Bradshaw who had commanded an anti-aircraft brigade in Sicily and who was about to be transferred to the command of an anti-aircraft brigade in the Fifth Army. General Bradshaw expressed eagerness to get this assignment which would give him a chance for more active duty than he had been having in Sicily. General Bradshaw and C~lonel Robinson were General Clark's guests for dinner. Returning from the 95th Evacuation Hospital, the Generel passed a long line of trucks and motorcycles of the Italian Motorized Brigade moving northward on Route #6 to go into position for the attack on ~ount Lungo early on December 8th. In this connection an interesting episode was r~ported to General Clark on December ?th. A Field Artillery reconnaisaance party from the Italian Motorized Brigade going up on Mount Maggiore for reconnaissance was captured by the 142nd In• fantry. However, they soon established their identity and were duly released. * * * CASEB:l'A--DECEMBER 7, 1943--General Clark left his command post at about 0900 and went to the cub field at Caserta where he and Lt. Col. Sutherland got into two cubs. They flew to an improvised cub field near Alife, landing in mud, water and among shell holes. Here the General was met by Major General Lucas, Command• ! ing VI Corps, who took him to the command post of..___the 2nd Mo~n Divisi~ _ There General Clark was received with the customary French-military onors, ana the members of the Division staff were presented to him by General Dody. General Clark spoke to them briefly, saying that he was proud to have the 2nd Moroccan Division in his command, and he expected great things of them in the coming operations in which they were about to participate. General Dody, on behalf of his officers, said that they would do all that was possible and asked only a chance to get into battle. �l09 General Clark, accompanied by General Dody and General Lucas, then visited each of the three regimental areas: The 4th Moroccan, the 5th Moroccan and) the 8th Moroccan. In each instance he was received with a guard of honor and in each he inspected the guard, met the officers and briefly glanced at the regimental area. At the area of the 8th Moroccan Regiment his party was joined by General Juin, General Beucler and General Roosevelt. During this trip, General Clark talked with General Dody and General Juin regarding the relief of the 34th Division by the 2nd Moroccan Division. General Dody said that, as directed by General Lucas, the two combat teams of the 34th now in the line would be relieved from right to left, first the 4th RTM relieving the 133rd Infantry on the evening of December 7th, and the 5th RTM relieving the 135th on the evening of December 8th; the 8th Moroccan remaining in Division reserve. At the 5th Moroccan area, General Clark shook hands with the bandleader who had been stationed with his band in Oujda and who had played at the presentation to General Clark of the Legion of Honor. The General then returned by cub to his command post. At five o'clock the General received General Vasilieff, General Solodovnek, and Colonel Sudak.off, the senior Russian officers visiting Fifth Army Headquarters. They expressed admiration for the American effort and pleasure at having had the opportunity to visit an American Army in combat. General Clark had as guests for dinner this Lt. Col. Porter, and then attended the opera, La Caserta Palace under the auspices of the Special Carlo Company. In addition to Colonels Saltzman and Thrasher and Lieutenant Bajenow. evening Colonel Saltzman and Boheme, presented at the Services Officer by the San and Porter, Captains Lampson The following important messages were received and dispatched today: Personal for Clark from Montgomery. RN 444. "Would like to fly Naples tomorrow, 8 December, and have talk with you. Will arrive in my C-47 at same airport as I used last time at 1100 hours. Could you meet me there1 We can talk in my airplane and then I will f~ back here." Personal from Clark to Montgomery. NRN. "Regret exceedingly that I will be unable to confer with you tomorrow, December 8th. Have been called to conference elsewhere by CINC. If weather does not interfere with my return, would be delighted to see you at same place and time December 9th." Personal from Clark to Montgomery. RN 1975. "Cannot manage 9 December. Very anxious get your precise battle situation. Will come Naples tomorrow and would be grateful if you could send Brigadier Richardson or possibly your Chief of Staff to meet me on airfield and give me your situation." Personal for Montgomery from Clark. RN 4957. "My Chief of Staff, General Gruenther, will meet you at Capodichino Airport 1100 hours, December 8th. Sorry I shall be unable to see you." Personal from Clark to Mccreery. RN 4937. "My hearty congratulations to the 10 Corps on its success in recent offensive action culminating in the cap• ture of the Mt. Camino feature. The capture of this formidable objective by elements of 46th and 56th Divisions, ably supported by the Corps Artillery, and �combined with the action of the 23rd Armored Brigade, is a major accomplishment in the Fifth Army's advance to the north. Please express my deep appreciation to all officers and other ranks taking part in this operation for their excellent work." * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 8, 1943•-During the night General Clark was informed by radio that a distinguished visitor would arrive at Palermo the following day and that it would be appreciated if he attended the gethering with five officers to receive the Distinguished Service Cross. Accordingly, General Clark left his command post at 0615 by car, accompanied by Colonel Saltzman and Lt. Col. Sutherlend, and went to Capodichino where he boarded a B-25 plane which had been provided by the XII Air Support Command. The General took off at 0715 and landed at Castelvetrano airport at 0830. A considerable wait ensued, during which General ~mold and General Spaatz arrived with General Curtis, General Spaatz• Chief of Staff. At about ~ 1415 a B-17 arrived and there descended from it the President of the United States with an entourage consisting of Mr. Harry Hopkins, Admiral Leahy, General Eisenhower, General Watson and oth~r staff officials. The entire party mounted in jeeps and went before a guard of honor, where the President decorated Colonel Reuben H. Tucker, Lt. Col. Joseph B. Crawford, 1st Lt. William C. Kellogg, 2nd Lt. Thomas F. Berteau, 2nd Lt. Edwin F. Gould. At the conclusion of these decorations, the President called General Clark's naMe and to the surprise of the General, and pleasure of ev~ryone else present, pinned a Distinguished 1 Service Cross on General Clark. The President also handed General Clark a letter reading as follows: "I am very sorry to miss seeing you, but much as I wanted to come to Italy to see you at the front and to greet your fighting Array there, I was told I just could not gol "You and your Fifth Army are doing a magnificent job, under the most trying conditions imaginable. Eye witnesses have told me about the fighting, so I know how tough it is. "I have also been told of your personal courage in leading your forces, and especially of your gallantry in those first despGrate days after the landing, when by personal example and fine inspiration to your officers at the front line, there was averted a critical situation in which the enemy might have burs' through with disastrous results. "Keep on giving it all you have, and Rome will be ours and more beyondl "I am grateful to have such a staunch, fighting general. 11 The President of the United States, together with General Clark and the other distinguished officers present then reviewed the troops. The General then briefly attended a reception in honor of the President, mounted his B-25 and returned to Capodichino, arriving at rbout 1730. In addition to Colonel Saltzman and Lt. Col. Sutherland, ·General Clark took with him, on the return trip, Major John Boettiger, who had accompanied the President on his tour, and was returning to Naples. ) �\ Co I to Naples. Returning to his command post, General Clark found that the tactical situation was less favorable than he had hoped it would be. The Italian Motorized l{ Brigade has been repulsed on Mount Lungo by a counter-attack, and the 36th y Division had not yet occupied Mount Sammucro. t,s Today General Montgomery flew over to Capodichino and, in the absence of D~ f General Clark, conferred with General Gruenther about the tactical situation. (e. ► He suggested to General Gruenther a shift of one division. During the evening ..r General Clark dispatched the following telegram to General Montgomery: RN 7291. "No objection to shift of one division as discussed with my Chief of Staff today. Sorry I was unable to meet you. Reynolds in excellent health." General Clark today said that the 36th Division reported that they had counted 279 German dead in the present attack and that the total loss in dead of the Fifth Army was 168. General Clark commented on the fact that the °"\SUalties of the Fifth Army had not been light; since the original landing we had lost about 23,000 casualties all told. The American experience was that about 25% of the wounded returned to the fighting units. General Clark today also received notice that he had been awarded the K.B.E., Knight of the British Empire, by the British government and received the following congratulatory message from General Alexander: "My warmest congratulations on the award of the K.B.E. to you." The following important messages were received and dispatched today: From II Corps to CG, Fifth Army. NRN. "On Maggiore about 2000A German Combat patrol contacted and repulsed, some German casualties. Rangers advancing NW Ceppagna received some MG fire vicinity Hill 950. No contact against 143 Inf during attack on Sammucro. Until summit reached where some mortar fire was received. Some patrol activity on Lungo during night and enemy mortar fire being received that vicinity. Heavy MG and mortar fire being encountered on Mt. Lungo from the vicinity Hill 343 G 962137." Personal for Clark from Mccreery. RN 0869. "Very many thanks for your kind congratulations. All ranks 10 Corps value most highly your appreciation of our efforts and are proud to serve under you." (See General Clark's message to General McCreary, set out in the diary of 7 December). Intelligence summary from II Corps. RN R-4122-25. "Enemy resistance on Mount Lunge has been stubborn throughout the day. Italian forward elements reached hill 343 at 0800 but were forced to retire because of heavy mortar and machine gun fire. Two platoons counterattacked from the S flanks of Lungo at approximately 0900 A forced withdrawal to the original positions. The Mt. Sammucro area stubborn resistance was re~t near the summit with the defense being well supported with artillery and mortar fire. Resistance has been stubborn northeast of San Pietro. Forward elements approximately G9919, G9818, G9916, G9815, G9715, G965140, G965135, G9613, G9413, G930135, G9212, G9309 at 1200 A. Positions are essentially unchanged at 1900A. Prisoners of war taken west of hill 96o from 1 Company PGR 2 who stated his company position V 09213 and that 3 Company was in line but, location is unknown, and 2 Company had suffered heavy casualties on the 6th of December." �From II Corps to CG, Fifth Ar~. RN 4. "3 Rangers not on objective, Hill 950. Reforming on NE slopes for assault night 8/9 December. 1 Battalion 143 Infantry consolidated objective Hill 1205. 3 Battalion 143rd Infantry 985169, 2 Battalion at 985162 advancing on S PIETRO against stubborn resistance. 1 MTZ CP (IT) withdrew to original positions at 968.22 and 973128. 1st Regiment SSF relieved by elements 142 Infantry. Stubborn and well organized enemy resistance encountered on 36 Division front, particularly S PIETRO area. Enemy artillery on increased scale." The casualties in 10 Corps in the recent attack were estimated at Officers OR's Killed 19 78 Wounded 31 510 Missing -l ...1l 661 53 * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 9, 1943-•This morning the Assistant Secretary of War, Mr. John J. McCloy, together with Brigadier General Holmes and Lt. Col. Gerhardt, arrived for an inspection visit. After the Secretary and the officers had conferred with General Clark and General Gruenther, they left by jeep for the command post of II Corps, where they were met by General Keyes and taken to his situation room. The G-2, G-3 and Artillery Officer of the II Corps gave a summary of the situation, illustrated by maps. The Italians were working on Mount Lungo. The Rangers were seeking to take Hill 950 but had not yet got it. A battalion of the 143rd Infantry was on Sammucro, a second battalion was attacking San Pietro and meeting stiff resistance, including pillboxes and dug-in positions, a third battalion was echeloned to the right rear. The 142nd Infan• try was occupying Difensa and Hill 907, relieving the Special Service Force, the bulk of which was on its way back to Santa Maria. German artillery bad fired upon our troops shells up to 210mm. The II Corps, however, had 426 guns in place ready to fire in the II Corps area. Thereafter the party went from Headquarters II Corps to Headquarters 141st Infantry and the Italian Motorized Brigade which were located together at a point several miles northwest of the junction of Route 6 and the Presenzano road. Here General Clark and Secretary McCloy discussed the situation with General Dapino and with Colonel Werner, Commanding the 141st Infantry. General Dapino told General Clark that his men bad suffered badly in the Lungo effort; that at first they had advanced fairly well onto the feature, but that they had been caught in heavy cross fire and had suffered heavy casualties. He was unable to give the exact number, as yet, but thought they had lost at least JOO men from the force used in the attack. He stated that his battalions were badly shaken and thought that they should be relieved and given a chance to reorganize. General Clark told General Dapino that he was of the same opinion. The General subsequently gave directions to General Keyes to place a battalion in the rear of the Italia.n force, in order to eliminate any chance of a ·German break-through at that point. The General's determination on this subject was �rendered stronger by the fact that a patrol of 20 Germans had penetrated with impunity deep into the Italian position to a blown bridge on Rotondo and had finally been driven off without loss to themselves. After leaving General Dapino at Colonel Werner's command post, the party went by jeep to the command 'post of the 45th Division where they were met by General Lucas and his Chief of Staff and entertained at lunch by General Eagles, Commanding that Division. After lunch General Clark left the party in order to take up the problem of rectifying the condition created by the Italian reverse at Mount Lungo, while the Assistant Secretary of War, General Holmes and Colonel Gerhardt, accompanied by Lt. Col. Sutherland, were taken by General Lucas to his command post and, thereafter, to the command post of the 2nd Moroccan Division, where they were met by General Dody and where the Assistant Secretary of War was shown certain elements of the 2nd Moroccan Division which had not yet gone forward to relieve the 34th Infantry Division. Thereafter, the Assistant Secretary visited the 15th Evacuation Hospital and returned to the Fifth Army command post at 1800 hours where Mr. McCloy and his party were entertained by General Clark at dinner. _ General Clark today replied to General Alexander's radio of congratulations on his award of the K.B.E., as follows: "I am greatly honored to be the recipient of the award of the K.B.E., and deeply appreciate your message of congratulations." The following situation report was received from II Corps tonight: "During day our patrols from Mount Maggiore at G964115 came ~cross an abandoned mortar position with mortar intact and an abandoned MG position at G967113. Small groups or enemy seen and fired on in area G922155 and G922132. German counterattack on Hill 1205 repulsed at 091440A. 11 * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 10, 1943--General Clark conferred at 0900 with General Ryder who had been in the 36th Evacuation Hospital for several days suffering from shingles but had now recovered. The subject of their conversation was a condition which had arisen in the 34th Division and which had given General Clark much concern for a number of days. The background of this situation and or General Clark's conversation with General Ryder is as follows: The morale in the 34th Division in the judgment of General Clark w~s by no means what it should be. Recently some 40 enlisted men of the division had left their units without permission and gone off to Naples for a number of days. Several had been tried and convicted of misconduct in the presence of the enemy. On November 29th Messrs. Gammack and Dixon, two correspondents representing the Des Moines Register and Tribune, and the Associated Press respectively, had written dispatches which however had not been forwarded for publication, commenting on the facts and on the sentences of dishonorable discharge and ten years• imprisonment which had been imposed. The dispatches were sob stories, one-sided in character, and tended to make heroes of the men who had quit their units. The stories stated that a Colonel, 40 of whose men had declined to enter combat, had appealed to them to buck up, but seven had persisted in their refusal. On December 4th General Clark had directed letters to the Commanding Generals of the II and VI Corps, identical in terms, as follows: �"The results of a number of recent trials by courts-martial for offenses under Article of War 75, which deals with misbehavior before the enemy, have been brought to my attention informally. Although in some instances the sentences awarded by the courts are deemed adequate in others totally inadequate sentences of five and ten years confinement were awarded. "I cannot impress upon you too strongly my views as to the serious nature of the offense of misbehaviour before the enemy. It strikes at the very foundation of battlefield discipline and each case gives aid and comfort to .our enemy. In awarding punishment the court is bound to consider the deterrent effect of the sentence awarded as well as the imposition of adequate punishment upon the individual concerned. In this connection I am inclosing copies of a letter from the Commandar-in-Chief wherein views similar to those expressed above are set forth. "Accordingly it is my desire that, prior to the initial assembling of a court martial for the trial of a case or cases under Article of War 75, the corps or division commander who appoints the court shall personally advise members of such courts concerning the serious nature of this particular offense. Members of the court may be interrogated, principles may be discussed and past errors of courts may be reviewed. Such discussions and advice should of course be general in nature and have no connection with a pending case. Thus the new court will be instructed prior to the trial of such oases in the hope that criticism of the court after trial will be unnecessary. "Will you please convey my desires in this matter to each commander of a divis~on of United States troops serving under your command." In the opinion of General Clark the morale situation in the 34th Division reflected a lack of forceful leadership in the Division Commander which had been reflected in certain of his subordinate commanders and thus had produced weaknesses in the morale of the troops themselves. The Divisional Commander had hesitated to relieve his subordinate commanders who were lacking in adequate vigor of command and when directed to make such reliefs by General Clark had recommended, as replacements, officers who turned out to be similarly inadequate. In this general connection, General Lucas wrote to General Clark the following letter on December 8th: "The documents you handed me yesterday (the newspaper stories referred to above) are enclosed herewith. I have shown them to Crane and he is familiar with the facts. Butler was not present at the investigation (referring to an investigation on the morale situation conducted under General Lucas' orders), as h9 was at the front with his regiment. I am inclined to exonerate him from blame, as I would not be surprised to find that similar things have occurred in the divi• sion before but have been condoned by officers who lack Butler's moral courage. "I think Crane can straighten things out when he gets the division back when he can reshuffle things a bit. It is unfortunate that he is not physically up to carrying on the permanent job. This division needs a very strong and experienced man. "I find that casualties in the three divisions I have commanded have been as follows: �Killed Wounded Total 34 345 1652 1997 45 552 1349 1901 3 514 1453 1967 It would seem, therefore, that the chance of survival in the 34th has been no worse than the others. Better, really. Am collecting some information on "anxiety cases" to compare the numbers in the divisions. This might show a comparison in morale. I don't know whether it will mean anything or not." At his conference with General Ryder, General Clark told him that while he was an excellent combat commander, he had demonstrated decided weakness in administration, and this had been evident for a long time. He had failed to relieve colonels whom he should have known to be weak and unwilling in their turn to insist on proper standards in their subordinates, and when General Clark had insisted on such removals he had put in others just as weak. As a result, General Clark said, there was a lack of morale and tone throu~hout the division which would have to be remedied at once in order to eliminate the weaknesses which came to the surface when so many cases of misconduct in the face of the enemy occurred. This, General Clark said, must at once be remedied by a ruthless removal of any inadequate officer and an insistance from the top down on measures to restore the morale and tone of the division. If this was not done, the General said, despite his excellent combat record General Ryder would have to be removed. At 1000 there arrived to call on General Clark, General Arnold, Lieutenant General Spaatz, Major General Cannon and Major General House. After a short visit, these officers left for an inspection of airfields. At 1330 General Clark received a call from Mr. Relrnan Morin, AP correspondent in Naples. Jlfir. Morin had been the author of a press dispatch dated November 29th in which he had reported certain Stars and Stripes stories concerning letters written to the editor in protest at an editorial which stated that the desire of Fif.t h Army men was to continue in action until the Germans surrendered. Mr. Morin had met Mr. McCloy, the Assistant Seeretary of War, in Naples yesterday, and Mr. McCloy had asked him what he thought about the morale of the troops. Mr. Morin had not indicated that the morale was excellent but had hesitated in his reply and finally had suggested that Jlf.r. McCloy inquire at Fifth Army. This apparently gave Mr. McCloy the idea that something might be wrong with morale, and Mr. McCloy had inquired of General Clark on this subject and had mentioned his conversation with Mr. Morin. Accordingly, General Clark sent for Mr. Morin and asked him what additional data he had, if any, on the morale of Fifth Army troops. Mr. Morin's reply was that he had been somewhat staggered by Jlfir. McCloy's inquiry and had not made an immediate favorable response as he should have. General Clark pointed out to Mr. Morin the dangers inherent in reporting on this subject, as it could fundamentally affect the frame of mind of many men who otherwise might continue in an excellent state of morale. Mr. Morin said he understood this and would be guided by this admonition and advice in the future. General Clark told Wir. Morin that he was convinced that the morale of the Fifth Army was excellent except for the few men in question within the 34th Division, and that situation was being taken care of. Mr. Morin also mentioned the fact that certain prominent legislators �had recently visited this theater and had subsequently made a number of pronouncements on the subject of binging men home after a certain period of ser• vice abroad. General Clark poi ted out that politics was one thing and war was another, and they were fund mentally different; and that if troops were encouraged to believe that it as their right to return home after a period of service overseas, they would b in danger of coming to a frame of mind where their usefulness as combat sol iers was seriously impaired. General Clark mentioned to Mr. Morin the story written by Messrs. Gamma.ck and Dixon about the 40 men in the 34th Division who declined to re-enter combat and the seven who finally persisted in this course in spite of their Colonel. Mr. Morin assured General Clark that .when he heard about this story he had urged Mr. Dixon not to file it, but Dixon's argument was that he wanted it on file for the record. He did not expect it to be published but said that the AP, in the case of General Patton's incident (when General Patton bit a soldier in a hospi• tal), was caught without any background material on file when the story finally broke, and this time he felt that the Associated Press should have a story ready to move should an occurrence similar to the Patton incident develop again. The General then discussed, off the record, the progress of the present operations and pointed out some of the interesting features of the Fifth Army's tactical problems, and Mr. Morin told General Clark that Mr. McCloy had spoken in warm terms of the work the Fifth Army was doing. General Clark then conferred with Colonel Frederick or the Special Service Force and personally handed him a letter to be read to his command, commending them on the good work that they had done in the successful attack on the Camino feature. General Clark entertained at lunch today Colonel Forsythe, Fifth Army historian, Lt. Col. of the War Department G-2 Historical Section and Major Salmon, in civil life professor of History at Amherst College, and discussed the problems of the Fifth Army History, and General Clark impressed on them that the reasons behind his tactical decisions were essential in any proper Army History. At 1500 General Clark and General Gruenther walked to the palace at Caserta, where they conferred with Captain Lewis, USN; Colonel Howard, Fifth Army G-2; Lt. Col. Williams, G-3 Section, Fifth Army Planning Group, and other officers concerning the planning for proposed amphibious operations. General Clark was particularly concerned that the landing forces plan to occupy a line which they could hold the required length of time; that the naval reconnaissance should in• dicate that the beach was appropriate in character to render the landing feasible, that the troops have adequate support by naval gunfire; and that the problems of re-supply were properly handled. General Clark entertained at dinner General Arnold, Lieutenant General Spaatz, arid Major Generals Cannon and House. A report on the Plough Force casualties showed 23 officers and 495 enlisted men. Of the enlisted men 65 were dead, 308 wounded, 8 missing and 114 sick, and of the men wounded 14 were serious, 197 light and 97 injured. The 10 Corps sitrep received tonight was as follows: ttLittle contact with enemy during d~y. G 9505 to Camino G 9408. 56 Div. 169 Bde. Slight shelling mule track Mielig Relief of 142 RCT by 2/6 Qu9ens on �ICo'/ Mt. Difensa G 9509 complete. Loons. 2/5 Queens Area Levaglie G 96o5. 2/7 Queens Area Campo G 9606. 201 Gds Bde. 2 S G took 3 PW from 2 Btry 33 Arty Regt at G 912096. 167 Bde moving tonight. Bde Hq to S Croce M 9986. 8 RF to Carinola M 9886. 9 RF to Casanova M 97~. 7 Oxfbucks to Nogelleto N 0184. 168 Bde Ntr. 46 Div. 128 Bde.Hq G941013. 2 Ramps Area Sippicciano G9402 with one coy G 905044 and standing patrol G 905058. 1/4 Ramps S Clemente G 9604. 5 Hamps Area G 937015. 138 Bde 139 Bde Ntr. 23 Armd Bde. 11 KR RC patroJ found buildings M 868976 occupied. All informed." II Corps reported the following tonight: "Front quiet this evening. 4 PVT taken, l from 3 Co, 1 from 4 Co and 2 from 8 Co all or 15 PGR all taken in vicinity S Pietro." * * CASERTA--DECEMBER ll, 1943-•General Clark left his command post by jeep at 0830 this morning with General H. H. Arnold, Commanding the Army Air Forces; Lt. Gen. Spaatz, Commanding the MAF; and Major General Cannon, Commanding the North African Tactical Air Force; Colonel McNally and Major Arnold, Genere.l Arnold's son. The party drove northwest on Route #6 through Capua to a point opposite Camino Ridge. Here they all climbed a small hill and watched the bursts of our artillery shells on the hills beyond Lungo. General Clark explained to the other Generals the operation which had resulted in the taking of the Camino-Maggiore hill mass, and he pointed out the depth of this mass which was not apparent from farther south. The party then got into three of the five jeeps making up the convoy and went ahead for about a mile. They then left the jeeps and walked several hundred yards farther toward the root of Mount Lunge. The nearer slopes of the hill were held by troops of the Italian Motorized Brigade while the Germans held the summit. As the party walked farther, two enemy shells whined over and burst to the right of the road. General Clark then led the party into an orchard to the west of the road where an American tank had been completely blown apart, apparently by a mine reinforced by several hundred pounds of TNT. The tank had been demo• lished, and bits of the bodies of the crew were scattered about. At this point the party was careful to go in single file to the tank and not stray about the orchard, as there were undoubtedly additional mines planted there. The party went forward along the road a little farther toward a demolished bridge. Here the engineers were seeking to complete a by-pass which would enable traffic, de• spite the shellfire, to press on down the road toward Lungo. / The party then returned to the vehicles and went back to the command post of the 36th Infantry Division, where they were met by the VI Corps Com11Rnder and the II Corps Cormnander. They had lunch as the guests of General Walker, Commanding the 36th Division. After lunch, General Clark, General Arnold, General Spaatz, General Cannon, Colonel McNally and Major Arnold got into six cub planes which had been ordered by General Clark to assemble for the purpose. General Clark returned to his command post, and the other officers went on other missions. In the afternoon, General Clark conferred at length with Major General Gruenther and also received a visit from Lt. Col. Nygaard and Colonel Frederick, Commandi.ng the Special Service Force. In the evening, General Clark entertained at dinner Mr. Laurence Packard, of the United Pres~, Mr. Matthews, of the New York Times, Mr. Whitehead, of Associated Press, and Lt. Col. Clark, Major French and Captain Beard,1ood of Fifth Army Public Relations Office. �CASERTA--DECEMBER 12, 1943-•This morning General Clark went by jeep to the Headquarters of the Special Service Force in an Italian barracks just north of Santa Maria. Here the General attended a memorial service for the men of the Special Service Force who had been killed in the Camino action between December Jrd and December 10th, numbering in all. The General spoke to the assembled officers and soldiers, saying that they had performed splendidly in their first attack under fire and that they would be called upon in the future for other equally difficult missions. He urged that they live up to the high standard set in their first attack. Returning to his command post, General Clark received Colonel Mickelwait and thereafter Brigadier Le Jeune of the British Army, Commanding the 66th Anti-Aircraft Brigade. He then received calls from General Larkin and General Pence, and he kept these two officers for lunch, together with Colonel Markee and Lt. Col. Nygaard. In the evening the General had a buffet supper and a showing of motion pictures at which he entertained Lt. Col. Wood, Commanding Officer of the 38th Evacuation Hospital, with five of his medical officers and six of his nurses, Brig. Gen. Brann, Lewis and Moran, Colonels Mi ckeiwait and Saltzman and other guests numbering 24 in all. · Today General Clark sent General Gruenther in one of his planes, piloted by Captain O'Neil, on a special mission to Algiers. Lt. Gen. Spaatz needed transportation to Bari, and General Clark sent him over in his other plane. General Clark today received the following letter from Lt. Gen. Mccreery, Commanding British 10 Corps: "I do want to congratulate you most heartily on your British honour of the K.B.E. We in 10 Corps will be particularly pleased and appreciative that you have received a British decoration, and one which you have so fully earned. I have already heard amongst my staff here, when they heard the news, many ex• pressions of spontaneous pleasure and approval. I know that we all feel that no Army staff could ever have been more helpful and cooperative. I am, therefore, very pleased also to hear of Al's C.B.E. All good wishes and the very best of luck." The General replied to the above today by the note quoted below: "Your note of December 10th has been received, and I want to tell you how much I appreciate your congratulations on my K.B.E., and the fine things you have said of my Fifth Army staff. "I am deeply touched by this award which has come to me, and also am very happy that Al has likewise received one. These awards mean to us that your country has been satisfied with the way we have conducted our relations with your Corps. "I want you to know how much I have appreciated your loyalty and the privilege it has been to have such splendid British troops under Fifth Army command." General Gruenther sent General Clark the following telegram from Algiers this evening: �"Arri~ed 16oO hours . Eisenhower returns late Monday morning. Smith and Rooks state that decision on SHINGLE nrust be made in about one week since craft must begin January 15th released." The Army Commander today dispatched a letter to all general officers in Fifth Army units exhorting them to greater efforts in instilling in the minds of the troops under their command an intense hatred for the Boche and an equally intense desire to put everything they have into the fight until the tyrannical Hun is forced into submission. Yesterday the Army Commander received the following cable from General Alexander: "I should be grateful if you would inform me of the date you will be in a position to release 10 Corps. Its early release is desirable for a variety of reasons which include the fact that some of its units are due to move to another theater and consequently various changes in organization between it and F.ighth Army will have to be made in the near future. 