2 10 48 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/8c4d566e88283ae57dd6f5895ddab41a.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=ToUFH8ztcGO4LRbKjH-yAQAz7OrhlVi7L19Etrd9YpY3OPXkq-HJu17n7PO8jOioQX3rO8diTNJRJZEmVb7RM6Ua8EpDLTql9NUvMdo79b1tQiOdGZ6tZHggjWDjNT4KzynoBrHoWmipU0T4wXy6HirZ-EKKwx-QMKMe2V3Ki5mQMXcEkBZ1xaJJYel-PYIHPKgD1w2go8dSjshWVD0TAtf6CTQLqYzEN-yJrRXXBXSacCoy4%7EfV1Sx3YcxEZ8FvVXsFG3RXRQ-waAj6ZmBngQghGF0l6VnnSaBWylBBvzQHTZHYv4Vcs7fvelPPtl-DIVLnrnHTMLj83SEKIYpSiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 242cf9e2ca5e3ec62a97ca1429a8aec5 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM ( Lieutenant Zharkov given at the trial under oath; they place great importance up:>n the speech of the Trial Judge Advocate at the concl usion of the case in summing up the evidence favorabl e to the prosecution, as was his duty. It is unfortunate that you, the Soviet Army and Soviet people do not base your concl usions on the evidence which the court was sworn to consider, rather than on the distorted views of newspaper reporters. I alil more reliably informed and have no hesitancy :in accepting the obvious concl usion of the court that Dixon fired in the reasonable exercise of the right of self-defense at a time when he had every reason to expect further violence from one who had only a few seconds before threatened him with a deadly weapon. "I sincerely regret that this incident has occurred but I do not feel that the acquittal of Dixon constitutes an "unfriendly act towards the Red .A rmy. 11 The unfortunate incident was provoked by the unauthorized act of the Soviet personnel in boarding the train and the threatening act of Captain Klementiev. The Court decided Dixon acted in accordance with his duties in ejecting them from the train and no law or duty required him to forfeit the right of selfdefense •. "As I have stated to you on many occasions I am most eager that relations between oux respective forces be of the highest order, and I assure you that I shall do everything in my power, as in the past, to see that this standard is maint ained. I am certain you share tlids same view. ;, Sincerel y, ( /s/ * * * Mark w. Clark General , U. S.A. Commanding11 * VIENNA-~M.ARCH 6, 1946--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 and after having walked from his villa with General Tate. He immediatel y conferred with Mr. Erhardt. At 1030 he saw Gen. McChrystal, head of ISB, on the sugject of UNRRA publ i~ity and at 1100 held a promotion ceremony at which time he al so ·presented Col. Joseph Burril l with the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of Merit, and also promoted his aide,Lt. Traugott, to Captain. Tweighty-etght promotions and decorations were made in all. At 1130 General Clark saw Dr. Pernter and Mrs. Kauders who thanked the General in person for his generouB contribution of $1,000 for the weJ.fa~-e of the Austrian chil dren. At 1140 General Clark held a surprise conference at which t ime he decorated the following officers: Col. Leo Langan, Col. George H. Mccaffrey, Colonel Deutsch, Colonel James Rundell ; Col. Frederick Stephens, Lt. Col. L. H. Landau, Lt. Colonel Arthur Marget. 1 \ C f. �SEGRE After lunch a t his mess in the Bank Building at 1300, the General returned to his office where he took care of accumulated correspondence. On completion of a conference with General Tate he left his office, walking to his villa with Mr. Erhardt. In the eveni ng General Clark, had General Tate, Col. D1 0rsa and Col. Langan for dinner. Genera} Cl ark sent the fol l owing cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No. P-4135: u Subject is Russian demand for repayment of loan of four hundred million"" schillings. 11 1. Recent demand };:>y USSR for repayment by .!Austrian government of 400,000, 000 schill ings raises again the question of unilateral action threatening currency stability in Austria and authority of Allied Council. 11 11 2. History of the so-called ioan is briefly as follows: a. At time of occupation of Vienna by Soviet forces, they seized currency total l ing approximately 545,000, 000 Reichsmarks then in possession of Austrian banks. b. In June 1945, Russians advanced 400,000,000 of this amomt tc Austrian government to be over pr'inted and used to effect conversion of circulating Reichsmarks into stamped Reichsmarks• This plan was later abandoned in favor of conversion into A.M. Schillings. c. Austrian government insists that understanding has always been that the loan would be re~aid in Reichmarks. Soviets, however, refused to accept del ivery Reichsmarks and on 11 January demanded repayment of ful l amount in Austrian schil ings, arguing that they had advanced legal tender currency and were entitled to repayment in legal tender currency. d. Unable to reach agreement with Soviet authorities, Austrian government appealed on 6 February for decision by Allied Council, pointing to danger to currency stabilization, for which Allied Council, through December conversion, had assumed r-esponsibil ity. e. I.As result of appeal to iU l ied Council, Chancellor Fi.gl was smjmon¢ by General Zhel tov, and in ensuing interview Chancellor agreed to repayment of 400,000,000 in .A ustrian schillings. ' to action by Austrian cabinet on Figl's f. On 26 February, prior commitment, Austrian Foreign Minister informed u. s. Element of the situation. s �SECRE T 11 3. In view of .JAustrian appeal to [Allied Council, the Russian action quite clearly represents attempt to undermine authority of Allied Council and substitute direct dealings with Austrian government on matters, for which Allied Council has responsibility. \ "4• I, therefore, wrote to Chancellor Figl stating that if the pro• posed agreement were signed, the U. s. El ement wchuld submit to Austrian government a claim for l,~75,660,000 schillings, representing amount of A.M. Schill ings advanced by U.S. to Austrian government. I added that the basis of this U.S. cl aim would be that recognition by the Austrian government of the Soviet claim :implied recognition of U~ s. advances, since in both cases bulk of advances was for purpose of effecting a conversion that was never carried out, and currency advanced. was legal tender at time advance was madeo 5. _P urpose of JY action was to checkmate Russian attempt to avoid action Austrian authorities have informed Russ i ans that in view of total of two claims, they cannot act without direction by t he .!Allied Council." 11 by Allied vouncil. * * * * VIENNA•-MARCH 7, 1946--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0930 and im• mediately conferred with General Tate and Geno McMahon. At 1020 he saw Col. Langan on an UNRRA cable and at 1040 talked with Mr. Erhardt on the food situation. General McMahon was also call ed in on the conference and at 1110 General Clark saw Lt. Col. Eberhard on the safeguarding and protection of the food suplies in Vienna • .Again Mr. Erhardt conferred with General Clark, at 11.35, and shortly before noon the General saw Col. Deutsch. Col. Langan came in at 1215 to finish preparing the UNRRA cable and at 1240 Col . Grogan, Lynn Heinzerl ing, war correspondent, and Col. Deutsch saw the General. At 1300 the General had lunch with Col. Deutsch in the bank building, and afterwards walked to his villa with Gen. McMahon where he remained for the rest of the day. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 8, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 9930. Heimmediately saw General Tate and at 1005 held a conference with Col. Rundell and Capt. Brown on the procurement of veget able seeds for Austria. At 1000 General Clark saw General Howard concerning the answering of a cabl egram which had been received on the subject of his December audience with His Holines s Pope Pius. At 1035 General Clark conferr ed with General Bethouart on the various topics to be discussed at the Allied Council meeti ng, after which Col. Paul conferred with . the Gener al at 1150 on the topic of restitution to ex-enemy nations. The current food probl em was brought up with Brig. ~arminter, Chief of UNRF..A, and Brig. Parminter came to see General Cl ark in order that t he topic mi ght be more thoroughl y discussed. General Cl ark had lunch with the Brigadier and other members of his staff, in the Commanding General 's mess at 1300. At 1345 Colonel Davies, who had just recentl y arrived in Vienna to take over command of Tulln Air Base, called on General Clark to pay his respects. �After a short conference with General Tate and General McMahcn,General Clark l eft his office for his vil ' a where he spent the rest of the day. In the evening the General had guests for dinner and bridge. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 9, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and after taking care of accumulated correspondence saw General McMahon at 1010. Late,r he saw Mr. Erhardt and at 1100 Col. Marget was called for a short conferende. At 1130 General Howard conferred with the General. After seeing General McMahon, General Clark left his office and walked to his villa with General McMahon and Mr. Erhardt where they had lunch. In the evening General Cl ark had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Erhardt at their residence. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 10, 1946 --General Clark remained at his vil la during the day. He took a l ong walk during the morning and had General Tate and General McMahon for lunch, at which time they discussed several current issues. In the after• noon the General's dog, Pal, went AWOL and a thorough search was made to apprehend him. General Clark joined in the search and found Pal a f ew blocks from the vill a. The General spent the rest of the evening at his villa and r etired early. ( * * * VIENNA-~M.ARCH 11, 1946--General Clark arrived ·at his office at 0915 and immediately conferred with Mr. Erhardt and General Tate on the agenda for the 1100 Allied Council meeting. At 1015 ~eneral Clark saw General Mc6reery who made a shor t call to discuss the .Agenda with General Clark. The General left his offical at 1035 and arrived at the meeting at 1045 where he was met by General Bethoua.rt. General Clark r~turned to his office from the Allied Council meeting at 1900 hours. !After a conference with General Tate and Mr. Erhardt, he saw General McMahon for a short time and with General McMahon, Gener al Tate, Mr. Erhardt and Mr. Adams, -General Clark had drinks in the Commanding Gener al's mess. He l ater left for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening. · * * * * VIENNA--~CH 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 1000 after wal king from his vil l a. He immediatel y saw General Tate and General McMahon and later held a press conference at which time he gave an "off t he record" report of the . lllied Council meet ing which was hel d on March 11. The following corres:pondents were at the press conference: �SEC. ( . \ r ·; H.. l 1st. Lieut Simon Bourgin, Stars and Stripes ; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press ; Josef Israels, Internaticnal News Service; John MacCormac, New York Times; Edgar Mowrer, Press .Alliance; T/3 Arthur A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Harold Queen, United Press; Albion H. Ross, New York Times; John H. Thompson, Chicago . Tribune; Frederick ~eiser, ISB- USFA; Lt . Col. Frederick J . Betz, Deputy Press Relations officer. At 1130 General Clark saw Mr Jolm MacCormac and Colonel Grogan, and later talked with Mr . Erhardt. 'lhe General saw Colonel Ostler at 1230 concerning reports to the War Department and at 1300 had lunch at the Commanding General's mess at the Bank Buil ding. After lunch the General saw Col . Rich concerning the use of his ul tro-violet ray lamp . after seeing General Mcl'r<iShon again the General left his headquarters for his villa where he spent the rest of the day . The foll owing message was sent by General Clark to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No . P-4498: "Item l . .!At Allied Council meeting 11 March agreement was reached on UNRRA· taking over supply in Austria . UNRRA to assume responsibility for supply from l April, including financing of any stocks military imports turned over by each occupying power . Allocation of available supplies, including those imported by UNRRA, will be subject to final approval of .:Allied Council . Local UNRRA representative accepted proposal in statement before Allied Council. r nrtem 2 . Immed,iately fol l owing acceptance : UNRRA supply I made follow;i.ng statement, t aking into account State Dept. cable 201, 4 March: QUOTE The United States Goyernment has instructed me 't o present to the Allied Council the following important statements concerning the supply of food in Austria: 11 The Soviet request for the use of 27,000 hectares of Austrian l and to be used exclusively for the production of food for the Red Army is viewed by the United States as endangering the whole process of four-power cooperation in Austria. The United States Government regards this Soviet action as contrary to the agreed procedure of operating through the Allied Council on all questions affecting ~ustria as a whole . The withdrawal of such a large amount of arable land from the production of foodstuffs for indi genous consumption and diversion to the Red Army is clearly a matter which should be discussed in the Allied Coun• cil and undertaken only after the consent of the other Powers is obtained. Such a discussion was attempted at the last meeting of the AC but without success . llThe United Stat es Government regards this Soviet action in effect a requisition of ~ustrian food supply. wish to remind my coll eagues that we all declared last September that no Austrian food or essential supplies are to be r equisitioned for use by our respective Armed Forces. The United StatesGovernment considers that ·such practice would endanger the f ulfiliLment of the agreed Allied objectives to liberate Austria and secure the establ ishment of economic security f or the Austrian people • • • �SECRET "The United States Government has proposed that the present supply program be supplanted by an UNRRA program giving Austria a level of food consumption comparable to that of other liberated areas in Eastern Europe . The proposal will involve the pooling of resources and the establishment of an equitaple level of consumption throughout Austria as a whole . The proposal is desirable, not only from the point of view of providing uniform and adequate relief , but also in terms of the agreed Allied objectives to secure Austrian independence and to treat Austria as an economic unit ~ The United States Government has also proposed as a part of the same objecti ¥,e that the occupation forces in Austria be r educed substantiall y . 11 As the chief contributing country to UNRRA, the United States may not be able to agr ee to an UNRRA program throughout Austr ia as proposed, together with pooling of resources and terminiation of the present military supply program, if arable land ip removed from the production of indigenous food supply for exclusive use of the Red Army, or if Red ..Army local commanders persist in forcing rent contracts on l ocal farmers . In view of the discussion in Congress when additional funds were voteq for L1NRRA, about which I have advised my Soviet colleague on many occasions , it is clear that public opinion of the United States would react unfavorable to the fact that a large amount of arable land is used exclusively for the production of food for the Red Anny at the same time that UNRRA operations are begun and a decrease ih relief supplies to Austria is made necessary by the world food situation. The Unit ed States Government considers that such Soviet action would viol ate principles cl early annunciated in resolutions of the UNRRA Council , providing for equitaple distribution of available food supplies and the furnishing of full info:rmtion to the Director of UNRRA concerning any change in the system of local distribution . '!Unless assurances are forthcoming t hat the Soviet authorities will make a substantial reduction in thei~ occupation forces in order to relieve the pressing financial burden which maintenance of those forces has placed on the Austri an Government, and that no land will be withdrawn from Austrian production for the exclusive use of the Red irmy, except by Quadripartite agreement in the Allied Council , the United States Government intends to r econsider its position on the UNRRA program for Austri~ in the light of Soviet a-0tion and that the issue will inevitably be raised at the UNRR.A Council mee ting on March 15 . "The United States Government considers that the Allied Council was set up by inter national agreement to discuss questions of this kind and that all proposals aff ecting Aus t ria as a whole fall under its exercise of supreme authority in Austria . unquote . �SC I asked Soviet representative, Colonel General Kourasev, acting for Marshal Konev, who is in Moscow, to communicate with his Government concerning my statement in order that views of his Government could be made known to the US Government before 15 March. Kourasev replied that he could not accept the stat ement made by me as the Soviet element denied that the land taken by the Red Army in Austria would deprive the Austrians of food supplies, as the l and being acquired is fallow and could not be cultivated by the /Austrians. I replied that the information given by the Soviet el ement did not agree with the information made known by the Austria Government. I furt her stated that this matter should have been presented to the Al lied Council where any propositions of this sort would have the benefit of full discussion and all the facts established . The British and French elements agreed with my statement and the British urged that the Soviet el ement refrain from action with my statement an~ the British urged that the Soviet element refrain from action which would deprive the Austrians of urgently needed UNRRA aid . When pressed to r.eaffirm the decision of the Allied Council of l ast September that all occupying powers agreed to refrain from requisitioning indigenous supplies for use by occupation forces, the Soviet representative replied that he could not see any reason to reaffirm the action taken previously by the Allied Council as such action would not change such decision nor cancel it. 11 "For your information reports outside Council indicate l atest Russian request is for area in Semmering where most vegetables for Vienna are grown, and Austrians , fearing failure of Allied help and to bri ng about a delay by putting questions in litigation are trying the~sel ves to beat from Soviet demam through a counter-offer of 8, 000 hectares in four large blocks elsewhere. · "Since the Soviet re presentative agreed to communicate the test of my statement to his Government with cthe view of having an early statement made to the US Government as well as the Allied Council , I am withholding further action to this matter pendi ne the exchange of governmental views. I am prepared to take any course of action you desire in this matter. "Item 3. In view w~rld shortage -Council tooj action to reduce ration scale in Austria effective 18 March. New scale as fol l ows: Normal consumer Children ·under 12 Clerks Workers Heavy workers 1200 1300 1450 1850 2700 calories calories calories calories calories End of cable . * * * * �53 ( , VIENNA--MARCH 13 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediatel y conf erred with Mr. Erhardt. Later he saw General Howard and at 1015 saw Colonel Stephens on the preparation of a cablegram . At 1030 Coi . Grogan saw the General in order to brief lim on Mr. McKenzie, War correspondent for tha Associated Press . Mr . McKenzie interviewed General Clark at 1030 - this was his first interview with the General . At 1145 Col . Stephens was called in to discuss the final preparation and changes in the cablegram yoncerni ng Displaced Persons . The Genenal had lunch in the Commanding General,' s mess and shortly thereafter walked to his vill a accompanied by Mr. Erhardt . In the evening he had guests for dinner and bridge . General Clark sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the Soviet Repatriation Mission which has been wor king in the u. s. Zone . Reference No . P- 4575: · "Soviet Mission in US Zone is subject . !A Soviet repatriation mission in some form has been operating in Salzburg since last May • . There has been ample time to complete their task if these missions had concentrated their full efforts on repatriation . My top secret message P- 1666 dated 25 January sets forth some of the activities engaged in by such missions . The group referred to in that message was immediately returned to the Soviet occupational area and a new mission continued repatriation acti v.ities . 11 The Soviet Command requested that the time of the new mission be extended in order that it could complete its work . An extension to 20 February was granted . At the time extension was requested the Soviet Command pointed out that there were great nlllillbers of repatriabl e Soviets in the US Zone , and when questioned further on this subject, it was revealed that t heir lists included white Russians, Western Ukrainians, and Balts, which groups are not within the scope of my Soviet repatriation directives . They even went so far as to state we should deliver to Soviet authorities without question anyone desired by them . It was pointed out that the Soviet Command possessed a statement of the policy of the United States on the subject of forced repatriation, which I transmitted to Marshal Konev on 5 January, and that the US Element would not deviate from this policy. 11 0n 20 February the Soviet Command again requested an extension of time sufficient to allow the mission to complete its work. While I am satisfied that Soviet Missions could have completed their work long ago if the group we have had in the Zone had · made repatriation their primary task, I agreed to a further extension until 15 March, and at that time I informed Marshal Konev no further extension of time would be granted and requested that he inform the mission to complete its work by that time. n0n 28 February the screening board, composed of US and Soviet Mission members, began interviews at mixed camps containing principally declared white Russians, Ukrai.Jhians, Poles, etc. , among whom Soviet citizens might be expected to be found. /1,S a result of the Soviet representatives• taking notes during intervi'aws, many persons fai l ed to appear before the board as directed, evidently fearing reprisals against friends and relatives living in Soviet- oc cupied terr itory • .As a resul t the Soviet representatives recently abstained from taking part in the screening. Instead, Col. Gen. Zhel tov on 4 March submitted a l ist �of approximately 1700 names of alleged Soviet citizens whose repatriation was demanded. T~e s pecial US officer board set up to determine Soviet citizenship will have completed examination of this entire list by 15 March and will have determined what persons on the l ist will be subject to forcible repatriation in accordance with War Department cabl e 89544 of 20 December 1945. "The Soviet Command has fail ed to appear before this citizenship board and to present evidence in support of its demand for the names submitted by it • .As a result I am convinced that it is using every device to prolong the stay of its mission in the US Zone. As reported in my P-1666, these missions are engaged in intelligence work, which is no small part of their activity in the US Zone. "I am mo s t anxious to require the Soviet Mission at Salzburg to quit the US Zone not later than 1 April, but before doing so, I am clearing with you for fear tha t such action, although entirely justified in my opinion may leave us open to a Soviet cl aim of breach of agr eement. If I am authorized to send out this mission, I intend to prevent its returning until either a new scheme: of operations of such missions in US occupational territories has been worked out here, or at governmental level. I f I am authorized to handle this situation, I will remove the present mission by April 1st, and permit a new one of reduced strength to re-enter US territory only for a limited time and for a specific purpose on the basis of any new and concrete evidence submitted to be by Marshal Konev. 11 I have discussed this matt er witµ both M cCreary and Bethouart who are experiencing the same difficulties in their Zones and feel t hat little progress can be made toward repatriation mder the present set-up. They both are as anxious as I to get rid of these missions, feeling that t heir most important work is espionage. Mccreery is making appropriate recommendations to his government on this subject. 11 * * VIENNA--MARCH 14, 1946--Gener al Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and immediatel y saw General Snavely concerning his recent trip to Weisbaden. He delivered a message from General Edwards to General Cl ark. At 0945 General Clark saw Mr. Erhardt and Gener al McMahon on the recent report of the Russian demands to celebrate the liberation of Austria by the Soviets on April 12. General Ladue who had just returned from the St ates saw General Clark at 1105 and was immediatel y followed by Joe Israels of INS who conferred with the General on the writing of two articles which he and the General are planning to publish. One will be about the submari ne trip and the other an account of the signing of the truce with ildm. Darlan. These articles will be chapters in the book which the Gener al hopes to write in the near futur e. Shortly after noon General McMahon and Col. Martin saw General C' ark on the personnel problem. Immed±ately following this the General had lunch. Upon returning to his office Gener al Clark was interviewed by Percy Knauth of Time and Life who had recently arrived in Vienna. �C At 1435 Col . Burrill saw General Clark in regard to the housing of dependents, and after seeing coi . Lazar at 1500 General Clark left his headquarters for his vill a where he took a long walk . Accompanied by General McMahon General Clark at t ended a cocktail party at the G-2 villa given by Col . Kretzman and Major and Mrs . Pleasants . The General left the party at 1645 returning to his villa where he had guests for dinner and poker . * * * * VIENNA-- MARCH 15 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw Col . Langan on some very important documents concerning civilian supply • .At 0930 the General saw Mr. Erhardt and Col . Kretzman on the report of Col. Kretzman ' s talk with Chanqellor Figl , concerning the Russian demands to the Austrian Government t o turn over a lar ge part of the form.er Ester hazy estates in Russian occupied Austria. Chancellor Figl put up a strong protest and saw the Russian representatives yesterday afternoon . Col . Kretzman had visited Chancellor Figl to find out the results of the conference . General CJ.ark had a long conference with General .McMahon and at 1050 Mr . Erhardt talked with the General and was followed by Col. Lazar who introduced Mr . and Mrs . Hobs and Miss Vernon. Mr . Hobbs is the head of the USO shows in the European Theater . Miss Vernon is head of all women technicians who aid in the production of the shows . At 1)25 Col . D1 0rsa was called in to see General Clark on the subject of fresh food and vegetables for the troops . GeJ;teral~Clark at 1215 held a surprise decoration for Me . Cecil Gray, assistant to Mr. Erhardt, and presented to him the Medal of Freedom. Mr . Gray is leaving soon for the states and will be head of the Foreign Service Personnel Division of the State Department. At 1230 General Clark saw Col. Kretzman on the subject of the Russian celebration of the liberation of Austria on April 12 . At 1300 General Clark had lunch with Mr . Gray and other members of the State Department and members of his staff , in the Commanding General's mess in the Bank Building. After a short conference , the General left his headquarters for his villa . In the afternoon he took a long walk and after resting for a while, had dinner with General Sullivan. General Cl ark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No . P-4693. 11 I was informed at 1700 hours 13 M arch that local Russian authorities had approached Landeshauptmann of Burgenland that a demand to turn over entire Esterhazy estates comprising 40,000 hectares of farm l and, wood lands and vineyards by 1400 hours 14 March . Chancellor Figl was promptly informed by me that ceding of land by the Austrians to any foreign power was a matter for Allied Council decision. Figl forbade local authorities to enter upon any contracts on penalty of high treason . In a 3 hour session with the Russians at Hotel Imperial on 14 March Figl and Minister of Agriculture Krauss thrashed out the whole matter in an atmosphere which they described as one of hate and bitterness . Russian representatives were Morosov and Kiselov. Russian att itude �( was that they had freed Vienna and Austria, were trying to help the Austrians by feeding their ovm troops from the land . They accused Fi gl of promoting dissension among the Allies by bringing these matters to t he Al lied Council instead of handling them unilaterally. They scoffed at Figls statement that US troops were supported by US supplies . Fi gl and Krauss took the position that Austrians were obligated by Allied Council order and UNRRA agreements to exploit indigenous production to the fullest . Lacking assurances from Russians that short supply of seed , machines , and agricul ture l abor would not be impressed for Russian service , they could not agree to use of l and by Russian:. troops . To my representative Figl stated he would rather be ex• iled to Siberia now than hanged as traitor to the Austrian people 5 years from now. 11 Latest information as of 1100 hours 15 M arch is that Russians have not taken physical possession of Esterhazy estates and made no answer to Austrian counter proposal outlined in letter of 16 February from Agricultural Minister Krauss to Soviet Element of Allied Commission, Enclosure 3 to State Department despatch number 873 of 26 February . 