11 * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 13, 1943--Generals Truscott, Harmon and 0 1Daniel conferred with General Clark this morning concerning the possibilities of Operation SHINGLE . The General then received a call from Lt. Col. Darby of the Rangers, and the General announced to him his promotion to Colonel and pinned a pair of eagles on his shoulders . General Clark then received Colonel Yarborough of the 504th Parachute Battalion and commended him for his fine work in recent operations. The General then had a visit from Commander Butcher, General Eisenhower's aide and followed this with a conference with Maj . Gen. House of the XII Air Support Command. At luncheon the Army Commander entertained Generals Harmon, Truscott and 0 1Da.niel. In the afternoon General Clark received a visit from General Beucler and discussed with him the employment of the 2nd Moroccan Division in the coming operations. He entertained at dinner Generals Brann, Lewis and Colonel Saltzman. This afternoon General Clark received the following cable from General Gruenther who is still in Algiers: "Will return early Tuesday morning. ETA later. Had lunch with General Eisenhower today. News is with minor exceptions about as you had hoped." * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 14, 1943•-General Clark departed from his command post by cub plane, accompanied by Lt . Col. Sutherland, leaving at about 0915, and flew to the VI Corps landing field just north of Prata. Here, by previous arrangement, a jeep and motorcycle escort met the General, and he and his aide drove north to Montaquila where they conferred with General Dody, Commanding the 2nd Moroccan Division; General Poydenot, his Artillery Commander; and his Chief of Staff, Colonel DeBerchoux. General Dody explained the plan of �\ '] 0 maneuver of the 2nd Moroccan Division for the attack which was scheduled to start this evening. A maneuver force under the Divisional Infantry Commander, Colonel Cailles, was to execute a wide envelopment to the north from Scapoli, while direct pressure was to be exerted from the region of Colli down the highway which goes from Colli to Cardito. The mass of maneuver was to consist of five battalions, plus a force of Gowns, and they were to leave the region of Scapoli at dark and go by mountain trails across the Castelnuovo Ridge to a point north of Cardito and then descend on Cardito from the north. They were to be in position to make this attack at daylight. At the same time, a direct attack was to be made down the road leading from Colli to Cardito. General Clark commented that the conception of this mane~ver was striking and daring, but that the hills were high and the way was long, and there were, as reported by General Dody, two strong points occupied by Germans to reduce on the way. General Dody said that he realized the possibility of delay, but that he •ould do everything possible. General Clark then stated that he wished to go up and visit the command post of the 4th Moroccan Tirailleurs which was located at Scapoli. General Dody said that it was possible to go as far as Colli but that beyond that point the road was interdicted by enemy shellfire. General Clark stated that he would go up and take a look as far as Colli, and General Dody sent a French captain along as guide. The party crossed the river about two kilometers north of Colli and then went westward along the heights above the River Acquoso toward Soapoli. Just below the town, when_the car rounded a high shoulder, a shell whistled by and exploded beside the road. Shortly thereafter another shell exploded near the roadside. As there was direct German observation at this point, the French guide suggested that it would be well to leave the jeeps there and continue on foot. Accordingly, this was done, and the General with his party climbed up into the village of Scapoli where they found the command post of the 4th Moroccan Tirailleurs. General Clark discussed the proposed attack with Colonel Laparra, who stated that he was ready to go but that there might be some delay due to the difficult terrain. General Clark said that he was well aware of it and that he would bear the Division no grudge if the time schedule laid out could not be adhered to. The party then returned down the hill to their jeeps, following the instructions of the French military police to stick close to the sides of the buildings as there was some danger from shells. However, the cars were gained safely, and the party drove rapidly down the winding road back toward Colli. Two bursts occurred beside the road on the way down, but both cleared the General's car by some distance. On the way from Colli toward Venafro the General passed some troops of the 4th Moroccan Tabor and stopped to talk to the Major in command. The major told General Clark that the Tabor was to be attached to the 4th Moroccan Tirailleurs Regiment during the succeeding operations; that they lacked mules. As General Dody had told General Clark that mules were available, he was surprised at this news. However, the captain who had accompanied the General explained that although organic mules were still lacking, a separate muletier company was available to supply the Goumiers. General Clark drove on toward Venafro and stopped at a point just northeast of that town and conferred with the Chief of Staff of the 45th Division, Colonel Styron. The 45th had moved into a new command post at that point. Later General Eagles arrived, and General Clark discussed the proposed attack with him. Following this conference, the General proceeded on southeast to the command post of the VI Corps at Prata, where after a short conference with Colonel Galloway he re-entered his plane, with Colonel Sutherland in a second cub, and flew back to the command post, arriving at about 1600. On his return he met General Gruenther, who had come back from Algiers from an im• portant ·conference, and the General discussed at length with General Gruenther �l1l the future operations which were anticipated. * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 15, 1943--Early this morning General Clark was disappointed to learn that the French advance through the hills from the vicinity of Scapoli had only got as far as Monte Castelnuovo, due to the difficulty of operating in the dark, the rugged terrain and the heavy snow. Hence, the attack had not been able to get off at daylight against Cardito and was deferred until tomorrow. Heavy fighting is going on in the south, particularly before the village of San Pietro, to which the Germans stubbornly cling. General Clark today received a number . of visitors, including Major 9ribble, a commentator for the London News Chronicle; Bishop Betts of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, together with Colonel Roy H. Parker, Chief Chaplain, ET0USA; Major Deveaux, a chaplain detailed from the 93rd Division to accompany Bishop Betts on his tour, and the Fifth Army Chaplain, Lt. Col. Ryan. The General also received a call from General Caffey, Assistant Division Commander, 34th Division, and Major General DeMontsabert, Commanding the 3rd Algerian Division, who came with General Beucler. General DeMontsabert has just arrived in Italy, the first officer of his Division which is to make up the second division in the French Corps. The General entertained Generals Caffey and Brann for lunch. In the afternoon, General Clark went by cub plane to the 36th Division command post where he conferred with the Division Commander concerning the progress of the attack on that front, particularly the San Pietro situation. The General entertained Colonel Sullivan for dinner this evening. General Gruenther sent General Clark a note today which read as follows: "VI Corps reports that the French attack will not be able to get off until about noon tomorrow. "8th R.T.M. will not do a wide envelopment. "Additional time is required for regrouping." AFHQ cable #13880 arrived today and stated, in substance, that a previous practice of maintaining a 15% over strength in combat units in order to take up casualties must be eliminated. General Clark told Colonel Suthrlandthat this was in accordance with the War Department policy tending to reduce the size of infantry divisions. However, General Clark stated that the maintenance of replacement units was permitted, and these could be maintained so close to combat units that the replacements would be, in effect, as available as though the over strength was actually carried on the unit rosters. * * * CASERTA••DECEMBER 16, 1943•-General Clark left his command post at about 0915, accompanied by Lt. Col. Sutherland. He drove north along Route #6 to a point just south of the village of Mignano where a newly-made military track diverged to the right. The command post of the 1/~lst Infantry was reported to be on the westerly shoulder of Hill #689, and General Clark wanted to talk with the Acting �l( I( '-' l ), �P72 Regimental Commander, Lt. Col. Wyatt, to determine the facts of the attack on San Pietro during the previous night, which had been repulsed. The General's jeeps maae their way up the muddy track with considerable difficulty and finally stopped under the shoulder of Mount Rotonda at the beginning of the pass between that and Hill #689. Here the General met 1st Lt. Mazzeo, Commander of the Mortar Platoon of M Company, 141st Infantry. He directed Lt. Mazzeo to send for Colonel Wyatt who was commanding the regiment due to Colonel Wer• ) ner•s being wounded by anti-aircraft fire, and the General then went forward towards San Pietro on foot with Lt. Col. Sutherland and Lt. Mazzeo. As the General went up the draw between Rotonda and the mountain on the right, he be• gan to see small groups of men from the 2nd Battalion of the 141st and from L Company which had been attached to it in the attacks on San Pietro during the previous night. Many of the men were in foxholes with their arms ready. Twice the General stopped while wounded men were being taken to the rear, and he talked with 1st Sgt. Childers of L Company who had been knocked blind and deaf by a mortar shell but who had recovered his sight and hearing after about half an hour and was on his way back to his company. The General next talked to Lt. Lewis, Commander of L Company, and Lt. White, Commanding G Company. These officers had the survivors of their two companies in position at the edge of the flat ground extending between the saddle and San Pietro. They were collecting stragglers and trying to organize the position. They reported that the commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, Major Landry, and about 50 men were pinned to the ground several hundred yards ahead and were unable to get back to their position in daylight due to the heavy enemy fire. At this time the enemy was firing with machine pistols and mortars, and snipers were said to be in position to the right front. When the General approached Lieutenant White, he said, "Good morning Lieutenant. What troops are in front of' you?" Lieutenant White answered, "Sir, Germans!" Lt. Mazzeo pointed out, on the east and west road at the southern edge of San Pietro, three of the American tanks lost in the attack I of the evening before. The Lieutenant to whom he talked told him that the in• fantry attack had been launched at dusk and that the men had advanced up a small draw which runs north and then northeast acr-0ss the flats. They had, however, been received with heavy fire from San Pietro, had huddled together in the draw and waited until dayli~ht when the battalion commander had attempted to organize another attack on San Pietro. The enemy position, however, was so well prepared , that the men were very badly out up with small arms and mortar fire, and 50 \ were still out waiting for an opportunity to come back, including the battalion commander. One of the soldiers in a foxhole was Pvt. Gebhart of G Company of the 141st. He had on overshoes, and the General asked him how he liked them. Gebhart replied that they were a little heavy, but his shoes had worn out and he had been unable to get replacements as his shoes were 7D, and the Supply Sergeant didn't have any of that size in stock. General Clark said to Gebhart that if ~ there was a pair of 7D 1 s in Italy he would receive them at once, and on his return to the command post, General Clark procured a pair of shoes and the following morning sent them up to be delivered personally to Gebhart by his aide, Captain Thrasher. I f I \ Returning from these front-line positions, General Clark, with Lt. Col. Sutherland, walked back through the saddle where they met Lt. Col. Wyatt. Lt. Col. Wyatt explained the situation of the 141st Infantry, and General Clark told Colonel Wyatt, as he had told the soldiers with whom he had talked, that as we held Lungo Hill now, it was probable that the Germans would not be able to hang on in San Pietro much longer. The General then went on back to the aid station of the 141st and talked with the Regimental Surgeon, Captain Farley. Captain �113 Captain Farley said that up until that time he had cleared 100 casualties resulting from the attack launched the evening before on San Pietro. The General then had a quick lunch of K rations and drove on out to Route #6 and north several kilometers on that route to look at Lungo from its side. He then returned to the junction of the Presenzano road where he met Major General Walker, Brig. Gen. Wilbur and Lt. Col. Felgar, Commanding the 753rd Tank Battalion, whose A Company had made the attack on San Pietro the evening before with a total loss of 12 out of 16 tanks. The General encouraged Colonel Felgar by telling him not to worry about losing some tanks. The great point was that he had made the effort to take the village, and he reported that at least one German command post had be~n put to rout by a tahk before the tank itself was destroyed. The General stated that plenty of tank replacements were available and that he hoped that the Colonel would continue his aggressive efforts. The General then returned to his command post where he conferred at length with General Gruenther, ~is Chief of Staff, about future operations. In the evening there arrived General Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir Harold Alexander, Commanding 15th Army Group, Lt. Col. Boyle, who was accompanying General Brooke, and Captain Clark, General Alexander's aide. General Clark entertained these five officers for dinner and discussed with them the progress of operations in Italy. Today Operations Instruction #12 was issued to cover Phase III of Operations Instruction #11, with certain changes. The 10 Corps mission was ' stated in OI #12 as protection of the left flank of II Corps by occupying an objective consisting of an area about four kilometers in diameter surrounding Monte Cedro which lies about six kilometers northwest of Mignano and immediately south of the railway. When the II Corps shall have sufficiently advanced so as to permit bridging materials to be brought up, the 10 Corps is to force a crossing of the Liri and occupy a bridgehead in the vicinity of San Ambrogio. II Corps to capture Mount Porchia and Mount Trocchio, each of which are hill masses to the south of Route #6 which lie between Mount Lungo and Cassino. II Corps is to secure a bridgehead over the river Rapido and then employ the maximum amount of armor passed through the bridgehead and drive northwest through the Liri Valley to the Melfa River. For this purpose, the 1st Armored Division is attached to II Corps but will not be employed until authorized by Army order. VI Corps will continue the attack to begin on 15 December and seize the high ground northwest of Cassino. The exact time for this entire operation would be issued in a sepa• rate instruction from Army. In this connection, General Clark told Colonel Sutherland that he proposed very shortly to put the 3rd Division, which is now resting, back to occupy Lungo and to be prepared to advance to the west under II Corps. The situation reports at the close of the day showed that although the attack by the 141st Infantry on San Pietro had not succeeded, the 142nd and the Italian Motorized Brigade had taken Lungo, and the 143rd Infantry was approaching the occupation of Sammucro. In view of this, General Clark felt that San Pietro would shortly be untenable by the Germans. General Clark entertained for dinner Gen~rals Brooke and Alexander, Colonel Boyle and Captain Clark. * * * CASERTA-•DECEMBER 17, 1943•-In the morning General Clark received a call from Major General Keyes, Commanding the II Corps, and General Brann, his G-3. He �. discussed with these officers the future operations to be conducted pursuant to Operations Instruction #12, and he also pointed out to General Keyes his specific wishes on several points. He stated that the Plow Force under Colonel \ Frederick should hereafter be employed as a whole when it was turned over to I II Corps. It should not be split up and part of its components be kept in Corps or Divisional reserves. General Clark also told General Keyes that he would have to make a special effort to maintain easy relations with General Mccreery, Commanding 10 Corps. Any small differences which might arise were to' be ironed out between the Commanders concerned and adjusted in a spirit of \ mutual tolerance and not be brought to the Army Commander for settlement. General Clark also pointed out to General Keyes the condition of the 2nd Battalion of the 141st Infantry, which General Clark had visited yesterday - dis- · organized, with the battalion commander pinned down in front with 50 men and unable to exercise control over his battalion while a couple of lieutenants were seek• ing to rally stragglers and organize the ground to resist counterattacks. General Clark pointed out that the condition in the area occupied by the 141st in front of San Pietro should be improved at once and that active patrolling should be instituted in the area. In the afternoon, General Clark received a call from General Juin and Brigadier General Beucler. General Juin said that he wished to pass to General Clark the renewed request by General Giraud that General Clark withdraw his expressed opposition to the dispatch of General Brosset•s Division to Italy. General Juin explained that as the Division was partly Free French, the Free French were anxious to get it in action. General Clark stated that he had no objection at all to the Brosset Division on any grounds except that it was equipped partly with American and partly with British materiel, but his supply situation was already very complex, due to' the several nationalities with varying arms on his front, and he could not very well accept a Division of mixed equipment. General Clark further said that the 4th Moroccan Division, especially trained in mountain warfare, was obviously the next Division needed. General Juin said thAt he personally agreed with these observations and would faithfully convey them to General Giraud. He further stated that in his estimation the first thing to do was to send the 4th Moroccan Division and then to re-equip the Brosset Division, if necessary using arms from some other French Division, and then finally to send it as the next Division after the 4th. General Juin departed, and Captain Andre Maurois, with General Beucler, con• ferred with General Clark for some time. Captain Maurois, the well known French author, is visiting the American Army for a few dAys but is then shortly leaving for the United States. At the close of the afternoon the tactical situation at San Pietro had \ cleared up. It was reported to General Clark that a battalion of the 143rd In- ) fantry had progressed around to the northwest side of Samrnucro and that the Germans in San Pietro had withdrawn, they then being .caught in the jaws of Sammucro / and Lungo. Thus, San Pietro had fallen. . / General Clark entertained General Alexander, General Brooke, Lieutenant Colonel Boyle and Captain Clark, General Alexander's aide, for a drink before dinner. General Alexander concurred in the release of a dispatch of congratula• tions sent to General Dapino by General Clerk, and, accordingly, General Clark sent the following message: "I desire to congratulate the officers and men of your command on the success achieved in their attack on critical terrain features yesterday. This action demonstrates a determination on the part of Italian sol- �diers to free their count ry from German dom ination, which may well serve as an example to the oppressed peoples of Europe." The following confirmation of General Alexander's consent was received in t he m orning: "Release of congratulatory message referred to i n your 5728 approved." General Clark also discussed with General Alexander the question of release to the press of the fact that the French were now f i ghting in the line with the Fifth Army. General A lexander stated that as t he French were so close to the Eighth Army line it would be best to state th~t they w ere fighting against the Germans under the 15th Army Group. General Clark subsequently told his aide that he considered this a m stake in policy, as the 2nd M i oroccan Division had been under the Fifth Army for many months. The following day the press announced that the 2nd Moroccan had entered the li~e under the Fifth Army, although this was not done by General Clark's direction. General Eisenhower, however, approved this release. ' ·· OJ-M-: * t9-c..c.. 30 .., i( - - - - - - - - - CASERTA--DECEMBER 18, 1943---General Clark this morning left by cub plane for Pomigliano airfield where he met General Eisenhower, General Smith, Commander Butcher and Lt. Col. Lee, General Eisenhower'E aide, who arrived by plane from Algiers. General Clark drove with General Eisenhower to the villa which Gener l ·Ridgway had occupied in Naples and spent several hours conferring ~ith Genera Eisenhower about future operations. As a result of a conversation held the evening before with General Alexander, Genersl Clark sent the following cable today to General Alexander: "I reluctantly recoliiJllend cancellation of Operation SHII-lxLE in early January. The limiting date of January 15 which has been set for return of craft makes it impracticable to launch this operation due to the fact that the remainder of the Fifth Army will not be in proper position to support it. By adhering to date of January 15 for release of craft, Operation SHINGLE would if executed be based on an arbitrary date rather than on t he tactical situation. It is absolutely essential that I employ the 3rd Division, my only fresh infantry div1sion, immediately together with 36th Division in order to attempt a break through in the Mignano area. I can not afford to release it now for amphibious training and planning as would be required if SHINGLE is launched by January 10. I will continue planning SHINGLE Operation in the hope that craft can be made available at a later date when it will be possible to execute this operation properly, · coordinated and supported by the remainder of the Fifth Army. I urgently request that every effort be made to secure necessary craft to mount this operation at a later date." Message #7280 , to cr,rc , AFHQ dated December 8th , referred to above , is as follows: "Agree that 15 d1>ys ' preparation re1uired in edvance of SHIHGLE landing. In order to coordinate my attack with that of Eighth Army, 15th Army Group directed that my prihcipal attack be n:ade Pbout December 12th. It is not now possible to give estimate of date when final decision as to SHINGLE can be taken for that Operation is intimately tied in with the operations of the rest of the Fifth Army. The main body of Fifth Army must be in position to support SHINGLE , otherwise , the latter may be defeated before land Rssistance can reach it . I hope to be in the Arce-1''rosinone area before launching SHINGLE where .!'ln all out attack by main body Fift h Army will be rm.de in conjunction with the nmphibious envelopment. I am most eager to mount this operation at the earliest possible date . Rate of advance of Fifth Army dependent on factors , many of m ich this Army in no way contr ols including progress of Eighth Arm.y, weather nnd its effect on the Ca.ssino-Pontecorvo Vall ey 11nd ability of enemy to reinforce his front . I hope to be in a better position~ sti!~lte the date of SHINGLE in about a week . In the mee.ntime , planning will oo~ta;i t ~ll steam ahead . 11 �General Clark stated to his aide that he considered this to be a most important message, as the deferring of Operation SHINGLE and the employment of all available means for a break-through toward Rome up Route #6 was a tactical decision of the first order • . General Clark returned from his conference, accompanied by General Eisenhower and had a further discussion with General Bedell Smith and General Gruenther in General Clark's van. General Eisenhower then left for dinner, and General Clark sent for Colonel Howard, his G-2, and Lt. Col. Sutherland, his senior aide, to come to his van. He said that the matters previously discussed by General Gruenther with General Eisenhower in Algiers had now definitely been decided on. The radio today had announced in a broadcast that General Eisenhower was to command the European Theater of Operations and that General Alexander was to replace General Eisenhower as Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean. General Clark told his two officers that he had been selected to command an Army invading France from the south. Planning for this was to start at once, but General Clark would continue in his present operations until about February 1st, making every effort to take Rome in that period. On his landing in France, General Clark was to again come under the command of General Eisenhower in the European Theater. The General poured a drink for Colonel Howard, Lt. Col. Sutherland and himself and, with his two staff officers, drank a toast to the success of the invasion of France. General Clark entertained at dinner Colonel Tate, Colonel Saltzman and Major Walker, his cub pilot. Today Gen€ral Clark signed the Distinguished Service Medal tionally meritorious service as Brigade during both the Italian an indorsement recommending the award of to Maj. Gen. John A. Crane for his excep-Commanding General of the 13th Field Artillery and Sicilian campaigns. General Clark today received a note of gratitude for his message of congratulations to General Dapino, Commander of the 1st Italian Motorized Group, upon their fine work in recent action on the Lungo feature. * CASERTA-•DECE~BER 19, 1943--General Clark left his command post at 0830 with General Eisenhower, General Eedell Smith and Lt. Col. Sutherland. The party drove to Headquarters II Corps where General Keyes was awaiting them and explained the situation jn the II Corps sector. Major Generals Truscott and Harmon were also at this point. The party left Headquarters II Corps at 1000 and drove north to the intersection of the Presenzano road where General Walker, Commanding the 36th Division, was waiting. General f.alker took the party fon,ard on Route #6 several kilometers where a stop was made at the nearest point to the Headquarters of Genere.1 Dapino, Commanding the Italian Motorized Brigade. General Dapino met the party at that point, and Generals Eisenhower and Clark congretulated him on the showing of his troops in the J second attack on lunge, and General Dapino stated that the only desire of the Italian Motorized Brigade was to carry out the mifsions entrusted to it. The party then proceeded still farther out Route #6. A little past Mignano General Clark directed that all but two jeeps be left behind, and with these he and the visiting Generals went forward around the loop on Route #6 at Rotondo. Here a good view of the San Pietro positions and of the road lead- 1 �ing through the valley towards Cassino was obtained. The party returned to 36th Division Headquarters for lunch and then drove along the road past Presenzano and through Venafro out to tte Headquarters of the 45th Division which was a few kilometers northeast of Venafro. Here General Lucas, General Eagles, General Crane, General Dody and other officers were presented to General Eisenhower. After tha.t, the party went on to the 17th Field Artillery cub field between 45th Division CP and Montaquila, from which they took off at about 1415 and returned to Caserta by cub. In the evening General Clark entertained at dinner General Eisenhower, Gener~l Smith, Commander Butcher, Lt. Col. Lee, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt, Captain Briggs, WAC, and Mrs. Surnmersby. CASERTA--DECEMBER 20, 1943--General Clark devoted the morning to a series of conferences and the disposition of many admini.strative matters. He received a call from Lt. Col. Whitaker of PWB who had been ill and had been ordered back to the United States; Colonel Markoe and Lt. Col. Nygaard of AMGOT; Colonel Mickelwait, Fifth Army Judge Advocate; Brigadier Lush .who has replaced Major General Lord Rennell as Civil Affairs Officer, 15th Army Group; and Lt. Uol. Gerry who will take Colonel Hume's place if Colonel Hu.me temporarily moves away. At 10.30 the General left by cub pls.ne for Sorrento for a brief visit to the Fifth Army Officers' Rest Center. In the afternoon General Gruenther, on General Clark's behalf, entertained the visiting Brazilian delegation at a reception in the General's hut. The following guests were present: Maj. Gen. De Morais, Brig. G~n. Dos Sartos, Lt. Col. De Queiroz, Maj. Senna Campos, Capt. Para, Lt. Col. Marques Porto, Lt. Col. Sebastiao, Maj. Moraes, Maj. Luix Gomes, Senor Barette, Naj. Gen. Ord, Capt. Walters, Col. Higgins, Maj. Potts, Brig. Gen. Lewis, Brig. Gen. Brann, Colonel Williams, Colonel Howard, Colonel Saltzman, Colonel Tate, Colonel Bertholf. General Clark hed with him at Sorrento five of his classmates from West Point with whom he had dinner. They were Colonel Sullivan, F'ifth Army Quarter~aster; Maj. Gen. Harmon, Commanding General, 1st Armored Division; Colonel Tully, Assistant to General Grey, Director of Allied Military Reilway Service; Colonel Markee and Lt. Col. Nygaard, both of AMGOT. The Army Commander today di ~patched the following cable to General Alexander: 11 Based on present situation on this front and on plans for future operations I recommend that 10 Corps remain with Fifth Army. I further recommend that this Corps be strengthened by one additional infantry division preferably 1st Infantry Division British." The following reply to the above wus received from General Alexander: "Regret it is quite in:possible for you to have 1st Division which has already concentrated and is committed to a role under Eighth Army. "As regards 10 Co1·ps it must be realized that their two divisions have been fighting continuously since the Salerno landing and must be withdrawn at an early date for rest, reorganization and training. Another serious aspect as regards 10 Corps is their weakness in replacements which is causing me serious concern." �The Army Commander dispatched the following Christmas message to his troops: "To an army in combat overseas, it is inevitable that Christmas is a very different occasion from the accustomed festival at home. We are deprived of the special happiness and inspiration l>hfoh are found each year in the reunions of beloved families and friends during the holiday season. The loss of this phase of the great annual institution is part of the price paid for war. "Nevertheless, du.ring Chri.stma.s in the field we may derive encouragement and spiritual comfort in realizing that the principles, virtues and values which Christmas symbolizes still stand unshaken s.nd that the preservation of freedom to cultivate them is the eseence of our war aim. "This Christmas of 1943 is in many ways the brightest one for us all since the beginning of the war. It marks the end of' a year in which con• sistent progress has been made on land, on sea and in the air in the process of closing in on our determined but gradually weakening foe. W are e determined that this process shall continue with such acceleration and crushing force that once victory is achieved there will be no more Christmases spent in overseas combat. "It is my sincere hope that despite the circumstances of war each member of the Fifth Army will be able to feel the presence of Christm~s and, inspired by the righteousness of our cause and the unity of this Allied team, will know that with God's help we shall make 1944 a decisively vie• torious year." * * CASERTA--DECEW3IB 21, 1943... ..Qeneral Clark spent the day at leisure in Sorrento. He found out today that people from the Fifth Army Officers' Rest Center ~ere finding some opposition from the Air Corps Officers in Capri to making visits to that island. The hir Corps appeared to take the at• titude that they were primarily in charge of the entire place and that it was largely reserved for Air Corps people. General Clark telephoned to General Gruenther about this situation, and General Gruenther arranged for a group of peopl& from the Rest Center to make a trip to the island the following day. General Clark, however, determined to correct the situation on a long term basis. AFHQ cabled 15th Army Group yesterday stating that apparently Oper~tion SHINGLE was cancelled and inquiring as to 11Jhether or not a modified amphibious operation on basis of craft avail&ble ~fter 15 January was under con• sideration. RN 6790. The reply of General Alexander, RN 318, is quoted below: "There is now no possibility of mounting Operation .SHINGLE by 15 January. It is confirmed theta modified amphibious operation after that date is still under consideration. Detailed aspect is being studied here, end proposal will be sent to you as soon as possible." �l 79 CASERTA--DECEMBIB 22, 1943--General Clark spent the day at his van in administrative work and holding conferences. At 0900 he met Admiral Lowry and Captain lewis of the Navy and discussed amphibious operations. At 0930 he received Brig. Gen. C. W. Wickersham Jr., Head of the School of Milita1'y Government at Charlottaville, Virginia. He then received General Hughes, Deputy Theater Commander. In the evening he received for dinner Maj. Gen. Mascarenhas and Brig. Gen. A.nor of the Brazilian Army, Major Gen. Ord of the United States Army, accompanying the Brazilian Mission, Colonel Higgins, Chief of the Liaison Section, AFHQ, and Captain Walters, an American officer accompanying the Brazilian officerso After dinner he received a call from Maj. Gen. Bedell Smith who conferred for some time with the Army Commander concerning future arrange~ents. In conversation with his Chief of Staff and Lt. Col. Sutherland, General Clark today remarked that he felt that the recent operations by II Corps had not been conducted with adequate energy or with the requisite completeness of planning to br:i ng about successful results. General Clark said that he had been thinking about the initiation of Phase #3, as described in Operations I nstruction #12 -and had decided to defer it until the 29th of December when the 34th Divtsion should have finished its rest period and could re-enter the line. He emphasized the fact that there was no use attempting operations until complete preparations had been made, and he considered that until the 34th was rested and ready it would not be appropriate to launch the 3rd Phase. The following message was recei.ved from Gent•ral Montgomery today: wi'\ould . like to fly over tomorrow 23 December to discuss situation and learn your plans. Will arrive Naples airfield 1000 hours in my 0-47. Could you meet me there or send your Chief of Staff. We could talk in my plane and then I will return here . Will signal you early if weather prevents flying. What is weather forecast your side?" General Clark replied to the above as follows: "I am tied up with General Eisenhower tomorrow on a visit to forward units. Hence cannot meet you. 