11 Briefsummary of above Austrian counter proposal as follows : Austrians turned down Russian request for 27, 000 hectares of s pecified estates on grounds that the specified land comprised a major portion of vegetable raising areas and would give Red Army monopoly on vegetable production . In return offered Red Army 8, 000 nectares incl ud jng 4,600 hectares from the Ester hazy estates . Conditions of proposal included return of all previously requis i tioned estates and farms , annulment of leases contracted between local commanders and es t ate owners , and assur ances that Austrian production would not be crippled by the breaking up of production units . " * * * VIEN.NA--M.ARCH 16, 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 . He immediately conferred with General McMahon concerning the arrangements for receiving General Handy later in the day. After this discussion General Clark talked with General Howard for a short time . At 1015 General Tom Handy, Deputy Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, arrived at headquarters accompanied by Gener al McMahon. Other m9mbers of Gene r al Handy ' s party were Col . Michela, War Department G-2; Col . Starbird, OPD ; Col . Goodwin, OPD . General He.tidy is making a tour of the t heaters in order to confer with u. S. Commanders. Gener al Cl ark and Gene r al Handy conferred until 1200 at which time General Clark invited Genenal Handy's party to his office for orientation on the progress of the rehabili t ation of Austria . This conference lasted until 1230. Gener al Clark then entertained his guests at luncheon in the Commanding General's mess in the Bank Buil ding , after which General Handy was taken for a tour cf Vienna by General McMahon, returning to t he headquarters at 1615 . �During the afternoon General Clark conferred with General Tate , Col. Langan and Col . Eberhard on the critical food situation which is developing. The French have contributed nothing to the focd pool and the Russians have contri buted only a small portion of their share . This default on the part of the French and the Russians has necessitat ed the U. S. and British Forces carrying the entire responsibil ity for feeding the Austrian people . Gener al Handy returned to Headquarters and conferred with General Clark while waiting for a courier from Washington . The two Generals left the Headquarters for the Meidling Station at 1740 at which time General Handy departed on the MTO train for General Lee's headquarters . General Clark returned to his villa and after a short rest went to the Hotel Bristol at 2020 hours where he attended the annual United States Miiitary Academy dinner for the West Point graduates on duty in Austria . General Sullivan acted as Toastmaster . General Collins , General Tate and Mr . Erhardt were among the guests . General Clark delivered a short spgech to the assembl ed graduates which was answered by the youngest graduate who was Lt . William Clark, son of @'eneral Clar~ . It was a battle of wits between father and son of the classes of 1917 and 1945 . General Clark left the dinner at 2300 hours and returned to his villa . * f * * VIENNA- - M.ARCH 17, 1946--At 1400 hours General Clark, accompanied by Col . Martin, Captain Traugott, and Lt . Clark, departed from Vienna for a short trip to Switzerl and . Lt. William Clark accompanied General Clark as far as Salzburg ~nd the General and party continued on the trip. * * * * VIENNA--MP.RCH 18, 1946--General Clark arrived at Feldkirch at 0700 hours and at 0800 Gener al Clark was met by General Dumas, Commander of the French Forces in Vorarlberg,and several members of his staff who paid their respects to Genera] Clark. General Clark was then met by General Legge, U. S. Military Attache to Switzerl and, who escorted General Clark to Bern. The entire party left Feldkir~h at 0830 hours . En route at Zurich General Clark was met by Consul- General Sam Woods at the Hotel Baur- au-Lac for a short conference . General Clafk and party then continued on their journey, arriving at Bern at 1730 hours , at which time Genera.I Cl ark went to the home of the Hon . Leland Harrison, U. s. Minister to Switzerl and . At 2000 hours, Minister Harrison and his daughter had a reception and dinner in honor of General Clark and among the gues ts were, Mr . and Mme. Kobelt, President of the Confederation of Switzerland; General and Mrs . Guisan, Commander of the Swiss Army; Col de Corps and Mme Frick; General and Mrs. Legge; Mr . and Mrs . Bigelow and Consular of the Federation Petitpiere and Mr . Plitt. The General retired at 2345 . * * * * �VIENl'i!A--N.AF£H 19, 1946--At 1030 General Clark saw Mr . Kobelt, President of the Confederation of Switzerland and had a short conference with p:im . At 1130 General Clark, General Legge and Col . Martin l eft for Lausanne . * * -l(- * VIENNA--MARCH 20, 1946--General Clark remained in Lausanne. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 21, 1946- -General Clark remained in Lausanne . The following message was sent to the 'J 'bint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No . 5161: 11 For JCS: Reference is made to USFET secret message number S- 3532 reference clos i ng of border U. S. Zone Germany . Appeal referred to from me in that message concerns infiltration into Vienna and U. s. Zone Austria of Polish and Southeastern Jev.rish refugees . For sometime such refugees have been arriving in Vienna where they show up in the U. s . area, stay a few days, reappear in the U.S. Zone .Austria , eventually moving e~sewhere . It is presumed · tha t these people are working their way westward with the hope eventually of reaching Palestine . ( "Investigation reveals movements these persons well organized by an underground system extending back to source . Indi~.riduals and groups arrive in Vienna by train , on foot or by othe r me ans, are met clandestinely and escorted to an ex-Jewish damaged hospital in u. s. area . Most of these people are in poor health, have little clothing, require rations which deprive Austrians of such food , and generally constitute _a_ serious heal th and welfare problem . . Numbers arriving and departing daily vary between 100 and 200 . With arrival of warm weather it i s expected that this number will greatly increase . "Efforts here to discourage such movements have met with little success . Refugees appear in Vienna from Russian occupied territory and there is no evidence that the Sovi ets in Austria are taking practicaJ. steps to halt such movements . Several approaches have been made to local Soviet authorities on this matter with no tangible results. 11 It is my view that if the border of the U. S. Zone Germany is firmly closed the U. s. sector of Vienna and the U. s. Zone Austria /will become glutted with Jewish refugees, and that di sease , hunger, unrest with resulting serious reflection upon the United States may result. Austrian authorities are unable to assume responsibility for such refugees in view of the increasing shortage of food , housing and es sential supplies . The limited number of troops at my disposal makes it virtually impossible for me to close effectively the border of the U. s. Zone Austria , and without the full cooperation aI1d assistance of the Soviets it will be impossible to prevent arrivals in Vienna . Little dependence can be placed upon Austrian guards to assist troops in securely closing the eastern border of the U. S. Zone Austria due to extent and nature of border and ineff ectiveness of such guards . �( 11 For USFET: Above will serve to answer your S- 3271 from Adcock. If the S. Zone in Germany is to be cl osed as requested in USFET message number S- 3532 it is recommended that the troops to be assigned to border guard between Germany and Austria me assigned to my command in order to seal both zones by pl.acing a stronger guard along the eastern boundary of the U. S. Zone Austria . " u. * * * * VIENNA--MA..."9.CH 22, 1946--General Clark and Col . Martin were met on the outskirts of Bern by General and Mrs . Legge , Mrs . West and Barnie Legge, after which they proceeded to Feldkirch stopping at Zurich for a short lunch . The party was met at Zurich by Mr . Wight, friend of General Legge . General Clark arrived at his private train in Feldkirch at 1630 hours whe re he was met again by General Dumas and a French Honor Guard . The train l eft Feldkirch at 1700 for Vienna . At Innsbruck Col . CaroJ.et, Chief of Staff of the French Forces in .Austria crune aboard the train t6 pa;t his res pects to the General . In the evening General Clark played bridge with Mrs . Legpe and Mrs . West . * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 23, 1946--General Clark 1teturned to Vienna on his private train at 0935 after a short leave in Switzerland. He went immediately to his office accompanied by General Tate , with whom he held a short conf'erence . General and Mrs . Legge, Barnie Legge and Mrs . West went immediately to the Bristol Hotel where they planned to remain for the duration of their stay in Vienna. At 1030 General Clark saw General McMahon and General Tate at which time they discussed several issues which had cow.e up during the General's absence . Mr . Erhardt saw General Tate at 1055 and was followed by Colonel Grogan. After seeing Mr. Erhardt again at 1230 General Clark went to his villa where he had lunch and r emained the rest of the day . * * * * VIENNA- -MARCH 24, 1946- -General Clark remained at his villa during the day . In the morning he took a long walk and had lunch with General McMahon and General Tate . After resting for a short time in the afternoon Genera 7 Clark gave a cocktail party for General and Mrs . Legge of Bern, Switzerland . Guests at the part y included Mrs . West of General Legge 1 s party , General McCreary, General Winterton, Mr . and Mrs. Erhardt, Mr . and Mrs . Mellen, General Tate , General McMahon and Col. Grogan . General Clark had dinner at his villa and retired early . �( General Clark received the following message from ·the Chief of Staff , War Department regarding the closing Of the border in the U. S. Zone , Germany : Reference No . WABX 81839: Reourad WX 81553 which crossed your P - 5161 advised of agreement between Secretaries of State and War that borders of United States Zone Germany are not to be closed to racial and religious refugees until receipt of instructions from WD f ollowing Anglo- American committee report . This includes border of United States Zone Germany which is contiguous to your zone in Austria . 11 "Factors mentioned URAD will be taken into consideration in reviewing question of closing border in light of report of Anglo- American Committee'! * * * * VIENNA~-MARCH 25 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately talked with General Tate , after which he saw Col . Burrill with whom he discussed the progress made in the plans for receiving families of dependents . Wi th General Tate and Mr . Erhardt the General discussed the agenda for the Allied Council meeting and called in Col . Marget for this conference . At 1040 Genenal Clark left his office to go to the Allied Council meeting, returning at 1900 hours. He l eft immediately for his viJ.1 a where he had dinner with General McMahon. ( General Clark sent the follovTing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the subjects discussed at the Allied Council meeting , Reference No . , P- 5350 : "Today ' s Allied Council meeting was l argely devoted to dealing with matters pertaining to the UNRRA program . The final text of the agreement between UNRRA and the Austrian Government was found to be satisfactory . The Council then considered a letter from the Chief of the Austrian UNRRA Mission dated 18 March informing the Cormcil that the Mission had been instructed by the Director General of UNRRA not to sign the agreement with the Government of Austria until definite assurance was obtained that the petrol and oil necessary for the rel ief program would be provided otherwise than from UNRRA resources . I pressed for agreement that indigenous oil resources be used to maximum to meet this UNRRA demand, they beir.:g ample to do so . French and British were so eager to turn food supply responsibility over to UNRRA that they did not want this prejudiced by injecting the question of utilization of indigenous oil resources . French, British and Soviet elements were willing to make available the oil products nocessary for the UNR.11.A program for their respective zones and insisted that such a reply be sent to the UNRRA letter . I finally consented to furnish my share of oil products for the month of April only in order that I would not be alone in the position of obstructing initiation of UNRRA supply on 1 April, with the understanding that my ability to supply oil products after April would depend upon instructions from my Government in view of our policy to �( utilize indigenous resources for the rel ief program . 11 In the discussion it developed that the British, as well as the French, expect to meet their oil quota against a credit of later exports from Austria to the United Kingdom and France respectively . The Russians, on the other hand , wil l obtain their s hare from indigenous sources from so call ed German assets. This would mean that the United States would be the only power paying for oil products supplied whereas indigenous sourcesshould be uti zed . It would also mean that Austria itself in pay:_ng for current relief by exports in the future to the United Kingdom and France would be further impoverished . "The Chief of the UnRRA Mission was present and stated that he felt he did not have the assurance he was directed to get . The British and French with the help of the Soviet high pressured him into accepting their views that he di d have such assurance in that they assured hi m they would supply the oil for their zones . I r equested further instructions in this matter as guidance for the period beyond April . The Chief of the UNRRA Mission later informed the Allied Council that f ood supplies made available from indigenous sources , those supplied by the 4- Powers to get the UNRRA program underway and UNRRA supplies knovm to be en route would only feed Austria until about the middle of May. This is due to the failure of the French and Soviets to turn over to UNRPA the requested 30 days suppli on the ground and an additional 30 days in the pipeline . The French furnished only 1 , 000 tons against the 60 day requirement of 39, 000 tons , and the Soviets supplied only 4 , 700 tons against a similar requirement . This results in a shortage requested of the 4- Powers of 62 , 000 tons . I am convinced that the French have no more military food stocks or in the pipeline to turn over to UNRRA and the Soviets , although I believe they are able to produce more, hope to pass the buck to UNRRA or indirectly to the United States , and since UNmm can give no assurance what it will import up to 15 May it is evident that Austria will face a critical food situation about the middle of May . The Chief of UNRR't~ Mission informed the Council that at that time the Austrian population will be reduced to a ratioH in the neighborhood of from 300 to 400 calories . I agreed to turn over to UNRRA the full 60 days supply at the old 1550 calorie ration scale . The British agreed to turn over their full requirement of 39,000 tons . 11 11 The proposal was made by the Chairman that the Austrian Government be advised by letter that the Allied Council authorized the Government to sign the agreement wi~ UnRRA. Since no response has been received as yet from the Soviet Government as to reduction of troops and the withdrawal of its request for farm land in Lower Austria and Burgenland forte use of the Red .Army, as covered in my statement before the Allied Council at its meeting on 11 March , I insisted that there be inc' uded in the letter to the Austrian Government a statement to the effect that should unsatisfactory replies be received from the Soviet Government with regard to reduction of troops and seizure of arable l and that my Government might reserve the right to alter its UNRRA position in Austria . In this connection 55 , 000 hectares of land have already been seized or are in the process of acquisition . �11 The Soviet member protested on the ground that the insertion of this paragraph would be notification to the Aus t rian ~overnment and there was doubt in the Allied Council as to the efficacy of the agreement, and it would be notice to the Aus t rian Government that there was dissention among the four powers. However, he made no rgflevence to a reply to my statement made on 11 March . I insisted on this reservat ion to permit my Government to eonsider whether :under the present circumstances i t wished to reconsider its attitude toward the UNRRA program. I also wish :ito give the UNRRA assembly at Atlantic City time lto discuss the Soviet acquisition of l and and reducti on of troops . I shall continue to maintain my position on these points until otherwise instructed . If possible request that instructions be transmi tted to me at an early date , as under present plans UNR.BA will begin its operations here on 1 April . In the absence of instructions I have agreed to pool my supplies to be turned over tp UNRRA on a week to week basis . · n There is grave doubt in my mind that if UNRRA comes into the food picture in Aus t ria on April 1st with its inability to supply anything except military food supplies we hand over, only confusion and divided responsibil ity can result . In view of UNRRA 1 s statements today I would feel easier if military supply and ~espons ibility were continued until tn~RRA can produce the necessary food stocks in Austria to supplement indigenous supplies which will permit it to inaugurate a relief program on a s ound basis . I estimate that this. cannot be done before June 1st. I am convinced that I am mn a better position during the next two months to force supplies out of the Soviets than is UNRR.A. 11 * * * I VIENNA- -M.ARCH 26, 1946---General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0930 after having walked to his office . He immediately saw Gener al Tate and l ater General Howard and Major Pleasants at which t ime they dis cussed t he ~l atest intelligence reports . At 1030 he hel d an 11 off the record " press conference giving details of the Allied Council meeting . The following cor respondents attended the conference: Ernest c . Fisher, Associated Press; Lynn Heinzerl ing, Associated Press; Josef Israels, international News Service; John MacCormac, New York Times; Panos Morphopoulos , Newsweek; T/3 l¼rther A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Harold Queen, United Press; Frederick Yeiser , Information Services Branch; Lt . Col . Frederick J . Betz , Public Relations of ficer and Capt . Frank B. MacKnight , Public Relations Section. After the press confeJ;enr:e Mr . MacCormac tal ked to the General and at 1040 General Cl ark saw General Howard . Later General Clark received Mr . Helmut Dantine , move actor from Hollywood, who had just arrived in Vienna to visit his parents . · Mr . Dantine brought packages and letters from Mrs . Cl ark for the General . Short~ ly after noon the General saw General ~IcMahon and then had lunch in theCommanding General ' s mess in the Bank 'Building . After taking care of accU1p.ulated corr espondenc General Clark went to his ~illa with General Sull ivanmd spent the afternoon walking in the Vienna woods . In the evening he had guests in for a poker game . * * * * �VIENNA--MARCH 27, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 after having walked from his villa . He immediately conferred with General McMahon anq General Tate who were followed by Mr. Erhardt . At 1030 General Clark saw Col. Hynes, I:eputy Chief of the UNRRA Austrian mission . At the present time there is considerable discussion on the advisability of bringing UNRRA aid to Austria in view of the Russian demands for thousands of acres of ara~l e farmland . At 1100 Dr . Renner called on GeneP.al Clark at which time a discussion was held on several current issues concerning Austria . The General had lunch in the Bank Building at 1500 hours and immediately after lunch saw Joe Israels who is collaboration with the General on the writing of an article describing the submari ne trip taken by General Clark before the North African invasion . General Clark furnished Mr . Israels with clipps:ing, his diary, and sever al other articles which had been written on this subject . At 1400 General Clark saw Comdr . Musmanno who is preparing to write an article with General Clark on the negotiations with .Admiral Darlan . General Clark left his office for his villa at 1500 accompanied by General McMahon with whom he took a long walk through the Vienna woods . General 61ark had guests for dinner and bridge . Gener al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regar ding the Soviet Mission in the U. S. Zone . Reference No . P- 5453: "Reference is made to my Top Secret message No . P- 4575 concerning the Soviet Mission in U. S. Zone . The Board appoi nted to review the cases of alleged Soviet citizens will complete its work this week . The Soviet mission has t o all intents and purposes completed its task . For the past few days the members of this mission have been touring the U. S. Zone . Today I reduced the allot ment of gasoline to the mission which will restrict movement of the members to Salzburg and vicinity . The Mission Chief is awaiting response to a request made by him upon Soviet Headquarters for extention of the stay of the Mission in the United States• Zone until 15 April . Soviet Headquarters has made no request upon me for such extension, nor have I granted permission for the mission to remain in the U. s. Zone beyond 15 March . I propose to take no further action toward removal of this mission until a reply is received to my message No . P- 4575 . Request early reply thereto . " General Cl ark also sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No . CG- 032702 : "Reference my P- 5350 . A conference took place yesterday between my repre sentative and representatives of the other occupyi ng powers and UN.RR.A . As a result thereof, I am convinced more than ever that 'L'NRRA sh01:ld not be permitted to take over the responsibility of food supply in Austria until UNRRA has prpduced on the ground supplies to maintain an agreed program . They have practically nothing in sight at the present time except money . The minute UNR1tA takes over there will be a tremendous let- down by the French, British, and Russians, and they feel completely absolved from any responsibility . This has already been indicated by the inadequate contributions the Russians and French are making to the initial pool . I am convinced that better results will be obtained if the military retains �responsiblity and control until such date , probably June 1st, that UNRRA supplies will have been received to take over . We can expect great opposition to ihis, as the other powers , particularly the British, are most anxious to be relieved of financial res ponsibil ity for feedi ng Austria . The British are disposted to place more emphasis upon this than I consider justified in the light of available SUp"0lies . I have discussed this matter this date with Colonel John Hynes , USA Deputy to Brigadier Parminter , UNRRA Chief in Austria . He heartily agrees with my views as expressed herein , and tel l s me that Parminter is of the same opinion but is in a difficult position because of pressure from the British element here ." * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 28 , 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 after walking from his villa . He immediately saw General Tate and Col . Langan on the UNRRA question and at 1000 hours had a conference wit h Mr. Erhardt , Col . Hynes , General Tate and Colonel Langan on the same subject . Colonel Grogan conferred wi t .h General Tate at 1030 on the ISB setup and later Iilr . Fox of the National Catholic Conference of New York cal led on the General to pay his res pec ts . Mr . Fox has recently arrived in Vienna and is supervising the distribution of one million and half pounds of food to the Austrian people . General Clark then saw Mr . MacCormac and later General Tate and Col . Grogan . After having lunch in the Commanding General's mess at headquarters , Gener al Clark saw Mr . Adams who was followed by Colonel Rich . Colonel Rich briefed the General on the veneral di sease situation in Austria. At 1615 Under-Secre tary of War Kenneth C. Royall accompanied by : Mr . McCabe - Foreign Liquidation Comm Gener al Lutes - CG ASF Gener al Parks - D~r ector of Pub. Relations General Esposito - WD - OPD General Thomas - Air Tech . Service Comd . General Booth - Off ice Under Sec . of War . Lt . Col . Troja - Foreign Liquid Comm . Major Staples - Aide . arrived at headquarters . .A fter receiving a Guard of Honor, Mr . Royall and par ty went to General Clark 1 s office where a conference was hel d with the General and other staff members of the Headquarters. Mr. Royall left the headquarters at 1800 hours and went to the Bristol Hotel . General Clark left for his villa. At 19 10 hours General Clark gave a cocktail party and dinner at the Bristol Hotel for Mr . Royall and his party, after which the Gener al t ook his guests to t he Bristol Room to s ee the floor show. General Clark left the Bristol a t 2300 hours for his villa. * * * * �J VmNI;A- - MARCH 29, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and immediatel y conferred with General 'l'ate and General McMahon, and l ater saw Col. Grogan. At 1030 he conferred with Col. Hynes on the question of mmRA for Austria , after which he saw Col. Deutsch who is leaving on .Temporary Duty for the States . The General left the headquarters at 121,5 for his villa where he had lunch . .A fter resti ng in the afternoon he left his villa for the cub strip and flew in his L-5 to Tulln where at 1600 hours be poarded his B-17, piloted by Colone] Moore, and flew to Salzburg wher e he spent the night with Gener al Col} ins. VIENHA--MARCH 30, 1946--General Clark, accompanied by General Collins inspected the 232nd Div . around Salzburg in the morni ng and also the SS stockade, Camp Hallein. General Clark left Salzburg with Gene ral Collins and Lt . Clark at 1600 ar riving at his hunting lodge in the Hinterstoder VaJley at 1945 . The party had d.i1mer and the General retired at an early hour. General Clark received the followj.ng message from the Chief of Staff, War Department, Ref. No. WAR 2646: ( "REURAD p.. 5340 State and War Depts desire that a transfer of Civ Supply responsibility take place promptly as schedule, IE, UNRRA to assume financial responsibiJ ity of one Ji.PO and complete supply respons i bility on 1 May . mm.RA refuses to agree to the transfer unless WD obtains and arranges for April loadings which woul d be turned over to UNRFA in•~due course in addition to the 60 days supply referred to in URAD. British state that they are arranging for April loadings which will be turned over to UNRHA. 11 V ID has informed UNRRA that it will do its best to secure an allocation and ship during April whatever food supplies can be obtained with a target for the US Zone of 1200 calories level . On this basis is cabl ing its represent ative to sign the transfer agreement . 11The food situation in Germany and Japan is desperate and the WD has made such firm representations to the highest authorities concerning its minimum requirements in occupied areas that an add . 30 days requirement for Austria for April loadings for Germany and Japan . Since you actu.a lly wil: have a minimum of 60 days civilian supply in final reserve to meet an emergency it is suggested tha t while it might not be desirable from your standpoint to r elease an add days supply at the 1200 calorie level it would be the most acceptable solution for the WD . It of course would not be turned over until the first 60 days requirement had been turned over to UNRRA. "Here is amount on requirement for a minimum turn over on 1 April of a complete 30 days supply but is willing to agree to any compromise arrangement you may work out with local representatives for turnover of the second 30 days supply . State and War Departments believe you should agree to this project rather than your intention to release supplies on week to week basis . �r "Will have a shipment available during April of a surplus stock of about 26, 000 tons of white canned pota t oes. It has been tentatively scheduled for shipment to Gen Clay who faces a desperate food situation but if the proposal to release 1/2 of your final tfJ day r eserve is unacceptable to you it is believed that a diversion of this shipment can be made to Austria . Your pomments on which proposal you prefer are urgently requested . Regard pol continue t o press Russians to make available for schilling payment indigenous pol to mee t UNRRA requirements for all Austria . Cannot accer t British and French proposal that they reimburse themselves for pol furnished IDJP~..A in their Zones out of specific exports to UK and France or out of specific exports proceeds unless same arrangement is made for Pol furnished by U. S. agree your action regard furnishing Pol for April i nstructions wil ] be forthcoming soonest on furnish i g Pol beyong APRIL . 