'I.leather on this side unfavorable for tomorrow. Am anxious to talk with you. Please make it Friday, same time and place." General Montgomery's reply to the above is quoted below: "Note that you. are busy tomorrow. Will come over Friday 24 December arriving 1000 hours." -l( * CASERTA--DECEMEER 23, 1943--This m orning at 0810 General Clark received the remainder of the Brazilian Mission who had not bt en received last even:lng. General Clark gave to the Mission a set of photographs of the dinner party last evening and a Beretta pistol to be given to each of the Generals on his behalf, and he w presented in return with a Brazilian flag. Ee told them as that it was a chief desire of his to see the Generals return at the head of a Brazilian force. ��At 0830 General Clark left by automobile to go to 10 Corps, accompanied by General Eisenhower. They were guided by Captain Lampson. On their arrival at 10 Corps they Vrere greeted by General McCreary. They then went to the CP of the 56th Division near which they were able to have a good view of the Garigliano Valley. The party returned to the General's Command Post at 1245, where General Clark entertained General Eisenhower for lunch. On this journey General Clark and General Eisenho,,er had discussed General Clark's recent experiences at Sorrento where he had found it very difficult to get Air Corps cooperation in receiving Fifth Army personnel on Capri. The Air Corps seemed to have adopted the i dea that they were given the entire island for their domain. General Clark mentioned this to General Eisenhower who said that he disagreed entirely with this attitude, and General Eisenhower then dispatched a message to General Spaatz directing that this condition be rectified at once. General Clark entertained the following guests for dinner: Generals Eisenhower, 3mith, Commander Butcher, Lt. Col. Lee, Mrs. Summersby, Captain Briggs, WAC, Colonel Howard, Lt. Col. Smith. The following cable was received from General Spaatz with regard to the Air Corps situation at the Isle of Capri: "Apparently I have been misinformed as to arrangements made :i.n full conference with all concerned. I have issued instructions that Officer in charge will report to G-1 of Fifth Army immediately and straighten out this matter." * * CtSERTA-~DECEMBER 24, 1943--At 0830 General Clark received the Operations Division officers observers vho were arriving for a two months' tour of duty in the Fifth Army. General Clark spoke a few words to these officers, welcoming them to the Fifth Army, saying that they could be of great use to the units and staff sections to which they might be attached. During the morning General Lucas, General Truscott and Colonel Keiser arrived for a conference and remained for lunch. After lunch General Keyes arrived, and General Clark discussed with him, General Brann and Colonel Tate, the future operations of the II Corps. General Clark caused to be distributed to each enlisted person in his section a carton of cigarettes with a letter expressing his appreciation for the good work each had done. General Clark and General Gruenther, accompanied by Captain Lampson then went to the Municipal Theater in Ceserta, where they attended a concert and reception given by the Royal Artillery Eand, to which they had l•een invited by General Mccreery, Commanding 10 Corps. Returning to the command post, General Clark then entertained with eggnogg in his hut the chief of all his staff sections and in addition, General House and General Rutledge. The hut had been decorated with a Christmas tree, and all General Cl~rk 1 s Christmas cards had been pinned up by Pvt. Horne, WlC. When this party broke up, General Clark kept Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Porter and Lieutenant Bajenow for dinner. General Clark, General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Lt. Col. Sutherland then went down to the palace at Caserta, where they stopped at the NCO Club and the Red Cross for a short time. Both places ~ere crowded with men and women of the various branches of the armed service who were having a celebration of the holiday although so far from their homes. �At midnight General Clark, Gener~l Gruenther, Lt. Col. Sutherland, Lt. Colonel forter, Mr. McElligott and other staff officers attended midnight mass at the Royal Chapel in the Palace. The chapel was crowded to the le.st square inch with officers, soldiers, nurses and other members of the forces, and a choir, which had been practising for some days, sang Christmas carols while Lt. Col. Ryan, the Army Chaplain, conducted mass. At the close of the service, General Clark spoke briefly, expressing the thoughts of everya one concerning homes and families so far away and the soldier's duty to complete M.s task before returning to them. The General then said that it was his privilege to recognize the fine work the Army Chaplain had been doing by surprising him with the announcement that he had just been promoted to Colonel. General Clark pinned a new set of eagles on Chaplain Ryan's shoulders, to the pleasure of everyone present. The General's party then returned to the command post, where they were surprised a few minutes later by the choir which came and sang a few more carols before finally separating for the night. General Clark today wrote a letter to the Commander-in-Chief regarding the possibility of using airborne troops in future operations and urging the retention of the 504th Parachute Regiment from the 82nd Airborne Division in the Fifth Army. The Army Commander also today wrote a Jetter to Gen. Rooks, AFHQ G-3, with regard to training for future operations, stressing the point that he felt that the first 48 hours after a landing is so critical a period and the actual debarkat:1.on and amphi.bious plans a.re so closely correlated, that they must be worked out both by ground and navy co!J'manders. It couild not possibly be delegated entirely to Naval control. The Army commander actually has the paramount interest. However, the General indicated the.t he .would be willing in the next operation to hav'3 the Navy handle the amphibious training center while the Army runs the invasion or assault training center. * * * CASERTA--DECEMBER 25, 1943--CHRISTMAS DAY--General Clark arose a~ UoL,, had breakfast and left his command post a few minutes after 0700, proceeding t~ the parade ground adjoining the Palace at Caserta. Here a ceremony was held, at wh:i.ch ·14 officers and enlisted men were decorated ahd promoted. The General spoke briefly, stating that it was his privilege to award these decorations and p1~motions to men who had won them in the hard test of war. Following this ceremony the General went to the airfield, got into his cub, accompanied by Lt. Col. Sutherls.nd and Captain Jonas, AGC, and then flew to the 17th FA field just northeast of Venafro where the VI Corps Commander and a number of other general and other officers were assembled. At this point General Clark decorated and promoted 87 more officers and men and made a few appropriate remarks to the assembly. Following this ceremony, General Clark departed for a short visit to General Dody's Head.quarters where he extended the season's greetings to the French troops under his command. The General then toured the area of the VI Corps, visiting the CP's of the 157th, 179th and 180th regiments. At the CP of the 180th he surprised Lt. Col. Dulaney by announcing to him his promotion to Colonel and handing �him his eagles. He had lunch with the 1st Battalion of the 157th Infantry. Here, the Army Commander gave out to the men several gifts and some cigarettes which had been sent to him from people in the United States for distribution to soldiers s.t the front. General Clark then spent until 1415 touring the II Corps units in the afternoon. He then got in his Cub and flew to the II Corps field where he decorated and promoted 67 more officers and men. Following the II Corps ceremony, the General departed by jeep for the 8th Evacuation Hospital where he was met by Colonel McKean, Commanding the Hospital, and where he visited and talked to many wounded officers and men. There were in the hospital many American and Canadian soldiers from the Special Service Force, who had just been wounded in the high hills northeast of San Pietro. The Army Comniander, accompanied by Lt. Col. Sutherland and Lt. Col. Clark, who had joined the party at II Corps, then journeyed to Headquarters 10 Corps where they were entertained at tea by General Mccreery and his staff officers. After a pleasant visit at General McCreery's Headquarters, the party returned to Caserta, arriving shortly before 1800. General Clark had spent the entire day in visiting different units, and it llas interesting to see in what good heart everybody was ancl how the General's greetings were returned with genuine smiles. The General entertained at dinner the following guests: General Brann, Colonel Tate, Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Porter and a few other guests numbering fifteen in all. Today General Clark received the following note from General Dapino: "General Dapino wishes to extend the best Christmas wishes from himself, officers and men of lst Italian Motorized Group to you, your officers and men while we are working together for victory. 11 General Clerk also received today a note from General Dapino transmitting to General Clark the season's greetings from the Prince of Piedmont. From Alexander to Clark. RN 1135. "High level conference just finished ' at which following decisions were made firm: A strengthened SHINGLE is to I take place during last week of January. 88 LSTS llill be made available which 1 will allow us to mount an amphibious operation of two divisions plus. If you 1 decide to put out two U.S. Divisions I will replace them by transferring two divisions from Eighth Army to your 10 Corps. I return to my Headquarters tomorrow, Sunday, and will core to you on Monday. ETA later. Start straightaway on your planning." General Clerk today cabled General Montgomery the following cancer:~ appointment to command the Fri ti sh Army Group in OVEFl,ORD: his "Congratulations to you on your well merited new appointment. wishes for a continuation in 1944 of your past succE;sses. \ . . cnj ell.#') o9-i~"~ ., - If.~ J.J '"" -\i ""~ G ... .. Best -- I C �r �l83 General Clark dispatched a letter todl".y to Gener"l Alexnnder in which he indicated his jntention to relieve the 1st Italian Potorized Group from II Corps and place it in Army reserve, not to be re-emrloycd until it is completely rehabilitP..ted and then only on very secondl"lry or tertiriry roles . * * * CASERTA --DECF.fi'BER ?6, 1943--GenerPl Clark srent the day in administrative m~tters. At 0900 Colonel Howard called on GenerPl ClFrk. At 0930 Generals Gruenth~r and Rrann had a conference wj th Gener::il Clark in his v, n to c is cuss pendjng o-rerations. At 1130 Colonel Mickelwl"it hA.d rn arrointment to c.frcuss sever1:1l cr>ses . Generfll Roosevelt ~torred in to pe.y his respects to the Army Comri1rinder around noon. At 1700 Colonel 'Robinson brought Brigadier Gcnorn.l To,mscnd, Cor.r.i.l"'nd,ng Generrl of the 34th ~AA Brigade, locr,ted in Sicily, to see General Clark. At 1715 Colonel Niblo brought Brigricier GenerAl Gordon M . Wells, Head of manufacturing c'esign for the Ordnnnce Department, Washington, D. C., and Colonel Crawford, OrdnFnce Cfficer, AFHQ, to see GenerRl Clark. At nbout 1800, the Army Cor11mPnder went to the conference hut, tl:'king ,; ith him some business rPpers, for study. Gener"l Gruenth~r joined him, Ppd they had dinner together r>nd roturnecl to the hut for furth'9r discussion. Today Gene::-cr>l Cl['rk disp.'."'tched a l~tter to Gener"l Eisenhower recor.inendj_ng the rromotion of Colonels J,•artin, Keiser, Hume, Bowman, Sullivan and Hovrord to the grPde of Brigadier General as P reword :or th9ir outstnnding servjces performed in a superior manner . The Army Comm::;nder Plso oj spntched c1nother note to GenerPl Eisenho"·er in which he reco~nended that the Fi~th Arri1y be u.~ed for OperAtion A~lVIL and thRt the Headquarters Sevnnth ~rmy come to Italy soon to rrepare to take over orerations there from Hearlquarters Fifth Army. The Car.unending G,,.,ner.81 also wrote tod~\Y'" to rraj. Gen. Gregory, Quarterm"' ster General, cornnenting to him on the fine worJ:- P ccomrli1cheo by the ')urirtermDster S0rvice in operations in Itf1ly and citing the fine work of Colonel Sullivan, Fiftr Army Quartermaster . * * * CASERTA--DECEUBER 27, 1943--At 0900 Gcnerr ls Grnenthcr am• Br11nn cr>me to Gener" 1 Clark's van to discuss future operritions in view of the iJ"'!pending arrival of General Alexander. At 1030 General r~ccreery called on Gen~ral Clf'rk to discuss the 10 Corps situntion. The Army G-4 came for luncheon and discussed v·i th Genorc1l Clark and General Gruenthcr the logistical problems involved in future operations. Gener:il Alexenr'er arrived at the CPTC's C<'1.mp shortly after noon, "nd at 111-30 he came to the recreation hut where he conferred with GenerPl Cl~rk, General Richt1rdson, Genernl Robertson and Gencr~l Gruenther. At this conference he gnve further details of the news conta.ined in his messrge of ChristwFs Day (Quoted in the diary under date of December 25, 1943) . He stated tbPt a Britfah Divisfon was to take rart in Operation SHPJGLE because of the fact tht1t i.t vm s a somewhat hazardous venture and heavy casualties mii::;ht be exy,ected. For this reason it was rlesired thPt the casualties be shared by British Pnd A"'lericPn Divisions lest undesirable reactions occur at home . 10 Corps v,ould not be withdrawn from Fifth Army as had been previously discussec rt o-ri.e t j me, but, on the contrary, the ��British 5th Division would be added to it. Oneration SFPfGLE 'rould be conducted, under tPe connand of the VI Corps Comm8nder and stnff, by the 3rd U.S. Division and the 1st British Division and the necessary corps troops. General Clark stPted thPt he vras enthusiastic for the project and would see that planning vms thoroughly and energetically carried out. At this conference nothinP' wa.s sRid by General Alexander or rrnyone else to suggest thrit the crPft mentioned in Cable RN 1135 of Christmas Day (Quoted in the diGry for December 25th) would only be PVPilable \Or a short time or tPPt no re-suprly, reinforcel"lent or other builn up would be Pvrilable. General .Ale:mnrer then left tho conference vii th Generals Richnrdson and Robertson. Gen~ral Clark called a staff meeting at hi~ hut rit 1630. This meeting ,nas attended by Colonel Bertholf, Colonel Hovrard, Generr-il Brrnn, Colonel Tate, GenerRl Le'lis, Genernl r~oran, Colonel 3ullivrm, Colonel 17illiams, Colonel Paxson, Captain LeTiis, Colonel Darcey, BrigPdier Richcirdson, Lt. Col. Br~tton, Colonel Jones. At tris gathering a number of 8dr1inistrRtive rrobJems affecting the various staff sections of the Fi~th Army ~ere discussed. GenerPl ClPrk and General Grw=mther hi:i.d dinner with General Alexrmder at the Commander-inChief' scamp. The following cable vms received today from .A.FH1: RN 19635. "Planning to leave Algiers Pbout 1?00 hours ?7 December are M. Le Troriuer and General Giraud, accompanied by five French officers r-nd Lt. Col. Dostert, AFHQ LiPison travelling in General Giraud's private plane. farty Rrriving N'aples Carodichino BTA 1700 hours.n Personal for Clark from T'ontgomery. RN 28?, referring to General Cl~·rk 1 s 1'f,Pny thanks indeed for your conI \"ish your Army fl'Mt success in the coming year. 11 //7g99 quoted in the diary of December ::>5th. gratulations and good wishes. Fallo ing rre three imrortant cables dispctched today: From Richardson to Eighth Army ACTION for Chir f of Staff nnd 15th Army Group inf'ormation and FLA.FIDO for Generel Robertson information, with a copy for Fifth Army. R·r 8047. 11 0rder Cor.i:1rmrler 1st Division together \'lith sw1-ll rlanning staff for amphibious operation to report Commanding General Fifth Army immediately. This Division will come under co:rimand Fifth Arny shortly. 11 Frepare to send 5th Division to cor1e under corn,;and Fifth Army enrlfost. It should be operationPl in Fifth Army are;, within fourteen dn.ys. Corrnander Fifth Division should report to Fifth .Army as soon es you crn sprire r. in. ?.love of this division to be arraneed between you and Fifth Army. 11 I return 15th Army Group tomorrow morning.", Five Army to 15th Army Group ACTIOIJ for DCS and FLAr1BO informrtion for General Rob"'!rtson from Richl'lrdson. RN 8048. 11 Fifth Army will rrobably require two comrnandos and all possible LOT now with Eighth Army. One British Beach Group will be needed and shonld be essernbled now . in m·ples area.• ~,.i Heachm1rters 15th .Army Grour uill move er,rliest to Naples arer> not Casertn. Send Reece rarty to report FLA.IBO irinedir-itely. Fence will be t:re ::,uthority for allottini:s accornriodation. Re uirernents ::-re similar to those now occur,ied by us 11 �and should be clenr of N8ples itself . Inform TAF of Gen~re.1 Alexander ' s decision and pet the Air f1arshal to send Reece prty rtlso . n For Eisenhower fror, Alexander, information Fifth Arny. RU 8049. "I hnve just discussed ;-iith Clark his plan for SHHYGIE on the assumption thPt the craft are bdng retrtined . I ar, giving him tro British Divisions from Eighth Army, one for SH:ITGLE and one to reinforce 10 Corps. I am most r-nxious thnt \7e retain for this operation the RCT of 8?nd Airborne Division no'7 with us and Pm continuing nll"n.'1inr; on this brisis . I '1ould be very p;rat~ful for your assistance in this matter . n * * * CASE.i~TA --DECBIIBER 28 , 1943--At 0800 Lt . Col. Bruce of the H~dical Corps called upon Gencrnl Clnrk , "rho vas troubled by a sev~re cold . At 0830 M Le Troquer , . CoMr,issaire de la Defense Netionale, Genernl Girnud, Gl"\nerrl Juin and severl"l other '!.'rench officers called upon G"neral Clark to ray their respects . At 0930 GenerRl Clrrk, on Lt . Col. Bruce I s in"istence, le-:t the l"rcr-i ~:ind went to the 36th General 1-rospjtn.l rrhere he h:od decided to st:-,y for a day or tvJO in order to clen.r up his cold . Gen~ral Grmmther beld a con:F'erence with the French officers in the conference hut in th~ absence of G~n~ral Clark. Gene ral Gruenther cntertcJned Gen,':)rl"ls LUCP"' , __::8gles, Wilbur F.nd Major Renne at luncheon. The followinr- cable v:?s ~cnt to Gr-m,,,rr>l T'ise11ho'"ler today by Gem•rql Clr-irk: RN 5906. 11 Confirming my conversation with GenerAl '3l'lith I intend to relieve Major Gen~ral John A. Crane from co!l'lm1md of 13th Fi"ld Artillery Br5gade in order to make hin PW' ile blc to serve as Military Commrmder of Rome . 11 * * * CASERTA --DECEHB<ll 29 , 1943--General Gruenthcr conferred with Generel Cl::irk r-t the '36th GenerRl Hospital several times concerning pending and future operations . In the evening Gcn0-ral Grmmther, on behalf of General Cl11rJr, entertained at dinner rJ!. Le Troquer , General GirFtud , General Juin, Genere.l B ,ucler , General CP-rpentier , Gener1'll Roosevelt , togeth"'r with staff officers of the Fifth Army, includinp- Colonel Saltzman and Lt . Col. Porter . At dinner M Le . Troquer and Gen~rnl Giraud spol<:e verv insistently regarding the bringing of the Brosset Division to Italy to ,join the Fifth Arny. Generi=i.l Gruenther re peated the previous considerntinns about the fact that the Brosset Division was armed in pa.rt Tith Americen nnd in rart with British materiel and thPt the problem of supply would be extremely difficult . GP-ncrnl GirPud Pnd H. Le Troquer repeat"d again and agai1'1 th<tt it was desirable from the point of view of French morale that the Bross~t Division come to Italy 2nd thPt b~crmse o:f its superior equipment in motor trucks and machinery repnir and mRintemimce could T'lAintain i~self despite t?e dif'ficulties wb5 ch Might oth~rwise A.rise, drawing its am~unition fron the British 10 Corps . General Clark todny dispe.tchP.d the follm· ine; BIGOT cable to GeMral Alexander: RN g132 . "Admiral Lowry arrived today from Algfors . He st11ted thnt it is Admiral Cunningham ' s understanding thr->t SHINGLE ·rill te ke place north of TIBER . Also that 56 LSTS must return to UK on Febru,.,ry ?nd. Please confj_rm. It is his understand:'i ng thot 12 six-davit LSTS VTill be sent to UK soon. Urgently rer.mest thrt they be k~pt type substituted . 14 six-dc1vit LSTS now �allotted t>re entirely inadequate for our needs . " * * * CASEP.TA-- DECETIB:r:R 30, 1943- -General ClArk conferred et his room in the 36th General Hospital with Generl"l Gruenther and Generril Brr-mn concernjng the problems arising out of simultaneous conduct of planning for O:reration JltTVIL nnd Operation SHINGI.E and the conduct of war on the Fifth Army front . re directed General Gruenth~r to go by n];me to Algiers, lePvj ng Pt dayl:i ght tomorrow·, in order to discuss the r htion of G~ner~l Clnrk to SErTGLE , ANVIL and the re-orgrmization at Allied Force Hendqw.rters . Gen~r"l '8iscnho'"'t'\r, ~ing been appointed to the ~upreme con~Bnd formerly connanding in the<]Ji_ddle Enst, with General Devers ri s bis A:merimm Deputy. General f. lexander is to be the over-all Allied Commrinder in Italy. General ClA-rk has been told informally by General Eisenhm..,er thPt he has been selected for ANVIL, but thus far Gen~rn 1 Alexander has not been in:f'orm":d of this +"act . General ClArk has heerd j ndirectly thAt r> pl1'1nninf; group from Seventh trmy is already nssembling f't Algiers, nnd this is a peculiar siturition, f'S Grmeral Clrirk does not kno1•r rhether they havens yet been jnform~d wbo is to commrnd the ANVIL Operation. As G"nerr.l Fiisenhower is J,eaving Algiers nt once for his new Pssignment , Genern.1 Clark aeemed it essential thPt General G:r;-uenther fly there inmediPtely to clear up +his situation. Becnuse of the confidential nrture of the matter8 concerned, General Clrrk a.n0 Genert> 1 Grucnther Agreed on a code which "muld rerl'li t the exchange of informP.tion without disclosure to Anyone not fPmiliar vlith the code used . General ClArk today received the following cable from Colonel Gjlner, Secretary General Staff, AFHQ . RN 21606 . 11 Gttmeral Gruenther should m"'et G~ner1:l Eisenhorer at Am~rican Operations Office at P'A.ison Blrnche 11.t noon tomorrow 'Priday. General Efaenho· ·er will be expecting him there th~n, as he will depart at 1230 hours local time . Please advise if General Gruenther is delriyed . 11 * * * CAS1~RTA--DECEMBER 1 31 , 1943--Ge:peral Gruenther left for Algiers at sunrise, and General Clr>rk, who had lPrgely recovered +'rom his aold , left , ith Lt . Colonels Sutherland and Bruce for~ couple of days ' rest Pnd r~cuperRtion Rt Sorrento . The followin~ important messafs~S "'ere received rt the co:r,_riand post during the day: Personal for Clark from Lt . Gen . Sir Oliver m. H. Leese . RN COS/200 . tr>ken over comJT1Pnd T;;ighth Army todqy froM GenerA.l Montgomery. Am delighted and honored to be serving nlongside your 11.rmy. Shall be coming to see you F'S soon as possible . tiermwhi le Rm only too r..nxious to help you j n any 'W.y possible in your codn~ ventures . " 11 Heve The two messages vihich follovr vrere received frol'l GenerHl Gruenther jn a confidentiri.1 code whicr hnd been rre-arrf'nged between he ~nd Generrl ClArk: Secret for Clark from Gruenther . RN ?1781 . Your request to keep Fifth Army disapprovcd . 11 11 Clnrk to corrrnrnd ANVIL 7Hf-lE- For Clark from Gruenther. RH ?1980 . 11 Fart of Seventh Army already under orders to arrive here soon. r':essage concerning ANVIL to be sent tonight to �l <21 Alexander and Clerk . Training Center ?..nd Operation ANVIL will be mounted from Italy. Sorry about Fifth Army. " * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, December 1 - 31, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from December 1-December 31, 1943. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1564 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/3d9db8695c8017fba02db3c0e9828601.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=dttcyhj3W2JJjuC%7Emwx02AeuplBejZ8omy1JjDNrkSk1V9n5EcxPfKJALLxNxeStevz5JPpgitmX01E0DwDgalCufxc3g4DOq2FHJgXQNXwF45qIUTa3wrSzRLSO55mcu0A7iQ7F1CbWCxKFyfywHNCrTLGdUN-6ybLFjSQVvILlMPdsykfqDu5MvbiWt1uggcD6Z7Th0mEGV3%7Ea8IvLqc%7E1ib29B017ZkOmuwQvRPiQlD5xCG0uAiNDMqpT43UiAsa-rgw03CqDqIi0W8Ak12GviHIM-y0AtrGdbnmr%7EnzhOoTFHqED1Q19%7ErzklB11MQOx6kmq8jxE2kIRWRaP1A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b262e4106bed56fb9f632c462062e71a PDF Text Text ' l 51 t spends most of the remainder of the day in conference with the Commanderof the Western Task Force. Since a large nuni>er of troops have been drawn from the Oran region to give added strength to Gener~l Anderson's force fighting in Tunisia, any units that might be used to occupy the Sebou River region or take action against any Spanish Moroccan moves must come from General Patton's command. He recommends use of the Third Division. General Patton is staying over until tomorrow. Mr. Murphy and Colonel Holmes meet today with High Commissioner Darlan and Governor Generals Boisson and Nogues. They report back that the Frenchmen are getting their differences settled and that Boisson does not want to return to Dakar without some kind of a written statement from the American officials. Murphy says Boisson is ready "to go along with us." The situation at the front, British, American and French troops are driving a wedge between Tunis and Bizerte to separat~ the .Axis force. OUr troops are about 15 miles f'rom Tunis and about 22 from Bizerte. -They are t'orging ahead but the rapid advance is slowing down because the .Axis troops are now getting concentrated in a tight corner. British . and American paratroops have been drop 1-, about 50 miles ed south of Tunis to thwart either reinforcements coming up or else to heckle a retreat. Air activity continues over the entire Tunisian area with bombings and fighter sorties against ground troops. Daylight bombing raids were made against Bizerte, Sousse and Gabes. Our forward units are maintaining strong pressure on the enemy's position in the vicinity o£ Mateur and Djedeida. In Southeastern Tunisia numerous patrols, including French, have damaged enemy installations. ) The {Note: Henceforth, this diary will not deal with matters in such detail. general's days are filled with innumerable conferences on every conceivable kind of subject. To conserve time and space, only the highligpts will be hit.) Late tonight General Clark is informed that Washington bas approved his headat the earliest possible date, the Fifth United States Armyl He will go to Oran, probably, at the earliest pa.a.cticable date. ing, * * * A:WIERS, DECEMBER 1942-"Authority 2, is granted you to activate Fifth Army headquarters designating Lieutena~ General Clark ~s the Army Commander." This . is the message that is received from General Marshall and the message that will start General Clark on a new tangent with a new command. He begins layin~ the groundwork. He bas already decided on his key officers: Chief of Staf'f, Br ...gadier General Al Gruenther; G-1, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Markoe; §-2, Colonel F.ddie Howard; G , Colonel Art Nivens; G-4, Colonel nAddie" Adcock; Air Officer; -3 m C?lonel Guy Gale; Adjutant General, Colonel Cheney Bertholf; Headquarters Comandant Lieutenant Colonel c.c. {Smitty) Smith. The general in order to concentrate on ' training and tactics and avoid being buried in pape: work, plans on a streamlined headquarters. General Clark wants to have his headquarters several kilometers west of Oran so he can be near an airfield and away from interruptions that would impede him in Oran proper. At Oran, he plans to have a base section under General Larkin to handle most o£ the paper work. Colonel Smith is .flying to Oran tomorrow t o meet Colonel Nivens and search for a site for Army headquarters. The general orders the above key personnel--plus Colone l Tommy Lewis who, probably, will be the Artillery Officer-to report to him here from Oran. It probably wil l be ten days before the general starts formation or headquarters. \.. �There are two fundamental reasons for this delay: 1--German resistance and counter-attacks in Tunisia have slowed down the Allied advance and General Clark wants to see the campaign succe ssful or assured of success before he drops his Deputy Commander-in-Chief job and turns to his commandof the Fifth U.s. Army; 2-The situation concerning Spanish Morocco doesn't look too good and the general wants to be at Allied Force Headquarters to help integrate any plans. Regarding the Spanish Morocco situation, French agents there report that "German troops are to disembark in force on the 5th of December at Melilla and on many other points on the Spanish Moroccan coast in accord preparatory measures are being t aken by Spanish beginning December 1 ••• " This coupled with continuing reports that Spanish Morocco is casting covetous eyes on the Sebou river area and that in Spain proper authorities do not seem to be taking firm steps to resist ; German invasion in event .that troops building up on the French side of the Pyrenees smash across the border into Spain. · ' General Patton, on the basis of these reports, confers with General Clark who tel l s him to alert the 3rd Division far possible use in the Sebou river region. General Nogues, here for the conferences with Darlan and Boisson, urges \oken occupation o£ the Sebou river region and promises aid from French troops. General Patton flies back to French Morocco this afternoon. · These are other developments during the day: the first draft of an agreement that Darlan and Boisson propose concerning French West Africa is submitted. With the exception of certain provisions involving French merchant ships at Dakar, it is substantially what Generals Eisenhower and Clark want. The text of the agreement is to be gone over and hof es are that a final draft will be approved by both sides tomorro,T. Darlan has now formed what he calls a "French Imperial Federation" but it is being pointed out to the High Collllllissioner that "no act" of the military in North Africa "can recognize any particular government setup except such a provisional one as is locally necessary for the prosecution of military operations." _ ••• Two French submarines that escaped from Toulon have landed in North Africa and wil l figg tta t the side of the Allies ••• Rear Admiral Del.aye, French naval attache to Spain, has put himself under the orders o£ Darlan ••• A huge ceremony is held in downtown Algiers commemorating the French-British-American personnel that died in our Narth African operation. W reaths are laid by General Eisenhower, Admiral Im-lan and Admiral Cunningham. General Clark remains at headquarters, working ••• Admiral Darlan gives a luncheon in honor of Governor General Bois son. General Clark attends. Later, he says that he personally likes Darlan although he doesn't agree with the vagaries of his checkerboard political career ••• In the evening, the Frenchmen are guests at an Anglo-American-French ' cocktail party at the St. George Hotel. General Clark, seeing Admiral Darlan and General Giraud conversing like old buddies, steps in to congratulate them. "It I s fine to see you two such good friends again," says General Clark. Says Darlan: "We are friends and we consider you a great friend and think a lot of you1 11••• After the cocktail party, General Clark, Captain Wright, Colonel Holmes, Maj or Meacham and Lieutenant Beardwocd go to the harbor for dinner aboard H.M.S. Stork, a British destroyer commandedby Comman Brewer ••• It is a der fine, jovial evening with CommanderBrewer predicting in his toast to General Clark that the young American general "is destined to go far and hold even more important commands before this war is over." \ , / . This is the military situation: The Axis counterattacks in the Teboura area and losses are heavy on both sides. When midnight comes, the line, substantially, is as it was at midnight last night. Three infantry companies £ram the Mth division are ordered up to the front from Algiers. The Blade force, in the center of the line, retreated under enemy pressure but General Oliver's American armored ) �~C' l53 fl[ I•. force came in to close the breach. General .Anderson is quite upset and is coming to Algiers for conferences. He is perturbed over air and supply problems. The Germans are employing tanks and dive bombers and the fighting is somewhat confused with no definite front line. By nightfall, the American tank outfit had cleared up the situation in the Tebourba area and all enemy tanks withdrew northwards leaving only a few sniping troops behind. Of'fensive operations against Tunis, planned for tomorrow, have had to be postponed pending reorganization of forces. General .Anderson sends in the following radio late tonight: "I must acquaint you with the situation as I now see it. Three main factors govern it, namely, administration, enemy air action and enemy rate of reinforcement. Administration: So far I have intentionally disregarded normal administrative requirements -in order to try and wi.~ the race to Tunis and Bizerte. Result is both army and air force are now stretched to limit with precarious communication and no reserve supply forward. If I cannot reach Tunis and Bizerte soon I must therefore go on defensive until administration reswrces are reorganized and built up. Enemy air action: My advance has been temporarily halted owing almost entirely to heavy scale of enemy dive bombing and ground strafing. For geographical reasons our Air Force must be strained to counter this threat and cannot maintain a suf'ficient ef f ort for very long. If I cannot reduce enemy air effort by capturing and holding Tunis or Bizerte soon I must withdraw so as to be under an umbrella which can be maintained with less strain . Enemy rate o:f reinforcement: Whether or not I can capture and hodd Tnnis o Bizerte soon or must withdraw under adequate air cover will depend in end on rate of e:raemy reinforcements. From the information available to me, enemy has already and can continue to reinforce far more rapidly than I can. But since I am not satisfied with that sources of informati cn are suocificiently complete to enable me to make such an important decision I request immediate visit by Brigadier Mockler-Ferryman to give and explain forecast of enemy strength and rate of subsequent reLllf'orcements. 11 t I * * I \1.C,:. • ). ~ V 1¥ ' ._ * AI.GIERS, Dl!."CEMBER1942-General Anderson arrives back f'rom his headquarters 5, near the front and a real council of war ensues. Anderson reports that he is stymied for the time being, citing the arguments listed in the radio received from him last night. This meeting is attended by Generals Clark and Eisenhower, the air generals, supply officers and all those directly connected with air, tactics or supply. It is decided to halt the push, build up air and ground strength and then start a new offensive about December 9. General Clark says, following the conference, that the delay "results partly from the fact that our air can't keep going at the terrific pace it has been keeping. We haven't got operating airdromes far forward and we need more air supplies. The Boche is operating his air from fixed bases and our fixed bases are almost 500 miles from the front." General Clark believes General Anderson made tactical mistakes. He thinks ~\ the British general should have concentrated his attack on isolating 'l\.mis. Also, he made frontal attacks instead of enveloping attacks and as a result lost a lot of tanks. The lines of comrrrunioaticn, says General Clark, were "chuck-s.