11 State is sending not e to British, French and Russians calling a t tention to obligation under terms of agreement to furnish tfJ days supply begiruiin,g 1 April and asbng assU1·ance that they will meet commitment . In view of position other 3 occupying powers in the developing food crisis in Austria, State considers furth er delay in mm.RA program inadvisable and proposes tha t in withdrawing res ervation regard UNRRA program which you have pr eviously maintained you make public sta t ement explaining US action if in your judgement such statement desirable ." 11 ( General Clark sent the following reply to the above mess age . Reference No. P-- 5686 (To JCS) : Receipt your message WAR 2646 aclmowledged . Action taken today to implement UNRRA program 1 April . Local UNRRA advised that U. S. Element will make every effort to contribute ~0 days supply in addition to the 60 days al ready pledged based on requirements for the U. S. Zone of 1200 calorie level. British representative made similar pledge to local UNRRA . I also informed UNRRA that I would turn over 30 days supply on 1 April and thereafter on 30 day basis under plans to be worked out . Based on thi s additional supply UNF.RA here agreed to sign agreement with Austrian Government which agreement was processed at Allied Countil meeting 25 March, and .Austrian government is being notified by Allied Council that it i s authorized to sign such agreement with UNRRA. 11 now scheduled under agreed plan supplies contributed to UNRRA by military will be pooled and distributed t hroughout Austria beginning 1 April on uniform r a tion basis in accordance with distribution plan submit ted by Austrian Go,rernment and approved by AJlied Council . This will result in increased ration in Soviet and French Zones over that now obtaining, as ration in all zones wil l be 1200 calories which s t andard is not now bei ng met in these two zones . Food contributed by the U. S. and British elements to UNRRA will be used to meet the deficiency in these two zones . I assume that such use of contributed U. S. military stocks has the approval of the War Department in light of your message \r.JAR 2646 . I shall proceed under such assumption pendi ng receipt of' further instructions . 11 As �11 In view of the desperate food situation faced by General Clay I am prepared to supply UNRR.A the additional 30 days supply from my 60 days reserve. I would like to retain the right to call upon General Clay for' a portion of the 26,000 tons of v1hi te canned potatoes offered if the situation here becomes desperate . 11 1 shall press for acquisition of POL requirements for UNRRA program alone lines stated your message . "Reference UNRRA Resolution passed at Atlantic city on 26 and 27 March the Austrian Chancellor reported today that the Russians have backed down very consider ably on their demands for land . They have withdrawn their demands for 26,000 hectares in Burgenland and have also refused the Austrian Government ' s compromise offer of 8,000 hectares . They have evacuated or halted requisition proceedings on a considerable portion of the 55,700 hec tares reported occupied, requisitioned or earmarked for requisition last week . They are still reported to hold 33,700 hectares according to Austrian Government figures . Of this total 21 , 000 hectares belong to the Doellerschein maneuver area, which Fi gl is willing to let them have . The Russians claim the remaining 12 ,700 hectares as German property under Potsdam , which Eigl refuses to accept . A large part of this land is property of Jews which was confiscated by Germany . I shall keep you informed of further developments in this land deal . 11 ( * * * * VIENrA••MARDH 31, 1946--General Clark accompanied by Lt . Clark and Capt Traugott left with two Austrian guides for a fishing trip. General Collins left the lodge after the part y went on a fishing trip and returned to Salzburg. The General caught six large trout in the Teichl River . Lt . Clark caught two trout . The party returned from the fishing trip at 1430 hours , at which time they had lunch . The General took a short nap·in the afternoon and at 1900 hours had dinner with Lt . Clark and Maj or Oswalt, the General 's pilot . The General retired at 2030 hours . * I \ * * * VI ENNA--APRIL 1, 1946--At 0230 General Clark and Capt . Traugott and an Austrian gu±de left the lodge to hunt for a specie of wood cock (Auerhahn). The General 's party arrived at the pre-determined spot on the mountain at 0400 to await the mating call of the Auerhahn . At 0430 General Clark shot the Auerhahn after which tfie party descended and r eturned to the lodge , being unable to find the wounded bird . General Clark and Lt . Clark had breakfast at 0700 . At 0745 General Clark left for Vienna by L- 5 piloted by Major Oswalt, arriving in Vienna at 0850 . He was met by Captain Luther and went immediately to his villa . He arrived at the office at 1030 and conferred with General Tate after which he held a conference with Mr . Erhardt until 1115 . Next the General saw General Tate and General McMahon and later General I'ncMahon introduced to General Clark Mr . Hilvering, President of the American Library Association, who is making a tour of the theater in order to evaluate the Army library program . General Clark left for his villa at 1230 where he spent the rest of the day . In the evening Genern.l Mc Tahon and General Tate had dinner with General Clark �General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Wash::ngton , D. C., Reference No . P- 5733: 11 im.'Ilediately upon return of Marshal Konev to Vienna from IJos cow on or about 27 March he dispatched a letter to me on the DI XON case ref e1·rinc; to my letter to him dated 6 March and accusing me of defending the 11unjust decis ion of the American court in this case 11 • In the letter he makes reference to several iterns in statement13 made by vlitnesses who appeared before my Inspector General in the i:-reliminary investigation ordered by me immediately after the incident , a copy of which report was sent by me to Konev as his Inspector was present when my Inspector Gene:::'al made his investigaticn . All of Konev 1 s references taken from this report were careful y selected by him so as ·to present a biased opinion that Sergeant Dixon is guilty of 11 premeditated murder by kjlEng a Sovi0t Officer, CaptainKlementiev . 11 11 He also refer red again to the astonishment of Soviet observers attending the trial of Iixon over the outcome of the case . 11 M arshal Konev closed his letter with the statements "under these conditions the true situation could not be disgufaed ; Dixon ' s guilt was fully proved , as the whole cause of the trial confirmed . The result of the trial , t hat is , the sentence itself , does not proceed logical y from the documents of either the pre•iminary investigation or the court proceedings . I remain firmly convinced that the acquittal made by the American court in the case of Sergeant Dixon, who killed the Red Army Captain Klementiev and wounded Senior Lieutenant Salnikov , does not correspond to the circumstances of the case and is an unjust act which compels me definitely to insist on severe and just punishment of the murderer of the Soviet Officer~ "I will answer this l etter point by point, but I will firmly ttiaintain the same position as set forth in my letter to Konev dated 6 March, copy of which was sent to you in my message P-4001 . ],S soon as completed, resume of nen reply to Konev will be furnished you and ~:Ios cow embassy . Sgt . Dixon has left Austria enroute to U. S. for redeployment . * * * VIENHA--APRIL 2, 1946--Genernl Clark arrived at his of_,:·ice at 0915 and immediately conferred with Colone 1 ~lartin on the subject of approval of marriages , after which he talked with General Tate . At 1000 Col. Sullivan , v1ho had just been reduced fror.t Brigadier General on April 1 , introduced to the General a tailor from Frankfurt who is going to make a blouse and some shirt for him . Colonel Martin again ta ked with the General at 1020 and was fo lowed by Hr . Erhardt . General Draper , head of the Economi cs Section in Berlin, with Mr . Fahey of the Berlin Legal Division andColoneJ Hall of the Berlin Economics Section, ca-led on General Clark to pay his and General Clay ' s res pects at 1100 hours • Shortly thereaf'ter Col . Sullivan and General I,lcMahon conferred with General Clark on t he subject of overdrawal of rations in Austria . After see5ng General Tate and Gene al LicI.1ahon shortly before noon, General Clark took care of all ac.:cumulated correspondence o.nd had lunch in the Bank Building with Col . BurrilJ and otl:er staff officers . He left short] y after , unch v:i th Col SulJivan and took a walk in the Vienna woods . At 1700 hou.rs Genero.l Clark dis cussed with "·r . Israels , war correspondent ,Ii th INS , the article whicy they are writing together on the submarine trip . Later in the even~ng General Clark had guests for dj_nner and poker . �( VIENNA- - APnIL .3 , 1946--General CJ ark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw General Tate . After conferr;i.ng shortly wi th General IfoMahon, the General received General Ts,1cCreery, Commander of British Troops in Austria , for a forty- five minute conference in his office . .Among othe r things General Mccreery wished General Clark to bring the Spanish riding horses .:flom: the American Zone to Vienna for a horse show wbich is to be held later in the J . summer . At ] 015 Gene"al CJ.ark talked with Colonel Grogan and later at 1100 decorated and promoted 15 offi cers and men among whom was John Eisenhower , son of Gene ral Eisenhower v1ho was promoted to Captain . At 1200 General Clark l eft his of fice and walked with Mr . Erhardt to his villa whe r e he recei ved Marshal Konev and General Zheltov at 1.300 • .After conferring rd th Marshal Ronev and General Zhel tov until 1445 General Clark had lunch ,Tith his guest s who departed shortly t hereafter . General Clar k rested in the afternoon and went for a short walk la ter in the evening . He remained at his viJla and retired early . * ( * * VIENl-A--APRIL 4 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his off i ce at 0905 after v;"tlking from his villa , with Gener al dcMahon . At 09.30 he conferred with General McMahon who was followed by GeneTal Tate . CQlonel Grogan talked with General Clark at 1015 and later with Ur . Erhardt afte r which Gene ral CJark called Col. 1-i'.undell and Col. Norcros s in for a co:nferenc e . At 1100 General CJ ark met Mr . and Mrs . Walter Lipi:mann who had just arrived in Vienna for a short stay . General Clark conferred with Mr . Lippmann until 1300 hours at w:nich t i me he had lunch in the Commanding Gener al I s mess with the Lippmanns and staff members . ImEediately after lunch General Clark recorded his Army Day s peech which 1=Jill be broadcasted on the morni ng of April 6, 1946. Later he received Captain Orrick, Special security officer , USFA, who brought a secret messag:3 from Salzburg. After s e eing Col . Howard at 1/ 45 General CJ ark left his off ice walking t o his villa. In the evening he had as guests for dinner, Mr . and Mrs . Walter Lippmann , Mr . and Mrs . Erhardt, General Ta te , General McMahon and Col . C. Coburn Smith ., · Gener al Clark s ent the f oll.01.'i:i.ng message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 6000: "I had Konev and Zheltov to lunch yesterday with view of' determining any change of attitude as result of their trip to Moscow . We had a long talk and r elations we1~e extreraely cordial . He manifested some concer n about t he stand I have taken in the Allied Council on the land question and the e:::ctent to vrhich tn~RRA has injected this and the oil question int o its Austrian relief program , and publicity therefore which has occurred . "After much discussion on t he UNRP.A program Konev made it clear that : (1) 'l'he Red Army proposes to use not to exceed 15 , 000 hectares of land in Lower Austria to raise vegetables and other perishable foodstuffs for troop consumpti on . ( 2) This acreage is property c onfiscated by the Germans after the Anschluss and t herefore falls under the terms of the Potsdam agreement in Konev 1 s opinion . (.3) Soviet authorities wil · turn over to UNRRA during April and May sufficient food to feed their zone in Vienna plus five other cities in the Soviet �zone based on 1200 calorie ration scale . Food will not be turned over by Soviets to feed smaller communities and farmers in their Zone . Konev stated it was unnecessary to provide food for smaller communities and farmers as these classes had access to indigenous supplies . I could not ascertain exact amou.."'lt of food the Soviets will tUJ..-n over to UNRRA for April and May , but he indicated it would be an &~aunt substant ially greater than the 4700 tons reported in paragraph 4 my message No . 5350 . He stated however it would be much less than the tonnage to be tu_rned over by either the British or U. s. elements . We also discussed reduction of troops . Konev stated t hat reduction of his forces in Austria would be a continuous process . I rather gained the impression that a spe -·d- up in the withdrawal of Soviet troops from .li:rilstria might be in the offing . He would not agree to any discussion in the Allied Council on troops ceiling objectives to be attained . He made it c l ear tha t any such discussion must be conducted on Governmental level . I am convinced that we can make no progress here on this subject . In t his connection he laughingly stated: uGene r al Clark need have no concern about any Soviet offensive intentions in Austria" . 11 i i r raised the question of oc cupation cos t s . Konev agreed tr..a t such costs should be iJ1c uded in the Austrian budget and stated he is pre pared to discuss this subject with the other co1rr•anders . Unti ~ this matter is settled the Soviets will be unable to obtain Schillings to pay tl1- 9ir troops as other commanders took action in February with Austrian Government to block Soviet demands for funds unt il commanders agree on amounts to be turned over to each occupation force . Konev mentionea draft s.ubmitted by British on new control machinery and stated he is r eady to discuss subject in Allied Council . He believed agreement covlcl be reached on t i1is draft as Sovie•t element has in mind only two minor changes . 11 trKonev has invited me to Baden Friday where we will continue our informal discussions . I will send report of this meeting e11 General Clark also sent the foll.owing message to JCS in regard to the coviet Ropatriation Mission working in the American Zone: Ref . No . P- 6046: "Reference is made to my message 4575 and 5453. On l April I requested Konev to issue ins tructi.ons to Soviet 11 ission in U. S Zone t o quit the Zone not l ater than 3 April. He requested another dealy . I inf ormed him that this would be the subject of further di scussions between us . The mission was withdrawn on 3 April as requested . " * * * * �VIENNA--APRIL 5, 1946- -General Clerk arrived at his office at 09.30 after walking from his villa . He immediately saw General Tate and at 1000 talked to Col. McLean concerning t he Dixon case . At 1030 Joe Israels saw Gene:::-al Clark and conferred with him for an hour on data to he used in the writing of the article on the submarine trip in North Africa . Sufficient material has been Compiled to enable Mr . Israels to begin writing his article . After conferring with General McMahon, General Clark left his headquarters for his villa where he had lunch with Col . Sullivan. After lunch the General and Col . Sullivan took a long walk in the Vienna woods after which General Clark rested . At 1730 hours General Clark returned to his office where he conferred with General Tate, and at 1800 received General Zheltov, who escorted the General to Marshal Konev 1 s headquarters at Baden . General Clark conducted an informal conference with Marshal Konev, and returned to his villa around midnight . * * * * VIENNA--APRIL 6, 1946- -General Clark r emained at the villa during the day . At 0945 the A:rrny Day program was broadcast at which the General ' s speech, which he had recorded earlier in the week, was broadcast . At 1730 hours General Clark left his valla for the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail party and dinner for sixty guests including officers, Wacs , news correspondents, enlisted personnel and civilians . Later the General entertain his guests at the Army Day USO show, "Yankee Jubilee" . The General left the theater at .2300 hours and went directly to his villa . General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No :P- 6136: "Last night I had dinner with Konev at his home in Baden. was most pleasant and extreme friendship prevailed . The evening 11 Konev asked that I al l ow his repatri ation mission to return t<fl the U. s . Zone to complete its work . After a frank discussion of the subject it was agreed between us that I would allow a mission to return to the Zone for a limited and defini t e time after we had definitely worked out a program on an agreed basis . ( "I also had a frank discussion with him about the use of indigenous oil to mee t UNRRA 1 s needs in the Austrian relief program. He stated that this matter could be worked out without any diff iculty . 11 In the informal meetings I have had with Konev since his return from Moscow I detect a pronounced improvement in his attitude in his attitude . This same attitude on the part of Konev ' s staff has been observed by my subordinates in quadripartite work . 11 �( General Clark also sent the following message to JCS regarding a • letter which Marshal Konev sent t o him , in which he express his dis satisfaction of the verdict rendered in the Dixon case . General Clark qµoted Marshal Konev •s letter in the following , reference No . P- 6138 : " Following is my reply sent today to Konev 1 s letter 27 March regarding Dixon case . This refers to my message P- 5733 : 111 Your second letter, dated 27 M arch 1946, referring to the Dixon trial has been received and I note with the deepest regret your continued failure to recognize the result of that trial as fair and just, and in conformity with the laws of the United States . 11 1 You mention several points upon which you disagree with my former letter of 4 March 1946 and with the interpretation by the court of the evidence presented at the tr1.al . In view of the long record , it is extremely difficult for me to summarize for you all the facts before the court . It is impossible to resol ve al l conflicting testimony and paint a true picture of the mental processes of the members of the court in the perforrnance of their duty to "duly administer justice without partiality, favor , or affection" in the words of the oath administered to them . I shall therefore make no attempt to restate the evidence, nor shall I attempt to resolve all conflict in that evidence and evaluate it , as t hat is a primary du~y of the court itself . 1he court must case its findings on the evidence as a whole , and not upon scattered bits of evidence favorable or unfavorable to the accused . Attempted discussion by us of such isolated items of evidence can serve no useful purpose . ( 11 1With ref erence to the official documents furnished you by Col . Lloyd (referring to the Report of Investigation by the Inspector General), you are no doubt aware that .t he purpose of such an inves t 1ga tion is to determine whether resort should be had to trial by court- martial . Such an investigation can neither convict or acqu1t the person investigated . The report was not used at the trial. Instead, under our system of law, the persons who have actual knowledge of the facts are themse1ves summoned before the court and required to testify in person, under oath, and subject to cross - examination . 1he system was evolved for the purpose of best determining the true facts and for the protection of an individual ' s rights under United States code of law . It has stood the test of time and is rigidly followed in our courts , both military and civil . 11 You seem to believe that there was no basis for a belief by the court that Dixon acted in self- defense, and contend that Dixon "confessed" that (quoting from your letter) ''he, threatening with firearms, conducted the Soviet office:r·s to the vestibule of the railroad car and ordered them to jump while the train was moving, 11 and that "The reason for shooting Capt . Klementiev was the move by the latt er, interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to reach for the pistol . " You state that: nm reality, there is no basis to confirm that Klementiev was making such an attempt . 11 In the first place, the evidence is in conflict on the question whether Dixon drew a pistol prior to arrival at the vestibule . Some witnesses �( thought he did, while others thought he did not . Dixon testified that he did not . What I should like you to understand is tha t under the legal theory of self-defense it makes no difference under the circumstances of this case whether he did or did not . Your statement completely omits all reference to the fact that only a short time befor e the shooting it was Capt . Klementiev who threatened Dixon with a pistol , and so far as self-defense is concerned, the real question is whether Dixon, as a reasonable man, was justified in believing his own liie was in danger when Captain Klementiev made the motions interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to draw the weapon a second time . The court obviously believed Dixon acted in reasonable fear of imminent death or bodily harm to protect himself from one who had demonstrated his willingness to t hreaten him with a deadly weapon, and who, Dixon believed, was about to fire upon him • .And the shooting of Senior Lieutenant Salnikov can be explained in the same manner . All the Soviet personnel were strangers to Dixon . They were banded together in pursuance of their common purpose to board the train. They were knowingly resisting Dixon ' s orders . The light was poor . The slighest move by Lt . Salnikov might reasonably have been interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to draw a weapon . Whether Dixon used the words , "self-defense" , either at the preliminary.investigation or at the trial, is totally unimportant . Neither is it determinative of Dixon ' s guilt whether Capt ain Klementiev actually drew his weapon again , or even whether he intended t o do so . Klementiev had created the tense situ, tion resul ting in the unfortunate shooting, and the controlling question is whether Dixon, in this situation, believed he was in danger and was justified in t '1at belief . The court had determined that issue . "You men ti.on the fact that the unfortunate mis take of the Red Army officers in entering another car instead of J eaving the train as ordered ca:nno t be considered as grovnds for using weapons . My answer to tha t is to ask you the simple question; 11 \fuo first used a weapon? 11 "Finally, I find it necessary to direct your attention again to my former letter in which I stat ed that under our law no commander has the povrer to nullify an acquittal and cause a retrial when the trial has been conducted in accordance with Law. Article of War 40 provides that: 11 No personal shall , without consent , be tried a second time for the s ame offense . " That article also provides that: 11 No authority shall return a record of trial to any court-martial for reconsideration of: (a) An acquittal-l<--¾-* . 11 In viev, of this provision of the law of the United States governing this case, any differ ence of opinion which you and I may have concerning the performance by the court of its duty is totally tmimportant and any further discussion of the case is utterly futile . I regret the unfortunate incident as much as you do, but I must r epeat that the verdict in the case must stand , and I shall be most appreciative if you will consider the incident closed , as I do . 11 * ( ( * * * �VIENNA--P..PRIL 7 , 1946--General Clark and General Tate left Vienna at 0815 in and L- 5 and arrived at the General ' s hunting lodge in the Hinterstoder Valley at 0930 . Immediately upon arriving at the lodge , they went on a fishing trip. General Tate returned to the lodge at 1730 after having caught six trout and an hour later General Clark returned to his lodge with nine trout . At 1930 General Clark and General Tate had dinner and afterwards played cribbage . The General retired ear ly . * * * * VIENNA--.APRIL 8, 1946-- At 0815 General Clark, Major Oswalt and Captain Traugott left for a fishing trip . The General fished until 1800 hours and after a two hour delay due to transportation, returned to his lodge at 2000 hours . * ( 1' * * * VIENNA-- .APRIL 9 , 1946--General Clark left his hunting lodge at 0845 and arrived in Vienna at 1000 . He went immediately to his office where he conferred with General Tate and General McMahon and later with Mr . Erhardt . At 1115 General Col.lin13 who had arrived on the Mozart this morning saw General Clark and was. followed by Colonel Grogan, who introduced to the General Miss Vada Ward . Miss Ward is with the Publicity Section of USFET. After conferring with General Tate , Gener al CJark had lunch in the CG Mess in the Bank Building with General Coll ins and Mr . Bixby, a publisher from the States who accompanied General Collins . · After lunch General Clark saw Colonel Martin on several requests for marriage and later saw Commander Musmanno . General Clark left his office at 1500 hours and walked to hi s villa . In the evening he had guests f' or dinner and poker . * * * * VIENNA- -APRIL 10, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and immediately conferred with General Tate on the agenda for the Allied Council meeti ng. At 0930 he conferred with Mr . Erhardt and l ater saw General Tate and Colonel Ladue . Just befo re l eaving for the Allied Council meeting, General Clark saw his old friend Major General C.R . Moore who is now Chief Engineer at USFET . General Clark arrived at the .Allied Council meeting at 1100 hours and returned at 1330 • .After conferring with Gener al Tate and later Mr. Erhardt , General Clark saw Commander Musmanno . He left the office at 1500 and went to his villa where he spent the rest of the day . In the evening he had General Moore and Colonel Miller, USFA Engineer officer, as guests for dinner . The following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the subjects discussed at the Allied Council mee t ing. Refer ence No . P- 6352: 11 0nly i tem of importance in llied Council meeting today was oral report made by Chief of UNRRA mission in Austria . Report made and discussion thereon covered fol l owing: (1) US Element has agreed to turn over 90 days military supply based on 1200 calories for US Zone inc l uding Vienna . �( \ (2) British have so far agreed to turn over 66 to 70 days military suppl y based on 1200 calories for British Zone including Vienna . Ability of British to supply full 90 days depends upon arrivals military stocks not yet knovm to British element. (3) Soviet Element has contributed 30 days suppl y based on 1200 calories for Soviet Zone in Vienna only . Konev stated he would turn over 60 days supply based on Soviet Zone Vienna plus the five industrial cities in the Soviet Zone . He agreed to give UNRH.A detailed tonnages on this basis . This as agreed to at my informal meeting with Konev covered in my message P- 6000 . (4) French Element has contributed 1000 tons flour . Bethouart stated he would contribute further 2400 tons flour which should arrive by 1 May . UNRRA Mission Chief stated that he is conc erned about supply in June as he does not know schedul ed UNRPt.A shipments befor e that month . Military cotj.t ributions will be exhausted by 1 June and unless UNRH.A supplies arrive before then in quantities suff icient to maintain current ration scal e we will face serious situation at that time . He further stated that strong representations in this regard have been made by h~n to UNRRA Washi ngton and London . He understands that military supplies beyond those now pledged by the four commanders can not be counted upon . I distinctly gained the impression from remarks made by the Chief UNRRA Mission that he is sincerely worried about the food situation here in June . Everything possible should be done by UNRRA Washington to prevent a breakdown in its f ood supply program as there will be no means at the disposal of commanders to mee t an emergency situ tion . ,11 11 W hile the agenda of today ' s meeting c cntained relatively minor subjects , the meeting was in a spirit of extreme cooperation on the part of all comr1anders • 11 General Clark sent the f ol.lovi ng cable to the War Department , Reference No . P- 6350 : risoviets are now asking for only part of the Doellersheirn Maneuver area of 21 , 000 hectares mentioned in my P- 5686 , 30 March . The maneuver area as a whole consists of land which the Germans are using for military purposes , after having taken it over in 193$. Of this area a considerable is ar able land of whi ch about 1500 hec tares ·wore being lee.sed to farmers with a vi ew t o resuming production, althovgh no food was actually being produced in the area when taken over by the Russians . "Russians are apparently continuing to back down on land demands , except in cases of l and owned by Germans and still claimed by Russians under Potsdam agreement . n * * * �( VIENNA--APRIL 11, 1946--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0930 and shortly thereafter saw Col . Howar d and later Major Oswalt his L- 5 pilot, who requested a l eave to go to Switzerland. Later the General called in Colonel Mccaffrey, Col . Rundell and Col. Moore to inform them that under the present demotion system they will be reduced to the grade of Lt. Col. in the next month . The General sent a cable to General McNarney asking that a deference in Col. ~dell ' s case be considered, because of his reluctance to remain on his present job in the grade of Lt . Col . General Clark saw General Ta te with Lt . Col . Betz, acting Press Relations Officer on the :xubject of an article rvri t ten by Mr . Morgan, transit correspondent . Mr . Morgan had written a dispatch regarding USFA censorship and also stated that many co r respondents had grievances against this so-cailed censorship . General Clark leter talked to Mr . MacCormac in order to get the views of the correspondents . At noon General Cl ark talked with Mr . Morgan on this subject and an agreeable so]ution was reached . After consul ting with General Tate, General Cl ark had lunch in the Commanding General I s mess in tl1e Bank Building, with General Tate , Mr . Adams, Mr . Mel len and General Haynes . Gene al Clark talked with Mr . Erhardt and Gen . Tate on the peace treaty which had been submitted and the draft which is now being prepared . After lunch General Cl ark saw Comdr. Musmanno for a short while and again saw Lt . Col . Betz on the outcome of his previous conversation with Mr . Morgan. After seeing Col. Ladue on the V. D. r ate in Austria, the General talked with Col. D' Orsa . General Clark then held a long conference with General McMahon and General Tate concerning the results of General McMahon 's trip to Paris and his meeting with the newspaper people there. TheGeneral again saw Comdr . Musmanno and shortly thereafter left for his villa where he took a long walk. General Clark send the following cable regarding the Peace Treaty, to the War Department, Reference No. P- 6430 : tt'l'his replies to WAR 82750 and letter of 6 March to me from Deputy Chief of Staff Handy regarding proposed treaty for Austria andBritish draft for new Control Machinery • .Agreement . "Erhardt cleared his 345 March 9 to State Dept with me . 