-block" and from all appearanees the logistics were not good. "However," he adds, " ::. tis a l ways easy to sit back, af'ter a thing has been done, and say how you would have done it." \ Until the renewed attack, our force in Tunis will try to hold its present position, drawing back slightly in spots to higher ground. Night bombing will be carried on on extensive scale with the prime object the ports. The naval force, which is already operating or£ Tunisia, will continue to go after Axis ship ping that is bringing up reinforcements and supplies. A British naval force of cruisers �)5 L/ ) and destroyers engaged a southbound Axis convoy last night between Sicily and Bizerte. The convoy scattered. Four merchants ships, two of which appeared to be transports, and three destroyers were left burning wrecks. The British naval force suffered no casualties of damage. The great fear, of coorse, is that the Axis buildup will be as fast as ours and that no advantage will have accnued to us by December 9. The bombing and naval patrols will attempt to prevent such an occurence. In reviewing the disposition of General Anderson's troops, General Clark feels that he committed his paratroops and two commandogroups too early-getting all his means into the battle bei'ore the ti.me v1as ripe. "A military reserve should always be saved :for a ti.med concentrated wallop. You can 1t commit everything piecemeal!" Roughly, the f'ront line tonight runs as follows: The north anchor, with the excepti cn of the commandogroups to the east, starts at St. Jefne and runs northeast; it then bulges to the west in front of .Mateur, runs through Dj Skkkak, then bulges again to the west in front of Chouigui (where the 11th Brigade position was penetrated), to the west outskirts of' Djedeida, through St. Cyprian and· to its southern anchor, Khedlia. The paratroops, under Colonel Ra.ff', attacked Faid just before dusk .tonight and took the town which is far to the south of the regular line. In mid-af'ternoon, f."ollowing receipt of approval from the Combined Chiefs of Staff' in Washington, it is decided to move occupationary troops into the Sebou river region. Part of an armored unit is ordered to move into the hotbed area. Also, precautionary moves are made in case of any counter action. The 47th regimental combat team, less one battalion, begins marching from Spfi to Port Lyautey. The 3rd division is enroute to the Rabat area. General Clark plans on flying to Oran the day after tomorrow for a conference -with Generals Fredendall and Patton. Generai Morgan, who has been in England organizing the Northern Task Force which is to go into Spanish Morocco if' necessary, will also fly to Oran for the conference. The three task force · generals and Lieutenant General Clark will coordinate their plans. Although he is "getting itchy" to org_anize the Fifth Army that he will head, General Clark today concentrates almost all his time on matters not germaine to the Fifth Army. However, he arranges for a meeting here in -the near future with his four "G-section" heads and the Adjutant General. They will make preliminary plans for activation of the army and welding of the Center and Western Task forces into one unit that will be under the Fif'th Army. General Clark, in addition to being charged with training the Firth Army and planning for the next major operation against the Axis, will also have the knotty problem of equipping the French troops in North A:frica so they can defend their own soil and relieve American and British troops for other operations. The shipping agreement with the French is signed today. It is a "provisional agreement" that 11does not prejudice in any way subsequent negotiations • •• " One of the immediate beneficial effects is that French ships now cluttering up key unloading ports - principally Algiers-will be cleared otit. The other French agreement, concerning the future status or French North Africa, appears that it wil l concede to the Allies all facilities and naval and military cooperatiqn. · * * SECRET * �[55" ALGIERS,DEeEMBER 1942-The situation at the front has become more stabil4, ized today. Except for the air, there is only scattered activity as both sides start to reorganize. The badly-mauled 11th (Britisl) Infantry Brigade withdraws slightly in the center of the line, near Chouigui, to take defensive advantage of high ground. The bombing of Bizerte and Tunis is going on night and day with direct hits on the dockyards and workshops reported. Visual air reconnaissance shows no shipping present in the harbors of Sousse and Sfax. Thirteen enemy aircraft have been destroyed and eight of ours are missing. The airdrome at Tun:i,s was also bombed. General Anderson asks for more units or detachments from the 54th Division to be sent up to protect his lines of communication but he is informed that "the number of combat troops in the Algiers area have been reduced to a point where further reduction would jeopardize security of the area. General Giraud is requested to make available to Anderson ttat the earliest possible date" French troops equivalent to one regimental combat team or British brigade group to assist in protection of lines of com raunication. General Ryder, eager for action, is ready to move some more of his troops toward the front when the decision regarding retention of the 54th division is reached. The situation should improve by the day after tomorrow when another large convoy, including combat troops, is scheduled to arrive in Algiers. As a precautionary measure, General Fredendall is instructed "to alert one infantry battalion combat team with motors necessary for combat." It is to be ready to move by road and rail to Algiers on short notice. The situation regarding Spanish Morocco is essentially static. However, General Clark will go to Oran within the next day or two for conferences with Generals Morgan, Patton and Fredendall. He is mere~ awaiting definite wor that M organ has departed from England before he, accompanied by naval and air force officers i'rom Algiers, goes to Oran. Physical formation of the Fifth Arroy that General Clark will commandis depended on two things: clarification of the situation on the Tunisian front and procurement of a headquarters sight. Regarding the latter, Colonel Nevins reports by phone today that reconnaissance of the Oujda area, ·west of Oran, is "very favorable" with necessary office and bil l eting space, acceptible communications and a good airfield nearby. It has now been decided that General C1ark, as commander of the Fifth Army, will conduct amphibious training for the next big military move. A cable comes from Washington today indicating that certain officials want to send Mayor LaGuardia of New York to North Africa to head the civil affairs section. Gene-ral Eisenhower bats the suggestion down, but hard, in words like this: "no individual re8ardless of personal qualifications could serve at this time as head of my civil section except a man that has lived through the 'hectic experiences of the past few weeks ••• At this minute we have a real battle on our hands and our military problems all the way from Tunisia to Morocco are inextricably mixed up with our relationships with and help we receive from local military, naval and political officers. Our best chance of solving these problems is to keep together the team with which we have been operating to date ••• n In the afternoon, with business rather slack, General Clark drives out into t ~ country and goes £or a long hike 11to work off steam." He is quite perturbed about the situation regarding Tunisia saying "if things go really wrong the effect will come back through French North Africa like an electric current and we will have serious trouble all along the line." * * 8 * \ �AWIERS, DECEMBER 1942--A radiogram is received today from the War Depart5, ment in Washington proposing that General Clark return to England to be the chief American military advisor to--and cheekrein on-Prime Minister Churchill. He would hold this job in addition to commandof the Fifth United States Army. General Marshall is worried about control of: the Prime Minister. He has talked the situation over with Sir John Dill and the two officers believe that General Clark should return to London juat as soon as he can get the Fifth Army organized. General Clark would return to North Africa frcm 1 time to time to check up on the Fif'th Army buildup and training. Says General Clark concerning this sudden new move: 11 I don't want this politico-military liaison job with the Prime Minister but I pleased that I have been asked to take it. It is my desire to commandthe Fifth Arrrry and be with troops. I don't v,ant to be stuck 'in a relatively idle political spot. In a job like that I would have nothing but grief. I would have no com and. m If I went to London I couldn't really commandthe Fifth Army. The situation would be impossible • "After watching events in Tunis--and the situation up ihere is f'ar from goodI am convinced of two things. First, American generals should commandAmerican troops and they shouldn't be tossed in piecemeal under British Commandas they have been in this Tunisian campaign. Second, North Africa is NOTa theater from which we can de l iver any crushing blow to the Axis. Attacks against Sardinia and Italy would be costly unless coupled with Allied attacks from other directions. What we have to do is build up a force to cross the channel and strike straight at the Germans while the Russians are striking from the other side, while we strike north from here. We've got to do this if it takes until 1952 to do itl "I have told General Eisenhower that sooner or later we must organize an American army to attack the Axis, that if we continue to put American troops under British commanda bad U.S. public Df)&ction will occur. ._,_ · "Regarding the War Department proposal concerning me, General Eisenhower has . sent word back that General Smith (Major General W.B. Smith, Chief of Staf'f of Allied Headquarters) should be sent back t o England to talk with Mr. Churchill as often as necessary. General Hartle would be left in England as Deputy Commander of the European Theater of Operations." am \ This is the cable that General Eisenhov,er sends General Marshall: "I realize importance of keeping Agent (Churchill) informed on tangled and constantly changing political and military situation. I cannot concur at th i s time in solution requiring fr equent presence of Agree (Clark) in Floor (London). Organization of Fifth Maxim (Army) is most important from two standpoints of which only one is safety of communications. The other is early development of a thoroughly trained striking force under American commandwhich may be needed at any time. Agree most suitable for this task because of organizational, training and planning qualif'ications, and knowledge of a broad situation. Concerte problems at a head quarters 500 miles -to westward will gradually lessen his intimate knowledge of intricate questions at this headquarters and make it increasingly dif'ficult for hi m to serve successfully at Floor in capacity indicated. In addition until we have won present phase of campaign I may need ~ree for special emergency mis sions at any time. 11 better A solution from m standpoint woul.d be to have Chirp (Smith) spend one y week out of each three in Floor or i£ necessary every alternate week, which can be arranged vd thout serious dislocation of work here. Consequently I shall inform Chirp from here that before leaving Floor he may reassure Agent by stating that he will constantly be prepared to return there on short notice and in any event will return once each three weeks if' desired. To supplement this system I am directing 6hirp \ �/5'7 to bring dow here for indoctrination n Brigadier General E.S . I!ugBs••• By bringing Hughes dov,n here about once am .nth thereafter we would have permanent link in Flo or while intermittent visits by Cbrip back to Floor should compl etely satisfy situation ••• 11 Geners.l Clar k is going to fly westward to m or1~o . He must rendezv ous at Oran w with British Lieutenant Gener al Morgan, coiilmander of the Northern Task Force, to make vital decisions regarding Fifth Army control and Bri tish participation in any oper ations that might affect Spanish M orocco. , P.lso, he wants to go to Oudjda to look over the headquarters suggested for his i irth Army. He plans on leavin g ear l y to m orrow. Steps have already been taken to neutra l ize any Spanish M oroccon move . The s fir st battalion of the 19th Engineers is protecting key railroad and hi ghway points in the Sebou river region, going there from the Oran area. From the Casablanca region has gone the 50th Infantry less two battalions to occupy vital airfields adjacent to Spanish M orocco. Action on the Tunisian front is confined largely to bombing raids and fighte~ sweeps. On the ground both sides are digging in and getting reor ganized. Our new push is still scheduled to start December 9. The only region where there is any concented action is around Tebourba. The enell\Yattacks with infantry supported by tanks and dive bombers. Allied forces have been regrouped on the heights dominating ~ebourba but some German and Ita l ian mechanized and infantry units have entered the -eastern outskirts of the town. General Clark is extremely worried about the situation on the fi'ont and plans on going up there next week as soon as he caµ finish his work in Oran and Oudjda. There is still criticism of the Darlan deal. The DeGaullists ar e vigorously fanning t he flames of discontent. Darlan communicates today the text of a statement he has just made before his "Imperial Council." The gist is that when ·Petain was fr ee to make decisions he appointed Darlan as his eventual substitute and succe ssor designate by a constitutiona l act of Febru..ary 9, 1941. He annuled this act on November 19~ 1942, "under pressure from the Germans who had occupied the whole of France since Nov-eber ll. 11 Darlan does not consider this annulment valid and considers equal l y m invalid any enactment since Petain's abdication. Petain having solenmly protested against the occupati on of France on November 11 wluch he considered a breach of the armistice had always under German pr essure passed all powers other than constituti~nal to the head of the government marking thus in advance that he did not wish to associate himself with decisions which might be taken b y a government deprived in practice of its fi'eedom of decision. The "Imperial Counci l," accepting these conditions, "freely decided," .Darlan reported, "to consider Darlan as the Marshal's substitute, freely chosen by him11 and agreed to place themselves under his authority. "We have all admitted," Darlan r eports, "that the Marshal 1'18.S stil .J. our chief but that, as he is moral l y a prisoner, we are exerc i sing aut hority in Africa in his name. I consider that this is the first directing princi pl e that should apply." If members of the council bad not decided to unite "under the aegis of the Marshall, Africa would today be the theater of a violent ci vil war between Petain's partisans and the Gaullists, between the Moslems and the Bews, and the army, Davy and air forces would have r efused to fight in order not to be false to their oath of allegiBlice. 11 Regarding the DeGaull ists, Darlan said "none of us approves the past acts of the Gaullists and we do not wish to have any relations with those who have fought against France and do not recognize the M arshal as their chief . On the other hand , they par t icipate in their own way in the struggle against the commonenemy. In these conditions I consider that we sh culd ignore them, not support t.hem, not attac k them. If some of the m under stand that it is ind i spensable to remake the local �1 5~ unity of the empire and join us, it is my view that we should not reject them. It will be for the French people when !'reed, and f'or them alone, to determine after the war the constitutional organization which it wishes to have and to designate the chief who is to be in command. So far as I am concerned my task will end with the libe r ation of the territory." The object of' the African f'ederation, Darlan declared, "is the representation of France beside the Allies in the present oonflict ~and the resumption &f of economic life and the preparation of f'uture union with Metropolitan France and the rest of the empire." * * * .AffiIERS-OUDJDA-ORAN, DECEMBER 1942-General Clark and his party take off from 6, Maison Blanche airport · at 0755 for Oran. He travels in a C-47 (paratroop carrier) and his party is made up of Generals Doolittle and Gruenther, Colonels Zanuck, Slocum and Barker, Major Tittle and Lieutenant Beardwood. The two-motored plane lands at Tafaraoui airdrome, outside Oran, at 0955. It bas a fighter escort of two Spitfires since it has no fighting weapor:s. At Tafaraou.i the general meets Generals Fredendall and Rooks and learns that General Morgan has not yet arrived and might not reach Oran until tomorrow. So, dropping part of the party and picking up General Cannon, Colone l Nivens, L:i.eutenant Colonel Smith and Major Viale, a French interpreter, be takes off at 0959 for Oudjda, the proposed headquarters of the Fifth Armywhich is just inside French Morocco. The C-47, named the "Miss-Ark," arrives at Oudjda at 1048 and after some delay the party goes into the tovm situated in a flat plain. While waiting for the transportation to town to arrive, General Clark talks with officers or the observation-light bombardment outfit stationed at the airdrome and with company commanders or the 50th Infantry who have moved in to hold the field against possible enemy parachutists or planes. General Clark is taken into by General Beucler, sub-division Oudjda. The French are extremely General Clark. It is composed of Oudjda is at the Mayor's office. side. Oudjda, about eight miles from the good dirt airport, French commander in the area, and the Mayor of friendly. An honor guard is at the airport to honor French Air Corps ground troops. The first stop in An honor guar d of the Foreign Legion is posted out- The proposed Fif'th Army headquarters is a girl's school and the general is extremely pleased by the layout, not only of headquarters, but of a trpop bivouac area just at the edge of town and the Hotel Terminus which would be used for the overflow of officers and staff sections. General Clark decides the layout meets his needs and indicates that the Fifth Army will have its headquarters at Oudjda. The party takes off from Oudjda at 1544 and arrives at Tafarou.i at 1426, goi ng immediately into Oran for a late luncheon. During the afternoon, General Clark confers with operations officers of the Center Task Force concerning what it can do if events necessitate a move into Spanish Morocco. It "is decided that the 1st Division could start moving overland to capture Melilla within 48 hours. The greatest fear is that the Germans, with Spanish help, might force the closing of the Straits of Gibraltar, making even longer the lines of supply of the force in Tunisia and bottling up priceless shipping within the Mediterranean. It is decided that troops from both the Western and Center Task forces cou l d start moving into Spanish Morocco even though it would be weeks be f ore General Morgan's Northern Task Force could make an amphibious landing in the northern section of Spanish Morocco. Whether to inform the French of the plan so they could be prepared to help is discussed but General Clark declares that not one word must leak to them for security reasons. Gener a l Morgan bas suggested that either the 1st Divis i on might b e moved to SEGBET \ l 1 �ET England to l).oin the Northern Task Force or that it make a water invasion in the Ceuta-Tetuan region. General Clark rejects both ideas, saying the only feasible thing, because of the lack of ship ping and landing era.ft and the necessity of keeping a fairly strong garrison at Oran, is an overland invasion if it is necessary. The general orders that work be started immediately on the stocking of vital airports within close striking distance of Spanish Morocco. Following this conference, the general orders tl~e movement of an anti-aircraft unit from the Oran area toward the Tunisian front. Then he goes into an iiulormal huddle with the nucleus of his Fifth Army ~ staff,- most of which is coming from the II Corps, stationed at Oran. He tells them that he has decided to set the headquarters up at Oudjda just as soon as possible. He plans on keeping the staff as small as possible • General Morgan, accompanied by General Candee of the U.S. Air Corps, · arrives from London just at dark. Following dinner, an informal conference is held with Generals Clark and Morgan heading the discussion concerning what should be done about Spanish Morocco. During the day a cable has been received fro m the British Chiefs of Staff stating: "Time has come to make a firm decision about Backbone (the Spanish Morocco operation). Even if we were to starting mounting it tomorrow or next day, it could not be launched until D- plus SG;. ••• If we do not start mounting it at once, it could not be mounted until next convoy cycle. In that event, it could not be launched until long a.f'ter the D plus 60 date. We therefore propose that Backbone should be definitely abandoned. Do you agree?" In viev, of Spanish developments and a possibility that the straits might be closed, General Clark does not agreel Both he and ~eneral Morgan feel the plan should continue with preparations being made for American troops from the Oran and Casablanca areas to move overland on Spanish Morocco if necessary and the British continuing to prepare for a north coast invasion. When informed that the Fifth American Army is about to be formed under General Clark's commandw ith headquarters at Oudjda, General Morgan is pleased and declares General Clark should .head the operation since he is much closer to the scene. General Clark declares he isn't so sure "that a bastard baby isn't being forced on me." It is decided to continue the discussion tomorrow morning after the arrival of respresentatives of the Western Task Force. The situation on the Tunisian front is relatively unchanged. The U.S. Armored combat outfit under General Oliver counter-attacked in the El Guessa region and regained high ground. The badly lacerated Blade force is being relieved by the Sixth British Armored division. There is air activity along the entire front ' from Bize~te to Faid with the score being about even. * * * ORAN-ALGIERS, DECEMBER 1942-A conference concerning possible future action 7, Spanish M orocco is held in the Grand Hotel, Oran, this morning. Presiding before 52 officers, including Generals Fredendall, Doolittle, Morgan and others, General Clark says the meeting has been called "to see what we can do to assist in the Backbone operation." Representatives of the Western Task Force will not arrive until later • General Morgan then briefs the situation as he sees it. against The great fear is that enemy action will close the Straits of Gibraltar. Morgan had original l y planned on landing one division in the Tetuan area and another division at Tangiers. But, because closing of the straits would prevent the Tetuan bound force from moving through, Morgan' s plan has now boiled down to landing a d~vision to as sault �SEGRE Ibo ' Tangiers. Like General Clark, he believes the Center Task Force should m'ove overland or else try a "series of end runs"up the Spanish Moroccon coast with what landing craft available. He declares his British troops could not land in Spanish Morocco until 40 days after they get the green signal. "The best news I have received," says General Morgan, "is that you are organizlllg a Fifth American Army and that General Clark is going to commandit. This means that logically the center of gravity of the Spanish Moroccon affair has shifted from the United Kingdom to the Fifth Army. Or, as Gener8,l Clark says, "the bastard baBy has passed" to him. I feel now that the British troops constitute a reserve that can be called upon but that can't deliver within 40 days. We are itching _to come. If an attempt is made to close the Straits this will be the most vital operation on the globe." General Morgan then outlines the need for air support and says that he agrees with General Clark that this air support, except naval planes that would support his northern landing, should come from the 12th Air Force through the Fifth Army. He then points out that the Spanish, to date, have reacted favorably-even more favorably than bad been hoped for-to our landings in North Africa. However, if things go wrong in Tunisia, the entire picture might change in an hour. ( General Clark then outlines his plan. "A lot of people in North .Africa and Spanish Morocco are sitting on the fence. We would have to act swiftly if things went wrong. If the Straits should be closed what could we do? The Center and Western Task forces would be prepared to act immediately since it would be foolish to time our acti cn with a landing by General Morgan. We will start developing plans for moving the 1st Division overland with the first goal the taking of Melilla. Western Task Force troops und.er General Patton YJIUld start moving up from the Southwest, driving for Tangier. W would e do the very best we could, laying on air action from the fields we ~re now stocking and reinforcing. In that way we would draw forces down and make General Morgan1 s landing that much easier. The French are itching £or a chance to go into Spanish Morocco but I ioubt the wisdom of taking them into our confidence at this time. They could best be used after the operation is underway to protect our lines of communication. Regarding air, I am setting up a Fifth Army air support command. It would draw from the 12th Air Force and I would decentraliz e it as needed to- Generals Patton and Fredendall .• I believe General Morgan should go ahead with his planning on this basis. If need be, the Fifth Army will start the operation alone and wait for you to come in as soon as you can. I am going to take a small staff of the Fifth Army back to Algiers to start drawing up directives for Generals Fredendall and Patton. We will begin our ple.rutlng immediately. General Doolittle then explains the air setup, saying over 400 aircraft will be available to General Clark's Fifth Army. The main air bases will be at Casablanca and Oran but the fighting fields will be strung along in front of the Spanish Moocqoa r borde r . The Jlifth Army air support commandwill be under Colonel Rask, General "'lark announces, and when the commanding general calls for plan es they will come immediately under oon 1a.ndof the Fifth Army. General Clark is also going to investi gate the use u! of American paratroops in Spanish Morocco if.' necessary. W hen it is learned that General Patton's represenatatives are going to be late in arriving in Oran, General Clark breaks up the meeting and goes into a smaller one with his small Fifth Army staff. Heads of the various sections are ordered to pack and proceed to Oran this aft ernoon. General Gruenther, who will be General Clark' ·s Chief of Staff, begins issuing the necessary orders and integrating things so the small group can begin preliminary meetings in Algiers tomorrow. W ord finally co:nes through that the Patton group will not arrive until afternoon s o General Clark deci des to proceed to Algiers, leaving behin d instructions for the We stern Task Force repres- ..ir . \)~ J, f �entatives to proceed to Algiers. General Clark's plane takes of:f from La Senia airport, on the outskirts of Oran, at 1302. A second plane is taking the other officers from Tafaraoui to Oran. The plane bearing Generals Clark, Doolittle, Gruenther and other officers arrives at Maison Blanche at 1454. General Morgan is proceeding from Oran into Algiers later in the afternoCiJn so the Spanish Morocco situation can be discussed with General Eisenhower. Upon arrival at Maison Blancha, General Clark goes immediately into Algiers to confer with the Commander-in-Chief. He outlines the decisions reached at Oran and is then told that things are not going well at the front. • ' The enemy attacked again at 0900 today, throvring in infantry and tanks in the vicinity of El Guessa. After considerable fighting the position was held by the American Armored outfit under General Oliver. About llOO another German column attacked from the southeast and General Oliver ordered a battalion to attack from the south. Before the battalion arrived the Germans had in ttalled 88 mmguns at the southern end of the El Guessa feature and the battalion was repiilsed with the loss of five tanks and four guns. Fighting on the El Guessa feature was fairly heavy thro-.ighout the day 1 with fairly heavy losses. Half of El Guessa was in our hands and half in the enemy_s. Anderson is extremely worried. He wants to delay his planned December 9 attack. General Clark is ordered to leave for the front early tomorrow to do some 1nore of his now getting famous trouble-shooting. Air activity was general over the front again today. Heavy fighting between the armored formations was the principal ground action of the day. Although Genera .LClark has been too occupied with other . things to keep his finger on the pulse of the political situation, one development has occured that, to keep continuity in the diary, must be recorded. An accord has been reached with Governor I General Boisson of French W est Africa and he is returning to Dakar to hol d further, l more detailed conf'erences with representatives from the United States. * · * ' AIGIER S-SETIF-AIN SEYNOUR, DECEMBER 1942-"The troubleshooter" B, starts for the Tunisian front at 0600 in a driving rain. So the trip can be made at a fast clip, General Clark is accompanied only by one jeep that carries two armed men, bed rolls and field rations. The general's only companion is his aide, Major Meacham. The general's PacY...ard rolls steadily on without stopping. Cold lunchesr,re eaten on the fq. The two-vehicle convoy is re-gassed at Setif and pushes on through Constantine and Gu.alma without stopping. By dark, a£ter 12 hours of steady driving, the general is about 12 miles sh9rt of Ain Seynour, headquarters of the First British Army. The rB,in, which has been falling in sheets all day, is now complicated by fog. It is almost impossible to see with blackout lights so General Clark gets out and strides in front of the car, the driver follo,ring the way by watching the dim lights on th~ general's leggin~. The small group arrives at General Anderson's headquarters at 1910 and the American and British generals immediately go into conf'erence. Anderson reports he has given orders to vrithdraw to a new defense line. He is extremely pessimistic about the situation. The rain has been so heavy that some tanks and trucks have "mushed in" and cannot be moved. General Clark demands that General Anderson's withdrawal orders be withdrawn temporarily until he can go closer to the front and determine the situation. The entire disposition of troops is gone over and once, during the talk, General Clerk is offered a Scotch highball. He refuses it saying: "I have too much work to do. This tactical situation is a mess and it is no time for a drink1 11 After conversing for an �hour with Anderson, General Clark calls General Eisenhower and tells him he has cancelled the withdrawal order pending further check tomorrow. The weather is restricting air activity on both sides. It is estimated that Axis forces in Tunisia now total about 52,000 compared to approximately 40,000 for the AJ.lies. A new convoy that includes several thousand British troops has arrived at AJ.giers and the men are being shuttled forward. While General Clark is in conference the enlisted men are given a hot meal and put in a room with a fireplace so they can thaw out. His conference with Anderson finished, General Clark has dinner with the British general and members of his staff. Following the dinner, the general and "Meach" put their bed rolls on cots in the room of Anderson's Chief · of Staff, Brigadier McNabb, who has gone to the front. General Clark then goes into conference with Colonels Walsh and Bentley of the U.S. Air Corps. Walsh heads the bombing commandand both he and Bentley report that there is "certain friction" at the front between American and British forces. This corrobora.~es reports that have been coming back to AJ.lied Force Headquarters. Another of the reasons that General Clark has gone to the front is to arrange a system whereby American troops · will be put under American command. The general, however, does not intend to bring this up with General Anderson until tomorrow. General Clark tuns in at 2200. I * * * AIN SEYNOUR-SOUICKHEMIS-GU EL ELMA,DECEMBER 1942-After arising at 0615 and 9, breakfa sting, Generals Clark and Anderson drive together toward the front with the jeep ~ollowing General Anderson's car. The destination is Geneial Allfrey's British 5th Corps headquarters near Souk El Khemis. Enroute the general sees the first real signs of war-trucks that have been strafed and bombed, wreckage along the way, a bridge (near Ghardimaou) that is out. The strategic airdrome of Souk El P.rba is passed and it is a sea of mud full of marooned planes. During the trip, General Clark asks General P.nderson ii he has considered having the Navy make an attack on Bizerte under the protection of land-based planes and in harmony with a land assault. The Britisher says the idea "had never occured to me. 11 A little later General Clark proposes the idea that paratrDopers from Malta operate at Sfa.x in cooperationg with Allied hoops to cut the Axis north-south supply line. Again Ander son says he had never thought of this strategy. General Clark remarks later to Meacham that "Anderson doesn't seem willing to search for new ideas or new methods." On the way up, General Clark suavely prepares the way for one of his important missions: getting American troops under American command. He is very convivial and has Anderson in a fine mood. ' At 1045, the general arrive at the old house where General Allfrey has his headquarters. A conference starts immediately between the American and two British generals. Later they are joined by General Barre, heading French forces in the sector, and still later by General Oliver who commands the American armor ed unit. The entire tactical situation is reviewed and it is decided that a slight withdrawal to stronger defensive positions is most feasible ~ The Weather is still lousy. The conference lasts until 1245 and as it nears its blose General Clark broaches the subject of putting American units under American commandinstead of havin g them in the battle willy-nilly 11It is my belief," under various British organizations. explains General Clark , "that . American troops being sent to the Tunisian area in both large and ·small units should be grouped under American coilllllB.Ilders far as possible to assure their maximumuse as along trained lines. Surprisingly, General Anderson agrees read i ly to the proposition which General Clerk has thought all alon g would be "tough to put over. 11 Says General Anderson: "You tell General Eisenhower that hereaft er American units coming up will be grouped, as far as the tactical situation will permit, under American comnanders. 11 , Regarding the question of the slight withdra~l of troops to stron~er defensive �(~ 3 positions, such action is urged by the commanders in the field. Anderson has tentativezy set a renewed offensive for two '\11eeks henc e, around Christmas. Following the lengthy conference, all the generals lunch together on field rations. Once again a bottle of whiskey is brought out and once again General Clark declines. He declares he can't see the theory of drinking "with such tremendous stakes and such serious propositions before us." Generals C;Lark and Anderson drive back to the ~·irst Army headquarters at Ain _ Seymour following lunch a.ild arrive there at . '.Il.615. The American general quickly transfers to his Oltll car and departs, in rain, slush and fog, .for Guelma. Just at dark he arrives alt the home o£ M. Baran.gar whose home he stayed at the last time he was in Guelma. A cocktail party for Allied sympathizers is on when the general arrives. One of the guests, Uadame Tomasini, wife of a wounded French officer, insists that she must talk privately with him concerning pro-Axis elements. She even suggests that he might sleep in her ro01nt The general bails out quickly, agreeing to confer with her in a less compromising room. She keeps the general up late, telling him there is "declining confidence among French of£icers in general in the ability o£ the Allied Forces to defeat the Axis in Tunisia;" generally French officers are not for us, but the enlisted men are although the later 11are somewhat discouraged by non-receipt of America."1equipment. 11 She declares that Generals Juin, Barre and Mendigal "cannot be relied upon." She gives the general a list of "dangerous characters" but he remarks later that her report . l'llight be based on personal bias. During thi R conference the re is great hub-bub outside the Baranger house. It is reported that lights are being flashed to signal German bombers. Cars in front of the house are dispersed and the guard is instructed to be especiall-.1 on the alert throughout the night. * * * GUEIMA-ALGIERS, DECEMBER 1942-Following breakfast with the Barangers, General 10, Clark heads baclc for Algiers. It is still rainy and disagreeable. One thing along the way disconcerts General Clark. He notes that "as I travel through the towns and villages there is less enthusiasm on the part of the populace for Allied troops than I witnessed on previous trips . The general and his little party lurohes beside the road, cooking augmented Army C. !"ations over a small, self-built fire. The general makes the soup. An Arab, dirty and ragged and hungry looking, comes by on his ass and watches the meal preparation. The general gives the Arab a can of corned beef, smiling and remarking: "For God's sake remember that you have to take the can off bet'ore you eat the stu.ff'l" The Arab bows and grins. The drive home, through rain, is tiring and monotonous. At one point, the general, who prefers air travel to all else, remarks "what a waste of time riding in a car is." Som he can no longer stand the pace. He takes the wheel himself and drives the final 175 miles into Algiers at breakneck . speed • .