11 (1) I consider the treaty the primary objective, but also consider the proposed interim Control Machinery Agreement highly desirable provided it does not delay action on the treaty . 11 (2) I consider the British draft Control ffachinery .Agreement a good ,one . It was remarkably close to a draft which my staff had prepered and was holding in reserve . Detailed improvements I would propose in British draft are being trans mitted separately . They are designed primarily to define more c 1 early and narrowly the independent powers of individual commissioners , provide more flexibility and �( \ simplicity of administration, and estab1ish unitary Austrian customs and frontier control simultaneously with immediate removal of zonal demarcatio line barriers ; Quadripartite discussion of British draft has been begim ~ by Political Division Allied Commission to prepare report for consideration of Executive Committee . Views of other elements will be reported shortly . 11 (3) Regarding withdrawal of occupation forces it is essential that when it occurs it should be carried out simuJ.taneously by alJ Four Powers . I con• sider it desirable for treaty to provide for withdrawal of all £.orces by date fixed in treaty, or possibly {:f) to 90 days after treaty becomes effective. I hesitate to specify now definite data for final withdrawal since much depends on developments in hext few months, particularly Soviet att itude • .After withdrawal I recommend Austria be permitted to maintain defense estab ishment along lines suggested next following paragraphs . 11 (4) General . Austria to possess no capabilities for waging offensive warfare or committing major acts of aggression . Strength, organi zation and armament of Austrian defense establishment to be restricted to that necessary to maintainence of order within borders of Austria , patrol of borders , enforcement of customs regulations, and sufficient frontier control to assure integrity of .Austrian territory to a limited degree against aggression and to focus attention of public opinion on incidents threa tening Austrian independence . Austria to have an armed forces man- power recruiting system devised to provide personnel on a long-term volunteer basis without a reserve component, this to prohibit periodic short-term trainj,n g of personnel thus facilitating the formation of a potentially dangerous war reserve . Use of offensive chemicals, tanks, military aircraft, self-propeJled or guided missiles and atomic weapons prohibited . (b) Ground forces . Ceiling limitation of 50, 000 per sonnel inc1uding combat elements (infantry, light artill ery not exceeding 120 mil l imetre caliber, mounted troops , mechanized cavalry without tanks), service elements , administrstive overhead, national constabuJ arly and Danube river police patrol . River police l imited to 20 patrol craft and 500 total personnel inc uded in 50,000 ceiling above quoted. No chemical troops authorized; chemical staffs and schools authorized only for instruction in use of defensive chemical measures . Purely defensive fortifications and armed forces installations now in existence in Austria need not be destroyed or rendered inoperative . New defensive works and installations to be limited to those necessary to the internal and periphial defense of Aus t ria (c) Aviation . (1) Air Force . Austria s ea.ble future of supporting an air force of size and elongated shape of the country and sary tactical disposition even if she could force . Therefore obvious that Austria must is economically incapable in fore adequate defensive strength . Small location of Vienna make difficult necessupport economical ly an adequate air be de pendent on interna tional arrange- �( ments for air defense, and any air force which she may in the future possess should be more a contribution to an international arrangement than supposedly capable of standing alone . Therefore it is my considered opinion that Austria should be forbidden an air force pending further clarification of the European situation . On this aBcount , the treaty should prohibit the maintenance of a military air force for a period of 10 years, after the expiration of which provision should be made for this prohibition to be reconsidered in the light of then current circumstances . 'fhe term "air force" in this paragraph includes all aspects of military aviation and all types of active ground anti- aircraft defense . 11 (2) Civil Aviation . After effective date of treaty , civil aviation may be a}lowed to develop progressively in Austria to limits given bel ow . Flight of non- military aircraft or gliders by civil ians mµst not develop beyond point that it can be controlled by stringent national licensing and flight clearance regulations, nor may fliers band together in naticnal semi- military associations . Ho objec tion to l ocal clubs for purely sport purposes , having loose national liaison, and without foreign dominance . AeronauticaJ research, education and traini ng will be limited to that rAquired for authorized civil purposes . Aircraft and gliders manufactured in Austria must be non-military types only, and producing firms must be Austrian owned and operated without foreign dominance . Austrian individuals and organizations may acquire only non-military aircraft fror:i foreign source . Austrian airlines must be Austrian owned and operated, and be fr ee to provide ground service to foreign airlines . Austria may not send personnel abroad to participate in aeronautical activities t hat are f oroidden at home . " (d) Naval . No naval forces envisaged; nor should there be permitted research into or construction of craft designed for carrying armament greater than 40 millimeters . (e)_ ~ame:it . Industries . Ground force, anti-aircraft and naval weapons and. rn1:111.trnns li~i ted to research, development and production of weapons and munitions of caliber less than 65 mil] i r:ieters . Larger weapons and munitions theref?re to be imported :L.~ types and quantities sufficient only to maintain authorized defense forces. Research into, development and production of and importation of following prohibited: offensive c ;emical weapons and munitions tanks, self-propelled or guided missiles , atomic weapons or munitions and military aircra f t and air armament . " ' 11 * * * * �VIENNA--APRIL 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0910 . He saw General Tate shortly t hereafter and later conferred with Mr . Erhardt . General McMahon introduced Mr . Fred Motz , Agricultural .Advisor to Vir . Erhardt,for a s hort conference . After seeing General Ladue, General C1ark again conferred with General Tate on the arrangements for receiving Mr . Hoover and Justice Jackson. Sy Freidin, war correspondent, conferred with General Clark for a long time , and was followed by Col. Carraway who discussed local Military Government with the General. General Clark had lunch in the Commanding General ' s mess at the Bank Building, and shortly after lunch left for his villa where he went for a walk . In the evening Genera~ Clark haa guests for dinner inc ' uding Colonel Lazar . Today was Col. Lazar ' s birthday and the General had a surprise birthday cake for him . * * * VIENNA--APRIL 13, 194.6--General Clar k arrived at his office at 0930 after walking from his villa . He immediately conferred with General Tate who had made arrangements for receiving General Geoffrey Keye , former II Corps Commander under General Clark . General Keyes had called early in the morning informing General Clark that he would be flying from Salzburg to Vienna . Captain Luther and Col . Paxson went to the airport to meet him at 1030 . At 10/4.0 General Clark left his office to go to the Allied Council Buil ding where he met the other three Commanders for the celebration of the one year 1 s anniversary of the l i beration of Vienna . After the four 6ommanders took the report of the Commander of the Guard , which consisted of troops from each nation, they were joined by Chancellor Figl and preceded to the Russian monument on which each of them placed a wreath. They then inspected the troops and returned to the reviewing stand ~t which time the Allied troops passed in review. Immediately following the ceremony, General Clark returned to his headquarters and met his bld friend General Keyes , at 1290. General Keyes and General Clark had lunch at the General 's vi]l a and at 1430 General Keyes left by cub for Tul Jn airfield where he took off at 1500 to return to Salzburg . Gene:--· al Clark remained at his villa the rest of the day. At 1630 hours Justice Jackson, accompanied by Mr.Wilis Smith, President of the America Bar Association,; Mrs . Douglas, secretary to Justice Jackson, and Lt . Jackson, his son, arrived at Tulln airfield from Prague . They were escorted to the Bristol Hotel where they were to stay while in Vienna . In the evening General Clark entertained the Justice and his party at dinner at his villa . * * * * VIENNA--APRIL 14 , 1946- -GenE;ral Clark left his vil] a at 0915 to walk to the cub strip in order to fly to Tu11n to meet Mr . Hoover . Upon his arrival at the cub strip he was informed by General Tate that the party had been delayed and would not arrive until 1240 . Consequently the General returned to his villa . He returned to the cub strip at 1130 and flew to 'l'ulln where he awaited the arrival of the former president and his party . Mr . Hoover is making a world wide survey of the �( food situation in order that a general report might be made to ascertain the shortage of food for the entire v10rld . He is visiting Vienna so that he might get an over- all picture for Austria . Mr . Hoover arrived at the airport at 1230 and was accompanied by: Mr . Hugh Gibson Mr . Perrin Galpin Capt . Westmoreland Dr . li'i tzgerlad Capt . M. C. Allen r~~ Frank Mason !vlr . Henry C. Smith Bush Mr . Robert Murphy Mr . Maier (Secretary) Maj or Macodrun Capt . Delbert Ray Mr . Hal 1 em .Tuck Mr . John Brown Mason Mr . Morris Pate Irmnediately upon the arrival of the party, General Clark drove with Mr . Hoover to the Bristol Hote l where Mr . Hoover was given General Clark ' s private suite . Gen"'ral Clark then brought Mr . Hoover to his office where he entertained him and a few members of his party at lunch . After luncheon, a conference was held in the General ' s office in order to give Mr . Hoover the highlights and a general picture of the situation in Vienna . Mr . Hoover left the General ' s office at 1700 hours and went to the Bristol Hotel . General Clark left immediately thereafter for his villa . At 1845 General Clark arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a coctail and dinner party for .Ir . Hoover and Justice Jackson , and members of their patties . The guests departed at 2200 hours at which time General Clark went to Mr . Hoover ' s suite where they held a long conference. Gener al Clark left for his villa at 2330 and retired . * * * * VIENNA- - APRIL 15 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0830 and immediately conferred with General Tate and Gene:r·al McMahon concerning the arrangements for the food conference with the Austrian officials which was to be held at 1000 . At 0900 he held a press conference attended by the followin g members of the press : Mr. Williams Bird Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Leon Carrol Leonard Silk J . Kingsbury Smith Haines 'Thompson John H. 1homp~on Frank Mason Seymour Freidin New York Fbst Newsweek Christian Science Monitor Inte .·national News Service United Press Chicago Tribune New York Heral d Tribune �At 1000 hours General Clark received llilr . Hoover and Chancellor Figl at which time publicity pi ctures were taken , after which they proceded to the conference room where they attended the food conference . The Austrian officials were given an opportunity to give their viewpoints on the food situation and Mr . Hoover asked several questions concernjng the food situation which the Austrians answered . The conference ended at 1100 hours . General Clark entertained Mr . Jacks on and his party at lunch at the Commanding Gene"al 1 s mess at 1300 and immediately after lunch talked with General Tate and Col . Grogan . Later he saw Iilr . Erhardt and then conferred with General McMahon . He left his office at 1615 and walked to the Bristol Hotel whe~e he at tended a press conference given by ·Mr . Hoover and himself . In the evening he entertained Ur . Hoover, Mr . Fitzgerald , Mr . Gi bson , Mr . Jackson, General Tate and General McMahon for dinner at his villa . * * * * VIENl,A--APRIL 16, 1946--General C]ark arrived at the Bristol Hotel at 1810 in order to accompany I.:r . Hoover to the TulJn airfield . He arrived at the airfield at 0905 and after introducing the escort to Mr . Hoover , bidy him goodbye . Immediately a.:P-ter the party departed , General Clark returned to Vienna by cub going immediately to his of ice where he conferred with General Tate and General 1IcMahon for a short while anc then decided to take a trip to Italy . He }eft the H~ . at 1015 for his villa and then to the cub strip vrhere he flew to Turn and at 1130 departed for Pis a, , Italy, in a B-17 piloted by Col. 1.ioore . * * * * VIEln1A--APRIL 17, 1946--Gene r al Clark visiting in ItaJy . The f ollowi ng cabl e was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , dashington, D. C. ref erence No . P- 6765 : My views re proposed treaty, concurred in by Er hardt, were transmitted in my P- 6430 of April 11. 11 Political i,ivision All ied Commission has now comple ted tentative preliminary discussion of Britis h Draft New Control Machinery Agreement for .Austria with a view to making report to Allied Council which will make final recommendation t o respective Governments . 11 11 US member presented my views r eported below in accordance with '.';AR 805L,.3 of 14 March and State Depe.rtment tel 224 of 11 Uarc h to Erhar dt, who concurs these views . 11 I consider British draft is accepta . le but would be impr oved by changes proposed below. I shall maintain this position unJ.ess instructed t o the contrary. �( 11 Premable was agreed by all four . In addition other three r,.1embers agreed to reconr.rrend their Governments accept US proposal to insert fol;.owing new clause between first and second clauses in preamble ~ 11 In view of tbe delcaration issued at.Moscow on November 1 , 1943, in the name of the Governments of the United Kingd om, the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , where the three Governments announced their agreement that Austria should be Jiberated from German domination and declared that they wished to see reestablished a free and independent Austria, and in vie1•; of the subsequent declaration issued at Algiers on 16 November 1943 by the French Committee of NaUonal Liberation concerning the independence of Austria . 11 HArticle 1: All four a greed US proposal t o change "Commission" to 11 Council1' and "laws 11 to "legislative mensures 11 (.As defined by Allied Council) in .Article l(c) and throue;hout Agreement . French members proposed strike out words "other than the Goverri.Jnent of one of the four po~vers 11 , saying under instructions his Government it wollld rie emature permit Austrian Government make agreements with any repeat any Government without AC approval . Soviet aprJroval member insisted retention this phrase which is now in suspense pending settlement of .Article 6 . Otherwise Article 1 agreed unanimously. 11 .Article 2: In effort to define more clearly and narrowly the powers of individual commissioners acting independent ly, US proposed to strike sub- paragraph (iv) of (a) and all of (b) and add new paragraphs (d) and (e) as follows : 11 (d) Except v;here the necessary action is taken by the Allied Council the four several High Commissioners may act inderBndently in their respective zones in the cases covered by subparae,-raphs (i), (ii), and (iii) of Article 2(c) • 11 11 (e) Forces of Occupation furnished by the Four Powers vvill perform garrison duties in their respective zones of occupation in Austria and Vienna as previously agreed by the Fou.r Powers in the Ji.greement on Zones of Occupation in Austria. and the Administration of the City of Vienna, signed in the European Advisory Commission on 9th July 1945 . Decisions of the Allied Council which require implementation by the respective forces of occupation will be implemented by the res pective forces of occupation as ordered by directives issued by their Hie;h Conmissioner . n 11 To accompany this change several variants of a substitute for Jl.rticle 2(b) are under consideration, one variant reading 11 the authority of the Allied Commission shall be exercised by the Al"' i •ed Cotmcil addressing itself .to the Head of the Austrian Government" , another 0 the authority of the Allied Gommission shal l be exercised by the Allied Couhcil or Executive Committee or in matters of lesser importance by the staffs appointed by the four powers acting on instructions of the llied Council or Executive Committeen . All are weighing US and British versions of Article 2 as a whole for later reconsideration. Bri t ish prefer US version . Others expressed. no strong preference. �( "Article 3: French objected to guarantee of frontiers implicit in 3(b) , Solution was found in changing 11 maintain them 11 to "ensure res pect for them" . Article 3 thus agreed by all four . "Article 4: US proposed rewrite Article 4 as follows: 11 (a) In order to facilitate the full exercise of the Austrian Government ' s authority equally in all zones and to promote the economic unity of Austria, no occupying authority will maintain any restrictions on the movement ~~thin Austria of persons , goods or other traffic except as may be specifically prescribed by the lUlied Commission . The zonal boundaries will have no effect other than as boundaries of the spher e:!i of authority and responsibility of the respective Hi gh Cow.missioners and the location of oecupation troops" . (b) Control of the international frontiers of Austria will be exercised by the Austrian authorities subject to the provisions of items (v) an (vi) of J\rtic1e 5 below, and such additional provisions as the Allied Commission may make . 11 11 11 British and French agreed in principle . Soviet hesitated give Austriam; customs control of frontier vnless we except 11 goods belonging to t he four powers or their national . 11 Article 4 still under consideration between British and US versions . 11 Article 5: US proposed to strike out parenthetical detail of subparagraph (i) . To subparagraph (iv) US proposed adding 11 in accordance with Allied agreements" and all agreed . Soviet then proposed adding rron a zonal basis" . Others objected . No agreement . To subparagraph (vi) US proposed adding 11 by Allied personnel , displaced persons, prisoners of war or disarmed enemy forces . " British would not accept because they want to keep frontier travel control fro~ Austrians under Allied Commission, but will reconsider after study. 11 Article 6: Article 6(b) agreed changing "Commiss:iorl'to "Council" and inserting "legislative measures or 11 before "Administrative actions" . US proposed rewriting 6(a) as fol l ows: 11 (a) All legislative measures, as defined by the Allied Council , and international agreements which tl1e Austrian, Government wishes to make , shall , before they take eff ect or are published in the State Ga zette, be submitted by before they take effect or are published in the State Gazette , be submitt ed by the 1nistrian Government to the Allied Council . If within thirty- one days of the time of receipt by the Allied Council , it has not informed the Aus t rian Government that its objects to a legislative measure or international agreement, the Allied Council shall be deemed to have no· objection thereto and the legis]ative measure or int ennational agreement may be published and put into effect . " �( trSoviet proposed rewriting 6(a) as fol1ows : 11 (a) All the legislative measures, and international agreements except with the four powers, shall be submitted by the Austrian Governmm t for approval by the Allied Council before they take effect or are published in the Law Gazet t e. 11 "Soviet stood out aeains t British and US formulas as giving too much power to Aus t rian Government and as breach of unanimity rule in Council since one member could block Council veto and permit Austr ian laws to pass . Br itish French and US argued __ in favor of either British or US version , holding that t ime has come to permit Austrian Gover nment to function more freely , and_it would be breach of 1manimi ty rule for single member of Council to effect veto on .Austrian legislation . Article 6(a ) in suspense under reconsideration:. "Article 7 : . French a] one consider it prema tu.re permit Austrian Government exchange diplomats without approval each instance by Allied Council . Article 7 agreed unanimously t o read : 11:Austrian Government is free to establish diplomatic and consular relations ,•;ith governments of any of the United Nations . The establishment of s uch relations with governments other than the United Nations shall be subject t o the approval of the .Allied Council . Diplomatic missions in Vienna shall hav right to communicate directly with Allied Council . Military missions accredited to Allied Council shall be withdrawn as soon as their respective governments es tablish dii.ploma.tic relations with the Austrian Government and in any case not later than two months after t his agreement becomes effective . 11 11 Article 8: Soviet proposed strike all of paragraph (a) , refusing t o agree any limitation on occupation forces in this Agreement . Other three argued for retaining this provi sion. No agreement possible . Paragraph (b) agreed . Paracraph ( c ) agreed changing 11 'l'hi s ,Agreement" t o 11 the further agreement required by Article 8 (b) 11 • "Articles 9 and 10 agreed without change,. or comment . "Article 11: All agr eed US proposal to add to ll(a) 11 this organization may be changed at any t i me by the Allied Council . 11 In H (b) US proposed strike out "and shall take such action and issue such directions as are within the policy approved by the Allied Council for 'the Executive Committee , 11 ar guing that while divisions should tjaintain contact with Austrian Ministries and advise and report , orders or instructions to the Austr ian Government should go from one place , the Al.lied Council , to one place , the Austrian ChancelJ ory . British and Soviet refused limit authority of divisions to this e~tent . 1bis point ' still under discussion re both Articles ll(b ) and 2(b) . ( �90 ( ) "Article 12: US proposed first sentence should read "the decisions of the AUied Council , Executive Committee and other constituted bodies of the Allied Council shall be rmanimous . 11 British r aised technical obj ection this mi ght prevent appeal from divisions to Executive Committee in cases of disagreement . Still rmder study . n: 11 Article US proposed r evision to speed up transfer of' civil administration of Vienna from Kommendatura to t he Vienna Municipal Government . British will of f er new ver sion f or considera tion next meeting . "Article J.4 : 11 Aereed without change . US proposed inserti on of entirely new article r 8adi ng: rrrn order to conform to administrative sub- divisions of Austria and for other r o.asons , the .Allied Council may make adjustments in boundaries between t he zones of occupation includjnP: such as may be based on changes in boundaries of the provinc es or of the City of Vieru: a incorporated in Aus t rian J.ee:is] ation approved by .Allied Council . " "British and French agreed but Soviet firmly opposed any sug ·estion of altering existing demarca t i on lines , apparently having in •mind Potsdam agreement on neastern Austria . " To sum up , apart from minor drafting problems , the fundamentals now in questi on are these : "First , Russians want to r etain power of sin["le commissioner to veto Austrian legislation while maintaining the freedom of one of four powers singly to make international a~r eernents with Austria wjthout review by Council . Three other elements object to t hia . They feel that at t his stage of development Austrian legi slation should become eff ective i f not vetoed by Council unanimously within reasonable time . US and French also argue that if :ustrian laws are to be subject to veto of single member, then single member must also be able to veto inte rna tional agreements since treaties themselves constitut e law. 11 11 Second, Russ ians refuse to agree to limit size of occupation f orces , while other t hree argue strongly for it . Soviet pos ition on t fuis is not expected to change . "Third, Russians have an eye fixed on preserving their ri ghts rmder Potsdam agreement, by hold:ng zone demarcation lines immutable , reserving from Austrians to t he Commissioners the hand -ing of German property "on a zonal basis , " and avoiding any frontier control over "goods or proP':irty of the four powers or their nationals . " �Fourth, a necessary corol ary t o UNRRA and to el:iminRtion of zonal barriers is establishment of unified control, preferably Austrian, over international frontiers of Austria, but this is difficult to work out because of British desire to control travel and Soviet desire to control movements of goods and property. 