~riving at 1.845, he reports immediate ly to General Eisenh~er concerning his mission. The plan to put American troops under American canmanders has been arranged "peaoet'ully without hurting the prima. donna•s (Anderson's) feeling," General Clark says. This will solve many probl.ems of eonummications and supply and we can back our troops directly with American air. I've put it over, now we've got to fight it through!" While General Clark has been away the nucleus of the Fifth Army has set itself up in _the Hotel Alexandria, 150 yards away from Allied Force Headquarters in the Hotel St. George. More personnel has arrived and directives to Generals Patton and Fredendall are being prepared and preliminary organization started. Another development is the preparation of plans calling for an assault on Sardinia. In a report to the Combined \ ' �~fGR J Chi efs of Staff in Washington, General Eisenhower reports that the earliest possible attack date, with everything going right, would be March 50, 1945. 'l'he assault force, as set up tentatively, would include the Northern Task Force now being assembled in the United Kingdom by General Morgan. For security reason, the entire assau l t force would start from the U.K. but air cover would come from North Africa. * * * AffiIERS, DECEil(BER 1942--General Clark plu.11ges immediately today into the plan 11, of putting American troops in Tunisia under American conmiand. He calls a conf erence of high-rankL-rig ofricers, including Generals Gruenther, Lemnitzer, Rooks, Gale, Spaatz, Doolittle Craig and Brigadier Whiteley. The units are to be put under American command/ as soon as possible so they can contribute as all-American units to the renewed Tunisian drive when it comes. Plans are made for greater coordination of the air effort and for strengthening, with men and supplies, the American units already at the front, particularly General Oliver's armored combat commandthat suffered both tank and personnel losses in repulsing the Germans. In the afternoon, General Clark has a lengthy conference with Brigadi er General W.B. Smith who will succeed him as Deputy Comiuander-in-Chief under General Eisenhower when General Clark moves to Oudjda to assume command of the Fifth Unite d States Army. General Smith, who was in London during early phases of the North African campaign, has just arrived in Algiers from the United States where he went for a quick consultation. General Clark brings General Smith up to date on all the diverse problems confronting him. Another caller is General Mast who, a.t last, is wearing his French general's uniform., after being incognito because of his work with General Clark prior to the landing. Mast, who has been acting as a liaison officer with Allied Force Headquarters, is scheduled to take another command. General Clark's faithful II Corps Chief of Staf~, General Rooks, has been transferred to the AFHQ G-5 section to take it over when Gener al Lemnitzer leaves to take an anti-aircraft command. group Clark looks going Gener al Gruenther is now getting the Fifth Army staff integrated. The advance will drive to Oudjda tomorrow to begin setting up headquarters. However, General and his staff will not go dovm until the Tunisian situation clarifies. So it as though activation of the Fifth ArriJY will not start for two weeks. Cables are to Washington concerning the dispatch of headquarters personnel and equipment. With one exception, the front in Tunisia is quiet. Axis troops attacked Medjez El Bab with 40 tanks and an infantry battalion. The enemy was repelled with a loss of 18 tanks. All military and naval positions in Bizerte and Ferryville were occupied by A:ii'3 without French resistance leading to the belief that the Axis does not trust the French troops that have been manning them. There have been some moves to the south and Allied forc ~s take steps to counteract any Axis effort to make a flank assault from the South. A decision has been reached regarding Backbone (the Spanish Morocco plan) and General Clark, as head of the Fifth U.S. Army, will have the command. General Morgan's force is to keep plans for the operation up to date and prepare to execute them upon the call of General Clark. The Center and Western Task Forces will be prepared to advance overland into Spanish Morocco with "such resources as are available at the time." Regarding General Clark the directive says: "The 6olll!llaildingGeneral, Fifth U.S • .Army, will com."!la.Ild forces alloted to the all operation and will be responsible for the preparation of plans. He will issue planning directives to Center, Western and Northern Task Forces and to the 12th Air Support Co rnand. (Admiral Cunningham), under the Allied Commander-in-Chief, will direct the operations of the Naval Forces. He will designate a Naval ComtM.nder for the Northern ) \ �Naval Task. Force to act with the CommandingGeneral, Northern Task Force, and will also designate a naval representative to H.Q. Fifth U.S. Army·to take part in the preparation of the general plan." A ra.1i1egram, from General Anderson to British General Gale (who has just arrived frO!ll Lqndon), is received today and is wortcy of inclusion: "All other protests having failed, 11 says Anderson, "I appeal to you to stop the flagrant misuse of in finitely precious railway flats to carry quant iti es of semi-broken down French motor cars. My administrative situation is precarious in the extreme and a continuance of this criminal misuse of scanty rolling stock is equivalent of enemy sabotage. Juin agrees with me but I am told this traffic results from some agreement made by AFHQ. I cannot protest too emphatically at the continuance of this scandal which may well have disastrous results •• •" Notes fleneral Clark on the radio: 11A sign of weakness, writing for the record1" · * * * ALGI RS, DEC E EMBER 12, 1942-A fantastic war sidelight occurs in Algiers harbor today. Axis swimmers, apparently brought close in by a submarine, paddle into the harbor during the night and attach 11limpets 11 to several cargo and nava l vessels. These limpe t s are time bombs that e.re "leached" to the vessels. None of them explodes before the discovery is me.de. Nine of the human tor pedoes are captured! Two small vessels are run aground on the beach when inuninent explosion is feared. General Clark pops up with a hot Fifth Armyidea today and the following cable \ is dispatched to Washington. "Consider that it would have an extremely whol.esome morale effect if token South American army units, both ground and air, could be sent into the French M oroccan area for assignment to the F:i.1thunited States Army. Their presence in that area, it i.s believed, would.have a. fine ei'fect on our relations with the Spanish. If' the State Department concurs in this suggestion we feel that perha ps a battalion of Brazilian infantry and perhaps ten or twelve Braz'Ilian flyers, to be incorporated into our air units in that area, wo uld be a cheap way of producing th e results we seek. Some senior American officer, perhaps as high as Bri gadier General, might well be incorporated as a. li aison officer at the headquarters of theFifth Army. Should i, be deemed advisable to have other token South American units, e. composite force up to an infantry regiment could easily be accomodated. Formation of such a Iatin American Legion would be a great stimlllus to Iatin .Americans; giying them a direct contri.bution to the United Nation's war effort. We could handle the Legion's shipment s,nd supply. Your (General Marshall's) views on this would be a ppreciated. 11 Another council£ war is held today as General Anderson comes bac-k from the front to report and seek advice. The m eeting is atten ded by Generals Eisenho~er, Clark, Spaatz, ' Smith, Air Marshals Tedda.rand W elsh and other key officers. It is decided to launch the renewed drive in Tunisia on December 20. The conference covers supply problems, replacement of lost supplies, relief of certain front line units, strength of enemy tank units and kindred matters. Anderson states that it will take about a week to refit the First '1rmy. The British Com:nander says that his worst problem is organization of railways and transportat ion. General Eisenhower tells Anderson that it is his "primary function" to work out the logisitical problems, leaving direction of the actual fighting to General Allfrey. Anderson and British General Gale are instructed to work out the supply problem. Anderson declares he has "a 5G-50 chance of success if I can get up seven to 10 days of supplies." It is also decided to further integrate air and ground action. U.S. Air Forces at the front will be put under Air Commodore .. . . Lawson of the R.A.F. who commands the Eastern Task Force Air Force. . I \ �"It would be inexcusable," says General Eisenho wer, "for those concerned not to be able to get together and work out a sound plan within a week. I favor doing anything, anywhere with anybody to get the job done. Better communications must be provided to those running the tactical battle. If everyone does his part and the weather is good, we will win the battle. We must hold and we must take our objective. As all of us go af'ter this job for the next week, let us put our best brains and our hearts to it. Let us test and retest our methods and equipment to insure success. We must not lose the battle by misunderstanding." General Clark makes several suggestions. He wants to make a two-way attack on ' Sfax as a ~iverting move and to out north-south Axis communications. He proposes to drop approximately 800 British and American paratroops at the southern coastal point and time this with a light la.."lding of troops from Malta. He says, also, that more I guards must be put on the vital su pply railroad into the combat area. The Deputy \ Commander is to take this up with Generals Giraud and Ma.st since he believes this type of duty can be undertaken by French troo ps. It is decided to move up the entire remainder of' the 18th re gimental combat team, part of the 1st Division now in the Oran area, so it can join in the December 20 attack. A£ter the conference, General Clark returns to his office and strides up and down the small room, punctuating his walk occasionally by stop ping in front of his situation map and studying it intently. "It seems," he says, "that we are doing all we can but surely there is some way we can make our attack even more powerful." Then he starts pacing again. The general is quite disturbed about the Tunisian situation. General Clark wants to move up all the available armored outfits in the North African I area and crack the Axis with one all-out effort to drive them from Tunisia. 1 The Darlan situation, as far as Washington and London are concerned, is still a stop-gap thing for which they are making apologies. A frank talk has been had with Darlan and the French High Commissioner declar es he has "no intention of trying to extend his political inf l uence." He again promises "complete cooperation in the military effort and in any other way the United States might deem ap propriate." He adds that "only a free French people can select their future leaders." After rainy, stormy . weather for five days, it is clear today. At the front, things are quiet with the exception of bomber activity. Our Flying Fortresses and Bisleys go af'ter Tunis and Bizerte on an accelerated scale, scoring hits on docks at both places. There is little fighter activity because of the muddy conditions of the advanced and crude fields. Four ships are sunk by naval vessels in the passage between Sardinia and Tunis. Taking advantage of the sunlight, General Clark moves his of'fice out on the . roofless porch during mid-day. * * * ALGIERS,DECEMBER 1942--General Clark concentrates 15, on t wo things today: getting more armored units to the front and moving up French troops to protect lines of ' communication. It is decided to alert the re~inder of the 1st Armored Division that is at Oran and make it rea dy for movement to the front, probably starting Tuesday. To bring lower commanders up to date on the situation in general, the Deputy Commander calls in Generals Ryder, Caffey, 0 1 Daniel and Porter and with them pores over the Tunisian front map. The general came to work prepared to take an hour off during the morning to go to church but there is too much business to be expedited immediately and he has to bypass worship. The general contin ues to work on the possible use of paratroops at Sfax and starts Generals Lemnitzer and Gruenther working on the plan that he has been formulating. �• --- l General Mast is called in concerning French protection of the lines of communication and General Clark achieves the following: Two companies of regular French inf'antry is to be moved from Algiers to the Constantine area immediately; one battalion If Territorial Infantry will be moved from Oran to the C0nstantine area as soon as transportation :is available; 5,600 Donairs (individual guards) will be enlisted in the Oran and Algiers areas for line of communications duty. The entire line of communications is going to be inspected by a senior French of.ficer to improve defense at critical points. This action of General Clark's will result in releasing ' a certain ' number of Allied troops for front line duty and will bring more manpower along the road and rail routes between Algiers and the front. · There is light and brief ground contacts along the front at diverse points today but nothing o£ a large scale develops. Flying Fortresses make a heavy bombing attack on Bizerte. A report is made today to General Marshall on the status o£ the Fifth Army. A headquarters and headquarters company is being formed. Further key officers are being sent for. "Clark," says the radio, ''has assembled nucleus of Fi.fth Army staff at Algiers planning Backbone operation and coordinating activities of the Western and Center Task Forces. It is planned that Headquarters Fifth Army be established at Oudjda in eastern Morocco where facilities are being prepared. Orders constituting the Army will be issued tomorrow, but formal activation will not take place until Tunisian situation clarifies somewhat. Until Army is activated Clark will remain as Allied Force Deputy Commander-in-Chief. ''J Fearing that . the DeGaullist are forcing the Darlan issue, a radiogram is sent to the Combined Chief s of Staff in Washington explaining "the Degaulle following here is .small and among Army and Navy officers there is a definite anti-DeGaulle sentiment which should not be underestimated. Obviously, we have not been able to discuss publicly the reasons for developments, our desire to consolidate our military situation, and our erforts to obtain immediate cooperation of French W est Africa." It is also pointed out that pro-Axis organizations are being disintegrated and that suspicious groups and persons are under close surveillance ••• Control of the FrancoSpanish frontier is .being undertaken. At present it is not satisfactory, but we expect a steady improvement in the situation there. Due to the nature of the terrain and :ts length there is travel across this frontier ••• We frankly admit that the political situation here is most confused and very dif:f'icult. You will continue to get disturbing reports of various kinds. Our whole effort is to keep the situation under su££icient control to enable us to fight a battle ••• To push the mil itary operation, every means available to the authorities have be en placed at our disposal." / Arrangements are completed today to supply French forces 11in close cooperation Bl;ldactively engaged in operations against the common ·enemy suc h weapons, equipment, . supplies and materiel as may be available from reserves ••• provi ded transfer will assist operations in progress or imminent." t Gener~l Clark, feeling _ confined by spending so much-time in his office, breaks away in the middle of Sunday afternoon to hike in the hills behind El Biar ,. P.s he strides over the fields, muddy from recent rains, he stears away from military talk and chats about his family, fishing and similar topics. He confides that he is considering retiring as soon as the war ends. General Patton, who has been at the front for the past four days, returns to headquart ers at dusk and a long conference between Generals Clark and Eisenhower and the armored general starts. Patt on wants to have an American sector at the front with · an all American effort divorced from the British. He wil l make a complete re port tomorrow. At 8:45, General Clark, , alree,dy an hour and 45 minutes, late, join s the crew of tke P-219 and officers on the famed submarine trip for dinner and an evening of reminiscing J _______ * * * t �ALGIERS, DECEMBER 1942-"lfith War Department authority, 14, the United States Fifth Army is hereby constituted and allocated to the command of the Commander-inChief, Allied Force, North Africa, and will be activated at the proper time by the CommandingGeneral, Fifth Army. "Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, AUS, is designated Commander, United States Fifth Army. Upon activation of the Fifth Army he will, with the concurrence of the Allied Commander-in-Chief, North Africa, be relieved as Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Allied Force." Thus rea ds the order that is issued today. However, General Clark's move to Oudjda and actual activation of his army looks farther away than ever this morning. The move cannot be made until the s_ ituation in Tunisia is beginning to clear up and it is getting more disturbed day by day. General Clark is spending almost all his time now on the tactical situation. Says he, following another long conference with General Pat ton: "This situation is a mess. General Oliver's armored outfit is almost useless. In withdrawing they passed the only available bridge across the Medjerda River ill their area because the bridge was under light artillery fire. They continu ed up- ' river on the south side near Mendjez Ell.Bab and soon their vehicles bogged dovm. The stuff piled up like it was stampeded. There was no high command. The outfit lost 600 out of its 800 half-tracks, all but five of its 58 self-propel.led 75 1 s and all but about 20 of its 110 tanks. We are in bad shape and I don't know just ' what we can do. These vehicles are badly mired in. I don't see how we can attack on December 20. W may have to retreat to high ground and wait two or three months. I'd like to e draw all American troops from under General Anderson and place them in an All -American sector. Oliver's outfit should never have been placed so close to the front. A lot of serious mistakes have been made on the Tunisian front." If possible, the attack is still going on as scheduled December 20. More stuff is being moved up from the Oran area to the front. The plan is to have the 56th British Brigade hold the north flank in front of Mateur. The terrain there can be easily dominated and it is wild and will be difficult for the Axis to infiltrate. The 78th British Division will drive forward from the M edjez El Bab area toward Tebourba and Djedeida. The rest of General Oliver's outfit will start m oving up from the Oran area tomorrow. 1t comprises about 5,000 men and 70 fresh tanks. It is hoped that the mired down veh i cles can be pulled out and fixed up for renewed battle. The 6th Armored will push forward to the south of the 78th Division. The attack will be thoroughly coordinated with the Air Force. Says General Clark, as he explains the plan to General Patton: "This is to be our big drive. If it fails we will have to withdraw to the high growid, hold defensive positions and build up for two or three months. The affect of such a move, not only behind the front in North Africa but in spots throughout the world, is obvious. Then we would have to try a new ~lan: two sectors, the British in the north and the American in the south with the Americans carrying the offensive when we are ready to attack again." General Patton gives General Clark a comprehensive report on tactics. He says "the Germans are not h olding a line anywhere. They secure initiative by powerful attack, properly timed, thus c ompelling the Allies to conform and thereby depriving the Allies of the initiative ••• The Boche move with tanks in a large 1V1 formation with infantry and artillery insi de the wings of the 1 V'. Having moved the infantry and artillery into an effective position, the tanks swing off to a flank and either move back to cover the infantry and artillery or else move to the flank and attaclc in conjunction with the infantry and artillery ••• The German infantry will not stand close ) �------~-- .. -----------------------------~--- SfGR T " • :l attack, at least the infant.ry in the Tunis sector ••• The Germans use close air support which comes down in eaact cooperation with their infantry and tank attack. 11 Regarding British tactics, Patton say.s: f'They seem to favor holding low ground, leaving high ground to the enemy. Frequently their positions are in front rather than behind rivers ••• They conceive of the tank as a defensive weapon and employ it in the front line as an anti-tank gun. They still believe that one should fight tanks with tanks. They have, so far as I can see, no intelligence from the air ••• They do not support the tanks with armored infantry ••• 11 General Patton also reports that Germans have short wave sets on the same wavelengths as ours and listen to our orders; that two mobile anti-aircraft vehicles should be with every tank company; that there should be at least two battalions of mobile AAvehicles with every division. Patton declares that our line of communications to the front "is not being used to more than 10 percent of its capacity." He says that British supply movements halt at night; suggests that winding poritions of the road be blocked off and a system of one way traffic be instituted; recommends that foot and oattie ~ traffic be curbed; asks that an American contractor be br~ught over to supervise maintenance of the roads. Alinost all of the general 1 s cont'erences, except for a brief one in the afternoon with ue Fifth Army Staff, concern the situation at the front and hmv it can be improved. Cables are going out to the Center Task Fcrce, ordering up various units, getting replacements and materiel. The General cont'ers with Generals Rooks, Gruenther and Lemnitzer to coordinate the move-up. This radio goes out to General Anderson who has returned to his headquarters at the front: 111 feel sw::e from our conversations that you understand that I do not wish to interfere in any way in any tactical dispositions you deem necessary ••• At a time when tis very important to conserve our resources for offensive operations, while the position is important to future offensive operations, we can not afford to have troops exposed and cut off in indefensible situations." In the evening General Clark is host at his villa to Captain Fawkes of the Maidstone and Lieutenant Jewell of the P-219, two British naval officers who made his trip to North A.frica in the sub~rine possible. * * ALGIERS,DECEMBER 1942-The date for the renewed Al.lied drive in Tunisia 15, is re-set today for December 24. General Clark is spending all his .time on the problem of strengthening the ofi'ensive thnu.st and today he completes arrangements for use o£ the 601st Tank Destroyer battalion, a potent outfit that is in the Oran area. Tanks have been playing an all-important role on the Tunisian front and this tank destroyer unit will be of inestimable value. Allied commanders report that the most effective weapon possessed by the .Axis in Tunisia is their 88mmanti-tank gun that is used both against tanks and personnel. The 601st will be attached to General Oliver's force. In addition to the tank destroyer battalion, the follovTing units are also attached to General Oliver to strengthen him and give him~ sizable American command: the 18th Regimental Combat Team, the first battalion of the 56th Field Artillery (155mmguns), Compan C of the 15th Armored Regiment (light tanks), 12 "Sher manu y tanks, four 105mmhowitzers from the cannon companies of the 16th and 26th infantry regiments and .200 infantry r eplacements. The 18th RCTbivouacs in the El P.rba re gion, just south of Algiers, overnight and then moves on. · �170 SEGR T /, . General Anderson radios back from his British First . Army headquarters at the fr ont that he will have sufficient ammunition for "seven days of hard fightine, but it will be hand to mouth thereafter." The petrol and rations supply has built up to nine days. 11All this depends on the uninterrupted flow of material by al l routes," Anderson cables, adding he is pointing for December 22 as the target date. Ey necessity there will be limited fighting during the period up to the target date. The attacking force will consist of the British 78th and 6th Ar1qored Divisions and two United States combat teams, with proper corps and army staffs. It will be possible to replace casualties but impossible to relieve or withdraw formations until further formations arrive from the United Kingdom or the United States. From all indications the Axis is digging in, pr eparing a defensive triangle the corners o£ which are Tunis-St. Cyprien-Djedeida . Outposts are at Tebourba-MassicaultChouigui. Enemy patrols are met at several points in the center and south sectors during the day but there is little ground activity. We are concentrating on bombing Bizerte, Tunis and La Goullette. Supr,lies and troops are moving up to the front in preparation for the assault that will either mean driving the .Axis out~ Tunisia or else waitin g two to three months while our side, and the enemy's, brings in reinforcements. It is raining again, almost torrentially. But the moves to the front continue. At least the v,eather is cutting down enemy reconnaissance flights. The 18th RCT moves out of El Arba during the day depriving General Clark of a hoped-for opportunity to go out and visit it. Admiral Darlan has his first press conference today and issues a statement, sent over by Pr esident Roosevelt, in which the High Comissioner of French Africa m declares 11I seek no assistance or support for any personal ambitions." Perhaps this action by Darlan will bring a decrease in the amount of sniping that is being done from Washington and London and by the piqued followers of DeGaulle. "Once France and the French Empire is free from the Axis yoke," says Darlan, "the Frenclm people themselves wil l decide freely the form of government and national policy they desire." * * * AI.GIER, DECEMB 16, 1942--Every effort is being b ent to get more fighting men S ER and fighting equipment to the front. A final conference concerning use of American units is held this morning before Major General Oliver leaves for the front to rejoin his growing command. Oliver spends almost an hour with General Clark going over the disposition and proposed strategy. General Anderson is now bucking the plan to have .American troops commaxied by American officers at the front. This despite the agreement he manif es ted to General Clark when the Deputy Commandervisited the front last week. General Clark is irked, saying "apparently Anderson's promises mean nothing." General Eisenhoner is holding tight and Oliver goes back to his troops in the field with the understandin g that he will command them and determin e , as ,f ar as feasible, their dtsposition and use. Another situation has arisen that is di sconcerting . General Giraud has order ed an entire French M occoan division into the Tunisia front ar ea. This will complicate or an already difficult supply problem and, as General Clark points out, "it is possi ble that these tr oops might be needed alone the Spanish M oroccon border." It is impossible to -censure Giraud slnce his motive, however short sighted, is to increase the number of troops in the forward ar ea. General Smith is dispatched to discuss th e situation wit h the Fr ench commander and to try and persuade him that the division is not needed. \ �\ '7i ,,. g % An answer has been received to General Clark's idea that a Latin American Legion e formed as a "token" unit in the North African theater. General M.arshall cables hat the idea possesses "considerable merit as a contribution to Inter-American relations" but "for the time being" presen:ts "too many practical disadvantages." It is suggested that a small group of Latin American subordinate commanders and staf"f officers be sent to Fif'th by headquarters "in the near future for orientation and preparation of plans ••• After suitable period these commanders could return to United States and make final preparations £or movement of their units overseas." Declaring "there is nothing I can do now but sit and worry while the uni ts move up tp the front," General Clark makes preparations to depart tomorrow by airplane £or Oran and Oudjda. He wants to make a more thorough reconnaissance of the area where his Fif'th Army will be located and to visit in person the proposed amphibious training area near Nemours, west of Oran. He will ~lso coni'er with General Fredendall concerning Backbone plans providing the move into Spanish M orocco is necessary. The s~til.ation in both Spain and Spanish Morocco appears quiet although labor battalions in Spanish _ Morocco are being called to military service and another class has been called up in Spain. "Next week," says General Clark, "I'll be terrifically busy with the immin,mt off ensive and the tremendous problems that are bound to arise. I plan on going to the . front. This is my only opportunity to work on Fifth Army matters." He is going to take several members of the Army staf"f with him s ince the trip is also going to be a personnel hunting mission • . Once again the front is quet Bave for light patrol activities on both sides. Flying Fortresses again bomb the already hard hit harbors of Tunis and Bizerte while B-26s attack the Tunis _irdrome. Both types of missions are reported successful. a General Anderson radios back that he and Air M arshal Welsh will bisit forward units tomorrow "to agree on a general plan for the employment of strategic bomber effort to assist the land battle." General Anderson promis es to have his plan of battle and suggestions for air sup port ready in three day~. * * * ALGIERS-OUJDA, DECEMBER 1942-General Clark talces off for his proposed 17, Fifth Army headquarters at 0855 in a Flying Fortress. He is accompanied by Colonels , , Howard and Lewis and Major Meacham. Arriving at Tafaraoui airdrome (Oran) at 1042, General Clark confers with Lieutenant Colonel Hewitt of the II Corps and decides, after learning that the Oujda airport is dry enough to land on, to continue to the inland town where Fifth Army headquarters are being set up. Except for the runways Tafaraoui is a sea of gooey mud, so muddy that a jeep has to back up -to the Flying Fortress' door so General Clark can get directly out of the plane into the vehicle. The general's plane then takes off at ·lll5 for Oudja and, after having difficulty in locating the field, lands at 1215. The party is taken to the Hotel Terminus, • assigned to rooms and then taken to lunch. Lieutenant Colonel Smith and Major Porter have already begun to s et up the headquarters. Following lunch, General Clark inspects the area where Fifth Army headquarters enlisted men will be bivouaced. He plans on sending Colonel Bowman, Army F.ngineer, to Oujda as soon as possible to take care of construction. Approximately 10 Nissen huts will be erected and plans will be started for the erection of barracks buildings. The general then gows to the girl's school that is going to be his headquarters. He tentatively outlines where his various sections will be placed. Returning to the Hotel Terminus, General Clark confers with General Patton who �y: l D has . flown to Oujda from Casablanca. General Clark declares that General Nogues, governor general of French Morocco, is supporting the Allied on the surface but that he appears to be working against us beneath the surface. He says Radio -M a.roe is broadcast:i.ng news "detrimental to our cause." General Patt on denies it and asks for specific examples. General Clark promises to furnish them through ~i lton Eisenhower, General Ike's brother who is with the Office of War Infor inaticn. General Clark intimates that the Western Task Force is not being firm enough in dealing with political control measures. The two generals then discuss attack operations in the Casablanca area and certain officers are recommended for decoration. Returning to the subject of Nogues, General Clark tells General Patton: "If anyone is caught double-crossing us, we want the details so General Eisenhower and I can act, taking the matter up with Darlan to get the guilty party relieved." This conference, which lasts until 1645 when General Patton departs for Casablanca, is attended also by Colonel Howard and Lieutenant Colonel Black of General Patton I s staff. General Clark then calls General Eisenhower and tells him he will be returning Algiers tomorrow. The Fifth Army commander then walks from the hotel to the school headquarters for further discussions with Colonel Smith concerning al l ocation of office space. to High officials of the Oujda region are invited to dinner with General Clark tonight. The most colorful character present is the Pasha of Oujda, a colorfully garbed patriarch complete with turban, long cloak and sandals. The hem of his garment is kissed by the Moslem devout as he walks along. The dinner is also ·attended by General Beucler, commanding French general of the Oujda area; M. Caillat, Chef de la Region; M. Laurans, mayor of Ou{jda; M. Guillemin, comptroller for the Pasha; Colonel Joppe, commanding the Fjft,h French regiment, and Colonel Harkel, Chief of staff to General Beucler. The Pasha is a friendly gent. During his conversation with General Clark he tells the American general of his personalmortage of tea and the general promises to send him some. All American officers in the region attend the dinner, including Lieut. Col. Sladen, comma.'11.ding 1st battalion the of the 50th Infantry, which is protecting Oujda airport, and Colonel Monohan of th e Air Corps. ~ The situation at the front is relatively unchanged as the Allies bring up men and supplies for the impending battle. In the tight northern Tunisian corner held by the Axis, extensive bombing attacks are carried out • .An American patrol in Southern Tunisia surprises and captures more than 20 Italian patrolers. Admiral Fenard has returned from a conference at Alexandria with Admiral Godfr oy, commanding units of the French fleet in haven there, and he reports that Godfroy is willing to go along with the Allies providing there is no plan to toss Admiral Darlan out assoon as circumstances will permit. General Giraud is demanding a single command on the Tunisian front and believes that he, being senior and experienced, should have the command. He says the French have 40,000 men in the region. General Eisenhower says he cannot agree to the proposal. However, some arrangement will have to be made to increase Giraudis stature. * @) * * �1 ~3 E C ,. E~li..11., tis h Bri , ., r", .- ,·..- ,.. T .,,.- OUJDA-ALGIERS, DECEMBER 1942--Followin g breakfast and an ins pection tour 18, of the third battalion of the 30th Infantry, which is dispersed ar9und the Oujda airport to prevent Axis paratroop or plane landings, Lieutenant General Clark and his party take off in their Flying Fortress for Algiers. The general, having commanded a company of the 30th Infantry earlier in his military career, has a soft spot for the Third Division infantry regiment. The Fortress takes off at 0955. The flight back to Allied Force Headquarters at Algiers is more eventful than usual. The weather is rainy and bumpy. After flying at altitudes as high as 10, 250 feet, the pl ane is taken out over the Mediterranean where it dro ps as low as 150 feet. Landing at Maison Blanche, the general goes directly to headquarters for a conference with General Eisenhower, arrivin g at the St. George just after noon. It has been decided that General Anderson wil l have full command over all troops now poised on the Tunisian front for the remwed ass ault aimed at driving the Axis out of North Africa. General Eisenhower has ruled that it is up to Anderson to run the entire thing and that he will decide when and where what troops wil l be used. General Clark regrets the move, feeling that all the American troo ps should be under American commandto L~sure their proper and full employment. The Deputy Commander-in-Chief feels a firm stand shoul d have been taken against Anderson in the matter of command. The various outfits that are moving to the front for attachment to General Oliver's all-American "Combat Command 11 wil l now be B directly under Anderson. General Clark is eager to institute "an American ar my with .American sup pl y and American control." M ovement of troops and supplies to the front is proceeding on schedule. However, the thin g is bein g com plicated by General Giradd 1 s decision to bring up th e First M oroccon Division. Units of this command, piled inside and outside alcohol burnin g busses, move noisly through Algiers today. Principal activity at the front centers around the air force but an outpost line has been establish ed and ther e are increasingly aggressive patrols. The air force bombed and smashed the railroad connecting northern and southern ~isia but General Clark is doubtful of the effect. "It means that Axis materiel and men can't go to the south," he muses. · "That means a buil dup of strength in the northern sector where we are going to attack." Enemy shi ppin g at Bizert e and Tunis is hit hard durin g the day and naval units sink t wo enemy trans ports s outhbound to Tunisia. General Clark's rapi d-fire confer ences cover the se subjects: orderin g Colonel Bowwm, Corps of Engin eers , to go to Oujda to start construction of Fifth Army facilities; a report from General 0 1Daniel who is ju st back from the front; a decision to equip the French with eight 75s and four 57mmself-propelled guns . that will come from an American Tanlc Destroyer battalion; mo vement of th e 70th Tank batta l ion to Tebessa to protect the ri ght fl ank being held by Colonel Raff; troubl e caused by the fi l in g of a dispatch by a Life corre spondent detailin g how we organized th e North African Fifth column; discussion of the vulnerabi l ity_ to Ax parais troop attack of the a irfield at Youks-l es- Bains and a decision by Genera,l Clark to insist that French troops under take such defense; a r eport on t he status of veh ic les at the front tha t sho~s t he weakness in half-tracks and tanks (a s hortage of 78 li ght and 50 medium tanks) and anti-tank and ar tillery weapons (a shorta ge of 59 57mm, 75mmand 105mmguns) and the r eport shows that heavy :figh tin g equipment is most badly needed and that the equip me on hand , ba dly in need of overhau l, is nt not equal to the Ger man @ql!iipmentit must f ace . * , r �SE CRET E1111t Bri tish /,\ C "':f' 'ils ' ( .,.. AffiIERS, DECEMBER 1942--General Clark has a long, comprehensive confer19, ence with General Giraud today concerning the employment of French troops along the s outhern end of the Tunisian front and how these French units can be strengthened by supplyin g them with a small amount of American equipment. A possible French assault against Sfax is discussed but the generals agree that it will not be possible because of~th e present strength on the south flank. French forces are to be ready to attac 1 ·n the Pont Du Fahs area on December 26 in conjunction with the British-America assault. Their first goal will be to secure a line of departure from Pont Du Fahs to- Med jez El Bab. They are to commence preliminary operations in that sector tomorrow. General Giraud feels the British should execute a si m ilar preliminary action to seiz e the hi gh ground north of Medjez El Bab in the vicinity of Chouigi. Thirty enemy tanks have entered Pichon but French forces hold high ground surrounding the town. Giraud is ordering an attack by infantry and artil l ery, with American air support, to destroy the enemy. Generals Clark and· Giraud go extensively into the pending push and Giraud says the French objective when troo ps attack in conjunction with the British First 11:rmy on the northern front will be Zahgouan. General Clark promises to obta in the following to help Giraud's forces: one anti-tank company to General Juin in the forward area, additional anti-aircraft (50 caliber) units, eleven additional modern U.S. airplanes so the number available in the Gafsa area to the French wil~ be 25, 1,0 00 rifles, carbines or tommyguns for use by the French on the left of the British First Army. Certai...l'l other equi .1,, ment is to be turned over to the French in the Oran and A]giers areas. Organization of the Fifth Armyunder General Clark is next discussed. Giraud feels that in event of hostilities with Spain the first action should be to strike Spanish air and tank concentrations with our fighters and bombers. Giraud f ee ls that once Bizerta is captured there will be no more threat from Spain. It is Giraud's belief that three divisions, plus air forces, should be available to the Fifth AJ;myand that the troops should be disposed at F· ··, Oujda and M eknes. Forces north of the Sebou river shoul d be light French lmits. Air forces should be disposed at Fez, Oujda and La Senia (6ran). Like General Clark, the famed French general feels there should be separate sectors at the front. He proposes three: the United States on theri gfil, French in t the center and British on the left. He believes that strengthening of the south flank will counter any possible movement by Rommel's Afrika Korps to the Northwest after it has pas s ed the bend o£ the Gulf of Tripoli. Such a disposition would also make possible an offensive thrust against Rommel. The sequence of military events, Giraud believes, should be: first, seizure o£ Tunis 'ii.; second, clean up Tunisia southward fro m Tunis and destr oy Romm third, liquidate Bizerta. el; ( The dif f icult diplomatic pr oble m resulting from General Gir aud's orderi ng of the First M oroccon division to the Tunisian front is plunged into by General Clark. It is too late to countermand the order so t he American general politely expl ains that it would make supply and disposition problems much easier if General Giraud would keep Allied Force Headquarters posted on what he plans to do. Girau d then says he plans on ord er i ng the fol lowing forces north from Dakar: six Senegalese battalions, thre e batta l ion s of th e Foreign Legion and four motorized recon naissance squadrons . General Clar k says al l these forces, excep t t he Foreign Legbn battalion s , must re main in French M orocco. The Legionnai r es wil l g o to Oran to r epla ce battalions moved from that ar ea to th e front. _,;,,:; ·SE CRET Etiwlj,., tit.i~l\ • l . h\G: " ·,~ i E E<... T \ �SEC t RE E~1wls Br iti sh t.vj tf ' si:CRET The ticklist question of Nogues is also bro ught up. Giraud tells General that he has faith in th e Governor General of French rA orocco. General Clark is of the opinion that Nogues is "trick y and weak . 11 General Patton is ordere d to full control over Radio Ma. roe. If it is found that Nogues is double-crossing, Clark believes it will "fa l l to my lot to go to Mo rocco and dismiss him. 11 ( 1 '75 Clark still take Genera l General Anderson has come back fro m the front to r eport that he i s suspicious of some members of Gener al Barr e ' s (French) staff . He reports certain "leaks " in the front l in e area . The m ayor of Constantine is going to be seized , Anderson repo r ts that arrival of new units , r eplacements and suppl ies is going fo r war d. Rain is hampering , s omewhat, preparatjons fo r the offensive . Gr ound actio n at the front tod ay consists of cont inu ing pat r ols by both sides . Two Germans dressed in ~merican uniforms are captured. One enemy mo tar posi t io n in front of the 78th Division is eliminated. r On the south flank a st ro ng Ame ican pat r ol captures r 50 Italians at M akr..assy . Alli ed bombing operations go on unabated , extending from Ga.bes on the south to Bize r ta on the nor t h . The naval base at Bizer ta is hit. P.nAxis ai r port eight miles northeast of Dj edeida is hit and the fi r e from burning Axis planes is visible 20 miles . One of the lessons lea rn ed to date on the Tunisi an f ro nt is that our troops are not as wel l supplied with light anti-airc r aft guns as is the enemy. This ha s resulted in heavy di ve-bo mbing of our t roo ps and , when put in efi'ect against troops f acing fire for the first time , it has a bad effect on moral e . It ls recomm ended that all combat formations g o forward equipped with gr eater anti - aircraft fire. 11All personnel must be indoctrinated with the conviction that the best defense against a l ow flying pla ne is a well dire cted and int ense volume of fire from every available weapon. A host of officers arrive today from bot h England and the U ted states . The ni -group includes thr ee high -r anking offic ers that Gener al Clark has ordered for his Fifth Army Headquarters : 03r i::; i adier General Fre derick A. Blesse , M edical Office r; Br i gadier General Di ck Mo an , Chief Sign al Offi cer , and Colonel J oseph P. Sullivan, r Quartermaste r. ,~- * AffiIERS, DECEiW3 20 , 1942-- A pl an whereby Admiral Darl an- -necessary but E11 emb arrassing- -c an be ease d out as Hi gh Fr ench Com issioner in North Afr ic a and be m replaced by General Giraud i s hit upon tonigh t/a.l'ttf/ ~t;11etwo 1 high French off i cials confer with him, on another matte r, at his Villa on the hill overloo king the harbor of Algiers. This is t he general 's plan : "As I see it , 11 he says , 11we wil l be in a position to diploll'Etically rid ourselves of Darlan as soon as we take Tunisia. ~e n thi s is accomplished I thi nk we should go direct to Darlan and tell him that 11our countries (the United States and Great Brita in) j ust won't stomach you . 11 Darlan then would be told that in the interest s of Fr ance , himself and the other U nited Nations he sh ould quietly pas s · out of th e pictur e . He would be given enough mo ney to give him security fo r life and the right to go wherever he chose, even to the Unit ed States where he might t ake his crippl ed son t o W arm Springs , Ga., fo r i nf antil e paralysis tr eat m ent. I n the meantime Giraud would be developed to tak e over Darlan ' s high commissioner j ob . 11 J 1 would b e perf ectl y delight ed , 11 continu es General Clark , "to begin under cover negotiation s with Gira ud . W hen the deal was com eted we could turn to the politpl ici ans , la ugh and say this was t . e plan we had in our minds al l the time ; that th i s h SE JZ:J: C-~ . Equ(lls Briti:i\i /.\,:;"L ~ <,i£ T \ '{ -\ �SEC T RE ( 1,0 Et:iu Brit ish h\O c- S _t"r, T als T was a subtle arrangement by a couple of amateur army officials to build up Giraud until he was able to tak e over the job . As we have explained before , th e Admiral was only an expedi ent because he was th e only man who coul d keep the internal situation quiet while we strove to drive the Axis out of Tuni sia and th e remainder of Afr ica . As soon as that job was done we pl anned to take care of Darla n . 'l'his should make th e b:iggest news yet and would smooth over al l the trouble that has resulted from the Adm al 's ascendancy - -am necess ary asendancy-to ir power . W e'll g et out a lot of other people, in clu din g General Nogues. Governor Genera l Chatel of Algeria is nov being pr epared for the skid s . 11 1 The r eason for the visit of Admiral Darlan and General Giraud to th e ge nera l s ' vil la is their apprehension concerning the arrival in North Afr ica of one of DeGaulle's ge nerals . The general wants permis s ion to run fre e in Frenc h Africa t o determine Gaul lis t sentiment . Darlan and Girau d oppose this and th ey have arrest ed him. Darlan 1 Giraud and the Gaullist got to gether this afternoon and toni ght th e t w high French leaders come to th e vill a to t ell Gener als Eisenho wer and Clark o that the y want DeGaulle ' s man removed f r om Afr ica. The decl ar e that his presence here is detri menta l al t hough the y claim there is little Gaullist senti me nt. General Clark feels "no useful pu.ppose ca n be s erv ed by having a GauiHist here since his pr esence is bound only to st i r up f eeling • 11 Another conference is to be held tomorro:.v regardin g removal of the Gauulist. ( Anothsr extremely difficult military decision is in t he makL~ . General Clark g is considering bringing the 3rd Division up fro m the Frenc h ~orroco re g ion for use in an offensive aimed at ta king Sfax and Gabes and cr ackin g the southe r n sector of t he Tunisian front . It would make the Axis defense problem doubl y difficu l t and would di vert troops fro m the northern front . However, th e spectre of a blowup in Spanish Moocco or Spain i s stil l i mmine and the questio n is i f it would be r nt wise to withdraw this crack division from th e r egio n where it could begin a nor th ward advanc e into Spanish M orocco. Genera l Clark is considering ta ki ng commad of n t hi s south ern Tunisian f r ont if it is decided to make an al l - out drive th ere . "If we can I t crack th e Axis defense line s i n the North , " sa ys General Clark , 11we 1ve got to break th em in the south where th ey are softer . I bel ieve another strong division should be sent to Afr ica imme diately from the United Sta tes . " Along these same , lines a cable arrives saying that the Germans are de claring th at the U nited States has desi gns on Spain and Spanish territory. Thi s is usual l y the pr opaganda prelude to a Germany invasion. General Anderson holds further c onferences today and he declares there is sufficient supply and men to justify an offensive "about Christmas ." He adds that it 11shoul d afford us a fair chance of succe ss but the big factor will be the weather . " There has been some improvement i n the supply situ at ion in the for w ard area and troo ps and materiel are moving to ward the battl ef r ont acco r di ng to schedule. There is vi gor ous patrol activi t y at the front but no large scale fightin g . The weather is cutting do,m th e effectiveness of reconnaissa nce sweeps and bom ber mis s ions. In north er n and central Tunisia we are cont inuing to consolidate our positions . The mayor of Constantine is be~ng remo~ed1from office by Darlan after he is convinced that the mayor 's inf luence has been used against the Allies. Chatel is going to be deposed just as soon as a qualified replacement fo r the governor generalship can be found . The French North African mis sio n that is heade d by General Betho uard is leaving sh ortly for W hing ton to see about getting equipment as for th e French army . General Clark attends church again toda y, going to the Holy Trint y Church of Algiers with his two aides , lll j or M ram and ~ a eac tenant Beard wood. I n th e afternoon he walks in th e hil l s *with Gener al ! * E eR--" sE :" ,w,, i \ 0 1'1~ M OS f SBCRE.T tl h \ �SECRE t ( \ '7'7 tqua ls ·Briti~h A'\OS • l , T T AffiIERS, D MBER ECE 21, 1942-Th e minor crisis cau sed- by the arrival in North Africa of General Dastier , General DeGaulle ' s representative , is disposed of in rapid time. The Fi ghting French general is t o depart tomorro w for the U ted ni Kingdom. In cabl i ng the Com bined Chie fs of Staf f , General Eis enhovier decla r es : His (Dastier 1 s) ap paren t intention was to make an extensive survey of the countr y , its political sentiment and its present c onditi on. In additi on he talked about the tran sfer here of Free Fre nch Forces, now in t he M dle East, and id des ir ed to discuss fut ure strat egy for inv as ion of Europe . These last t wo r easo ns appear so ac ademic at th e moment that only the fir st seems to represent to Giraud and others here his r eal pur pose . In spite of the bad atmosphere so cr eated I feel t hat some smal l start may have bee n made in the tas k of pro moti ng mu ua l undert standing • •• I am now ur gentl y advised by General Gir a.ud to av oid allowing Dastie r visit to be unduly pr olo nged because b oth General Giraud and I hav e i mpo ant rt forces engaged in a critica l venture and ev er ythi ng that might tend to weaken and di st urb the r ear is of vit al coreern t o us ••• W ar e try in g to make a sy ste m wor k e her e which is admittedly full of defects fro m every standpoint , both at home and here. W know that many petty and even some prominent off i ci als all over No th e r Afr i ca are either st radd ling th e fence or are actual l y anta gonistic •• •There i s no question that serious r eve r ses to us would be intensified in effe ct because of tr c~bl e in the rear and in the i nt er io r ••. You can under stand how earnestly we are se ekin g to pr event internal fr i ction, at l east until th e diffi cult probl em in Tunisia can be solved • •• Because of these th ings I have dec i ded that since the bas ic pur poses of his mission have been acco mp lish ed General Dast i er will return to Lorrlon pro mptly •• •Dastier spoke very enthu si asti ca lly of his talk with Gir aud • •• This r evie w is submitted because I anticipate that Dastier might possibly alle ge ••• that he was not given full opportunity for carrying out al ~ the things in Nor th Afr ica he was directed by DeGaulle to do. The fac t is that his intent ion s during t hi s trip far exceeded anything that anyone her e c on;id ered wise as a f.irst step in the i ntricate but highly desir able business of composing diffe renc es between the two Fr ench camps • • • " 11• •• ~ he above is quoted at such le ngth to show what disturbing influences are ente r ing into the work of General Clar k and other top-r anking officers. The political situa tio n still occu pies a great deal of time and occupies it at a time when a lar ge-scale m ilitar y mov is ab out to be made--a time when it would facile itate things if all energies cou l d be dev oted to the military push , not the po litical one. A great deal of Gener al Clark's day is spent in consultation with Generals Rooks and Gruenther at intervals. rhey stand before the situation map in the general 's off ice and discuss pos sible moves and countermoves. This is a very difficult ti me f or General Clark. He's like an expectant fa the r outside the delivery roo m do or. The 11push 11 is th e 11baby 11 and he anxiousl y av,aits its de l ivery . 11This waitingwait ing--wa iting; it's getting on my nerves," says the ge nera l and ducks out for an hour's hike in the hills to let off steam and to t hink over, in the open air, possibl e steps that might be taken t o further insur e success of the imm nent drive. i C Meanwhile, General 0 1 Daniel leav es fo r the coast al area west of O n to look ra over possible sites for amphibious training exeecises of th e Fi fth Army On his . r ece nt tr ip to Oujda th e gene r al did not hav e sufficient time for this amphibious r econnai ssance . Instead he hurried back to his Algiers hea dquarte r s t(i) work further on planni ng of the coming drive on Tunis . Suppl y of "to ken equipment " to units of the French army i s proceeding satisfacto r ily ::} * * [=fluuh B!"ithh l-rQ_~r,:cr:i:T .. ' ,./ �SECR ET . 1 '73 E<4weil itish MO-:: i <.;;, s Br :.u:;r ALG IERS, DEC ER 22, 1942--General Clark is now convinced that a strik ing , EMB not a mere holdin g force sh ould be built up along the Southern Tunisia front for employment against Ax forces in the Sfax-Sousse area. This f orce, if the is general 's pl an r eac hes fr uitio n, should be read y to st r ike soon aft er the first of the year . Gener al Clark want s to move appro ximat ely 10,00 0 American troops equipped wit h grea t strength in ant i -tank and ant i -aircr aft weapons i nto the region to support and assist Fre mh troops alread y in th e r egio n. ( There wo uld be two r ea sons for this move. First, it would separat e Ax is forces hold ing the coas t of Tunisi a and make suppl y of the south ern force more diffic ult, and , se c ond, it would drive a wedge bet ween th e bulk of the Axis forc es in Tunis ia and t he sout hern region where it now appears t hat Romme might l be headi ng for for a last st and . The harried Afrik a Korp s i s now retre ating befor e the Bri ti sh Eighth Army and news re por ts tod ay sa y t hat there ar e "i ncreas1s ing sign s th at Rom,11el troop s int end to cross into Tunisi a f or a fi nal st and in the battle of Africa . 11 Says Genera l Clark: "That would be t he worst thing th at coul d haupen to us ." Gen~ral Clark believes that this Southern Sector should be an American French aector with the French on the north flank and the American on the south. An American general would be the over-all commander with General Juin command ing the Fr ench troops but under orders from the American commander of the Southern Sector. The 10,000 American troops that General Clark proposes to put in the region would be commanded by an American ~jor general. \~ J One of t he bugs in thi s proposed pl an is that Gener al Anderson has reversed himself agai n and now believes th at all Amer ca n t r oops at t he front, even i thos e s outh of the Fr ench-Brit ish comman li ne he ear li er agre ed upon , should d come under his order s . This deve lopment, in vi ew of Genera l Anderson 's agreement to a collt and di vi ding li ne, irks Genera l Clark wh does n 't appreciate General ~ o Anders on's "switc hing t actics ." Ano ther matt er tha t comes up to day is the U. S. Navy 's proposal to set up a M editerranean amphibious force tha t would functi on under th e Commander-in-Chief . General Clark ppposes such a mo ve, as does Admiral Cunning ham, with whomthe Deputy Comma nder confer s . Both General Clark and the Naval Commade r r ec ommed n n that the U. S. Navy suspend action until the prop osa l has more study . Both men beli eve that es tablis hmen of th e amphibi ous force in t he Medite rranean --un der t which units of the Fifth Arm would train-ne eds the pr i or concurrence of the y Combined Chie fs of Sta.ff. One of the shi ps due in here today in a fast convoy from th e U ted Kingdom ni is torp edoed 20 mil es f ro m Oran. I t is c arryi ng the fir st shi pment of nurses and WAA to Algi ers. All personn el on shipboard gets away bef ore the vessel , the Cs St r ath Allan, goes dovm i n flam es among exploding ammun on in her holds. The iti vessel is al s o car rying seve r al packages enroute to General Clar k from London. Generals Lemnitzer and Porter return from a survey trip to the front and report that units and materiel are arriving on schedule. The attack date is se t for December 24 . Although th e ground is still wet , it is drying out . Our bombers and fi ghters are carrying out extensive raids. Ground activi t y i s limited to patrol s . Reports indicate that the Axis is mass ing a small force in the vicinity southeast of Medjez El Bab, apparently to carry out a flanking movement from the s outh. Under plan s for the attack , General Oliver's combat conmand will be in reserve and should be able to deal with this Axis forc e if it strikes . * St:CR!::T Ec11tds British MOST 5EC'<(T , \ �SECR ET ""a ls British MOST ALGIERS, DECEMBER 1942--General Clark's 23, day is held with French ~eneral Giraud, the two in the Deputy Commander's office discussing the French troops and concerning French cooperation r :c.. . " most important conference of the generals spending over an hour Tunisian operation as it affects and command. General Clark explains his proposal for a strong southern sector and Giraud is enthusiastic . He says he has 56,000 French troops in the sector which he commands. General Clark then proposes that the number of American troops in that region be built up to 8 1 000. Be promises, and follow~ ~up, to send a Tank Destroyer battalion to Colonel Raff . This outfit will 1 i f General Juin. General Ems enhower, who is going to the forward areas tomorrow, is going to discuss with General Anderson a plan whereby several American tanks will be transferred to the French sector to give it greater striking power. General Clark also wants to send a battalion of the 168th Infantry (US) into the S-uthern Sector as part of the buildup. General Clark's great desire is still to get 10,000 American troops up into the French sector but the lack of transportation probably will restrict any rapid movement. ,~ab ( Fl 1tJ General Eisenhower and General Giraud are to confer further , concerning the proposal when they meet at Le Kef within the next two days. It is also proposed that the French put commando-type troops on the left flank of the British--on the Med iterranean side to prevent any Axis e•velopments or action from the sea. It is also General Clark's idea that Anderson should send a detachment down t hethe line dividing the French and British commands so he can protect the French-American left flank. The conference bwtween Generals Clark and Giraud is affable as usual. There is a frank interchange of ideas and neither gen eral holds anything back. The planned assault tanorrow-for which all efforts have been building up for the past 10 days-is being postponed 48 hours due to weather conditions. Torrential rains have b nen falling over the entire reeion. Airfields close to the front are bogged down and fight operations from them are impossible. Heavy weather is restricting bombing operations from the fields with runways farther from the Tunisian border. If tanks, armored vehicles and trucks took to the fields they vrottl.d mire down. Hence, the scheduled attack is impossible and a provisional 48 hour extension is set. Strength of Allie d troops in the forward area is approximately 80,000--combatant and non-combatant. Several other items come up today: Admiral Darlan reports he is hoping for an early decision on permitting the French warship Richelieu, now at Dakar, to proceed to the United States for completion in an American shipyard ••• A cable is sent to the Combined Chiefs of Staff asking if the plan proposed by General Clark--an operation against Sfax or Sousse-goes into effect if the force could be supplied once it is in the area from either Libya or Malta ••• Generals Ma.st and Bethouart, both of whom played leading roles in pavitlfi the way for the successful American landing , have been reinstated by Darlan 1without prejudice ••• Bethouart, who is now enrcute to Washington to see about getting military supplies for the French army, has bee~ promoted from Brigadier to hlajor General and a promotion for Mast is in the mill. ( :S i t~l General Clark is the guest of Admiral Darlan at a formal luncheon today at the High Commissioner's villa. It gay affair. The relationshp �SECR ET E'.m mls R i;.i tisl·1 Mo- ( r-r=c , r between General Clark and ~a .r lJar Ian 1.s cln~·of 11.ncres.s1.ng cordial 1.ty . The ' general declares that Darlan has kept every promise . During the luncheon , Darlan tu r ns to General Clark and r emarks : "Tanor row the Axis press will say I gave t his luncheon fo r you because you had a gun pointed at me. " To which General Cl ark replies : "I f the rest of the luncheons were as good as this I would get my gun out every week. " Dar lan chuck l es . T . , . Following the luncheon Genera l Clark puts out a feeler concerniP..g the Darlans geavling oFrenc.ImltEnica to make way for a High Commissioner more ac ceptable to London and Washing t on . "I think it woul d be fine , n says the General to M s . Da lan , r r if you could take your son t o W arm Spr ings fo r treatment . " Mrs. Dar lan r eplies that she thinks that would be sp l endid . "And, " continues General C1a. k , 11I think r it could be arranged for the Admi al to go too i f he chooses . 11 Dar lan, surpr i singly , r nods his head and indicates it would be accep t able . "I'd li ke to tu r n j:,his thi~ over to General Giraud , " says D arlan . nHe likes it here and I don 1 t . 11 J * ALGIERS DECEMBER 1942- - Adm al J ean Fra ncois D lan, , 24, ir ar :~iss i oner in Fr ench Nor th Afr i ca , is ass assi nat ed t oday l High Fr ench Com- The @ t , bul gyJ eni gma i c Fren ch pol i t ic i an-sai lor i s shot th r ough the hor t face and ches t as he i s ente r i ng his offic e at the summer~~a}ace f ol lowing a la te lun ch. The assass i n i s a 22-yea r-ol d U nive r s i ty pr t1essor who i s arrested immediately . By midnight it stil l has not been learned if the murder was insti gat ed by t he Axis or some pol iti cal cl i que or what, exactly , was the assassi n' s motive . H true name has not been le ar ned. is Info r med by M Murphy of the shootin g, General Clark , accompanied by a r. stro nger guard than usual ~ goes to the summe palace , \just down the hill fr om the r St . Geor ge Hotel headquar ters .] Ther e he learns that Admi al Darlan has been r us hed r to the hospital . Going to the hospital , the Deputy Commande finds that the r French High Commissioner died enroute . He goes into a room and s ees D arlan l ying dead upon a bed . (,._ news of the assassinati on was br ought to hea dquarte r s when The it was virt ually ~ese r ted of gener al office r s .} General Eisenhower is driving t oward the f ront . @eneral Smith is out briefly. General Gruenth er is at Fifth Army Headquar ters :J Gener al Clark handles the problem alone . He or ders that all Ame ican and British troops in North Africa be alerted. r Sol diers away f rom thei r outf i ts are or dered to r eturn immediately and stand by . Instructions go out to Generals Patton and Frede ndall and all British Comm anders that th eir troops must b e read y f or emergency use . The guard at Allied For ce Headquarters is inc r eased and a guard is placed ar ound t he home of mr. Murphy. General Clar k then cables al l concer ned- -General M arshal l , Gener al Eisenho wer , the Combined Chiefs of St aff in W i ngt on and th e Britis h Chief s of Staff. ,AlJ ash this is done be f ore Gener al Clark hurries away to see Darlan . This is the radio that goes to Gener al Eise nhower at Constantine : 11At 5 : 45 PM this date young civiliaim of French nationali t y ent ered Dar lan 1 s office and succ eeded in firing several r evolver shots , f our of whi ch took effect . He is in hospital . His condition as yet undeterm i ned. Am lea ving wit h Mu rpey for hospital im.11 ediately. Details late r. 11 The same message , substantia l l y , is s ent to Wa shington and London~ ( At the hos pital General Clark finds A dmir als M oreau and BergeXe . Both men ar e shocked and excited. The declar e th at General Nogues should be called in immediately. General Clark says that no such action will be tak en; that fo r th e time being Nogues wo ' t even b e told of D an's death . The i mmeiate r eaction is n arl d that th er e will be no publicity . At t h! os,1 a r"~ ner al Clark , from looks and '""' - - _, �181 SEC RET ;,h~ some of ( gestures and remarks General c:&.q.~&r i~~ i ~it1 ~s o~ 1 "think Darlan's death is part of ·a plot by us." [Later he with the French secret ser.rl.ce and his G-2 ofi'icers and a where1:7 documents might be "found II on the killer showing qe~~ the French discusses the crime plan is discussed that he was a German . -General Clark is personally shocked by Admiral Darlan 1 s. death.Q'._ersonally he had always liked the man. Darlan had filled his many obligations and promises to @.e erals Clark and Eisenhower and other All ied officers [with whom he had conn ferred. ] The;e had been ~g indication that Darlan was not sincere. I • • • Repercussions of the admiral I s death can lead almost anyw here. Wha will the DeGaullists t do? What perverted tangent will .Axis propaganda take? Vl'hocan fill the void caused thl?ough Darlan's death General Clark doesn't look for any serious unrest but he thinks a few groups "~ake advantage of the opportunity to cause disorder. 11 As he looks at the d~ad French lead er, the General thinks of t wo statements Darlan made to h:i.mat the luncheon yesterday: "Tomorrow the Axis press will say .l. gave tnis luncheon for you because you hRd a gun pointed at me. 11 ••• 11I'd like to turn this thing over to General Giraud. He likes it here and I don 1 t. 11 The assassin Whe the admiral n the waiting room opened fire with into his office. before the killer obtained a pass and got into the palace while Darlan was out. came down a hall with his aide, t he murderer stepped out of and just as Darlan was turning into his office, the murderer a . 25 caliber gun. Darlan, hit twice, fell through the doorway. His aide jumped on the assassin and was shot twice in the legs was overpowered. Returning to the hotel, General C1ark sends the f ollo wing message to General Eisenhower: 11Ha:ve just return ed from hospit a l. Darlan is dead . Bergeret and Moreau arrived while I was there. TheiP first reaction was to send for Nogues immediately. I have instructed Murphy to tell them to do nothing for the prese nt, not even to notify Nogues. Suggest you bring Giraud back with you immediate ly ." This cable goes to General Marshall: ~ t er a conference with Gener als. Smith, M c Clure, Gruenther and others: 11Darlan dead. W have i mposed rigid censorship. e Request all possible restrictions to prevent leak from London or Washington . iii e are communicati ng with Eisen..