11 11 ( * * * VIENI\ A--APRD., 18, 1946---General Clark visiting in Ital y . * * * * VIENNA- -Af='R.I:~ 19, 19/46-- Genen~l Clark returned to Vienna from his stay in Italy in his B- 17 at 1800 hours . He went immediately to his villa where he had dinner with General UcMahon and General Tate . * * * * VIElrn.A--.P.PRIL 20 , 1946 - Genera] Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and later held a conference with General Tate . At 1000 he saw Col. Hume for a s hort leave who was foll owed by Sy Freidin and Joe Israels . Freidin is l eavin g shortl y for the States anc Israels plans to leave in the near future . General Clark then saw Judge Parker who is t ne Assistant Prosecutor at the Nurenburg trials and at 1030 saw Ma jor Landan of the ( uartermas ter section of Frankfurt who ½rought the General ' s blouse and six shirts which he had made for him . At 1100 Genera l Clark saw Col. Hume again and later he]d a long conference with General Tate and Gene1al McMahon . He also saw Col. Flory who had just r eturned from t he States s hor tly befo~e 1300, and invited him to lunch in the Commanding General I s mess in the :Bank -;:,uilding . llfter lunch the Gene ral saw General r,IcMahon and la t er Mr . Erhardt . He left headquarters at 1530 hours for his villa where he took a walk . In the evening he had Gener·l McUahon and Col. Sullivan for dinner in commemoration of' their Jraduation fror1 Pest Point twenty-nine yea.rs a 6 o. * -l(· VIENNA--A?:;IL 21 , 1946--General Clar k spent the morning walking in the Vienna woods anc after having lunch with Col . Smith, came t o his offi ce at 1500 where he at tended a dress rehearsal of the conference to be held tomorrow f or news paper executives . After disci;Bsing final preparations for the reception of the publishers , General Clark left for his vi lla vker-:; he rested . At 1900 ho rs General Clark attended an inter- Allied concert 6 i ven in his honor at the MusikvereinsalJ e . He left for his villa at 2100 hours v,here he had dinner with General McMahon and General Tate . * * * �( VIENNA--APHIL 22 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and immediately conferred with Gen9ral Tate on the fina:}. arrangements for the conference to be held this afternoon . Latei· General Tate rought Lt . Col. McJ:i'ee ly in to see General Clark on the DP setup , in 11.ustria . At 0945 General Tate introduced Maj or Keyes to General Clark . I.Iajor Keyes is replad.ni;_· Col. Langan in the Civilian Cupply section of USACA. At 1000 hours General ri:cI:ahon introduced Col . Roffe , Gonm1ander of the 5th Infantry Regiment , who had just arrived in Austria . During the r emainder of the morn_nc , General Clark worked on his ori ent&tion which he will give to the newspaper pui,lishers this afternoon , and then held a conference with General Mc."1ahon and General Tate . At 1300 the party of newspaper executives arrived at the headquarters and Y1e1·e introduced to General Clark by Col . Grogan . The party consisted of~ Julois Ochs ./\.dler, Vice President and General 11anage'", New York Times, Hew York, N . Y . Alan Barth, Edi to rial Writer , ,lashington Post , 1.lashington , D. C • Paul B-ellamy, Editor, Cleveland Plain Lealer , Cleveland , Ohio Gardner Cowles, Jr . , Pu1-1lisher , [,es :,:oines Eecister and Tr· bune , Les ~.;oines , Iowa . ( Eo ber·t Fuos s , 1.lanaginr: Edi tor , Sa tlU'day Even fog Post , Phil ade]phia , Pa . Frank Gannett, I-resident, Cannet Nenspapers , Rochester , N . Y. Charles Gratke , oreign Editor , Christj_an Science Monitor Beston , Massachusetts Ec_ward T. Leech , Editor , Pitts burgh Press , Pittsburgh , pa . Henry Luce, Editor, Time Magaz:i.n~, New York , N .Y. Halcolm Mui r, Lditor, Hewsweek I.1a'_'azine, New York , N. Y. Glenn Neville , Executive Editor , New Yori Mir.row, New York , N. Y. Hami1 ton Ovrens, Executive l!ditor , BaJ timore Sun, Baltimore , Md . �( Robe' t Reed , .Associate Editor , Kansas City Star Kansas City, M o. Tom Hawkins , Foreign Co-ryrespondent, World Report At 1320 Genera] Clark entertained his guests at a "buffet hu1cheon in the Commanding General ' s mess in the Bank DuiJding and following the luncheon he conducted an orientation of the conditions in Austria . The conference lasted until 1600 hours at ·which time the r,arty attended anoth0r conference conducted by General Tate and were given verbal r eports by representatives of SACA . 'rhe General left his headquarters at 1630 hours and rested for a while . At 1910 he arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail party and dinner in honor of the visiting publishers . 11!:long the guests were officers, civilian , enlisted men and women and se}.l'eral opera stars of Vienna . General Clark took his guests to the Bristol Roorr. to attend the floor shov, and then left for his villa ,. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference l o . P-6987: "Information available here indic a tes Anglo- American Committee will soon submit its report and recomnendation . In order that I may be prepared to cope with any reaction among Jevlish people housed and cared for in U. S . Zone Austria, when results are announced, reqvest I be advised at 1 east 4g hours in advance of ann01Jncement . 11 ( * * * * VIENWA--.APRIL 2.3 , 1911-6--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0945 and immediate1y saw General Tate and General Mc:iahon . Later he c onferred vli th Mr . Fodor , war correspondent, on the possibil i t,y of bringing l'✓Irs . Fodor to Vienna . 'i'he General then spoke to Col . Burrill and Col . Lindsey on the final Freparations for the reception of the dependents . BrigacJier General dcCabe who is head of C..A.RE , an organization of' coo:,erative a .~ ·encies made up of about twenty relief organizations, ce.lJ ed on General CJ.ark at 1030 to pay his r espects . Genei,aJ IIcCabe is on terminal eave ano v1iJJ make his headquarters in Vienna . Shortly after 1100 GeneraJ Clark conferred ,,i th Col. ., artin of C-1 on seve-cal .Austrian marriage cases ano later vii th Col. Grogan . After conferr:inc with hr . Erhardt for a short time Gene·a 1 Clark received .Admiral Glassford at 1230. Captain Winterhale r, Co l. Sullivan, Lt . (j . g .) Huffler, aide to Admiral Glass ford , and Ca tain Luther with Admiral Glassford , went to Gen<:ral Clark ' s vil ' a and had lunch wi t h General C1e.rk and his guests . GenGral Clark remained at his villa the remainder of the afternoon and at 1730 hours arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail :"arty in honor of the fourteen newspaper execl,tives v1ho are now in Vienna . General Cl2r k left the hotel shortly before 2000 hours and went to his vi" ~a w_1ere he had din er with several of his staff members and later played poker . �, ( General ClarL sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P-7103: 11 I am very much worried over the food situation in .Austria after 1 June . Discvssions yesterday with the Deputy Chief, Austria UNRHA Mission, revealed that except for comparatively small amounts UNR."RA here does not yet know what UNRr..A food will arrive during 1:lay. He further reported that supplies contributed to UNRPA by the military will be exhausted between 25 May and 1 Jun!:) . As previously reported , I have ae;reed to turn over to l1JREA my fu} 1 ninety da;rs supply based on twe 1 ve hundred calories for the ropul ation in the US zone and US district in Vienna , which a ~roximates 52 thousand 500 tons . Sixty days supply has already been released to illHIB.A . The remainine 30 days supply is stiJl under my control . The British have contributed about 70 days supply and expect to make up to ninety . 'l'he Soviets have turned over to UNRP.A 30 days supply for their district in Vienna, amountinc.: to about 5,000 tons for April and promised same amount for 1·ay but not ing be"ond that date . UNRP..A has no information from Soviets rerardipg amount they wi 1 l contribute in Ma:, . Konev al so informed UNRRA thru Allied Counci) that Soviet element wi'Jl provide supplies during April and May for the five Jarger cities in their zone . This is estimated to amount to 7,000 to 9 ,000 tons . French have turned over to ll1RRA to date o~Jy 1,000 tons wheat . UNRRA has no informatiop from French re gardinq additional supnlies to be turned over in Hay , altho Bethouart stated at last AJlied Council meeting that French would contribute additional , 2 ,400 tons • 11 1 A-1 miJitary supplies contributed to UNRRA have been pooJed for dis tribution under control of the Austrian food ?Uthorities . This has resu]ted in a flow of supplies contributed by the American and British elements into the Soviet and French Zone3 , the two deficit areas . ' 11 As I have previously informed you I wiJJ have in reserve between 30 and 40 days supply for my Zone after I have turned over the 90 days supply to UNRRA . I have been extremely careful to guaro aeainst revea1ing this reserve . I am convinced that the British will have no reserve of miJitary suii:rJ y as they are having difficul ties in acquirine the 90 days supply they agreed to turn over to UNRRA . From the little the French have contributed to UNRHA it can be taken for granted they have no reserves . Although the Soviets are contributing much less than either the P.Jnerican or British el e ments there is no way of knowing if they have any reserves . 11 "In the absence of any information on UNRRA arrivals, it is clearly evident to me that late in Mey Austria faces a desperate food situation . P~ople outside the US Zone may be forced to live on indigenous stocks, variously estimated between 250 to 450 calories, until UNREA food arrives, or lacking th t ; until the next harvest in September. I will be ab 1 e to take care of my Zone to the Jimit of my reserves . "Since I have no way of knowing what reserves the Soviets have I do not know what they are prepared to do when the military stocks turned over to UNRRA are exhausted l ate in Ifay ~ I fee l , however , they wil 1 be quick to take advantage of the situation b:,r obtaining from some source a quantity of I �95 food to meet the crisis . This would be a great political weapon and be an opportunity to discredit the Western Allies in Austria . If the Soviets take such a course of action al] the good we wi,l have accom ished wiJl be overshadowed by such a move, and the prestige of the United States wiJl be greatly lowered . 7 I cannot emphasize too greatly the need for supplying food to Austria until the next harvest . I urge that UNRRA use every means at its disposal to get food here, even to the extent of diverting shipments, in order to keep the food pipeline filled . Since shipments must be unloaded in Trieste and Venice and moved by rail to Austria there is little time remaining for such shipments to begin arriving. At ]east two weeks are required from the time ships arrive at unloading ports to get imported food into the Austrian distribution system . Failing in getting any as surance from UNRRA that it can supply the nec~ssary food, I urge that the mi}itary again immediately assume responsibility for supply on the basis existing before UNRRA took over , and that my supply pipeline be reestablished . The group of publ ishers and editors sent from the United States to tour Germany and Austria are now in Austria and are fully informed on the food crisis we face as indicated above . 11 11 * * ·X- * VIENNA-- APRIL 24, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 after walking from his villa . He saw Captain Foster, VIAC officer, at 1000 at which time he bid her goodbye . Captain Foster is in the G- 1 section. After conferring with Genera] Tate, General Clark had a long conference with Mr . Erhardt . Later he saw General Mcl,Iahon . At 1200 hours General CJark , accompanied by General Tate, General lilcMahon and Mr . Erhardt went to his villa where they had }unch and a long conference during the afternoon . At 1945 General Clark attended a dinner given by General and Lady I:IcCreery at General :kCreery ' s vil 1 a . General CJark went to his villa at 2300 hours . General CJ ark sent the foll.owing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7122 : non morning ApriJ 22 a US army transport plane flying authorized corridor approximately five miles west of Tulln airport encountered four Soviet P- 63 type aircraft nhich in tno separate attacks fired what appeared to be 37 mil-imeter shells in its irmnediate vicinity . Transport immediate 1 y land ed Tulln and one Soviet plane rapidly overflew fie}d below· 50 feet . Incident occurred full view American officials and press correspondents awaiting arrival 30 minutes later group newspaper publishers editors. On ApriJ 5 another incident occurred when Soviet anti-aircraft battery fired burst heavy fJ ak near 1,larbach at American transport also flying e'evation 7000 Linz-Tulln corridor, . 11 I have de}ayed reporting these incidents until ful1 facts could be determined . I have sent letter of protes t to Konev describing attacks as serious breach discipline jeopardizing American lives which might lead serious incident . At socfaJ rathering last night Kisilev , Soviet Pol itical �Representative, was extremely apologetic and assured me that pilots responsible wil 1 be severely punished . I sha] 1 advise you further when I receive reply from Konev . 11 (confidential) • General Clark sent the fol J owing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7123: 11 In accordance your te] egram dat ed r.1arch 23 and State Department tel egrams to Erhardt dated trnrch 21 , I wi::. 1 take up for discuss ion in AJ lied Cot:nciJ .April 25 following paper: (Text of M.,CO/P(46)54)" ( Restricted) General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, Reference Number P- 7172: "Following is report on attempted seizure of «inistry of Commerce BuiJding by Soviets today . ( 11 About 1030 this morning group of junior officers from Soviet 4th Bezirk Headquarters appeared at Fleischhacker ' s IIinistry of Commerce and Reconstruction , at main bui-ding on Schwarzenbereplatz , and demanded on orders from General Lebedenko that v1inistry staff evacuate the h,inistry' s adjoining building on Gusshausstrasse by 1600 hours today leaving behind all furniture and equipment . I.iinistry ' s main bui ding was then to be evacuated without delay . Demands were based upon Potsdam . Soviet officers immediateJy started making inventory of furniture and equipment in Gusshausstrasse Building . Around noon a message was brought to Soviet officers indicating that operation shoul d be discontinued . 'I'hey left about 1230 hours . "(One Russian officer indicated buildings were desired for Soviet trade de] egation. Soviet authorities had first advanced a claim to one of the bui · dings about two weeks ago; this claim was then rejected by Austrians, and nothing further had been heard until today . Our investigation discloses that both bui dings of s,Iinistry were formerly ovmed b:" Austrian Jews , and were acquired by Germans under Aryanization program after Anschluss and used as headquarters for Fourth Luf twaffe Command . ) "Thes e deveJ opments were reported to Erhardt b' - Foreign Office , and he immediately informed me . I sent word to U. S. press representatives , and four of them, incJuding AP and ms representatives , accompanied by a PRO officer, went to Fleischhacker 1 s office shortly before 1300 hours . They found no disturbance at I'linistry , though a fen Soviet officers were with FJ eischhacker . As soon as that conference ended, FJeischhacker received reporters and told them he had strongJy protested Soviet action as unilateral and had himself gone to report developments to Gruber . Gruber in turn got in touch with KisiJev ' s deputy and protested strongly . 11 A second group of Soviet officers had arrived about 1230 and conf i r med t he tern orary standstill . (About · 330 Foreign Office informed Erhardt 11 Lebedenko I s order of seizure wi thdravm11 , though per- �haps not permanentl y.) '.I'he second Soviet deJ egation had made proposal that if Austrians wo1: : d fl1rnish t wo other suitable bui dings in Soviet sector within two weeks, an exchange coul d be arrane;ed; Fl eischhad:er had some time ago off ered t wo buil dings in internationa distrkt, but this was not satisfactory. At 1600 hours t here were no Soviet officers in I.1inistry . U. S. press here fi l ing full stories with their papers . "JCS s11ould al so see Erhardt I s 588, t o State Department Aprii 23, re Soviet taking over industrial plants end of J ast week . 11 {SECRET.) * -)(- * VIEJ:fi1 A--APRIL 25, 1946: General CJark arrived at hi s office at 0905 at which time he saw Commander ,Iusmanno for a short time. He i mmediately conferred wi t h General Tate and General I.ld ;:ahon on the agenda to be discussed al the All ied Council r1eeting today . At 0940 Colonel LtcLean saw General c- ark on the case of Pfc LittJeton, former member of the 202 :J. P . Company, who had been court rnartialledon a charge of being drunk and as l eep at his post at General Clark ' s vil la . General Clark is very interested in the case as he has received considerable correspondence concerning it . ( General Cl ark again conferred with Generals Tate and JcI.~ahon and at 1030 left his office accompanied by Mr . Erhardt to go to the Allied Council meeting . Before the meeting General Clark conferred pri vately with Marshal Konev . General C~ark returned to his office at 1430 hours and immediately held a press conference which was attended by the fol lovling correspondents: H.W. Fodor, Chicaeo Sun ; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; Josef Israels II, ms; John MacCormac, New York Times ; Sgt . A.A. Noyes, Stars and Stripes; Peggy Poor, INS; Harold Queen, United Press; Frederick Yeiser, Information Services Branch; Lt. Colonel F. J. Betz, Pub, ic ReJ a tions Section . After conferring with Mr . Erhardt and General Tate, the General left his headquarters for his villa, where he s pent the rest of the afternoon . At 2030 hours Genera] c - ark l eft hi s vin a and wa:; ked to the Franz Josef Bahnhof where he boarded hi s private train. The General ' s train departed at 2300 for Hinterstoder where the General wi lJ s pend a few days fishing. Members of the General I s party are General Tate, Genera] SnaveJy, Colonel Grogan, Colonel Coburn Smith, and Lt . Fisher, General Tate 1 s aide. General Clark sent t he fo l lowinf message to Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7246: ( 11 At All ied Council meeting today followi ne agreed: (a) Authorized Austrian members hi p in norld Postal Convention, (b ) approved plan for reconstruction Austrian Railways, (c) estab 1 ished measures to be taken against persons who illegally pa rticipated in the na t ional el ections, (d) a'lproved instr1,ctions on free movement of Austrian citizens throughout Austria, (e) aprroved r:ay 8 as day for ce 1 ebrating liberation of Austria, (f) fixed dates for future meetings of 1~ ] lied Council and Executive Committee, (g) approved proposal of ",ustrian Government for exchange of �( political re· resentatives between Austria , Be 1 gium and Poland, (h) authorized Austrians to celebrate 1 Lay as l,1ay Day, and (i) discussed paper presented by me concerning United States polity in Austria, which statement was transmitted to you in my message l'-7123 . "Uy statement of U. S. policy was nost significant subject on agenda . British and French members stated the paper I presented to AJ Jied Council contained policies genera ly in line with the policies of their respective Governments . Konev stated that the policies contained in the paper are being carried ot t by the AJ J ied Council and suggested that the paper be referred to the Executive Committee for study . He carefully refrained from committing himself that the policies of his Govermi1ent agreed with those of the U.s . Government . I tried several times to get Konev to agree on this point , with no affirmative results . The Council finally adopted the following resolution in connection 1;7i th the paper: 11 The .AJ. lied Council having considered the statement of the United States Government policy in Ai.:stria made by General Clark, and being in general agreement with Section I 1 Status of Austria ', and with Section II I Iiajor Objectives 1 , decided to refer the statement to the Executive Committee for study and for the submission of recommendations at the earJiest possible date on the concrete meas1res necessary to estab'ish a free and independent Austria . " I shall continue to press this matter at all 1 evels in the Al lied Commission r,lii1 e I am Chairman of the Council next month . The resolution adopted is the best we coi.,;Jd get out of Konev . 11 Last night at dinner given by rJ!cCreery I spoke to Konev about the attacks made by Soviet fliers on U• .S . aircraft, as reported in my messages to the Har Department . He was visibly disturbed over these incidents and assured me that he would take immediate action to stop such practices if his :i.nvestigation proved they had taken place. He told me he had sent for his Air Commander and wou)d see him as soon as he returned from , IcCreery I s dinner . nThis morning I arranged to see l(onev before the AJ Jied CounciJ meeting to discuss his recent action in seizing certain properties under the Potsdam Agreement . I tried to get him to agree to quadripartite discussions before future seizures are made . He wold not agree to this . I indicated to him that untiJ he agreed to discuss contemplated seizures with the other commanders I mieht refuse to enter into discussions concerning funds he needed to pay Soviet occupation costs . He made no comment . We are in a strong position on this as Konev needs funds badly . He has not paid his troops since February and he cannot get funds without consu·; ting the other corw·:anders . This might possibly be our chance t o make headway on Potsdam question . I propose to make maximum use of my strong position by forcing the issue . 11 (SECRET) * * * * VIENNA- -APRIL 26, 1946: General Clark remained at his viJla in Hinterstoder . * l * * * VIENNA--APRIL 27 , 1.946: General Clark remained at his villa in Hinterstoder . * * * -l( �( VIENNA--APRIL 28 , 1946: General Clark left Hinterstoder in his private train at 1215 and arrived in Vienna at 1915 . Accompanied by General Tate and General r,id1ahon , General Clark went to his vi11 a where he had dinner and spent the night . * * * * VIEUA-- APRIL 29 , 1946: General CJ.ark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . He immediately saw General Tate who was followed by General l'.lcMahon . La',er Colonel 1,Iartin talked to the General concerning Austrian marriages and at l 030 Colone] I,:oran discussed the General I s communication at his villa wj_th the General. General Clark again saw General Tate at 1045 ·who was followed by General Flory , who discussed the commissioner's report with General Clark at 1100 hours . At 1130 J.!r . St . Aubin of the American Red Cross introduced Ur . Ryan to the General . Mr . rwan is he ad of the Red Cross relief progr-am for the world and is in Austria to get a better view of the situation here . At nnon General Clark saw Colone] l-1cLean , Judge .Advocate , with whom he discussed the case of Pfc Littleton . Later General Clark saw Private Littleton at which time he reduced Littleton I s sentence to six months . After seeing General Tate and Genera] i.:c ·lahon, General CJ.ark left his headquarters and went to his vi,la where he s~ent the rest of the day . In the evening he had guests for dinner and bridge . General Clark sent the followinf message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, information to Secretary of State Byrnes, c/o Embassy Paris; USFET for llcNarney, Reference Number P-7396; 11 TOP SECRET. Reference URAD WARX 86047. Information procured locally in Austria indicates the Russians are at present planning repeat planning large scale withdrawal of troops from Austria . These indications v1i th sources summarized as follows . 11 British source states high Austrian railroad official as stating Russians requested railroad trucks for 70 thousand between now and July 1, and for additional trucks to move 150 thousand betv,een end of June and end of September . 11 High Austrian government source expresses be:ief based on a variety of evidence that Russians plan large withdrawal from Austria . He states much ~ovement particularly northern part of lower Austria indicates withdrawal has a ready begun . "Another Austrian goverm1ent official states that during trip to BurgenJand he noticed that Russian troops there are preparing to l eave and are taking with them all property such as furniture they can trans port . Same report comes also from section of loner Austria immediately adjoining . 11 SSU s ource reports: ten thousand .,are to be removed from Eisenstadt soon; 17 thousand to be withdravm from St . Poel ten; 15 thousand to be removed from Dollersheim area next week . "Civil censorship report indicates 4 thousand have recently moved from Eisenstadt . This is beJieved to be loca~ movement and not neces sarily in execution of plan . "Other unofficial sources corroborate above information . �I HThere is no confirmed large departure of troops for East as yet . Recent identifications indicate major units in Austr ia are still as last reported . Uaneuvers still continue . Latter are responsible for much moverrent which sometires leads to erroneous conclusions . "Reliab:e source reports that forty high ranking Russian officers met at Baden on Easter weekend to compiete plans for a large scale withdrawal of troops from Austria between now and end of September . Baden is headcuarters of ::arshaJ Konev 1 s Central Group of Armies . Comprehensive plan has been ut into effect to check present information and to obtain full and immediate coverage in event of execution of withdrawal . 11 "Possibility that this is Russian cover and deception plan being considered . nr wilJ keep JCS informed of developments . " General C~ark sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department , Reference Number P- 7434 : SECFET . I had another ta 7 k today with Hynes , Deputy UNRRA Chief . He informed me that he sees no hope of getting u'NF.RA food into Austria in time to meet the food crisis which will devel op about 1 June v1hen military sup J] ies contributed by the four powers are exhausted . On 28 April he issued a press statement on the subject which clearly points out that people in Austria will be required to subsist on indigenous food , abo~t 250 calories daily , at that time unl ~ss outside aid arrives shortly . T11is meager diet will contain no f our . 11 In light of the food situation now confronting us I am convinced more than ever that it 'was a mistake to al low UNPw. to take over in Austria until its food supp] ies were on hand or enroute . Uuch of the supp]ies turned over to ill~RFA by the American and British elements has gone into the Soviet and French Zones because of the sma]l quantities of military stocks made avai 1 able to UNRRA by the Soviets and French . I have already turned over 60 days of the agreed 90 days supply, and the last 30 days supply wi]l be turned over about 3 fllay under the present plan . 11 "It is extremeJy doubtful that UNREA can get its supplies here before mi l itary ccntributions are exhausted I therefore see no advantage in turning over the last 30 days supply I am holding for UNR ?J.. . By doing so, much of this supply wi ll again go into the Soviet and French Zones, and it wi 1 only hasten the day when the people in the U.S . Zone wi'l be forced on the starvation ration foreseen by UNRRA late in Lay . "As stated in the last paragraph of rny message P-7103 dated 23 April I urge most strongly that food supply responsibility be turned back to the mi':i:lary authorities immediately unless some pJans of which I am unaware are bejng worl:ed out to meet the expected emergency . If this is done I can retain the last 3C days supply I have agreed to turn over to UNR-iA . This , together with my reserve , wi-] feed the people in I �Lo t the US Zone and the US area of Vienna 1200 calories for a period of 60 to 70 days . By conserving in the Zone in order to take care of the critical situation in Vienna I feel I can then get by untiJ the next harvest is expected early in September . Furthermore, if food supply res ponsibi i ty is returned to the nili tary I ,rill be in a position to ,force honev to :-ut food into Vienna as I have done in the past. He has furnished no food in the foviet Zone to date so the people in that area ni 7 l be no worse off than they have been for months . The same applies to the French Zone . The British no doubt will have difficulties, but I am convinced they can 1,·ork them out some way to get by :a forced to i t . ' 11 \!hil e I rea ize that it is the desire of the iiar Department to divest itse1f of responsibility for disease and unrest in Austria , I feel that this cannot be done until some agency is prepared to take over that responsibility . The mere transfer of such responsibility without effective implementation wiJl not reJieve my limited troops of the tasl: of dea ing with any si tua1;ion ;,hich develops here as rest1J t of any s1 prly shortages . mmRA shou d con tinve at tor, speed v,i th its rrocurer>1ent program so it c an take over or supplement supply responsibi"ity at the earliest possible date . 11 1 have received your 1.'IARX S5514 and fully arpreciate the ideal situation envisioned therein with regard to restoring economic unity in Austria, but tlus can on I y be ac comp I ished by a SL r -,,J y agency "Ii th full neans of il:irlenentation, which Ll,RRA does not noH have , nor does it nov1 foresee either from its ovm resources or from the m:i." i tary . 11 * VIEhNA--APRIL 30, 1946: General C' ark arrived at his office at 1000 hours after having walked from his vill a . He immediately saw General McMahon followed by General Tate and la ter conferred with Colonel Burrill concerning the dependents' train . fors. C1ark and Ann will arrive in Vienna this evening with the f:irst shipment of dependents . Genera 1 Clark left his office at 1230 and s pent the remainder of the day at the villa preparing the reception for ,,1rs . CJ ark and Ann . At 1900 he had his old friends j_n for dinner and they awaited the arrival of the train nlnch was six ho1.Jrs 7 ate . * -x- VU:LNA--1.:JiY 1 , 1946: General CJ ark arrived at Franz J osef Balmhof at 0030 and awaited the arriva1 of ,..rs . Cl ark and Ann . The station vms decorated for their arrivaJ and a band was on hand to aid in the welcoming of the first families. After a long wait the train arrived at 0130 ' and it rras really a haprnr occasion for the reunion of the fami 1 ies . Lieutenant C ark had boarded the train at Salzburg and accor;;panied his mother to Vienna . The entire family went immediate] y to the villa v,here they retired for the night after insr,ecting the house . At 1000 hot,rs General Clark v·as serenaded v1i th 11 Happy Birthday to You" b the band and was v,ished many ha!",J:Y returns of the day by severaJ members of his � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, March 6 - April 30, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from March 6 - April 30, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1673 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/cee579ffd8c76274ecd4c45773b84616.