~ower and Giraud who are now at the front and asking them to return Al giers immediately. All alerted her e and in ta sk forces but no i mmediate trouble expected. W ill Xeep you advised." [o ffice r s are pouring in and out of Gener al Clark I s of fi ce ;-1 After a conference with General Clark, Mr. Murphy sends this cable to Secretary Hull and the Combined Chiefs of Staff: 11Enroute from his office where assassination occured to M aillot hospital Darlan died as result of the attack •• Sat approximately 4:00 PM. In the absence of General Eisenhower from city General-Clark and I accompanied by General Bergeret called at hospital to pay our respects to the deceased. Apparently one of the four revolver bullets pierced thorax and lun g probably causin g death. Other bullets struck head and jaw;)I inquired of Darlam 1 s assistant, General Bergeret , what immediate steps would be taken regarding maintenance of local authority. He is calling a council of local officials and requesting Gener al Giraud to return from the Tunisian front for this purpose. Department will b e kept informed of developments. Assassi n is young man of 22 years who in preliminary interview gives the name of M and , stated to be a college instructor. or He is now unde:n interrogation. Results wil l be telegraphed." :' ·,-' SECRET ·--\' 1 �SECR T 182 Eeiuul s Follo wing a long conference, it is decided that it would be unwise to withhold the news of D arlan ' s death. The general sends the following cable to London and Washington : 11It is apparent that it will be impossible to conceal news of Darlan's death longer. ~e anticipate that announcement will be made over Axis radio with eve r y pos sible effort to imply assassination at in stigation of A l.J.ies or Free French. W believe it is highly desirable to anticipate e this move by an announcement tonight by the Fr ench over Radio Algiers and Radio Maroc so framed as to give th e affair an Axis tinge. Suggest you have thes e stations monitored in United States and United Aingdom for re-broadcast. Time of broadcast will be given t o you later. Do you concur . Immediate reply requested as matter of gre at urg ency." After further discussion of the Darlan affair , Ld uring which re p~rts come in that there is a renewal of street sniping in Algiers and steps are taken to cou nteract it, J General Clark decides that he cannot wait for an ans wer fro ,n W shington a r egarding re lease of D arlan's death. He cables W hington and London: 11News as Darlan ' s death spreading rapidly here. Have authorized immediate bro adcast by Radi o M aroc and Radio Algiers ." The announcement 1vil.J. be a s follows : "Admiral Darlan, High Com miss ioner in French Africa , was assassinated this afternoon shortly after 3 o'clock on arriving in the offices of the High Commissariat at Algie rs. The assassin fired several revolver sho±s of whi ch t wo took effect on the admiral who dies shortly afterwards while being transp orted to the hospital . The assassin was arrested on the spot. Co~plete order rei gns in Algiers notwithstanding general indignation caused by th s event. The examinati on of the murderer is now taking place . It is not yet known fro ,n preliminary inve stigation of the assassin whether the assassination was of German or Italian inspiration." - ' ( Comman ders and troops , many of w hom were pulled away fro m planned Christmas Eves , are informed, about 9 : 00 PM that the "stand to is occasioned by the assassination of Darlan by a Fr enchman. Assass in in custody . Further announcement via Radio Alger and M aroc . " O ders also go out to fl y all flags at half mast r to m r ow in me oriwn for Darlan . or m @ eneral Clark, who had planned on Christmas cocktails with his closest f r iends and a Christmas Eve dinn er at the villa of Gener al Smith , finally clears out of his office at 10 PM for a quick dinner and a return to work that piles up during his absence. Prime M inister Churchill cables that he "hopes that blame will be placed upon Germans and their agents • 11 General Clark also learns that the British Med iterranean Fleet is due in Algiers tomorrow and he feels that under the cir cumstances it shouldn ' t show up . He confers with Admi al Cunningham who agrees r to ke ep the fleet at s ea J ~ '1 / I"" LLate in the evening the general gets in touch with Gener al Eisenhower after grea t difficulty . The general will return tomorrow. General Giraud is going to fly back from the front. General Eisenhower later radios "you were quite right in abso l utely r ejecting prime YBSO (m B eaning Nogues) . Consider Kingpin (Giraud) only possibili ty." After conferences, General Clark final ly returns to his villa for the ni ght , leaving the office about 2 :00 A l'A. Later, the following cable is received from Admiral Leahy in W ashingt on: "We concur in your action of immediately relea sing news of Darlan 1 s death by ra dio fro m French M orocco and Algiers • • " The general is also informed that President Roosevelt "desires that no announcement b e made reference Darlan's successor ." At the front the weat her is worse. There has been a landslide on the road between Bougie and the fron t . The area is a mass of mud. The offensive will have to be delayed even longer than anticipated. * * ·SEC RET �SEC RET E11uls Briti,sh MO : T SEC a lo3 L -;- ALGIERS DECE BER , M 25, 1942-- Events pi le in up ra pid-fire order on this most un-Christmasy of Christmases. General Clark's most important conference of the day is with Genera l Giraud, the lan."lcy, dour-faced Frenc h military hero who flies back from the front because of Darlan 1 s assassination. G ener al Clark t ells Giraud th at the Allied Commandwants him to succeed Darlan as French High Commissioner for Nort h Africa . Girau d balks and says that his wish is to comm and all troo ps , French, Bri tis h and American , on the Tunisian front. Gener al Clark be l ieves Gir aud is tryirg to do some horse tradin g; th at the French General will accept lea ders hip of the High Com isariat . m Other highlight events : 'ehe assassin now giv es the name of "Bonny Chapel i er" and says he was acting on hi s ow account , "inspire d by hatred of M hal Petain n ars and Adm iral Darlan 1 s policies. A French military tribunal finds the assassin guilty and decrees his exe cution for tomorrow mo rnin g •••• Admiral D arlan's funeral is to be held tomorro w and all hi gh-rankin g British and Americ an personnel , in cluding General Clark , will attend ••• General Eisenho wer ret urns in late afternoon from the front and General Clark .outlines al l the developments ••• General Nogues arrives from French M orocco 'and says bluntly that 11the onl y solution I see is that provided by the leaders hip of Giraud. 11 The assassin was interrogated throughout the night. Afte r admittin g that the first name he gave was false ar:rl saying his true name was 11Bonny Chapelier ," he said that he had not com here from France as he had claim ed earli er but that e he is a native Al gerian of French nationality. Following i solat ed re ports of sniping , all i s apparentl y quiet . Ther e is no visible agitation on t he part of the North African population . ( Despite working half th e night , Gener al Clark is at his office at 8 :00 AU to plunge into further conferences. Reports come in from th e front that 11due to continual rain there wil .L be no hope of an immedi at e attack on Tuni s . 11 This permits t he Deputy Comman to concentrate all his energies on events arising f r om der D arlan's assassination. M. M r urph y r epor t s on a conference he has ju s t held with Genera l Berge ret , Deputy High Commissioner . Si nce Nogues was notified to proc eed to Algiers , Governo r General Boisson of French W est Afr ica is ra di oed to pr oceed here as soon as possible. Bergeret discloses that D an si gned a secret ordinance arl on December 2 whic h prov ided that in case of ilia inabi l ity or abse nce of t he Hi gh Commissioner his functi ons would be assumed by Genera l Nog ues, but t hat if the inabi l it y was of long dur at i on th e Imperial Counci l would cho ose a pers on who would "definite i y exerc ise the functions of High Commi sioner. Ber geret said that th e s Imper ia l Committee con sistin g of Gener al Gir aud , Bergeret , Boisson , ~ogues and Chatel con st i tutes the l ega l in strumen t for the composition of ~hate ver r egi m may e 1 be established . Ber geret asks N l.UI'phys "personal opinion 11 on what sh oul d be done and M phy r eports to General Cl ark th a.t he tol d him : that Genera l Gir aud i s the ur only possible ch oice and that he felt th at 11now is the ti me of definitely bre aki ng with the noti on th at legality as provi ded by Vich y l egi slatio n i s nec essa ry to assure the function i ng of a r egime established in Nort h Africa for the pro secution of the conL~onw eff ort. The Deputy High Comm s i oner al so pr oposes as a s ol ution ar is that the Comte de Par s be calle d to head a ·:orth Af ric an government which would cont emplate the estab li shment of a council of w h the Comte de Paris would be hic Presi de nt. Gener al DeGau e woul d be in vited to act as vice pr -·s i dent and Gener a l ll Gir aud wou l d r etain command of the ar m fo rc es . Both Gener al Clark and r.i r phy ed u feel th at the Allied forc es should un equivocally insist th at Gir aud assume , a.t le ast pr ovi sional ly , th e r es ponsibilit y of both civil ar:rl military govern ment in French A r ic a and be as sisted by a committ ee of about six persons who would be sel f ecte d follo win e conf er enc es bet ween Fr 1 mch , Ameican s and Br iti sh . r 8~CRET Equals British MO ST SE CRET \ �SECRET ( i3Y E11ual Bijtish M O ST SEC RL ~ :s Gener al Clark expl a in s t hes e thin gs to General Gir aud when the .Fr enchman r et urns fro m th e f r ont. Gira ud us es every fulcru m of ar gument to in sis t th at he b e g iv en mili tary comm and of troo ps at th e f ront. He t ell s Gener al C1ark t.h..a if t he i s bi g enough to be High Commss io ner of No th Afr ic a he is b i g enough to i r conm1a the 'l unisi an bat t lefi el d . Repli es Gener al Clar k: 11The tv;o-- politic a l and nd mili t ar y--don't mix . It's i m poss ible. W can' t put you i n com e mand of Briti sh and Ameic an t r oops . A hi gh Fr ench comma woul d be u.nacce pt i bl e even t hough we know r nd of your hi gh abilit y . " The De!:' y Commader i s cert ain t hat Gira ud , w has asked ut n ho so oft en f or the hi gh m ilit ar y command is just shad ow-b oxi ng a nd t hat he will , com aro und and acc ept t he Hi gh Comm s ion er sh i p soon . Anothe r c onf ere nce i s to e is be held to m ro w. or 1 Nogue s c onf er s with M M phy and t he St ate Depar t me of f ici al r eport s ba ck r. ur nt t o Gener al Cl ar k th at the Fr enc h gener al believ es Gir aud shou l d b e made High Comms sion er and th at t his shoul d be foll owed as soon a s pos si bl e with a r econi cili ation bet ween North Afr i can Fre nch aut horities and th e Fr ench Nat i onal Com m te e i n London. H suggest s t hat Gener al Catr oux woul d be an excelle nt ass i sit e tan t to Gir au d . Nog ues say s he ha s no am i on or des ir e t o assume No h Afric an bit rt l eaders hi p . He declar es t hat in hi s ca pacit y as Resid ent Genera l of Fre nch icl orocco he will g iv e ~hol eheart ed su ppor t to t he A ed war eff or t . lli · ( In the even i ng , · t he High Commssa ri at i ss ues th e fol lo wi ng com uni q_e : 11The i m u cour t m tial of the 19t h M a:b ilita ry D istric t m too ay at 6 : 00 PM t o tr y t he et assass in of Admir al D an . The court ma al condemne t he assass i n to dea th arl rti d and s ent ence will be carr ie d out to m row mo or rnin g . The assass in, who was caught i n t he act , made a com ete confessio n. He i nsi st ed tha t he acted without acc om pl plic es . The assassin , whose nam i s be in g kep t secr et fo r r ea sons of nati onal e s ecur i t y , was of Fren ch nati onality . The inq u ir y r evea l ed that his mot her is It a l i an and i s now liv ing in It a l y . Sever al l et t ers between th e a s sa s sin and his mother wer e s eized , but t heir conte nts thre w no light on the ca s e or the act ua l circ umst ances of th e cri me. 11 Befor e g oing t o Admi a l Cunningham ' s vi l l a fo r Ch i s tmas di nne r, Gener al r r Cl ar k di scusses need fo r an at ta ck on t he Sout hern Tunisi an f ron t . Hi s l ong 1 fi nger ban gs on the ma in hi s off ic e and he decla r es : 11Ther f3 s the pla ce ( strikp ing points al ong th e s out hern sector befo r e Sfa.x and Gabes }l It' s t he only pl ace w e we can cr ack i t. 11 He t hen decl are s t hat he hopes to get away f ro m Allied her Forc e Headquar te1 ·s i n l ess than aweek . Stra nge l y enough, l at e toni ght a r ad io com in f ro m Colone l Raf f i n t he s out hern se ctor t hat say s t hat 13 enemy sh i ps es ar e unlo ading in Sfax in a grea t hur ry . A b001i ng at t ack agains t t he shi ppi ng i s b pl anned for to morro w. A s t r ent h r epor t bas c om in f r om t he fro nt and it shows e a gran d t otal of Alli ed Gr~ .md Troops in t he r egi on of 67, 500-- 35, 000 Br it i sh , 16 , 000 American and t he re main der allie d troo ps-Fr ench, Bri t i sh and Am ic an- er guar di nglin es of cummunication. Pl anes now in opera tion again st Tunisi a ar e : 375 Ame i can a nd 261 Br i ti sh . r As a si delight to a hect i c day , the Fi ft h A rmy bri ngs out i ts dir ecti ve conc ern ing t he Spanish M orocc on operat ion (Backbone II) . The di r ect i ve goes to the Center , W estern and Nor the rn Task Forc es and t he XI I Air Supp0rt Comma d, n al l of whi ch wil l be under Genera l Clark 's commad. The No t hern Forc e woul d make n r an amphibious l anding near Tangi er s ; the Cent er' s obj ect iv e woul d be t he capture of M elil la and t he W ester n For ce would drive nor thw?,rd f r om Fr ench M occo pr oor ceeding as ra pidl y a s pos sible . The Nor the r n Forc es at t a ck woul d c ome 4 0 day s afte r t he Cente r and Weste rn For ces , alr eady i n Af r i ca whi l e t he Nor t her n For ce i s i n England , wer e alr eady in action . SECRET Eej als tritish u MOS T S~CREl --------~ �~{:"SECRET ( E11uals British M9ST . ~ r-:•'.;-;:RPT AWIERS DECE BER , M 26, 1942--General Gira ud is selected as High Commissioner of Fr ench Africa, Darlan's assassin is executed by a firing squad , the Combined Chiefs of Staff are informed that the planned assault on the Tunisia n f ront is off and might not occur fo r more than a monthl These are the highlights of a hectic day that starts off with the first air raid in over two weeks. French gene rals Giraud and Nogues confer with Generals Eisenhower and Clark during the morning. Giraud agrees to become high commissio ner but he still puts up his constant cr y that he should l ead all troops on the f ront. Later in the day the Fr ench Imperial Counci l meets and appoints Giraud as A dmiral Darlan 1 s successor . The follo wing cable is sent to th e Combined Chiefs of Staff : "For reasons of public security and in the interest of the comm war effort, we have on had further conversations with of f icials today regarding their desire to establish a loc al authority at the earli est possib l e moment. The general consensus favored the appointment of General Henri Giraud to assume both civil and militar y authority i n Fre nch North and W est Africa . There was a meetin g at 4 PM this afternoon of the counc il created at the be ginning of this month which is now composed of Giraud , Governor General Boisson , Gener al Bergeret , Governor Chatel and Resident General Nogues. They unanimously decided to ap point Giraud as High Commissioner in French Africa and Commander-in-Chief of all French forces . This decision takes effect immediately ••• This solution ••• appears from here to be the , onl y practicable one . I r ecommend that we be authorized to lend to General Giraud our pr actical support in this ta sk. 11 General Clark is pleased but his pleasure turns to apprehension later in the evening w hen a cable arrives from W ashington sayin ~ that Giraud should be "appointed provisionally " by General Eisenhower as Hieh ~Commissioner . This is contrary to all premises on which we have been oper ating since the Alli ed Forces landed. Fr ench civil and constitutional government was to be maintained as far as pr acticable. Generals Eisenhower and Clark go into a huddle at the villa they share . If Gira ud is to be 11ap J,Ointed provisionall y 11 there is likely to b e tr ouble . ' Troops will have to be alerted again and it is possible that virtual m artial law wil l have to exist. Apparently the cable declaring that Giraud should be appointed provisi onally was s ent from Washington before the ra dio saying he had been s elected by the French Imperial Council arrived there. Another r adio arrives from W ashington while the Commander ad the Deputy Commander-in-Chief ar e ste wing. It gi ves full approval to Gira ud selection by th e councill General Clark is elated as he turns in late. Chronologicall y , the day starts with an a i r raid during whic h f our bombs are dropped and mines so,m in Algiers harbo r. One bomb drops in a truck -0ompany, demolishing several trucks , killing one guard and injuring othe r s . A dawn, t Dar lan's assassin i s executed. After a short s es sion in his office, Geimeral Clark goes , at 8:4 5 AM to the Catholic cathedral in A gie r s to attend the , l funeral of Admiral Darla n . The cask et, in fron t of th e altar on a dias , is dra ped with the French fl ag . On top is the admiral's fap; The American and Bri tish del egation sits on the left side of the cathedral. Generals Eisenhow er and Clark and A dmiral Cunningham sit in the front ro w. On the ri ght side , in the front row, sits M adames Darlan and Fenard and behind them the hi gh-ranking French officials-&irau d , Nogues, Cnatel and others . llhen the 55 minute s ervice ends , the casket is carrie d out to the street and of ficial photo graphs are tak en . Ruffl es and flourishes and the Fr ench national anthe m are played as D arlan's body is loaded into the hearse . The funeral cortege, including the Americans, then proceeds to th e summ palace w er here be t ween honor guard s of trsreRt:T arried E-.u British MOST SEr:RFT als \ �"'!'!•,.,....--- SECRET . ( E11wals British MOST SEC. ._, French , American and Br itish soldiers and plac ed on a dias in th e The t r oops then pas s in revie w befor e the fune ra l bier . Foll owin g guests file past the casket, each one making t he sign of t he cross Admiral D arlan ' s casket is then plac ed in a small chap el aqpinin g and the Ameican officers r return to Allied Force .Hedquart ers . a palace grounds. this, all with a baton . the palace The afternoon is spent wrestling with th e gro win g problem at the front. The Combined Chiefs of Staff are informed that there is "no hope of immediate attack on Tunis due to continued rains . Methodica l infantry advance may be possible later. Am att empt•ing to or gan iz e and maintain a force to operate agg r essively on the sou th ern flank. " General Clark tell s confidant s that an inten se effort is be ing made "to try and force Ameican troop s into t he South ern Sector," t aki ng r them away from General Ander so n ' s North ern command. I t is General Clark ' s fee ling that American troop s s houl d be under com.mandof a m who r ealizes specif an ically what our troops are trained fo r , what their equipment is capabl e of and the methods by which they should be committ ed to battle for maximum use . He be li eves th ere should be a northern Britis h se ctor and a sou t hern French-American sector under American command. "There is goin g to be gre at di sa ppoint ment in our country when General Eisenho wer's message ar r ives telling the Combined Chiefs of Staff that not hi ng aggressiv e can be done in Tunisia for a coup l e of m hs , ·" Gener al Clark says . ont "Ike is af r aid of a cr isis with the Brit i sh . I feel we nD.lt get Ame ican troops s r unde r American commanders . I am going to confe r with General Gir au d tomorrav to see if he has got aey t roops in there wi th capabili t ies and equ ipment to go on the of i 'ens iv e . I expect to go to M occo as soon as pos sib le , ma or ybe wit hin a week. I f I had t o pull an operati on against Spanis h M orocco to m row al l I would have done or to prepare for i t is a map study . There aren ' t enough troops i n the Center and West ern Task Forces to make my hand stro ng . Once the situation here i s st rai ght ened out I will hea d straight to Oujda and start wor king out the Fif th A my r pr oblems . " 11 O smal l operati on on th e Sout hern Tuni sian front is to be carr ie d out ne tonight , Ameic an paratroops ar e to jump 28 miles nort h of Sfax to destroy a r r ai lroa d brid ge and thus br eak both rail supply lines to Axi s forc es in Southern Tunisia and one of the lin es supp l ying Rommel' s hard-pressed Afr i ka Ko s . At rp 2200 word is r eceived that the paratroops have jumped over their objectiv e . W ord is not expected soon of what opposition th ey meet an d wbat they accomplish . * * SECRET '· �. SECRET ( Eq uals British /,\O ...,r --.. ... (,L'.. i::: '"-~cr:r:y ALGIER DECEMBER 1942-The plan to move more American tro ops into S, 27, the Southern Sector of the Tunisian front so it can become an active, aggr essi ve theater moves forward rapidly today. Follov1ing a conference with General Anderson, who has been called back from the northern sector for consultatio n, orders go out for several units to leave General .Anderson's command and proceed to the south. These units include Combat CommandB, General Oliver's mechanized force that has already seen so much action. General Clark's day is jammed with conferenc es . Durin g the morning he has several sessicns with Generals Rooks, Smith and Gruenther concerning the is suin g of orders returning the American units to American command and brin gi ng up additional American troops from the r eserve areas. At 11 :30 AMhe goes to General Eisenhower 1 s office for a conference with the Commandr-in-Chief e and General Giraud, the French High Commissioner. The talk centers chiefly around the proposal to make the southern sector the active front. Ther e is little need to discuss the political change caused by Darlan's as sassination. Giraud has slipped into the new spot quietl y and ther e seems to be little reacti on among the populace. Giraud says he has 56 ,000 French tro ops in the front area but that they are poorly equip ped. They know the re gion well and that would make up partially for their poor weapons. This disadvantage will also be made up in part by our supplying the better French units with more modern equipment. ( A small-sized council of war is held in General Clark's office in the afternoon. General O rlando (Pinky) W ard, commander of the 1st Armored Division, has just r eturned from the front. General Clark proposes to place W ard in command of Ameican troo ps in the South ern Sector and ho~es eventually to have a r corps--probab ly the II Army Corps, whose present headqua rt ers is Oran--at the Southern Front. A cable is sent to W ashington proposin g that the nucleus of the 6th Army Corps proceed from th e U.S. to Africa by air immediately 11in anticipation of the probability th at Ameican Forces will be employed in the r Tebessa area." The number of troo ps to be involv ed in th e Southern Secto r has not been determined but it is believed a corps headquarters will be neces sary . If the II Corps moves up to the Tebessa area, the VI Corps would ta ke over in the Oran area. Additional personn el of the VI Corps would come over from the St ates in the next t wo fast conv oys . General Clerk lays definite plans to activate the Fifth Army and move to Oujda on J anuary 4. The smal l staff now operating here would be gin moving down January 2 . Gener al Smith has been worked into details of t he pr oble m here and as Chief of Staff of Allied Force Headquarters he will assume the bur dens that have b een carried so long by General Clark. That will give the ComJ nanding General of the Fifth Army a chance to ge t orga nized , make further plans for poss ible operations against Spanish M orocco an d do org anizati onal wor k in get ting troops up to the Tebessa ar ea . He is intensely eager to de1rote all his energies to the Fifth Army task. General DeGaulle sends the following cable tod ay to General Gir aud : "The Algiers murder is a pointer and a most definite warni ng ; a pointer to the state of exasperation into which the tra gedy of France has ca st the mind and soul of the French people; a warning of the incalcu la bl e conse quences inevitably resultin g from the lack of natio nal authorit y in the midst of the gr ea test national crisis of our history. It is mo e than ever necessary th at this r national authorit y should be establish ed . I propose, Gener al , th at you should meet me as s oon as possible on Fr ench soi l, either in Alger ia or in Chad, in ·SECR E , . ... ---; ,..... ... -~-~ ' ----~~------ �. SEC RET Eeiuals· ~ltfh ·r11osr c. ·B s s_:-· ( 1 order to study how to gr oup under one central provisional authority all the French forces both within and without the country and all French territories capable of continuing the struggle fo r the liberation and salvation of France. " The message is delivered to Giraud at his c onfe r ence with Generals Clark and Eisenhower . Giraud is lukewarm, saying he will take DeGaulle 1 s suggestion "under advisement." Rap}Jroacbment between the two men is possible but Gir aud be li eves a meeting with DeGaulle would be "premature at this time . " Washington and London have suggested that additional , more complete comnruniques r egarding Darlanrs assassin be issued . The fo l lowing reply goes out : "Communiques substantially full and truthful ••• Assassin twentish named Bonnier De La Chappelle was unive r sity student here f r om France since June . H used two false names . Mother It a l i an Jewess . Claims no affiliation ad any party and insisted to priest act his oVJnand without accomplices . Viewed from here it seems that our prompt issue of com rmmique with a suggestion of Axis responsibility has been sufficient to place Axis on defensive . Jmy further explanation may seem as an answer to counter charges . Not proposed follow up from here any Axis propaganda on this subject . " General Giraud is congratulated on his selection as French High Commissioner. Reports from both the United States and the United Kingdom indicate Giraud is highly acceptable in all quarters . General M arshall cables that 11nev15 of your selection to head the people of North Africa in our commoneffort to crush the Axis and restore freedom to France has been received with great satisfaction by the Army of the United States • •• Your suc cession to the post of High Commiss ioner of North Africa greatly strengthens our confidence in the ultimate victory." C The Tunisia n front line has been straightened out by German action in moving small units forward in the Southe r n Area , thus eliminating the curve toward the Tunisian coast in the center of the line. A move is made to protect the Sbeitla area which will be essential to the American-French forces if sup plies and troops are to be assembled for operations against Sfax . Tt is recommended that infantry an:1 artillery units of Combat CommandB be moved up to the Sbeitla ar ea now held by the French and Colonel Raff's com posite force . 1t is beli~ved that any present move of armored units into the area would tip the Germans off that the attack on Tunis has been postponed and that a thrust at Tebessa is being prepared . Raff ~nd the French hold strong defensive positions. * * ALGIERS DECEMBER 1942-A three hour conference with General Giraud- , 28, the most comprehensive and satisfying that General Clark m held with aey as Fr ench official - highlights an ineensely busy day for the Deputy Commander inChief . He goes with an interpreter to the French general's villa at 11 : 50 AM and it is afte r 5: 50 PMwhen he departs for Allied For ce Headquarters . Upon startin g the conference , Giraud tells General Clark that there are two questicns he wants to discuss . First , the problem of command and , second , the pr?b l em of tactics , l ogistics and general strategy on the Tunisian campai;n . Regarding command General Clark spe nds 15 minutes expla i ning to Giraudthat , an agreement was reached between British and American officials long before the African campaign was launched vmreby General Eisenhower was to be Com.~ander in-Chief but that British General Anderson was in charge of operations in Tunisia. General Clark proposes the following soluti on : make the Southern Front the active theater ; that the Americans send one battalion of Combat CommandB to the Sw.thern Front to support the French ; dispatch another battalion up f r om Oran . General Clark then asks Gi raud point blank whether he would be . ~~ ·SECRET �,, Equ al• ~:~M~~;SCCRET te will.ing to place French troops under G~neral Anderso n I s commad . 11 The French n general ' s answer is an emphatic 11no . 11 Giraud says he talked to £nderson yeste rday about changing the military strategy b~cause of the weather and mud. He reports he told Arcerson that any move forward at this time must be made in the south against Sfax and that it could best be done by the American and Fr ench . Giraud says Anderson concurred in the idea but said such an attack could not come until the end of January . Giraud claims this is too late ; that such an attack must take pla ce by January 5, or 10th at the latest . 1 General Gi r aud then suggests to General Clark that he take COIIlilland the of Southern Sect or; that the tall, rangy , young Ame rican gene ral lead the drive against Sfax . Says Giraud : 11I have the utmost confidence in your ability and jud gment and I would not hesitate to place Fr ench troops under your command " . As Giraud finishes this declaration of faith he is leaning forwa rd looking at General Clark . The French hero tells the Deputy Commander that he was with both Generals Anderson and Eisenhower at a meet ing near the front and that he had · told Anderson that he thought the role of the Br it ish fl:rmy should be defensive . operations on the nor th at least until the terrain was fit for fighting . Gener al Clark is in full accord on this strategy of defense in the nort h and off ense in the south . Because of the supply problem and thin communications, General Clark sa ys he doubts if the attack aimed at Sfax coul d start before January 10 . After br ief c1iscussio n , General Giraud says he feels a target day of the 15th would be satisfactory. Regarding his taking command of the Southern Sector , General Clark tells Giraud that Gener al Eisenhower wants hi to or ga niz e the Fifth American Army at Oujda . Says Giraud sharply : 11The west is not important today. The Tunisian front oper at ion must take precedence over all else . 11 Repl ies Genera l Cla r k : "I am not likely to be given the Southern front com mand . W ould you be will ing to put General Juin under 8.llll. Ame ican ArTTr;f r Corps comm a.nder-- say either Generals Ward of Fredendall? 11 General Giraud replies that he would have no objection but that he would prefer General Clark to all others . The t wo generals the n discuss the problem of getting two American armor ed battalions and a regiment of infantry into position to strike at Sfax . Following that the French and American general examine what strength would be needed to hold Sfax once it was taken . Another move to take Gabes so they could hol d the bottleneck there against any attempt by Rommel to push northward . Giraud reco m mends concentrati on of all efforts, initially on Sfax, saying that the operation should start early because at presen t the area is held by Italians with l i t tle German suppor t . Indications ar e that the Germans are preparing to move in more German infantry units into the ar ea west of Sfa x . The Gabes corridor is only eight ki lomet ers wide and the area to the southwest is mountainous and could not possibly be used by Axis tanks . Giraud next brings up the problem of supplying troops in the Sfax area and asks if they couldn't be supplied from the sea . General Clark says he has already discussed this with Admi al Cunningham and the Naval Commander says such a plan r can be only partl y fulfilled by the navy . Part of the supply will have to be carried over the narrow gaqge railway and in trucks . It is also possible that vital materiel can be flown in in small amounts . Giraud says that after Sfax is taken then provisions must be made to hold Gabes . When the corr id or is protected from assault, then the force can strike northward f r om Sfax . By that ti me the ground in the nor ther n sector wil~ have dried and a joint offensive , Americans an~ French in t~ e . South and British in ~~~r'-Y be unde r taken to drive the Axis out of Tunisia.. ::)t_~K t'.l Ec,ua British M O~T SECR ls ET ~ �1 ·SEC ET R 1 1 General A nderson arrive i\ "l° ch J: f ~i~ Ta~ ='tbi[ T Pi:rN .;$ point and the French, British and Ameican gen er als go into a tria,,t:gular discus sio n . First to come r up is a suggestion that the Briti sh mo a bat t alion into the ar ea on its r ight ve flank so that Colonel Raff ' s paratroop unit can be used for the job it was especial l y trained for . General Clark feels that Raff 's tr oops should now move south to protect the r ight f lank of the Southe rn Secto r. Anderson says he believes Raff should be r eli eved by Ameic an , not Br iti sh, t r oops . r The group then goes to a late luncreon . A s l ight diplomatic cris is comes up duri ng the meal. General Giraud de clar es that there is "lack of control' on th e part of Briti sh In t ell i ge nce office r s over certain informaticn they are compili ng . Giraud says he cons ide r s "certain action s of the Br itish Secr et service ar e ini m ical to Fr ance . 11 Follo wing luncheon Generals Clark, Gir aud and Anderson take up the matter of command Gener al Clark purposely create s a sit . uation whereb y its discussion is inevit able because he fe els that an open and straightforward appraisal should tak e place wit h all the Allies re present ed . I Anderson outlines his posit ion. He says tha t , 1, he is not the Command erin-Chief of operations in Tuni sia but merely acti ng as the agent of the Commander-/ in-Chi ef , and , 2, from a practical point of view he has control of operations of British , French and American tr oops on the front because only his 1st British Arm has the communicatio ns , tr ans por t ation and staf f personn el "to coord i nate y an operation of t hi s char acter." General Clar k disagrees but not too forcefully . General Giraud tells Ander s on plainl y that any Br it i sh control ove r Fr ench forces at this time is impossible . "I must take cognizance, 11 says Gir aud , 11of the fr ame of m nd of my t r oops and s ome of my officers . You must r emembe th at not long r ago the French fought the British in Syria. M any of my men have not for gotten what the Br itish did to the French navy at M s- El- Kebi r and Dakar . It is not er desirable to put French troo ps und er British command at t his time . I do not share this sentiment but y ou must r ecognize that it exists. I want you to understand that this is not a que sti on of personalities . General Juin and you ar e workin g in friendly and effectiv e cooperation but it nrust be r ecognized that ther e is the impediment of a ps ycholo gi cal factor at pr esent between t he Fren ch 11such army and Br itish command.11 General Giraud says that therefore a solution, 11 Gener al as an A me rican commad , must be considered and found . n A r son says nde t his is th e first time he has bee n told of this feel ing on the part of the French but that he had r eali zed there was "so me slight drawback to r ela ti ons " but he didn't know why . "I feel , 11 contin ues the British General , "th at is deplorable as we are novl allies to ge th er. 11 General Giraud smiles . "After the Sfax ope r ation has been su ccessf ully completed, after Frenc h t roo ps hav e ac heived victory with the Ameicans and the Br itish sup port in the north , then, 11 sa ys Giraud, "it wi ll r be ti me to discuss a sup r eme command. Then it will be easy to launch an attack in the nort~ against Tunis and Bi zerte and put all thr ee units ynder your command. " i In the meantime , General Clark explains, General Anderson will turn the Nort hern Sector into a defensive area . After the Sfax operat i on is achieved "t hen th e proble m of a command under you can be easily solved. 11 Ger.era l Gir aud see ms to have dropped the idea of his taking supr eme comman . He sa ys he sees d himself "at the side of General Eise nhower , not as his equal but as aE eff ec tive supporter." General Clark holds two conf erenc es with the key membe s of his Fift h Army r staff today . The first , in the mo rnin g, is to inform them that the move to Oujda is imminent and that advance unit s probably will leav e Algiers January 2 . The second, calle d following the Giraud conference and a long meeting between Genera ls \ I �19I SECRtt : uals Britu ) 1 i, 1( ,- y _ , .• r Clark and Eisen hower , is to t ell the Fifth ./1. group t ha t it might possibly rmy be sent eastward instead of westwa r d t o wor k on the Sfax operation . Things are in a hecti c state of flux and General Clark , when he goes home after an exhausting day of conferences, is n' t certain whic h way he is g oing to jump-eastward or westwa r d . I * ALGIERS DECEMBER , 1942- -General , 29 enti r e Southern Tunisian front t Cla rk is give n command today of the He will comma d all t roops, Ameican and French , south of the line of den r ma.rkation agreed upon between Generals A nderson and Gir aud some time ago . This line runs from Sousse , on the Tunisian coast , straight back through Ksour , Alge r ia . It ' s southern boundary will extend into Tripolitania , to the r ear of Rommel's r et r eating Afr ika Korps . 