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=fJ6JTRpFFnyCjbKSk7tu-aGZeyJj-payiAwQ4mvUuzhr7nwB6AT%7EdWdLlWMtqZqJKd8vy8CjJpypRVEP6vh4loLsO0LXuzFtIlCvbaSIQCDsiM6iw7unbMy514LaWMYUhJnPu-SkiX%7ED1WkrZ9B44%7EOD0SoRDBvHL1Z0zLGjeiiaUL4NY35Ux4ny1jWSOyYq6q-Z0r0DW-GFPZa8a7OJjSG5OR1zfiuI2typkOdMu7tw1ojOBuesmf2DcmHXdVTe7TnvfVrJEHXhLppvhdu3malnLl4d9xiSitbs6NdxE959%7E36f2XnEQuD8EIJfZ11iuzuHlmhJzPrEjpiyAlLBHw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 492963e3af70302fe7ceca5267048dde PDF Text Text EC J THE CITADEL. r.1 . ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM VIENNA--JANUARY 8, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1010 after having walked fran his villa. At 1040 he conferrea with General Tate and General McMahon on the pressing current issues. Later General McMahon introduced General Clark to Monsignor Landi who is in Vienna in order to initiate steps to bring aid from Catholic organizations to the people of Vienna. Later General McMahon and Colonel Paxson talked with General Clark on the issues of bring families over and plans for the housing of the dependents. At 1130 General Clark presented General McChrystal, head of ISB, with the Distinguished Service Medal, and promoted Major Betz to Lt. Colonel, with Major Hotchkiss , Liaison, and Captain Morrison of the Signal Section. After dictating a letter to General Gruenther, General Clark discussed the Commissioner's report with General Flory . This is a report which is submitted monthly . After conferring again with General Tate a__nd then again with General McMahon, General Clark left for his villa where he had lunch. In the afternoon he took a long walk and that evening had Colonel Martin, Col. McCaffrey, Lt. Col . Kretzman to his home for dinner and bridge. * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 9, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0920 hours and immediately conferred with General Tate and then General McMahon. At 1035 Col. Rich, surgeon, conferred with General Clark concerning medical supplies which is to be one of the issues discussed on the agenda at the forthcoming All ied Council meeting. General McCreary called on General Clark at 1100 and conferred with the General until 1200 hours on the topics to be discussed tomorrow at the Allied Council meeting. Immediately following General Mccreery, General McMahon end Colonel Betz conferred with General Clark. J.At 1234 hours General Clark saw General Flory, General Saltzman and Col. Rundell. At 1245 Sgt. Hyatt of the headquarters I & E section was called in for a conversation with General Clark. Sgt. Hyatt ~as the composer and signer of the telegram sent to the various congressmen and other people in the United States concerning the slow-up in the redeployment program. The coµversation between the Sgt. and General Clark was quite free and an understanding was reached whereby Sgt. Hyatt was asked to become a member of the committee to investigate the cutting down to a minimum of the personnel in headquarters. By this means General Clark hopes to be able to release the maximum number of men. The General then saw Gener al Tate . At 1345 General Clark again conferred with General Tate and at 1430 General Clark went to the first f l oor of the Bank building where he presented the crown jewel s of Austria to Mr. Figl, Head of the Austrian Government. 1 The reception of the return of the crovm jewel s by the Austrian people was tremendous. At 1404 General Clark again saw General Tate and l ater Mr. Gray introduced Mr . Cochran to Gener al Cl ark. Mr. Cochran is the head of the foreign Service of the / State Department and is conducting �CHET an investigation tour in order to see conditions and work of the State Department . After again conferring shortly with General McMahon and General Tate, General Clark left his office for his villa . In the evening he played bridge with Col. McCaffrey, Colonel Martin and Lt . Col. Kretzman. * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 10, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Tate and General McMahon . Shortly thereafter Maj or Jaccard called on the General and at 0940 Mr . Gray, General Tate and General Flory conferred with the General and later Col. Betz was called in concerning certain articles which had been published on the redeployment situation. At 1015 Monsieur du Theil, Governor General of the Tyrol, talked with General Clark, and shortly thereafter General Clark left his headquarters for the Allied 6ouncil meeting. The General r eturned to his headquarters at 1520 and immediately held a press conference attended by Joseph Israels, INS; Fred Wackernagel , ISB; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; Arthur Noyes , Stars and Stripes; and Colonel Betz . After seeing General Tate and General McMahon at 1625 , General Clark left his headquarters for his residence. General Clark received the following let ter from Dr . Renner , President of the Austrian Government: ( 11 The President 11 General , I have the honor to aclmowledge the receipt of your letter from January 4th in which you informed me that the government of the United States has authorized you to instruct me about the recognition of the present Austrian government on the basis of the elections from November 25th under the conditions that the Allied Council will still be the highest authority . 11 With :my sincere thanks for this ·information I beg you, General, to accept the assurance of my highest esteem. 11 Signed: * * * Renner" * �~EGRET 3 VIENNA--JANUARY 11 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 1015 and immediately saw General McMahon who introduced Rabbi Ralph Lookstein of the Jewish Welfare Committee , to General Cl ark . The General worked on accumulated correspondence and later saw Count and Countess Larisch . He then saw Colonel Nygard who had just returned from Ital y, for a short time and at 1215 conferred with General McMahon, General Tate, Colonel Luongo and Major Jaccard on th:eir views on the redeployment question . General Clark stated that he believed the situation to be well in hand in Vienna and Austria in general and desired to keep it that way. Later Col . Caum, Commander of the 242nd Inf . Regiment and Col . Paxon, G-3 were called in on the conference . .After seeing Mr . Gray at 1300 General Cl ark talked with General Tate and Gen . McMahon . The General left his headquarters at 1/4.50 to attend a decoration ceremony of the 250 Combat Engineers Battalion and decorated 31 officers and enlisted men for meritorious service in support of combat operations . He returned to his headquarters immediately thereafter and at 1615 left for the opening of the Information Service Bureau, Information Center at which time he delivered an address which was broadcast to the United States. The Information Center will be opened to the general public in order that they might develop a broader understanding of the American people their economic, political and social life . ( After the ceremony General Clark, wi th the rest of the guests, including members of' the Austrian government, went to the Bristol Hotel where a reception was hel d . After the reception the General accompanied by General McMahon, General Lewis , Mr . and Mrs . Denby, faj . and Mrs . Pleasants and General Saltzman went to the general ' s suite for cocktails . The party was joined by General Tate and then left for the General ' s villa where they had dinner. After dinner they returned to the Bristol Room to enjoy the floor show. At 1115 Gene r al Clark ' s party went to the Sr . Officers ' Club and from t here the General went to his villa. General Clark sent the fol l owing message to the Joint Chief of Staff with request for message to be pas sed to the State Department: Reference No . P-0685 : Today I tal ked with General Bethouart and he told me that at the present time he does not know of any plans of F'rench Government for supplying food for French Zone in Aus t ria, incl uding French districts in Vienna . This perturbs me very much as French were informed as far back as November that combined US/UK supply of French occupi ed Zone would cease end of January . General Bethouart further informed me that he was proceeding to Paris for a conference with his Government on this subject on 18 January. He eJCPressed the hope that the emergency UNRRA program requested by the Allied Council on 19 December would be forthcoming by the fi rs t of February. 11 �4 11 The Soviets are having gr eat di fficulty in supplying food for Vienna and even the food they provide is not in the various types of established in the agreed ration scale . British and US elements are meeting their agreed commitments . 11 If the French fail to meet their food commitments after 31 January a s erious situation will develop and I may be forced to feed American imported food in Vienna in the US Zone only which presents many complications . "Request that strong representations be made to French GoYernment to accept on 1 February their full commitment for feeding the approved ration scale in their Zone Austria , incl uding their districts in Vienna . 11 The followi g is a copy of the message sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in regard to the Allied Council meeting held on January 10 , 1946 . Reference No . P- 0693 : 11 Allied Council held harmonious meeting Jan . 10 with following results : (1) Routine approval various laws incJuding plan for ap;:-roval laws adopted by Parliament before their promulgation. 11 11 (2) Resol ution was submitted to obtain agreement that until decisions are reached by the four Governments concerniLg interpretation and implementation of the general provisions of Potsdam protocol no attempts would be made to implement those provi sions by unilateral action . British, French and U. S . representatives agreed to resolution. Soviet member declined discussion of subject as he had received no instructions from his government to tr.e effect that Mr . Molotov and Mr . Byr nes had decided this to be a questi on for discussion by the Allied Counci l . Soviet member by this action to obtain consideration of U. s. views on Potsdam protocol as set f orth in State Department messages number 316 dated 29 November , which views were transmitted to other commanders on 4 January . (3) Rejected proposal to allow new political parties to be formed without approval of AC, instructing instead Political Divi sion to examine applications and report on them . 11 11 (4) Entrusted quadripartite Denazification Bm·eau under Internal Affairs Division task of effecting complete denazification Austrian state machinery and report on them. (5) Approved dispatch of commission under Chiefs of Military Divisions to various zones to investigate and report upon Austrian or Gennan military or para- military organizations, etc . In this connection Soviets presented last minute paper containir.. g fourteen specific instances of alleged military organi• zation in Austria , none in US Zone , the principal ones being fifteen thousand man Austrian brigade and thirty thousand man German corps, bot µ in British zones . Soviets made quite a point of thi s and it was agreed that above commission would 11 �SEGRE .5 I also investigate and report on these cases presented by So,riets . 11 (6 ) Approved plan for calling for Austrians to el iminate Fascist and anti-Allied literature in Aus t ria . 11 (?) Approved resolution providing for reestabl ishment telephone and telegraph communications between Austria and other countries except Japan, Manchuria , Korea and Formosa, with target date Jan. 15 . tt (8) Approved draft telegram to Director General UNRRA Washington re• garding two suggested programs for .Austria, one for seventy-five million and one for one hundred fifty million dollars, s pecifying seventy- five million program was inadequate and strongly uring UNRRA approve one hundred fifty million program . All elements agreed to accept objective specified by US Conf ress in passing last UNRRA Appropriation Act except Soviets who claimed no instructions received from Moscow on this point. I made strong statement on subject and Konev agreed to r equest instructions from his Government . 11 (9) .At close of meeting I pointed out need to obtain early Allied Council agreement on three most vit al questions affecting Austrian Economic recovery : ( a) Elimination of demarcation lines; (b) settlement on interpretation of Potsdam Agreement ; ·and (c) r eduction of occupation troops . I urged that all C- in- C1 s instruct their subordinates on Allied Commission to strive towards early settlement these questi ons . I shall push for consideration of these subjects during period Jan 15 to Feb 15 when I am Chai:iman of Council . 11 * * * * VI.E1'l11JA--,TANUARY 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his offi ce at 1045 after having walked from his villa . He immediately conferred with General McMahon and Col . McLean concerning the Maulhauser concentration camp ., Lt . John Eisenhower reported for duty this morning and talked with the General for a short time . Lt . Eisenhower is to be on duty with the .Allied Secretariat. Af ter talking with Mr . Gray, General Clark saw General McMahon and Col onel Paxon on the R.apido crossing . This subject has been brought up in recent publi city in the States as to whether or not this maneuver was neces sary . After conferring with General Tate, General Clar k accompanied by Gener al Saltzman walked to hi s vill a where he spent the r emainder of the afternoon . * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 13 , 1946-•General Clark remained at his villa during the morning and at 1300 hours , accompanied by General Saltzman had lunch with Mr . and Mrs . Denby of the State Department . He returned to his residence later in the afternoon and made plans to go t o the Ice Revue . However, becaus e of bad weather the General remained at his villa during the afternoon and evening. * * * * �T G ( \ VIENNA-- JANUARY 14 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and had a long conference with General Tate , lasting until 0925 , after which he saw Mr . Gray . At 1005 @eheral Clark conferred with General McMahon and Gener al Tate . Later Col . Paxon conferred with General Clark on a cablegram to be sent to General Gruenther on the Rapido crossing . The cab:le is being prepared andCol . Paxon will make additions later . At 1130 General Clark bid goodbye to Lt . Col . Thayer who is l eaving for Korea by way of the States . At 1135 General Tate and Gen . McMahon talked to General Clark and at 1150 Mr . Gray introduced Dr . Penrose . Dr . Penrose is one of the Political Advisors to .Ambassador Winant in London. At 1220 General Clark.had a conference with General Tate, Mr. Gray and Col . Marget on the question of Austrian schillings . The Russian Element of the Allied Council are making plans which are contrary to the policies of the U. s., British and French elements , regarding the currency problems . General Clark is sending a letter to Marshal Konev on this subj ect, as are the other two governments . At 1225 Col . Kretzman was sent to check with Mr . Figl upon this issue . Colonel Pesek talked with the General at 1250 concerning the party which the Gene al is giving at the Bristol Hotel on January 12 . At 1315 General Clark left hi s office with General Saltzman and had lunch at his villa . He spent the afternoon and evening at his residence and had dinner with General McMahon. General Clark sent the following message to General Gruenther in regardto the recent article published on the Rapido crossing . Reference No . P-0902 : 11 I have had no reply from you to my radios numbers P-0364 and XV- 189 of January 7t h and 10th. I assume you are complying with my request as time does not permit of much further del~y . If War Department wi ll not refute this story, and I firmly feel that I have furnished you sufficient f actual data to answer this biased story , and if time does not permit you t o carry the ball f or me, please advise immediately for I will carry it from here . Tone of Aston article indicates -deliberately biased story designed to mis - represent mili tary actualities . I feel the War Department must go on record and if they will not , I will , to prevent the United States public from r eceiving inflammable, distorted , and factual l y incorrect information on this important battle . "I assume you have Volume four of 5th .Army history. Incidentally , what is Grogan doing . Howard should be able to devote some time with him on this subject . If War Department will do nothing, I request you, Howard ;md Grogan prepare an answer based on information I have furnished you and available in the History of the 5th Army , and send it to Lowell Thomas, Mark Watson of the Baltimore Sun; Doughlas Freeman in Richmond, and Hanson Baldwin of New York Times . Have Grogan go see these people if necessary with this information , with the request that should the January 21st article be published and arouse sufficient interest to warrant r eplies that these men who are interested in the big picture and factual accounts of this battle , tell the true, story . Have yo~ contacted .Amon Carter? SECRJ: �SECRET 7 "Following additional information submitted reference to each paragraph of Aston article . Refer para three of Aston article. Basic order of course originated as operation Instruction 32, Headquarters 15 Army Group 12 January 1944. See pages 193 to 198 inclusive , Fifth Army history Part four . In event you do hot have book following are extracts of pertinent portion(:) first quote par four Fifth Army will make as strong a thrust as possible toward Cassino and Frosinone shortly prior to the assault landing to draw in enemy reserves which might be employed against the landing forces and then to create a breach in his front through which every opportunity will be taken to link up rapidly with the seaborne operation unquote . Second quote para two Fi fth Army have now started on a series of operations on their present front designed to break through the enemy ' s main defensive positions in the area south of Cassino, and to draw in his reserves. These operations will culminate with an attack by two Corps across the Rapido river on or about 20 January unquote . 11 Refer his para six. For Details of flank support as ordered by Clark see page 25 Five Anny History Part Four and Ope r ation Instruction 13, Headq~arters, Fifth Army 10 January 19/44 page 205 and 206 Five Army History Part four . Furthermore report of French Expeditionary Corps participation in Cassino battle lists among other corps objectives the missions of "to seize the high ground north and northwest of Cassino and t o protect the right f l ank of Fifth Army11 consider most important now to stress that Fifth Jrrmy Operations Instructions provided normal flanking attack in support of main Two Corps effort in center. In contr ast to May 1944 offensive wherein success was achieved by a major thrust on left flank, when weather permi tted operations over formidable obstacles, the January main effort was canal ized by weather and terr ain conditions which dictated that attack be launched in center of Five Army Front, the only place where armor could be used . 11 ( "Refer his para eight . Terrain and road net north of Cassino permitted in January only a local attack as eventuall y made and was iµsuf f icient at this location to support a main Corps attack'.. Suggest you check pages 49 to 55 inclusive of Five Ju-my History Part Four which describes obstacles i n way of 34 Division crossing of Rapido north of Cassino . Thi s could be classified as only a local attack on te~rain prohibited use of armor and no breakthrough could have been obtained . "Refer his para nine . Walkers admission that attacks on left and r i ght flanks were ordered refutes implication in his para six that "attacks were misupported on either f l ank11 • "Refer his para ten. Note that Two Corps attack was only a part of an integrated plan scheduled on a timetable of staggered attacks, the most important of which being Anzio. "Refer his para thirteen. Paxson, Engineer Executive, Five Army at time of attack states roads were built and rocked to vicinity near river banks by 36 Division Engineers and Two Corps Nineteenth Engineer Regiment . Suggest Colonel Gal l agher· now believed Engineer instructor Fort Belvoir and formerly Two Corps engineer be contacted for further engL.eer details. �SEC .ET ( ) "Refer his paras fourteen and fifteen . Such losses are normal for an attack against a heavily defended river line; if ,the Gennans had not been fully engaged with the Rapido battle then .Allied losses Would have been much greater on the beaches at .Anzio . Fifth J.rmy in January 1944 contributed to strategy of combined Chiefs of Staff by holding in Italy many enemy divisions which could well have been employed on Russian front or planned Second Front in northern France . Serious losses in German per s onnel and equipment aided Allies materia ly in war of attrition . 11 "I still do not want to enter this controversy and feel you have sufficient data to refute it the re • 11 * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 15 , 1946--General Clark r emained at his villa during the day . In the morning he consulted with Colonel Paxson in the preparation of a cablegram to go to General Gruenther concerning the Rapido crossing . He worked with Col. Paxson until lunch time and after lunch rested for a short time . After taking a walk he left for General Saltzman 1 s villa where he had dinner and spent the evening. C Genev.al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 0934 : "Because the Soviets have not contributed their full share of food the ration scale in Vienna has not exceeded 1375 calories for normal consumers during the past three weeks . For the same reason the ration scale for this week will be d·:mn to 1108 calories • I have had repeated assurance from Marshal Konev that the Soviet element would make and continue to make its full contribution of food to Vienna . I have thi s date sent a strong letter to Konev inviting his attention to the current situation and informing him that unless all powers co~tribute their full share of food I propose to feed our food to persons residing in the American Zone plus one- fourth of those living in the Interna tional Zone , District I. The people i n my zone are now receiving less calories than they are entitled to get even though we are contributing food on the agreed 1550 ration scale . This affects seriously the prestige of the United States , as the public obviously feel that the United States is not living up to its ' promise in this regard. "Unless Soviets take immediate steps to provide their share of food I pr ~pose to implement zone feeding about 9 February. I propose to make appropriate explanation of this changed system to the press ." * * * E * �SECRET VIENNA-- J.ANUARY 16, 1946--Gen9ral Clark arrived at his office at 0950 . He immediately conferred with General McMahon andColonel LLoyd concerning the shooting of two Russian officers on the "Mozart . " These two officers attempted with several other Russians to board the Mozart and after having been removed from the train boarded the train a second time, three or four cars from the first location. Vlhen the American guard attempted to remove them a second time the Russians pulled their guns and the .American guards were forced to shoot in order to protect themselves . An investigation is being conducted by Colonel Lloyd . After conversing with General Tate , General Clark had a decoration ceremony for two enlisted men at which time he presented both of them with the Bronze Star medal . The first for meritorious service while in combat operations and the second for heroism. After the ceremony General Clark talked with Mr . Gray and later saw Colonel McLean, Judge Advocate, concerning a court martial case . At llL►0 General Tate and Colonel Sloane saw t he General and later General Clark discussed the Displaced Persons situation with Colonel Stephens . After a short conference with General Tate and later with General McMahon, General Clark walked to his villa with General Saltzman where he remained the rest of the day . In the evening .W.r . and Mrs . Denby, Col . Mccaffrey, Colonel Martin and General Saltzman were invited for dinner and later Col . Langan joined the party for bridge . { * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 17, 1946- -General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 and irnmedia tely talked with General Tate . General , 1cMahon was called in to see the General, and later General 1\ilcMahon and Colonel Lloyd discussed the progress of the investigation which is being conducted on the shooting of the Russian officers who attempted to board the 11 Mozart11 • General Cl ark then saw Mr . Gray at 1100 and at 1125 saw Colonel Betz concerning a publicity article which has been published. After seeing General Tate for a short time, t he General had. lunch· and 'af,ter taking care of accumulated correspondence walked to his villa where he spent the remainder of the day . In the evening he went to &neral Saltzman 1 s villa for dinner . The following cable was sent to General Gruenther from General Cl ark; "Your two radiograms received and appreciated . Be sure to inform me result of Thursday morning meeting with Chief of Staff . Presume you are able to get air mail letter to Amon Carter if necessary. Presume Walker is thoroughly indoctrinated with entire story and necessity for attack. Can he be persuaded to wholeheartedly tell the whole story if necessary at the convention . Explain the absolute necessity tor all out attacks by every element on southern flank in order to give Anzio landing a run for its money . SECR T �~ECRET lO Delay in answering question of Fodor due to his absence from Vienna . I will assume responsibility and have asked Hil dring that young Fodor be sent immediately . 11 "Give me your estimates as to Drew Pearson ' s statement on investigation . I am sure this can be clarified by proper explanation . Hold Grogan longer if necessary . 11 * ( * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 18, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0920 and immediat ely conferred with Mr . Gray on the new appointment of Mr . Erhardt as Minister of Austria . At 1006 General Clark conferred with General Tate and at 1000 saw Mr . Fodor and Mr • .MacCormac, war correspondents . General Clark desired to talk with the correspondence on their ideas of the Scripps Howard account of an article concerning the Rapido crossing . At 1100 General Clark met Col . Vodopivec , Head of the Yugoslav Military Mission . in Austria . The General will present the Colonel to the other members of the Allied Council at the Monday meeting . Later General Clark talked for a short while with Lt. Col . Kretzman conyerning a suitabl e house for Mr . Figl, and at 1215 conferred for a l ong time with General Tate . Later General McMahon , Col . Pesek, General Tate and Mr . Gray were called in for a discussion of the plans for the party to be held on the night of the 21st • .After thi s the General left his office for the villa where he spent the remainder of the day. ' In the afternoon he rested for a short while and at 1800 saw Colonel Porter for a short time while he bid him goodbye . Colonel Porter is leaving for the States after being with the General for three years . In the evening General Clark had gues ts fc~ dinner and poker. The following cable was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Clark, Reference P- 1208 : "Receipt of your WAR 93037 Cite CAD acknowl edged . Fully cognizant of directive reference termination combine suppl y to French as outlined in WARX 28652 . My message P- 0685 makes no reference to loan of f oodstuff s for feeding French Zone Austria. Therefor e reference to this in your message WAR 93037 not understood . "Complications referred to in third paragraph my message P- 0685 pertains to difficulties in distributing food in a sector of a city as i arge as Vienna through a centralized Aust rian food administration and the political :implications of feeding American food only in the .Ame:rican zone. " In view of difficulties being experienced by Soviets in supplying food in their zone of Vienna and in Lower Austria and fact that French are unable to give as surance that they will be in position to assume responsibility for feeding their district in Vienna and the French zone Austria, it is urged that UNRRA make every effort iD provide food arrival s in .Austria earliest �EGRET ll possible date . This is most critical period of year . Amy lowering of food s cale during winter months wil l increase sick and death rates, parti cularly in view of shortage of fuel for space heating. " * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 19, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately conferred with General McMahon who was followed by General Tate . At 1045 he saw Countess Larisch who discussed a few personal problems with the General and at 1100 General Clark received the two millionth doughnut which has been made by the .American Red Cross in Vienna . The presentation was made by Mrs . Wayne , Supervisor of the clubs in Vienna; Mr. Evans , Director of the Red Cross; and Miss St one , head of the officer s ' clubs . General Clark again conferred with General McMahon and General Tate upon the Rapido crossing question which i s receiving much publicity . At 1120 General Clark talked with Gene~al Schuyler, Commanding General of the Allied Control Commission, in Rumania . General Schuyler is en route to Washington . After talking with General Tate for a short time the General left his office , accompanied by General Sullivan and walked to his villa where he had lunch . After resting in the afternoon he had dinner wit h General Howard , Col . Lazar, Lt . Col . Kretzman and later played bridge . General Howard has just arri ved f rom the States , and brought the first messages from Mrs . Clark which the General had received in five weeks . * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 20 , 1946--General Clark remained in his villa during the entire day . He discussed the Rapido crossing incident with Col . Paxson in the late morning and had lunch wi th General Tate who discussed several current issued with the General . General Clark has been receiving much publicity in connection with the Rapido incident and a cable was prepared to be sent to General Gruenther on the subject . General Clark spent the evening at his villa and retired early . * * * * VIENNA--JP..NUARY 21, 1946-- General Clark arrived at 0845 and immediately conferred with Lt . Col . Betz concerning the request which was submitted by the United Press for a comment on the Rapido crossing . The veterans of the 36th Division at a reunion made a resolution criticizing General Clark for his ordering the river crossing. The resolution also called for a Congressional investigation o General Clark had no comment to make and wired United Press to that effect o �.At 0914 General Clark saw General Howard, General Tate, General McMahon and Colonel Paxson with whom he discussed the details concerning this incident . General HoVTard and Colonel Paxson worked for the rest of the morning preparing battle casualty figures to be submitted to General Gruenther in order that he might use them to combat the charges being made against General Clark. At 1015 Mr . Fodor and Mr . MacCormac talked to Gener al Clark concerning their ideas on the best policy to be followed . Colonel Pa.."reon worked with General Howard for the remainder of the morning preparing data for General Clark and later had lunch with him . After lunch Gen~ral Clark worked on all accumulated correspondence and later in the afternoon saw Sgt . Ken Pfeifer, memQer of the Commanding General ' s Section, who is leaving for the states by the way of Italy . The General left his office at 1500 for his villa where he spent the remainder of the evening . General Clark sent the following cabl e to General Gruenther regarding the Rapido case: ( "Have received your three messages. Am doing my best to prepare casualty figures for \{a tson. As I recall Birkhead was the former Commander of the 36th Division who was relieved by McNair during the Louisiana maneuvers . This action being wholeheartedly concurred in by me . If so, may give an insight into him as the ringleader . Fodor and MacCormac, who know this story and want to help, suggest playing up the angle of the dismissed Commander . Please verify immediately his being Commanding General 36th Division and release by McNair . Advice urgently o" The following is a copy of the story which Frank .Aston submitted to Scripps - Howard and contains so many unjustified criticisms of the F.apido crossing: Ft . Worth, Texas , Jan. 21 --Evidence on the Rapido River operation in Italy of January 1944, places responsibility for that disastrous maneuver on the high command of the Fifth Army, it was disclosed today . 11 11 The losses were 136 officers and men killed; 932 wounded; and 908 missing. The 36th Division, commanded by Maj . Gen . Fred L. Walker was ordered to cross the river in the face of murderous fire . 'I'he order came from the Fifth .Army high command . In command were Lieut. Gen. Mark Clark, with .Maj . Gen . Godfrey Keyes as corps commander . 11 "Gen. Walker protested the orders unsuccessfully. The operation was attempted first on the night of Jan . 19-20, again at daylight Jan . 20 . A third order to try was rescinded. 11 E �SEGRE 11 'l'he attacks were unsupported on either flank against a well-entrenched well-equipped enemy . The deep, swift Rapido could be reached only by crossing mud flats heavily mined and covered by German machine gun and mortar fire. I do not know of a single incident in history,"' Gen . Walker commented, where a defensive position protected by an unfordable river as an obstacle was every captured by the direct frontal at tack, such as the one attempted by the 36th Division at the Rapido . 1 11 111 11 1 "Staff officers report that Gen . Walker suggested the attempt to cross the Rapido be made north of the village of Cassino, where the river was fordable and where a crossing later was made successfully by the 34th Division . Gen . Walker later said that the plan was for the British to -ake heights on the left of the German position and the French the heights on the right . Neither the British no~ the French succeeded . 11 " ' Then we were ordered to cross the Rapido anyway, 111 Gen . Walker said . "Survivors tell of scenes of horror. For instance , there were 80 bodies of their comrades stacked on the northern bank of the river and never reached by Allied forces until the following May ~ 11 In killed, wounded and missing, the 141st lost 49 officers and 958 men. One battalion lost all its company commanders . "Survivors said the Rapido at the place to 18 feet deep, swift and treacherous . The on both sides and the only approach was down roads could not be built under the withering of attack was 30 feet wide, 12 said steep, six-foot banks rose flat stretches of mud over which German fire . ''The entire area across the river had been heavily mined . Barbed wire was thick and deep . Covering mort ars and machine guns were supported by light and heavy artillery. "Patrols went out to bring in the wounded and never returned . iven in assault boats were mowed dovm. Hundreds were killed or wounded in the desperate crossing i tself . - 11 some got across . those who could . But they were pinned dovm by fire . '.l"hey had to return-- 11 0ne surviving officer said: "I believe it is high time that responsibility for such ruthless sacrifice of human life be placed directly where it belongs -- on the blunders of those who order such unsound attacks even after information from group troop commanders in pms ition to know better than anyone indicates and points out their futility . " �SECRET /4 "Most men in the 36th were Texans . Gen . Walker's home is Columbus, O. After the capture of Rome he was transferred to Ft . Benning, Ga . He nov1 is director of military training, k'my Service Forces, \lashington. He is not a West Pointer." * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 22 , 1946--Ganeral Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and immediately saw General Tate and General McMahon on the developments of the Rapido River cvnssing incident . The i\/Iilitary ld'fairs committee does not seem to be taking the 36th Division's resolution very seriously . Later General Tate discussed the agenchfor the .Allied Council meetine and at 1020 General Clark with General Tate and Mr. Gray left the office for the Allied Council Meeting. General Clark assumes the Chairmanship of the Council today . General Clark returned from the meeting at 1445 and held a press conference at 1500 attended by M. ~ . Fodor, Chicago Sun; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; John .MacCormac, New York Times; Sgt . A. A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Albion H. Ross, New York Times ; Frederick Yeiser, Information Service Bureau, Lt . Col. Frederick J . Betz, PRS, and Lt. Frank B. McKnight.of PRS . General Clark discussed the developments of the meeting. He left his office shortly before 1600 and rested at his villa until 1800 . ( General Clark arrived at the Hotel Bristol at 1815 at which time he acted as host to approximately 400 guests at his party held in honor of his assuming Chairmanship of the Allied Council . The party was held in the main dining room , Oval Room and Bristol Room of the Bristol Hotel . The party was a huge success, and the General remained at the party until late in the evening . * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 23, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 . He immediately saw Mr . Gray and at 1000 had a conference with General Bethouart on the subject of the French food situation. At 1040 General Clark saw General Macon, Commanding General of the 83rd Division, who was in Vienna for the Genev•al I s reception the night before . Shortly thereafter, General Collins saw General Clark and at 1105 General Clark decorated 26 officers and enlisted men . Among those was Colonel D' Orsa who was awarded the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of fi.ierit . After conferring with GeLeral Ladue at 1135 on the problem of' bringing over families, General Clark saw General Haynes and General Mc1,Iahon . t 1230 after conferr i ng with General McMahon and General Tate , General Clark left his headquarters for ·his villa with General Saltzman and in the afternoon the General rested . In the evening he had guests for dinner and pokero The following cable was sent to General Gruenther ; All your messages received . Certainly appreciate the magnificent manner in which you have handled this case . Please thanks Grogan, Wood and Porter . Also tell Jackson, Lyle, and others cf my deep appreciation for their going to bat on my behalf . I will write letters to all c U. s. Element after Allied Council meeting yesterda entertained all other Elements, including new Austrian Government. All wanted to be remembered to you., Affair was quite a success . n 11 �ET 15 General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Reference No. P-1472: 11 Allied Council met 22 January with following results: 11 (1) Approved resolution on treatment Austria as economic entity which has for ob'ective encouragement free exchange and movement of available surplus goods and service between various zones. Resolution authorizes Austrian Governr1ent to utilize such available surplus goods and services for movement within Austria or for export transactions. Determination of what constitutes zonal surplus remains with commander of zone . 11 (2) Approved resolution providing that Commanders-in-Chief call attention of their respective Governments to advantages to be derived if such governments would authorize representatives in Vienna to seek solution of question of rapid resumption navigation on Danube and to make proposals towards finding provisional modus vivendi o 11 ( (3) , I Approved eight laws and decrees of Austrian Government . (4) Soviets continued to refuse to agree to objectives specified by US Congress in last UNRRA Appropriation Act. Konev said Soviet Government had not recelved notification of such stipulated objectives and I replied Soviet Embassy informed in Washington January 10. I made emphatic statement on subject clearly warning Konev that Soviet attitude might result in his zone not receiving any UNRRA supplies and that in any event it would certainly delay UNRRA aid to Au~tria . For STATE DEPT; Please put pressure on Moscow to instruct Konev to change his position o (5) On matter of food situation in Vienna I openly charged Soviets with def ault on meeting their commitments and said if situation not corrected I might be forced to use US food for US zone only , Konev in reply contended that Soviets had put more food into Vienna than all other powers combined but his figuxes covered period from April 24, 1945 and therefore not pertinent to existing situation. Konev promised to continue Soviet food supply for Vienna with indication he 1ntended to meet commitments (in fact Sovi ets did somewhat better last week . ) 11 1~6) I brought up medical supply situation in Viem1a, showing US had delivered 161 tons, British 47, Soviets 10 and French none. I stated that because of acute shortage of medical supplies British and US elements had agreed to contribute an additional 42 tons each from reserves on hand for use throughout city, and Konev and Bethouart expressed satisfaction. n(7) i also called attention to failure of Soviet andFrench elements to meet commitments on fuel and transportation for Vienna and urged that respective commanders make every effort to meet commitments o 1 �"($) Bethouart read long statement on recent Hapsburg incident in Tyrol gist of which was that this was ..Austrian matter, F'rench were not supporting Hapsburgs and would give 100'% cooperation to Austrian authorities in carrying out laws on this question . Mccreery said we should help Austrians to keep Hapsbuxgs from entering Austria and Konev added that it was necessary to remove these ueople from Austria immediately and see that Austrian laws were enforcedo I agreed with position taken by Konev and Mccreery and it was decided to put the Council on record in press communique as standing behind .Austrian government in enforcement of Austrian la?~ excluding undesirable political elements. 11 (9) Mccreery called attention to serious situation created by unannounced arrival within past week of three trains in Vienna with 4100 Yugoslav Volksdeutsche, reportedly containing 5 adult and 3 children dead . He said when these trains attempted to cross into British Zone they were turned back. Later they were routed to Vienna via Hungary and Lower ..Austria . This he said was directly contrary to Allied Council resolution Nov. 10, 1945. Konev stated that in the future he would allow no more to come into his zone without previous arrangements and clearances with AC. It was agreed that I should call in head of Yugoslav military mission and ask him to have his Government put a stop to these unauthorized movements . This has been done. 11 * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 24, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately saw General Tate for a short time and later talked with Col. Paxson · concerning the Rapido River crossing . Col. Paxson has been compiling more data for use by the General. Col . Lloyd saw General Clark at 1030 concerning t he court martial case of T/Sgt . Dixon who was an .American guard on the train (Mozart) when the Russian officer was killed . Later General McIJahon and Col . McLean talked with the Gene;i;-al concerning the court to be appointed in this case • .At 11:30 Dr . Kleinwachter was introduced to the General.by Mr . Gray . Dr. Kleinwachter is the newly appointed .:Austrian representative to the United States and will leave for the States shortly • .After having lunch in his mess, General Clark again conferred with General Tate, and later with General McMahon . General Clark is preparing to start bringing families over about May l, 1946, and has so advised the War Department. After taking care of all accumulated correspondence, General Clark left the office and returned to his villa. After taking a long walk in the afternoon,• the General saw General Howard at his villa concerning a very important G-2 case which had been released during the day. It had been discovered tha·t Russ ian members of the Repatriation Committee now working in Salzburg had been involved in political .activities and criminal acts and are to be turned over to Russian authorities in Linz tomorrow. �At 1815 hours General Clark left his villa for the Bristol hotel where he attended a cocktail party and dinner given by Col . Laz:ar and the Special Services section . General Clark neturned to his villa at 1100 . The followin c- cable was sent by Gen.e ral Clark to the Joint Chief of Staff regarding the Soviet Repatriation Mission in Salzburg: 11 I desire to report to you incident in U. s . Zone involving members of a Soviet repatriation mission . On evening 23 January three officers and one enlisted man of the Soviet mission stationed at Salzburg were caught by the CIC in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living in Salzburg. One officer was dressed in the complete uniform of the United States Military Police with helmet liner bearing markings of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion, which unit is stationed in Salzburg. Second officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a civilian hat . '.l.'hird officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform . All were armed . Officers were threatening the Austrian citizens with pistols when arrested • .All were arrested and coRfined • .Acts of this group constitute flagrant violation of authority of Soviet Repa:briation Group and mutual understanding between me and Konev. "I reported above incident to Marshal Konev by dispatching my Deputy Commander to Konev ' s Chief of Staff on evening 24 January and requested Konev to take custody of the group at Linz at 1400 B hours today where they were delivered under United States escort. I also asked that the remainder of the mission of ·which these four were a part be withdrawn from the U. s. Zone immediately as there is evidence that all members of this mission have been involved in intelligence activities since they have been i n our zone . Today I dispatched a letter to Konev confirming the report and reiterating my requests made by my Deputy Commander to Konev 1 s Chief of Staff last night . "Another Soviet repatriation Jilission to relieve one referred to above is working in U. s . zone for JO days as per agreement between Konev and me . I will see that this one is removed as soon as repatriation work is completed, which I will try to have .accomplished by end of thirty days . 11 General Clark sent the following report in connection with the activities of the Soviet Repatriation Committee, to Marshal Konev : "Subject: 11 To Report of Arrest of Russian Officers and Enlisted ~en. Commander in Chief of the Soviet Forces of Occupation in Austria, .Marshal of the Soviet Union IVAN S. KONEN. lo The new Soviet Repatriation Committee in Salzburg consisting of' three Lieutenant Colonels , seven Ma,iors and two enlisted men were officially permitted on 4 January 1946, to proceed with the screening of Soviet civilians �in the Land Salzburg for repatriation purposes . It was understood that the old committee in Salzburg headed by Maj or Rumianzew would depart from that station after having turned over their duties to the new committee. This old committee has not yet left , after 20 days. Although the new committee arrived in Salzburg in the early days of January i t did not begin active screening operations until four - or five days ago~ about 20 January 1946 . "2o At 2100 hours at the house situated at No. 24 Nussbaumer Strasse, Salzburg, the following members of the old Repatriation Committee were arrested by United States Military Authorities: a. b. c. d. Major Yankowski Captain Zeleniev Lieutenant Kretov Private Ziablykh '1'his group of Soviet Army personnel was caught in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living at the above- mentioned house. Major Yankowski was dressed in the complete uniform of the United States Military Police with the helmet liner of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion. Captain Zeleniev wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a civilian hat . Lieutenant Kretov wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a Red Army cap without insignia . It is obvious that they were attempting to hide their identity. The above named members of the committee were threatening the Austrian citizen with pistols . These acts definitely are a flagrant violation of the authority of the Repatriation Committee and mutual understanding between the Allied Powers, constituting the following offenses: 11 ( a. Forcibly entering a private dwelling during the night. b. Being in the possession of firearms and using same for the execution of a crime . c. Attempting to kidnap an Austrian subject in United States Zone, Austria, with the aid of pistols. · d. Illegal possession and use of a United States Military uniform in the execution of a crime e. Wearing of civilian clothes to disguise their real identityo 11 3. In view of the above incident the above named personnel can no longer be tolerated in the llmerican Zone and will be delivered by the 42d Infantry Division to Russ ian representatives at Urfahr Bridge, at Linz, at 1600 hours , 25 January 1946 in accordance with arrangements made on 24 January 1946 personally between General Tate and General Kleshnin. It is requested that you have accredited representatives meet the escorted Red Army personnel at the appointed place and houro l �4 . There i s evidence that other members of the old Repatriation Committee have been involved in intelligence aptivities, including kidnapping Soviet citizens ~ith the aid of members of the committee dFessed in United States Military police uniforms . Therefore , the presence of the remainder of the old Repatriation Co□mittee can no longer be tolerated in the American Zone and it is requested that you withdraw them immediately . 11 5. Inasmuch as it s apparent from the actions of Soviet Vission personnel in the U. S . Zone that they are engaged in activities other than repatriation, and have violated the privileges accorded them by the United States authorities, it is requested that the new Soviet Mission which arrived at Salzburg on 4 Januar~r 1946, be instructed by you to complete its repatriation work bv the expiration of the 30 day period agreed upon, 3 FebruariJ 1946, and withdraw from the United States Zone at that time . In my opinion the M:is sion can complete its work by that date . 11 S/ MARK H. CLARK ·General , U. S •. A. Commanding General Clark sent the following cable to General Gruenther in regard to the recent Ranido situation : "Your 7962 receiv~d . Is McNeil story designed to be favorable or unfavore.ble . Classification of ' 5th Army histories is up to \Jar Department . Reason for confidential classification is because histories contain certain information with regards to ceception plans, a subject which G- 2 feels should not be revealed. I suggest you talk to McrJeil , showing him pertinent references in Chapter r:v , particul~rly emphasizing 15th Army Group Operations Instructions Nos . 32 and 34, also 5th Army Operations Instructions No. 13 which emphasizes the all- out attack by every element of th 5th Anny . It is true the 36th attack failed from a Divisional point of view, but was a great contributine factor to the success of 5th .Army operations as a whole, by per mitting 5th Army 1 s main .Anzio attack to succeed . Emphasize Anzio being the jumping off place for suc cessful Rome thrust , and continuous threat to Division ' s flank and rear . 'I'here are certain passages in Volume r:v which, if read alone , would give the impression that Rapido 36th Division attack served no useful purpose . Thi s is entirely incorrect . The over- all situation in the entire 5th Army ~us t be understood at that time and continuously kept in mind in handling Rapido story . Scrj_pps Hovard having been the instigators in this story , I assume McNeil is continuing to tackle it from a point of view disadvantaeeous to me . If that is the case , I would sug~est that ,lark Wa tson turn something loose . However , you know the situation best and nothing I can do from here . Will be glad to see Grogan ." 11 * * * * �VIENNA- -JANUARY 25, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1000 and at 1015 saw General Tate and Mr . Gray . Later he conferred with General Howard about activities of the Repatriation Committee which had been discovered performing criminal acts in Salzburg . General Clark saw General Hume at 1130 at which time General Hume discussed a personal matter After seeing General Tate and General McMahon , General Clark lef t his headquarters accompanied by General Saltzman and had lunch at his villa with General Saltzman . He took a walk in the afternoon and after res ting ha.d dinner at his villa . General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chief of Staff regarding the Soviet rep~triation mission . Reference No . P- 1666 : 11 I desire to report to you incident in u. S . Zone involv:_ng member of a Soviet repatriation mission . On evening 23 January three officers and one enlisted man of the Soviet mission stationed at Salzburg were caught by the CIC in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living in Salzburg . One officer was dressedin the complete uniform of the United States ~ilitary Police with helmet liner bearing markings of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion, which unit is stationed in Salzburg. Second officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red A:rmy uniform and a civilian hat . Third officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a Red Army cap without insignia . The enlisted man was driver of car and wore Red Arrrry' uniform . All wer e armed . Officers were threatening the Austrian citizen with pistols when arrested . All were arrested and confined . Acts of this group constitute flagrant violation of authority of Soviet Repatriation Group and mutual understanding between me and Konev . "I reported above incident to Marshal Konev by dispatching my Deputy Comm.a nder to Konev ' s Chi ef of Staff on evening 24 January and requested Konev to take custody of the group at Linz at 1400B hours today where they delivered under United St~t es escort . I also asked that the remainder of the mission of which these four were a part be withdra\m from the U. S . Zone immediately as there is evidence that all members of this mission have been involved in intelli gence activities since they have been in our zone . Today I dispatched a letter to Konev confirming the report and reiterating my requests made by my Deputy Commander to Konev 1 s Chief of Staff last night . " Another Soviet Repatriation Mission to relieve one referred to above is working in U. s. Zone for 30 days as per agreement between Konev and me . I will see that this one is removed as soon as repatriation work is completed , which I will try to have accomplished by the end of JO day period . 11 General Clark sent the following message to General r,IcNarney . No . CG-012501 : Reference "Confirming my telephone conversation recently with you, herewith my recommendations to be included in your report to the War Department . �"I have recently submitted questionnaire to approximately 2000 married officers , non- commissioned cfficers of the first three grades and civilians presently in USFA . As a result of this questionnaire 260 officers, 14 noncommissioned officers and 32 civilians have a ready indicated their desire that their dependents to number approximately 550 come to Austria as soon as possible , with understanding that they wil) remain in Austria for a year after the arrival of their dependents unless released sooner by proper authori ty . As personnel of OTB is more firmly established it is anticipated that this number will be substantially increased . It is felt that situation in Austria is somewhat di fferent from situation in other parts of the ET0 and I , therefore , request that dependents up to a total of 300 be sent to Austr ia to arrive beginning 1 May ,with t½e balance of 250 the following month and thereafter , numbers as requested by t hi s Headquarters . These families can be housed in existing buildings without additional requisitioning and I am prepared to take the necessary steps to meet them at the Port of Entry , and transport them to Austria . Those with small amount baggage coulct be flovm from United States to Vienna if air trans portation is available . At the present time there are in Vienna , famil i es of Russian , British, and French offi cers , as well as members of my State Department Staff , and it woul d be highly desirable from morale point of view that .American military wives be present . Also , presence of wives will broaden Allied contacts so desirable among the four powers . Large proportion of this first increment of 300 dependents v.rill be located in Vienna and will inc2-ude the famiJ ies of many of my key military s pecia i sts 1n Legal, Financial; Economic and other military government and Allied Commission positions, mostly reserve officers, who cannot be replaced and who otherwise would not consent to stay . I am prepared to furnish names of civilians and non- commissioned officers whose families will be sent in first increment , as we 1 as names in first increment of approximately 2000 officers ' families who wi]l be selected throughout all grades , based upon the length of service of head of families overseas . Commissary privileges will be avaiiab 1 e commencing 1 I,iay . Commutation of rations will be provided enl j sted men of first three grades whose dependents come . "Because of this added inducement I also look for increase in regular army enlistments for Austria . I strongly urge favorable consideration of this request in order to have representative .American families in this area , and also to take positive steps toward the improvement of family morale both here and in Uni t ed States , where forced senaration is source of increasing discontent among dependents . I recommend that the War Department make early announcement of the privilege even though its implementation will cover a period of time . No question in my mind but that I will be prepared to handle deuendents from United States commencing 1 ·,1ay, when cold weather will have ended . 11 - * * * * �SEC VIENNA--JANUARY 26, 1946--General Clark arrived at 091,.5 and immediately conferred with General Tate ano General Mci,1ahon who were followed by Colonel Luongo of the 222nd Infantry Regiment . Colonel Luongo 1 s regiment is being replaced by the 242nd Division, and Col . Luongo came in to bid the General good.by . At 1200 General Saltzman saw General Clark ai1d accompanied him to his vi1la where they had 1unch . In the evening General Clark accompanied by General Saltzman, Miss Eyer , . General 1vichlahon went to the opera and after dinner at the villa returned to the Bristol Hotel where .the General saw the fl oor show. General Clark left the Bristol Room after a short time and returned to his villa . * * * * VIENJ:..A--JA.