'l'he decision to put General Clark in command of this vital be the offensive secto r comes after a mo rnin g of conferences . It at a meeting solely between Generals Clark and Eisenhov,er in the Chief 1s offi c e . General Clark r etu rn s sobe rl y to his office and takin g over the Southe rn Secto r . Giving me this command was the decision eve r made i n my behalf . 11 sector that will is topped off Commander-in declares : " I'm most crucial The gene ral now plans on movine his Fifth A my Headquarte r s to Tebessa , r on the Southe rn Front , instead of to Oujda , near the Alge r iam,...French M oroccan border . The headquarters will be stripped to the bare essentials necessary for handling a zone of combat and fo r bringing up the neces sary men and materie l from the r ear areas . Because the offensive must get underway soon if the drive on Sfax is to be made while the opposition is predominantly Italian, General Clark plans on flying to Tebessa tomorr ow to look the situation over on the ground . He will go up with General Spaatz and Colonel Howard, the Fifth Army G- 2 . In all probability , General Eisenhowe r and All i ed Force Headquarters will be moved to Constantine to be closer to both t he British Fi r st A rmy, holdine the North Secto r unde r General .Anderson , am the U ed States Fi fth Army, nit which will be on the offensive in the Southern Secto r under Genera l Clark . During the afte r noon General Clark calls conference afte r conference to in st r uct his key men on the changed plans and start them driving toward the goal of launching the attack on Sfax befo r e January 15 . Because he plans a smal~ but st ro ng staff, General Clark wil~ make certain personnel chan ges . His Air Service Commandofficer will be General Crai g . Gener al Clark will have both groun d and ai r troops under him. Because the problem of transportation and communication is so acute in the urrler-developed southern and eastern se ction of Algeria , General Clark puts the pressure on his G-4 , Colonel Adcock , and on both General Matejka , AFHQChief Sigr.a l O fficer, and General li! ran, Fifth o A my Signal Office r. Every available r conveyance is going to be used to get fighting men and fighting materials ready and available for action . The genera l is cracking orders ri ght and left . "Hell , Addie ," he says to Adcock , "nobody ' s thought about using camels dovm there in the south . They don ' t use wat er and the y don't need much food . If we could get camel pack trains started they soon could be hauling in a 100 tons of stuff or so a day . Every ton is goi ng to count . W hile you are seeing about trucks ~nd narrow-guage railroa ds , you'd bette r inqui re into the camel situation . " This is only an example , and a poor one , of the way General Clark searches for every possible means t ~ j~ ,l ve a ~ · r esult . Ee uses his imagination but is still practical. .:)t.l...R ET ---- E~uu British MOST SECPl=T ls �SEC T RE E11u als British MOST ~: c., _ 1 General Cla r k knows not defeatism . If a thing looks impossible , he has a stock r eply that is sometimes curt : 11We1 11 find the means somehow." And somehow he al ways does . During the day he dashes over twice to the Fifth A rmy hea dquarters . His staff officers, who have been conc entrating on plans for Backbone and obtaining personnel and supp li es for a full Arrrryhead quarters, must now change their perspective ent ir ely . The dr ive on Sfax wi l .i be the immediate problem , the occupation of Gabes to dominate the corridor throu gh whi ch Rommel will retreat if he is going to make a la st African stand with Axis troops in Tunisia will be the second consideration. W oven in with this must be measures to pre vent an attack f ro m the · north when Sfa."'{is taken. The general hl.'l.sa tactical appreciation conference with Generals Smith and Gr uenther . General Eisenhower comes to General Clark ' s ofi'ice t wice during the late after noon to discuss ideas . The ene r gy of the entire headquarters is being tbrO\m into the new development . General Allen of the 1st Division arriv es in Al gie r s and is told of the sudden shift in plans . General Vl , who left here early ard this morning to do road r econnaissance in the Southern Sector , is reached by phone late at night and told guardedly that new plans are afoot and arrangements are made for him to sta rt wor king on the new problem . Fur ther steps must be taken to turn over more equipment to the best troops in the Southern Sector and to bring up new Ame i can units from the Western and Center Task Forces . r * * ALGIERS HELEPTE-FERIANA -T , DECEMBElt , 1942-Follov iin g last-minute 30 conferences with his Chief o§ Staff , General G uenthe r, and delay at the airport r awaitin g weathe r reports,holds up General Clark's departure for the Southern Sector until 1108 . He takes off in General Spaatz' Flying Fortress . The Kew commander of the Southern Sector has only General Spaatz and Colonel Howard. Guns are out of the slides and portholes as soon as the B-17 is airborne . As the plane heads east , General Clark watches the ground intently , studying the road network over which much of the supply for his Fifth Army and Fr ench troops under him wil~ move. The plane lands at 1305 at Thelepte airfield . The field is tremendous and in excellent condition in spite of r ain. It could be developed into a first-class airdrome . Al though it has no runways, General Bl ackburn of the U. S. Air Corps , commanding the field , says it is the finest all - weather one he has ever seen . It has natural drainage. A the airport, t General Clark is met by Frenc h General s Velvert and Blac kburn . Pilots working out of the field are operating in the Gabes-Gafsa re gion . 'l'he ai r drome is held only by a platoon of parat ro ops and General Clark decides the strategic area is too lightly held . General Clark and his party are driven four kilometers into Feriana and there he comers uith Colonel Raff on the gene ral situation in the secto r . W hen Raff is finished , General Velvert exp lains the situation as it re gards the Fr enc h army in the region. Afte r hearing the two men, General Clark says he wil.i. send one armored infantry battalion and a bat talion of tanks to the vicinity of Feriana . These will r eport to Raff who is going to be placed in command of all American troo ps in the vicinity of Feri ana. General Clark says that orders will be issued taking Raff and his far-flung troops, some as far away as Pichon, out from under French control. General Blackburn report s that he has had to dispatch some of his air units to the north on coIIL~andof Genera l Anderson. Buttonin g up his southern sector tighter , General Clark says such demands must be discontinued. During the visit he decorates Colonel Raff with the Si lver Star for "ga llantry in action . ·SECRET Eq,.rn Britis h MOST SECRET ls �i\/· ·, : ( \9 3 CRE T General Clark and his ~ t~i ~~gki/'tS? e,:b o~~ ijGJost of the 5rd battalion of the 26th InfantriJ . He finds that the discipline of the men is sloppy and orders that s teps be taken imm ediately to correct the fault . A 1552 the t general r etur ns to Thelepte and takes off for Algiers . As Genera l Clark sees it, his big ges t pro blem in the souther n s ecto r is going to be logistics . The countr y is quite mountainous . Feriana is at an altitu~e of 4 , 000 feet . Roads lea di ng into this Southea st A ger ian r egi on are l few and twisting . The railroad serving most of it is narrow gua ge while the coastal railroad is standa r d. Genera'i Clark be gi ns to weigh the transportation factors . The Flying For tress l ands at M aison Bla nch e just befo r e dark and the ge neral hurri es to Allied Forc e Headquarters and r eports to General Eisenho wer . M eanwhile , General Fr ede ndall , commande of the II Corp& arrives from O an r r with seve ral members of his staff, including fou r who se rved in the II Corps unde r General Clark- - Colo re l Tully and Li eutenant Colonels Hewitt, W ilson and Talcot t . The new situation is explained to the II Corps group. General Clark says he is se nding a Headquarte r s and a Signal Officer to Tebes sa immediate l y to arrange fo r the new South er n Secto r headquarte r s . "W e've got to move fast because that situation is moving fast as hell up th er e and we can 1t l et anyone ge t the jump on us . I 'm going to move troo ps in as r apid ly as possible . They will be thro wn in as soon as they can be sup ported logistically . Part of Combat Com,'lla. B is going to eo into the sector tomorrow ni ght . They will take si x nd days of supp lie s in with them and we have to w ork out their followin g supply problems . I think we can transport part of our suppl y go Phillipevil l e by wate r , the n move it to Batna by rail. FrO\n there we will truck it . I 'm also se riou s about my propos al that we se e what can be done with camel trains. We are going to have to get every ounce of cap acity we ca n sque eze out . 11 ( Late tonight 16 pers ons accused of plotti ng the death of Admiral Darlan are seized . The death of Darlan has caused little chan ge in the Fr ench civil and military groups . The cooperation of the French authorities continues excellen t and such r ealignments as may result are expec t ed tm i mp rove the si t uation. The period now seems to be a period of consoli dation. General Giraud ha s r adio ed General DeGaull e that he b el ieves the t wo ge nerals should hold a confer enc e but that he does not believe the ti me is yet ripe . * ALGIERS DECEMBER 1942-- General Clark calls on General Gira ud ea rl v , 31, toda y to ac quaint the Frenchman with the sudden deve lopments concernin g the ~ propos ,xJ. activati on of the Sout hern Front . Gener al G iraud , who sees General Clark at 8 :45 AMbeca use th e High Commissi oner is goin g to the front to see French troops , is deli ght ed when he learns that the Deputy Corruna. - in - Chi ef nder has been appointed to com mand the Southern Sector and l ead the driv e agai nst Sfax . ( Genera l Clark explains that one difficulty arrivin g ari sin g from this decision is the problem of placing General Juin 1 s com~and under an American general. Giraud says he believes the f ront f r om Pont du Fahs t o Pichon sho ul d be kept under the com mand of Juin since , because of t er ra in, it can be nothin g but a defensive area . This , argues Giraud, will r elieve General Clark of the wary and allo w him to conc entrate on offensive operations fa.tt her south . The Fr ench general agrees th at al l Frenc h units bet ween Pic hon and Beri ana will come_direct ~y under the orders of the Ameic an commande Thes e French troops r r. are led by Generals Koeltz and Volvert . This 150 kilo met er l ong area between Pic hon and Fer iana would be the offe si ve front and Giraud de cl ares t hat "such a larg~ fr~nt should absorb al~ t he ener gie s ?f t he gene r al com-na ndin g t he oper ation. ""f!!:, \·" · :: : . t . :E,i'. h fi@~ J: ~ t \ �W-:£\1;)"".' ~i[ CRE ( E11als Briti sh / ,\O:.T .s:c u Giraud urges that the British in the nor th carry on strong action during the Southern Secto r bui ld-u p period 11to keep enemy units fully occupied" but that this action should not con s ist of any concerted offen sive on the north. The center section , unde r Juin , would also connive to exert constant pressure . General Cl ark emphasizes th at the sector under Juin must "hold at al.L costs and protect my left flank . 11 General Clark , on this basis , says he has no st r ong objection to J uin commanding the Pont-<iu - Fahs - Pichon r egion . Giraud says that Allied For ces have cont ro l since Juin is under the or ders of General Eisenhower and therefo r e must integrate his action i n the center with those in the Southern Sector. The subject of the 25 P-40s that General Clark obtained for French forces then comes up . Gir aud said he had pla.~ned to use these fighte r planes in the Feriana area but that he felt that now it is to become an Ameican offensive r secto r that the French operated American planes should be use d more to the north to assist Juin . General Clark agr ees but succes sfully tacks on the provision that these planes be available to the Southe rn Secto r when the operation fi r st.gets underway and at othe r crucial periods i f necessary . Next the matter of supply comes up and General Giraud promises to turn over to General Clark the use of an addit i onal train and a half dai ly on the narrow gua.ge r ailroad ser ving the r egion. Two and a half trains a day are already at American disposal . When the interview ends, 'Gene~al Giruad leaves for the fron t andGeneral Cl ark r eturns to his office in the St . George hotel. ( Reports of an air r aid on Casabla nca come in during the mornin g . Twelve to 15 enemy plares , believed to have flown down from Southe rn France in a "token" rai d , dr op 300 , 500 and 1 , 000 pound bombs but do no great damage . Sixty civi~iB.11s are killed . The on~y army casualties are 11 wounded . Reports also come in concernin g the paratroops that were drop~ed t wo ni ghts ago on the railroa d between Tunis and Sousse . The chutists dropped three mi~es f r om the bridge they were to deooli sh and were surrounded by Germans . Three American soldiers and an officer escaped and got back to f r iendly te r ritory . Another tactical event heightens the day . Two German glmrs land 16 mil es south of Feriana and anothe r is found far to the rear , near Setif . A bridge on the Feriana-Gafsa r ai l way is b l ovm up but it is soon fixed and nine German airborne soldiei ·s are captured. Thi s is the onl y unusual activity of the day . Rain is still pouring over the battle area and operat io ns are restricted to patrols and some light she l lin g . Late r in the day , afte r General Clark has held further conferenc es concerning takin g commarrl of the Southern Sector, the entir e s ituation changes agai n . A radio is received from General Marshall which approves General Clark 1 s ap pointment t o the field command but which then adds that he believes a subordinate, either General Patt on or Fredendall , should command the South ern Sector so General Clark can concentrate on or ganizin g the Fifth Army and plannin g the operation against Spanish M orocco . He prefer s that the comman der of the Fifth Arm move to Oujda "so he can devote his ful.1 time to the Spanish y situation. 11 ( Gener al Clark, al ways eage r for duty with combat troop s , is dis appointed yet sees the soundness of General Marshall 1 s re asoning. Howe er , he ha s fought v thro ugh his belief that American troops should be r emoved from British comma d . n 111 knew, 11 says General Clar k , 11th at that was the ri ght thing to do. I have bee the prime mover in s eeing that the It under Gener al Ander- Southe ~:CRrT t ~Jll als U s~1t A\O~:f '''sr:r '"'-1 t �S ECRET 'Equo British /,\0 : T ~:r •rls son 1 s control . I d like to show what American troops can do under their own commanders and just what could be done on the Southern front . I knew al~ along that this sector did not call fo r an Army commander. It calls fo r a reinfo r ced di vi sion or a Corps at the most . As I was getting this thing going I was takin g over General Fr edendall 1 s II corps in r eality . The Wa Department r saw it the same way so I am going to or ganize the army and Gene ral Fredendall is going up to command the Southern Secto r with his II Cor ps staff . My sele ction was merely a matter of per sonalities as far as the Southern Secto r was conce r ned . Ike wanted me to do it and my ta.king com and was what General Gir aud m sought . The Wa Depar tment 1 s plan is sound i nasmuch as the secto r is pr imarily r an operation involving a r einforced armored di vision . That is the way the thing is going t o stand and I am going to Oujda in about a week to devote myself to the double-barreled job of organizing the army and get~irg down to brass tacks on preparing fo r Spanish Mo occo . 11 r 1 ( Alt hough Genera l Clark has a sore throat and a touch of flu , he remains at his office until after 7 PM despite the fa ct it i s New Year ' s eve . * * ALGIERS J ANUARY 1948-The crack of r ifle shots , the rattle , 1, of machine guns , the swift orange arcs of anti - aircraft shells fi r ed by Bofor s guns and the hootin g of the whistles of merchant and naval vessels welcomes in the New Year. Ther e is little levit y . A smal l , quiet party is held at the general ' s villa . ( General Clark viO ks a normal day, payin r, no attention r to the fact that it is a holida y . He is at his office by 8 : 30 AH and plun ges into the two problems at hand : getting mo America re units into the Southe rn Sect or and making preparations fo r activation of the Fifth Army and the move to Oujda . Gener al Clark ' s army is to be activated January 4 . The Spanish situation and moves he wust make into Spani sh Mo rocco in event of trouble occupy the general ' s thoughts . "Just put yours elf in Hi tler ' s place and figure out what he and his genera l staff are thinking , " says th e general. "Our move into N th Africa surp r ised them . Their move into U or noccupied. France was designed to countera ct us and protect that vulnerable flank from inva sion . Greate r de f ense steps have been taken i n Italy . One weak spot--one place where we could get in wi t hout too much difficulty - -remains . That is Spain. "Naturally , Hitler is lookin g fo r a pla ce where he can st rik e to hurt us t hf'! most . The greatest harm that could occur is that the Straits of Gibr alta r would be closed to us . Hitle r wants to ke ep us off the continent at any cost and he knows that t he whole Ibe r ian peninsul a lies bare ; that we cou ld probably get in , as things stand , without much of a scrap . You hear people say that Hit l er isn ' t showing much st ren gth in the air . He' s holdin g back for somethi ng and it might very logically be Spain or Spanish i,I rocco . W must prepare as fast o e as possible to meet this eventuality . Spanish M ncco is already overr un with or Axis agents . I don ' t think Hitler is prepared to pull anything on the Ibe r ian peninsula now but he probably has it in his mind . He can ' t use troops offensively on the Russia n f r ont until May so he may try an Iberian peninsula. move before that time . 11 General Fredendall has r eturned br iefly to O an to get the move□ent of his r headquarters to Tebessa sta rte d . Orders are going out puttin g all types of units :SEC RET r lHH:i.5 I r. 1h • ·• · , 1,: /1$l1 • 1 •,,... -- ----~ , , ~~ ~ �C E T 2 · ish /.·'O' T ,r:cR ~ on the alert for movement into the Southe rn se : tor --: An r ppreciat io n of RommelIs plans," r eceived today from the British Eighth Army whi ch is pursuing the Afr ika Korps in Tripru.itania. It r eport s that Romme.Lnowhas 11the tendency to look over l his shoulde r . " "Now that Tripoli is no longer an effective supply port," the r epori, continues, "Rommel is lar gel y dependent upon supp lies overland and by li ghter from Tunisia. If a Allie d threat to the Sfax -Bab es area were to deve lop , and if the Axis fo r ces in Tunisia r equ ire help to count er it , he might fe el compelled to dispatch a protect ve fo rce to assist in the defense of th at area whi ch is vital to his supplies • •• 11 General DeGaull e has r adioed General Giraud that he does not believe "that the effective reunion of the whole Empir e and of all available French effort , associated with resistance in France itself , should be delayed for a moment ••• I am convinced that only a provisional central French authority, based on a national association fo r the 1- osecution of the war , is capable of guaranteeing r direction of the French effort, the maintenance intact of French sovere gnty a rd the just repre sen tation 0£ France in for eign lands • 11 Giraud, who has told DeGaulle that he t hinks the present time is not appropo for a meetin g , is asked to reconsider a meeting at Fort Lamy Brazzaville , or Bei i r ut . The general confers throu ghout the day wit h Generals Eisenhower , G uenther , r Rooks and Smith , primarily , and the ta lk is devoted to one of two things : the opening of an offensive in the Southe rn Secto r and activation of the Fifth Army to begin pr eparat ions for possible moves in Spanish Mo rocco . * -l(· ALGIERS JANUARY , 1943--The directive , 2 for oper atio n 11Satin"-the South er n Tunisian offensive-is completed and delivered today to General Fredendall. Thus, General Clark I s plan to kee 1 the drive against the Axis rolling instead of wait J ing for weather to make the Northern Sector usable goes into gear . Ameican troo ps r will operate under American command. General Clark, inte grati ng the plans , facilitating movement towar d the front of fresh troops , particular ly from the O ran region, spends most of the day orienting General Frectendall and members of his II Corps staff . Troops that will make the Southern Tunisia offensive are being assembled in the Constantine-Souk Ahras - Souk El Arba re gio n. During assembly they are char ged wit h protecting the lines of communication . Then , moving under cover of darkness to give 11Satin 11 every pos sible element of surprise, the troops wil l move into the Tebessa-Sbeitla -Feriana region f ro m whence they wil~ start their push . The date is se t , tentatively, for January 20 but the battle will start sooner if possibl e . The objective is to cut communications between Tunisia and Tripol itania . The. 11 Satin 11 force is to seize and hold Sfax and/or Ga es . As an alternative, l::r th e force can also operate di r ectly against Sousse . In addition to the American units that are moving to the front from rear a-eas , General Fred endall will also have command over Combat CommandB which is moving down fr om the north, th e force that is already in the Southern Secto r under Colo nel Raff and Fr enc h troops in the r egion with the exception of General Juin 1 s force in the Pichon region. A Br itish paratroop briga de is also being moved down to carry out special offensive missions. Backbone of the assault will be the 1st Arrnored Division under General Ward. General Clark confers lenghily with General Ward today. The other comple te unit will be the 26th Regimental Combat team. Because of com.munications and supply difficulties this is all the troops that can be safely moved into the Southern Sector . 4-, 4 .... -c; ~., ~ ,..;... '<.- 4<L?"-"", ,O c ,-.,,.- 7 , ~- ,q._--,_~~ .x.&., ~ ·SEC RET �··'SECRET . Ec11.rn Btlti::h /.\0 '.~ ls T ( .s :cpr-;- Because of the urgency of getting things ro l ling on "Satin, " General Clark has little time to devote today to Fi fth ArTI\Y matters . Section heads ar e busy helpin g General Fredendall 1 s staf f members who arrive during the day f r om Oran. General Cl ark confe r s with Generals Doolit t le and Spaatz conc ernin g integration of air sup port for the Southern Sector offensive . G r al Eisenhower drops into ene General Clark's Qffice occasional ly to discuss the progre ss of the new move. Additional units of the Fifth Army leav e Alg ie r s by m otor this mo nin g for r 0uj da . It i ncludes more personnel and some record s . M ore personnel wil~ be dis patched M onday and Tuesday . If things settle dovm on "Satin," General Clark now plans to fly over to Oujda on We dnesda y , the day after the Fifth .A:rmy activis ated . Four more Axis agents ar e exe cuted in Algie rs t oday , al l for sabota gin g r ailroa d facilities . The group picked up in connection wit h the plot on Darlan ' s life are in protective custo dy . General Clark says that quite a terrorist gang has be en uncovered and one of thetr plans call ed for assassination of Giraud . Further precauti onary steps are taken to protect Giraud and Generals Eisenhower and Clark . * * I ALGIERS JiANUARY, 1942- -"I hate to turn my back on the Sout hern Secto r , .5 and head west to organize the Fift h Army but it ' s ju st a matter of my having too much r ank for the front line job , :r General Clark , obvio usly , is pertubed t ha t he is goi ng to Oujda, away instead of toward the action , Because of "Satin's" imm my and since he originally ine iniatiated the plan and did the spadework, Gener al Clark is still devotin g most of his time to pre parati ons fo r the oper ation . I \ Tro ops are moving steadily toward the "Sati n" area . So much military traffic is goin g between Oran and Al gie r s that a contro l system has been wor ked out between 0rl ea nsvi lle and Algie rs . During the latter stages of the trip the convoys are get ting fighte r cover in case c.f enemy harrassment . Units that have not yet sta r ted m ovin g are being ale rt ed and motor t ran sp or t is being taken f ro m the WesterlDl Task Force to aid the mo vement whi ch is being made by ro ad , rai l arrl wat er (the latte r to Bone and Bougi e) . Ther e is one sta r tling development during the day . Colonel Raff calls General Clark f r om Fer iana to r eport that 40 Ger man tanks surrounded the gar r ison at Fondouk , seven miles sout heast of Pichon , isolating one battalion of French in fant r y , one battery of French artillery and one squad ro n of Frenc h motor ized cav alry . General Cla r k tells Raft to dispatch his tank dest r oyer battalion to dis lodge the Germans . Both Gafsa , in the southern secto r , ar.d Bone, in the nort h, ar e attacked by bomber s . Our activity in the air is heavier and more successful than it has been in weeks . Flying For tresses , esco r ted by P- 58s , atta cked Tunis with accurac y . The 20 For ts and their escort were atta cked by about 50 Axis planes . The B-17s knocked down 17 and our fighters got two mo re, In exchange for 19 enemy planes we lost but six . D ocks ad a mili tar y camp at Sousse and a ai ~way brid ge between Sousse and Sfax were also attacked by us . C General Clark spends most of his day in conferences concering the Souther n Sector operat io n . General Fredendall , wor king to perfect his plans for th e offensi ve , comes twice to General Clark's office to go over the situatio n . Once again bus ine ss prevents General Clark from going to church . He comes to the office expecti ng to go to the Holy Tr i nit y Church of Algie rs bMP. F.~~ s pile up on ~ him and weekly wor ship is impossible . · A'<t. I ~C:\ .. Eeiuals British MO ST SECRET fl \ �SECRE T ( Eeiu als Brifi :;h M O-:.r ,t;~Lt I . Late in the afternoon his Fifth Army staff confers with the general cer ning final plans fo r the move to Oujda . ~ost of the staff wil~ depart morrow morning by plane . W hile the conference is going olll,.,General Clark his first order as 6ommand ing General of the Fifth Army. It is t he ord er ati ng the Fifth Army. It will be published tomor r ow. con to si gns activ - Before go .,_g to his villa following a busy Sur.day , General Clark paces the n floor of his office and declares : "I want you to understand why I am goi!ls to Oujda i r~tead of f orward to Tebessa to hea d this Southern offe nsive . •W hen the question of who would command 1 Satin 1 came up it was obvious that it was either a division or barely a Cor ps com and . The job could be done by a good , aggressive m division commander. I wanted that command and I want ed it ba d . I was overcom e by my desire to ham.l e the thing beca us e I felt so close to it . D espite 1 Ike 1 s 1 objections I put over my plan to put t he Southe r nr,Sector under the Fifth Arm y and under my command. That would have meant that in reality I was commanding a r einfo r ced division and that I didn 1 t even have a Corps b etvreen m and the div e ision . It was n ' t pr acticabl e . I hate to turn my back on the thin e but I 'v e got too much rank. So, 1 1 11 go to Oujda W ednesda y ." * * ALGIERS J ANU 4, 1942-The 1"ifth United States Army is activated , ARY and put under the command of Lieutenant G eneral Clark . today Tflis is the fir st U ed States Army to be activated nit overseas in W orld ·11ar II . The other four Unite d States Armies are within the continental limits of the United St ates . The elements of General Clark ' s command are the W este r n and Center Task For ces (commanded, r espec tively , by Generals Patt on and Fr ede ndall ) less troops attached to the M editerranean and Altan ti c Base Sections (SOS troops ) . Th .. basic or gani zation of the Fifth Army i s comprise d , inital ly , of the I A mo r red Corps, in French M orocco; the II ArmyCor ps , in Al geri a; and the XII Air Support Command The te rr ito r ial r esponsibi lit y of Gener al Clark ' s ar my is , initially, . the area of French Mo occo and Al ger ia west of a north - south line throu gh r O eans vill e inclusive . General Clark is r esponsbi l e in this ar ea for all matters rl involving relationships with local civil of ficial s. He has discipl i nary juris dict ion over all parts of his ar ea excep t within aceas actually occupried by 12t h Air Force troops and areas actual l y op~upi ed by SOS commands. General Clar k is r espo nsible fo r all administrative functions normally devo l vin e on an Army Commande, r The initi al mis sion of the Fifth Army is : to prepa r e a striking force of at least one infant r y divisi on and one armor ed division for amphibious operations; to insure integrity of al l ter itory of French M occo and Alge ria within its or ar ea; to coope r ate wi t h French Civi l and M litary autho r ities in or ganizin g i and equip ving and training French forces and in preserving law and or de r; to prepare plans and execute special ope ation s . l Another part of the small } ifth Army hea dquarters departs this mo nin g by r plane for Oujda . General 0 1Daniel , .who wil l handle amphibious training ope r ations , re port s back to General Clark following a r econnaissance through the Fifth Army area . He r ecomme d s that amphibious training n be carried on at Arzeu beach , just west of O an . It ap pears to be the only suitab le be ach inside the M r editerranean for carr ying on this type of tr aining without interruption . Thr oughout the day the ge ner al discusses several organization matt er s with Fift h Army staff members but still his eyes , primar il y , ar e on facilitating movem t'l1t-,of tr o-2P. into the s Southern Sect or for the coming offensive. .:)t.C T Rt. EqlJ!als Bri tish f/\OS T 5,...: r \ ( �~ CRE T { \ Ettuuls British / ·•.::x: ::.. .T :r Preparations to expedite movement of sup ply into the region are perfected. The British First Army is prepar ed to transport certain supplies into Tebessa and help move them forward to advanced depots . It is found that port space at Philippeville and Bone is adequate to handle supplies for Satin . Capacity of the meter guage rail system is adequate for the ope r ation . The bottlenecks that may delay movement of equipment to the southern sector from the coastal points are lack of sufficient port labor , · lack of labor at transfer points and insufficient motor transport . Camel trains do not a1pea r feasible since it takes two camels to transport one ton per mile per day . Convinced that the greatest danger to Satin is lo gistics , General Clark bears dovm on this matter . With part of his ~ifth Arm staff and with General Fredendall 1 s II Cor ps y staff closin g up their temporary headquarte r s in late afternoon to move to Tebessa , General Clark ducks out of his office to again hike in the hills with M L Ball and Lieutenant Beardwood . No~ that the move to Uujda is set and aj r the Satin plan is developing and awaiting only the movement of troops and supplies into position , General Clark is chaf f ing at the bit to get going . Because of a touch of flu , the leaves his office at 6 : 30 PM earli er than , usual , to go to his villa . * ( ALGIERS ,JANUARY 1943-- As of 1:00 AMtoday the United States Fifth Army , 5, becomes a physical , tan gible unit of the United States Armed Forces . It 1 s formation and activation is announced by General Eisenhower to the press and in radios to the W Department , headquarters ar in London, and various forces of the North African theater . General Clark spends most of his final day at Al lied Force Headquarters turning over details he has been handling as De~uty Com.:ia.nde in - Chief to rM ajor General W B. Smith, AFH Chief of Staff . The ideas and p~ans that the . Q Deputy Com nder has had in the back of his mind are t r ans m ma. itte d to Gener al Smith in a long conference in General Clark 1 s of fice . During the day various officers, many of them who have been associated close ly for months with General Clark, come in to say goodbye and wish the ComJJander of the Fifth Army good luck . Interspersed through the day are conferences conc ern in g "Satin . 11 Units are moving satisfactorily to the front by rail , road and sea . Despite the imminency of his move and the problems it brings , the general still is keeping his finger on the pulse of the coming Southern Secto r offensive . The only out - of-the-ordinarJ visitor of the day is H arold M M c illen , Great Britain 1 s new diplomatic envoy to North Africa . M Mil len will make his headquarters c in Algiers and wor k in cooperation with Al lie d Force Headquarte rs . One of the general ' s last jobs as he quits the Deputy Com:nander-in-Chief's office to r eturn to his villa and supervise the movement of his per sonal effects to Oujda. is to write the following letter to Gener al Eisenhower : "Dear Ike : "In leavin g for my new com.1a.nd I want to tell you how deeply I I , app r eciate all you have done for me. You have brou ght abou t all the success that has come to me during the past fe w mo ns . nt �~60 E141.rnls Brifi:.l, / ( \c,-~ ,--r,..,,. , r;T - . - ,t.:.I "I want you to know that to have served under you during the preparation and con duct of t he North Afr ican operati on has been one of the greatest privile ges whic h could come to any s ol ocier . "Althou gh I had known you inti mately for the past quarter of a century and had always admired you and your abi~ity , it was onl y during the stress of the past seven months tha t I r eally , fully coM prehended the de pth and strength of your character . Your examples of leadership and character have set for me a goal whic h I some day hope to reac h . Your understanding and consideration for your subordinates has endeared you to all of us . " I hope you will consid er my going as only temporary and know that stand ready and anxious to serve you in any capa city in order to bring you the success which you deserve . "Sincer ely , (si gned) W ayne . " I In the eveninR General 'l<;isenhower has a. farewell part y at the villa th e Com::ia.nderand Deputy Commander have sha red. All the to p-ran king officers with whom General has been associated for the past several months ar e there . His goin g to Oujda to take command of the ~·ifth Army means the end, at least for the ti me being , of these close associations with such officers as General s Eisenhower , Rooks , Hamblen, Sawbridge and others with whom he has confe rred daily ever since he left II Army Corps neadquarters in Salisbury last August 12 and went to Norfolk House , London, to be gin workin g on the No rth Afric an operation . ( The move to m orrow brings to an end the second phase of the gene ra.l ' s career ove rseas in the past seven months. The first ended on August 12 when he left II Army Corps head quarters and moved into th e Deputy Commandership of America ' s biggest effort to date in the war. That his organizati on overseas of the II Corps was sound was proven by the way it acquitted its elf as the Center Task Force in the North African operation . The thorou ghnes s of his work as Deputy Commander of 11Torch 11 was proven by the success of the tremendous operation . Now he turns to taking over command of th e first United States Army or gani zed overseas in the current war . May the V for Fifth Army also stand for a V for victory l * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, December 2, 1942 - January 5, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from December 2, 1942 to January 5, 1943. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/806 Date Valid Date (often a range) of validity of a resource. 1940-1949