~UARY 27, 1946-- General Clark spent the day at his villa. He had lunch with General Saltzman and in the .evening had guests for dinner and for a movie entitled 11 Duffy 1 s Tavern". * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 28, 1946--Ceneral Clark arrived at his office at 09300 After conferring with General Tate and General r✓.icI1iahon, General Clark addressed the Staff conference at 1010, concering families: "Gentlemen, I thought it worthwhile to come here this morning and bring you up- to- date on the steps I am takin g with regard to bringi.Dg families over here . It is a subject which is very dear to my heart and one that I intend to push as hard as I can in spite of some of the reports I get from the Viar Department that they are meeting with all kinds of difficulties with regard to housing . I sent a radiogram yesterday to USFET on this subject . I am going to read it to you . This is not for publication in the press because i t might embarrass the War Department . I don ' t mind your indicating to your families those of you who are interested in having your wives come over - of the fact that I am deeply interested in this matter . (For text of cable which General Clark read at meeting - s ee Diary J &nuary 25 , 1946) 11 Now one point in there about hovsing - we have a board here that has been appointed looking into troop requirements. At present we have troops in many apartments . In the summer it will be possible to get them into more desirable barrack-type locations and the small apartments made available for families . We are pretty well spread out at this Headquarters with well over one thousand pieces of property requisitioned. I think that by some readjustment with cutting down of the headquarters by that time and not turning back an~ of this property , we will be able to give reasonably adequate accommodations to families and all of you who are interested in having dependents come over must impress upon them that it is no picnic . There will be hardships, but it will be a privilege to be here and have the families together . I a~ shooting this thing to General Eisenhower for his information . He discussed it with me before he left and he is very much interested . That will give them something to chew on when they get it. �11 0ne other point is requisitionjng . There will be no more automatic requisition of apartments and nicer places to live. From now on they are all ve:.7 carafully screened . We are begi:nning to be subjected to criticism because of the number of real estate parcels , approx~nately 1 , 335 , we have taken from the Austrians . We haven 't received much criticism ye·t, but if they found out what we had, we would . I want to contract rather than expand so that we can take families :in. Are there any· ques t ions?" At 1030 General Clark saw General Saltzman with General MciJahon and at 1100 promoted eight officers in his off ice • .Among those promoted were Colonel Moo:re, the General's pilot , and Captain Kennedy, son of Col. Kennedy . At 1115 General Clark saw Mr . Erhardt who had just ret.urned from a vacation at Bad Gastein . General, Clark conferred with Mr . Erhardt for some time concerning the developments v1hich had taken place during Mr . Erhardt I s absence. Colonel Rich spoke to General Clark about the General ' s physica} condition and joined the General for lunch at the Commandjnf General ' s mess • .After conferring with Colonel :Jiarget at 1415 on the currency problem in Austria, General Clark saw General J,lci,lahon and then after taking care of his corres pondence, left his headquarters for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening . General Clark sent the following message to General Gruenther : Reference No . 012802: 1'hanks for informa tion on Chai:rman 1 May 1 s quotation and on New York Times editorial . Please have Grogan thoroughly briefed by Persons on last minute situation . What is your estimate of s ituat ion with r egards investi• gation and confirmation . Hope Chaney gets well soon . I need him . 11 11 * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 29 , 1946---General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 09050 He immediately conferred with General Tate and then dictated letters . At 0940 General Tate briefed General Clark for the AJ.lied Council meeting which i s to be held tomorrow and discussed all items on the agenda , for the forthcoming meeting . At 1100 hours General Clark left hi s headquarters t o go to General McCreery 1 s headquarters at Schonbrunn Palace, where he discussed the financial situation and currency problems of Austria. He arrived back at his headquarters at 1225 and immediately saw General Tate concerning his conference with General ilcCreery . Immediately followinl? General Tate, GeneraL Clark talked with Colonel Paxson concerning the assignment of Lt . Eisenhower • ..After seeing General Howard for a short time concerning the recent investigation and report of the Russ ian Repatriation Committee, General Clark had lunch with General Howard and his staff . General Clark saw General Tate for a short time after lunch and left his headquarters for his vi1la. After having rested in the afternoon, General Clark invited Ambassador and iwirs . Patterson and their daughter for cocktails. The Ambassador ' s party had arrived early in the afternoon from Bel grade. Other guests included Ii1 r. and iilrs . Erhardt , Miss Coltharp, a member of Ambassador Patterson ' s party , General 'I'ate , General mclriahon, Lt . Traugott and Capt . Luther 0 s �SE ET VIEllliA--JANUA..tY 30, 1946--Gene"Y'al Clark arrived at his office at 0840 and immediately saw Colonpl ?axson . Later he saw Genera] Tate with .,.r • .,e;rhardt on the a~enda to be taken up at the Allied Council meetinf . Later he saw General 1,Ic11!ahon ,and at 1030 left his office for the AJ.lied Council meeting . The General returned to his office at 1545 hours and after conferring with i.!r . irhardt went to his villa where he srent the rest of the day . Gene:r- J CJ ark SPnt the following- messaee to General Gruenther: "Your 211 received . Committee ' s request is step in right direction . Report must be factual and cover battle in its over- all aspects rathe~ than from the poin~ of view of an iso-ated divisional attack . Have radioed General Eisenhower offering- Paxson as consultant, if desired . Jlssume you wil 7 be given opportunity to review report . Is this correct? Under new agreement of two Al 1 ied Council meetinrs a month, I finish my Chainnanship after today's meeting . Am takinp off morning of :F'ebruary 3rd for Capri for two weeks badly needed res t. '! * * * * VIE~lil:,A--Januar;r 31 , 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 . He immediately saw General dc11lah n about the plans for the reception of General Lee . At 1000 hours General Clark met General Lee , who had arrived earlier in the day , and after an honor guard in front of the Bank BuiJding spend the rest of the morning :in his office discussing various problems with General Lee . At 1300 hours Genera . Mccreery arrived at General Clar k ' s headquarter s and h d lunch ni th General Clar~ General Lee and other guests among whom were General Moore , Commanding General £8th Division, and Genera Smith of General Lee 1 s headquarters . After lunch General Lee and his party toured the ci t~r and in the evening attended a cocktail party and dinner given by Genera' Clark . Liarshal Konev, General Zheltov, General Cherriere , Ambassador Patterson and 1,lrs . Patterson were among the guests . After the party General· Lee left for faidlinr; Station v1here he departed in General Clark ' s train for Udine. General CJ ark returned to his villa at 2300 hours . The fol lowing messaee was sent to the .To int Chiefs of Staff from GeneJ·al Clark: Ref . No . P- 2043 : .Allied Council meeting 30 January characterized by tenaci tJr with which opinions were held . British, French, U. S. supnorted general plan on restitution United Nations property as conforminr to .AJ.lied Council directive . On Soviet insistence report referred back to Cuadripartite Division to pr"'pare complet'9 plan including lists of properties. 11 1. 2 . Upon U. s. insistence supported by British f:ina7ly agreed to send only warnin_.- lette~ to al] editors concerning violations of A11strian press dlrectj_ve . Soviet held out at lenrt:1 for more drastic imr1ediate action inc 1 uding suspension of certain napers . 11 �s '!3 o Agreed on tv,o Allied Council meetings per month . on 10th ~nd 25th. In future meetings "4. Reparations Division ordered to examine and report on concre te cases Al1ied reparations claims to German property of doubtfu1 origin locat ed in different zones . 5. In accordance with WAR 93685 , January 20 and 62 , Januarv 19 from Sec:,_oetar;1r of Ptate to AFSPOI f,J' I :introduced a pro1)osal to instruct Executive Cornrrdttee to ex&~ine strength of Ajlied armed forces in Austria and submit study with recomr,1endations coverinr' phased :reductions . French and British mer.ibers arreed . Soviet member said he could not agree with proposed action as sub.ject is matter vrhich should be handled by Governments and not by Allied Council. After the meetinf I a.,.,.ain raised question with Konev and he repeated the stand taken by him on this subject in AlJ i ed Council meeting . It is clearly evident Council can make no procress on this subject until Konev gets instructions from his Government . In his discussions on paper presented on reduction of ' troops Konev stated Soviet forces are beine steadily reduced by demobilization; that he could not arree to action by Allied Commission to reduce troops because: it is a matter for GovernmentaJ determination; German surrender instrument remains to be fully carried out; demilitarization and denazification of Austria are still incomplete; the campaign against i~azi ideology has not been satis factory; trial of Nazi criminals is beinc delayed; and all this has even raised hopes of Hapsburgs who have arain entered Austria . 11 ( 6 . ..'\fter th meeting I asked Konev if he had received instructions from his government concerning acc8ptance of the objectives stipulated bv the U. s. Con?ress in connection with last mrn.r'lA Appropriations Act . Konev stated he had no instructions from his Government . I shall continue to press for fulfi}lment of these objectives. Soviet element stands firmly against stipulations unless instructions are received from i,.oscow. 11 11 0 * * * \"IENNA--February 1, 19/,6--General Clark arrived at his headq arters at 1000 hours . He immediateJv saw Colonel Reeves of the Siimal Section and Colonel Paxson concernine: a teletype conversation to General Gruenther later in the d_ay . He later conferred with General 1c.,lahon and General Tate on the Rapido River crossinr a.>1.d to!)ics to be brought vp in the teletype conference later in the eveninc. After seeinp Colonel Nvgaard , w"o is Roon J eaving for the States , Gr:sneral Clark talked with General Snavely . At llL,5 General Clark saw Mr . HcCormac and Mr . Fodor , war corres1')ondents . Ac companio·l by Genera ' Saltzman, General Clark left his office for his villa where he had lunch and spent the remainder of the afternoon . He returned to his office at 700 hours where he made last minute notes to be used in tne te3 etvpe conversation to ·.-:ashington . The conversation be r an at 1800 hours and lasted until 2100 hours . Durine: this time General Clark discussed the complete Rapido River crossinr incident with Genera Gruenther and gave him aJl his views on the subject and answered al1 questions desired in Vlashine-ton . Genera] Cl ark left his office at 2015 hours for his vi1 la where he spent the rest of the ni.crht. 11 �~IElTiiA--VBBEU!JlY 2, 1946-- Gener 1 Cler~ arrived at his office at 0900 . He conferred with General Tate for a short time and later with :.rr . £rhardt . At 1000 hours he at ended a Guard of' Honor which was held for Admiral Hewitt , Cormnander of the l,ava] :r orces iri the .C::'I'0 . Ad□iral l:ieni tt , with Commodore Shelley and other haval of~icers , arrived early this morning by train . The purpose of :;heir visit is to present Genera" Clark with the liavy Distinguished Service medal. .After the rtonor Guard Gene ..:·al Clark escorted M.miral Hewitt and Commodore SheJley to his office and spent a short time there wnile th~ General ' s staff gathered for the rresentation . Shortly tb0reafter General Clark and .Admira: Hewitt went to the Conference Room in the Bank Building TThere the ld,,_iral presented General Clark witr.. the tistinruished Service ,,:edaJ for his superior work at Salerno . .After the ceremony General CJark discussed the work iI Austria with Admiral. Hewitt and his staff . At 1100 hours , dniral Hewitt and accompan~rinf officers v1ere taken on a tour of the city, returning to the Bank build:ing at 7,300 uhere they had lunch with C'eneral Clark in the Commanding GeneTal 1 s mens . During the afternoon the Admiral 1 s party continued their tour of Vienna . Geno1·a] Clark left his office at 1500 hours and walked to his vi]la . At 1930 hours General Clark gave a cocktail party at the Bristol Hotel for Admiral Herritt and his party, r.10nbers of the S·~ate Department a:1d Sr. Staff officers . :E ollowin[' cocktails , dinner was served in the Oval n_oom of the Bri.stol . Gene1'a) ClarJ· accompanied by Ad:nir'.ll He,vitt isited the Bristol h.oom and at 2400 hours Genera}. Clarl,. de-p3rted for his villa . Gene'·al Clark sent the follow;ng messar-e to the Joint Reference i:fo . P- 2199 : hiefs of Staff, 11 In ac cordance ni th authority f!ran ted in W]l.R 9/, 820 I h~ve arranP-ed to lond French approximately 2500 tons food for Vianna feeding to tide them over first half li' February. Under Jocal afJTeement French wil1 r9pay loan not Jater than 20 Februar:" . French food Sl'fT'lies scheduled to arrive between now and 20 February adequate for one month supply . kn unabJe to ret an;r information on French pood situation for :,Iarch . 11 * * * * VBl11-IA--:FiB1'.U.ARY J , 1946- -Gene-:-a: Clark left his vil a for the cub strip and at 0930 flev1 in his 1 - 5 to Tul_l n airfield, accompanied by Genera] Saltzman . The General took off from 'lulln in his E- 17 accompanied by General .SaJtzman, voJonel Klein and Cart . I-uther for a t,7o- week 1 s rest on the Isle of Ca"'ri. The Ger,eral landed at Rome at 1230 ho11rs and with his partv went immediately to the 3xce7sior Ho.,_.e 1 "1he.,.,e the~· stayed durinp th"' tir11e s1ent in _ome • . i.ft.er lunch Genera Clark spent the afternoon walkinr throuph the cit:r with Genera SaJtzmen . ID the eveninr he had dinner at th9 hotelo * * * T * �R0iIB, rr T,Y- -F ::PJUA.BY 4, 191: 6--Genera] C rk snent the morninr- wa7 kin.:' and at 1800 hours Col. No.,..man Iiske ca 1 ed on ..,h0 Genera1 at the hotel to bring him two beautiful bibles r·hich ,-,ere a gift fror:1 1,he Comnittee of Liberation of Tforthern Italy . General Dascher, 1corne Area Commander als called on the General. At 1930 hOUl'S Genera• C ark uent to .'¼mbassador Kirk rs for cocktails . Amonr,- the ·uests were Ca:::nel 0:f'f'ie, .tia~or Gew~ral Art ri1son,who 4 s retirinP to become Vice President of '!:LA, an0 other members of T..lA. General CJ ark accer ted an invitation to tale a short flir--ht in the 'l'1 lA Conste· lation 11 ,Star of ;,adrid 11 "':.he next day . Gene.ray Clark J eft the cocktan party and returned to ~he hotel Hhere he remained for the rest of the evening . -)(- * * * PO 'lE, I"'ALY --FEBB.lTATY 5, 1946--General ClGrk arrived at the Campino airport at 0945 and at 1030 took a short ride in the 'Y11A ConstelJ ation . .After the hop the Gnn,=,•a1 took off in Ihis B-17 for Hales and ·anded there at 1210 hours . General Clark was met bY General Jaynes at the airport and escorted to the · dock where he boarded a crash boat, for a f i fty- minute run to Ca·,ri. General C: ark went immediately to his vi] la , Unphia ·,.arina, ,.-,here he was to sta;• durinf his vacation on Ca,..,ri. He spPnt the rest of the da~, rel axing . * * * CAPRI, r ATY--:?EBRUARY 6, ]9/6- -General Clarlr ·,ent fishino- at 1000. However, the only t 1 ·re of fishing at C&pri was pullin[" in a 1 ready prerared lines so the General came in after a short while . In the afternoon he rested and later took a walk . Thct eveninrr he had dinner at his vi 7 la with Genera] Sa}tzman and , General Sullivan j and Co} onel KJ ein . ':'he foll ovfinr messa~·e was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Refer nce P- 2/;,.38: 0 No 11 0n February 4, a Sovir;t deleg-ation headed bv a·'l Arm~r Lia,ior nal"led !\aR"an anT'eared at the Creditanstalt Bank jn the International Zone of Vienna, in.formed the bank manager that the Donau Dampfschiffahrts Gesellschaf (Danube Steamship 1:avirration Company) and four :;.ess imr,ortant companies had become Soviet pro:'lerty as of February 2 in consequence of a decision 11 passcd. by the l llies 11 , and demanded the funds on deposit to the credit of these companies. 11 The Ban:V manarer refused to hand ove:!'.' the funds without a written order from the Allied Council. He was informed by the Sovir-its that the matter uas one between them and the bank and did not concern the JI 1 7 ied Council. On per sis ting in his refusal to turn over the money the m, na[~er was given until 9 AI,: the fol lowino- d"l~· to have the funds ready for de1iv8ry . SECRFT �C 11 '1' 1-ie same Soviet deleration ca} led at the offices of' the DDSG and informed the manacer tho. t the Comnany was non Soviet propert;v, but that the staff ·1ould be retained under Soviet· control officers, who remained on the premises. After denarture of the Soviet delegation the manarer.1ent of the Credi tansta1 t appealed immediately to the Austrian Government and to the Commanders of the western Allies for sunport and pui0ance. Each of these Commanders sent to Creditanstalt on the evening of February 4 a written notice of their objection to the nrooosed Soviet action . 1 11 0n the mornin .a of February 5, m:r Leputy, actin: on my behaJ f, sent a 1 etter to 1,1arshal Konev statinc- the US view that the nroposed Sovi"'t action with res ~Act to DDSG, and to the other companies by imp1ication, was contrary to the London agreement, Lioscow agreement, the apreement not to fake reparation frorr: A1Jstria , and to a recent decision of the Allied Council to bring about discrssion of reparation claims a:ainst djsruted German assets distributed in mor, than one zone o:f' occupotion, in the -ight of tho yrnes - PoJotov understandic1g . Konev was urged to take no further action but to submit the case to the Al lied Council for consideration and decision . 11 0n the mornjng o:' February 5 the Soviet delegation returned to the Creditanstalt and repeated their der.iancl for the DDSG and other comnanies 1 funds. British military police had been r osted in the bui] ding as insurance L-i the event of threatened violence . The manager of the Creditanstalt presented the Soviet leader with a 1etter from the Austrian Finance :.Iinistry stating that the proposed transfer of funds was i 7 -1 era] under the recent SchiJJ inc Law which had been enacted at the request of the Allied Covncil, and claimed he could give up no money without authorization frol'l the AC . The Bank manarer referred verbally to the letters from the \,estern AlJied Commanders objecting to the trans fer, but did not produce these. After reiterating their demand and again stating that the !!latter did not concern the AC the Poviets left without set ting any future deadline for deJiver;-tr of the funds . 11 Thereafter the Soviet deler-ation appeared in turn at the Austrian National Bank, the Laenderbank, and the Postsparkasse and made simi1ar demands for the funds of DI:SG ar.d. other companies. At the Na tiona] Bank ulaj or Kagan presented a letter signed by himself and statinr that the property had passed to Soviet ovmership in consequence of a "decision by the Allies" . Each of the three banks refused to turn over the funds without written authorization from the AC but were given a deadline of 3 PM, February 6 in which to have the money ready for delivery .. "The companies af f ected by the Soviet action, in addition to the DLSG, are the foJ lowing: Continentale ::otorschiffahrts AG (Cosmos), Bayrischer Lloyd , HITAG 1 and STINES. 11 The funds of DDSG on de!'osit in the banks concerned are reported to total roughly 15,000, 000 Schil:infs . SECRET �CRr "I be] ieve that the Soviet references to a 11 decision 1)assed by tho Allies 11 as noted in the foreR"oinP can only' refer to the I-otsd~ proto~ol. I feel thPt a firm stand is necessar;v in the 1resent situation in order to maintain our interpretation of th9 Potsdam anc other re)evant United Nations aereement.. J.s both .1arshaJ Konev and General Zhel tov have been absent from Vienna during the above described events, I believe the actions taken b;,r their subordinates must reflect a policy laid down directly- from :.1oscow. We have repeatedly experienced that where the Soviet e'emF3nt in ~ustria is carrying out a policy determined by their 1:1overnment , debate and discussion in the AC cen rroduce no sip:nificant chanres , as the local ,Soviet re!resentatives are unable to devi[lte from their instructions , even v1hen their convictions are not in har ·1on~r with these . "It is dif:"icult to judge how lone the Austrians can hold out under the Soviet prAssure ,;i th,~such indirect support as we can give them . I th refore propo::,e to dissuade the Soviet element from takin,.,. such nrecipitate actions . I am sure I will receive the full sup"'ort of the commanders of the other weste:rn itllies, ·to\,ard this end . 11 0 The folloming cable was sent to the Joint Chiefs 0£' Staff and is a res 1 1.rne of the , Allied Council Exe cuti ve Committee on 5 February : lteference P- 2Li39: 11 J t meeting fil.lied CounciJ xr>c1..-:.ive Committee 5 February 19/46 French "21ement stated tha t instruction::, had been received from their Government that owinr· to preca,,,ious si tuat::i.on world market in cereals and sup l:v of German corn, Gene ·•c1l Koeni rt Corun"'nc5nrr }:rerch troo,..,s j.n Ge man1:1 had been indur.'3d to reduce br...,ad.ration in French occuuation zone in Ge,,,many by 25;' . ::-rench Government had ins+,rl'cted Ko<>nir-" to 1 t.>'.' ni, ttn:r before Con+roJ CoP1mission in Be:-lin and press , firstly , for s imil.<-r red uc tj on i '1 bread ration· ne- in all zones , and secondly, for a poolin,· of .food resources • · 0 II 11 rr nch Gove -nment considers it necessary that some measure be adopted in Aus,ria and th refore J.irench ~lement herA introduced resolution in Executive Committee as f oJ lovrs : 0 11 Firs-i;lv, that th0 ration of brec.d or f 1 our a located in the Iirench occupetion zone in Austria should e immediatf:lly reduced bY the same percentare as in Ger::un1 . Secondly, that the enforcement of a simil· r mer.sure be asked of the oth::::r elements of the Allied Control ComTcJission in Aus+.ria by the French Element . Lastl", that the pooling of rt?.sources in cereaJ s and other food products be likerlise proposed . 11 "French rer resentativ9 stated at ;vesterdav 1 s r.' eetin~ that vnder ins true tions from his Governr1°n t recluc tion in bread ration was to be eff ec ti ve as soon as ossib:e but not later than 20 February; and to remain in - effect until next crop un} ess UNB '.A surrlies avai 1 ·,b: e sooner . iirench repre::ent11tive upon re uest other Lllied members of Execuvive Committee agreed to recomnend to his Government thrt rresent ration standard in Austria be maintained pencing investieation and estabJ ishment of ros ition on this subject b;, other three po71ers . �11 :Je have Vi enna co ,.ies of Paragr ar,s h 3 anc'l beari nf on bread ju t reci:dved cable lrn . L,J from Ul'JI,.:.A r!ashini::-ton to UHRr..A whi ch were sent to chi efs of UNRF..A •.!is s ions , worldwide . 4 of this cable are quot ed below as they have impor t ant rationinc : t .3 . In t he J i e-ht of the infor'tlation given j_n paraf raphs l and 2 above , I request you to consult as a matter of urgency 1,:-i th the hi 7 hcst author i ties of · the p-overnment to which you are accrec.ited with a view t o 11 t a . Gr-ireful husbandinz. of both imported and indi-:·enous sur1plies of not onl;v tho norrml bread cereals wheat and rye but also maize , barle:r, oats and potatoes ; 11 . '.!.'akin" steps Lo reduce both the gen0ra 1 and srecial rations of bread and flour to fi ures c on1'7'ensurate with the pr esent extrenel;1r bleak outl ook . 11 11:: 11 1L . In ur~:ing you to h~1 ve at the ee.rJ iest possible date the cons ul tEi,tions referred to in par avraph 3 above I wish you to know : uIa. ( 'lhat I have personally apueal ed to the heads of the Governments of -~.he lnited ...-tates , Canada and Aus r alia to do everythinp ·:dthin their poner to riake l a r rer bread grain supplies avaiJ able to mm .A and 11 1 b . 'I'hat we will continue to ress on a J concerned for the comraitrnent to UUP. ?.A of '.7heat frc:n alJ sources of sup-'l:r of not less than ~ 'i" J'l' thousand netrjc tons per month . 11 .At the present time rntion scales in effect in Aus aria are arrroximately as fo- lows for the norma 1 conSU'll9r : 11 Vienna - average 1250 calories American anc British zones exc 1 1.:sive of Vienna 1550 calories F~nr..ch and 1ll1ssian zones exclusive of Voenna - 1000 calories A 257 reduc tion in the bread ration thr oughout Avstria vould mean a reducti on of aprrox:i.ms.tely 250 calori es Derday in the 'scales mentioned above . I consider that in view of the rr8at shortar-e of' indi'"enous fcod , a redt'ction of 25;' in the bread ration ( 250 calories) nithout compensatinr; food substit uti ons will have S<3r:.'. ous effect unon the heaJ t:· of the Austrian people , particulflr] ~r throu ·hout th0 balance of the v1inter . I fee] that the current ration scale shou]d be continued untiJ benefit i s derived from next season ' s crops. I -nronose to ta~·0 this s;and in t he Al ied Council , unless otherwise instructed . 11 11 * * �FT 3l CAFr.I ,, IT:ALY --FEBRUARY 7, 191,6--General Clark Jeft his vil, a at 0930 um~ waH·ed to Ana Capri \1ith G·eneral f,u:i J ivan and Genere.J s,,, tzman where he visi te11 the home cf Dr . i:ircl dun the, writer of the book "'l h9 Story of San Miehe] e 11 • At 1300 hours the Gen-'ral had lunch in a loca 1 restaurant with the rest of his narty and walked to his viJ l a ~ He sren t the rest of the day at his vi]la c * * * * C.AIRI, I'i'ATY --FEBRUW 8, J9/6- Genera} Clark s:,~pt the day relaxinr and took a walk in the afternoon . * * * * CAPPI, ITAT:Y--FEBRUA.FY 9, J 946--General Clark took a lorn, waJ k in the morninr w~. th General .Sa] tzrian and General CullJ.van up to tho ruins of the palace of th-3 Emperor of '1 iberius . 1 The fol Iov,iN· cnh1 8·· 'i.'c.,S :..~ c":ivec1 b,r Gen°ra} ci~rk from tho Chief of Staff, 'Jar Lenartnent : .:-:efPrence ~~o . 961:8~/~ 0 ( I " kble quoterl below is beinp sent by UNi=:.:i-i.A to Parminter . For ;vour info state understands British wiJ press for cut-off date of 2r :feb •. War DenPrtm,,nt resT'om1jbi H:• for AuP1-rian Supp]ies ,,Ji7 J cease with iniation of UNRPA Prosram . State 1md ·:rer concur that it is immaterial whether cut- off date of mi] i tary responsibi 1 it~, is 28 }r.,b or 31 l.iarch but UNlI':.A should not assume financial responsibilit;-<r uniiJ. i"G has distributing responsibi-..it. also . ,·;ar fepartment Letter dis~atched to }eb . 46 r0fers . 1 11 In order to clarifv areas of responsibi1.i ty A.S betwP~n UNRI-U:. on one hand and the AlJ ied Control Council as \le 11 as the Cons ti tuen t Oc cup;,ving Powers on the other hand , we propose: 11 1. mrn::-.A will J oad from 1 .arch th3 rel.ief and rehabilitation supplies provided under the General Austrian Proeram novr before UNHLA Central Comr;ii ttee for a , ·roval amountinf'" to approxi'r1a1:,ely 70 , 000 exclu.dinf shi.ppinr cof'ts . All sup lies J oaded under this proeram wiJ 1 be consicned to the mmi°{A idiss:i..on for distribution . in Austria in ace ordance v:i th whatever a£reement is finally arrived at betHeen the Austrian authorities the AJ lied Council and mm1.i.A . • UH::;_:cA vrill take over such ir1ported relief anr rehabi" i tation supplies as fall within its proi_~ram and which are located or arrived in Austria after April l a.rid belong to t:1e Occupying Authorities and wiJ l ray therefore asainst a::·,,...roprir:te receirts in accordance with strict inventory , price and accountin']' arranpements to be aP-reed unon and al 1 those sup~lies vlill be considered for distribution in the whole of Austria in accordance v-ith the terms of the a 0 reement between the Austrian government, Allied Council,and UNRRA. s T �11 3. The proposed arrangements concerning sur;-,lies for displaced pe.,.,sons eli?ib] e fo:r UNR?.A care wiJJ be covered by J ater cable . "4. The total prozram for Austria as apnroved b;v the Central Conmi t tee wi11 inc J ude al l of the supplies delivered b:r 1JNRHA to .Austria and the supplies oricinally DX(J{* HBY ZED by the occup:rin[' povrers and turned over to UNRRA after .April 1 . This will of course inc] ude the supplies shinred b:7 mr~.lJI.. under its Janue.ry and February Emerfency Propram and the supplies for displaced persons ." "We must have an immediate answer from the A"l liecl. CounciJ. on whether these po5.nts are acceptable . Appropriate rrovisions should be made to cover th9se poj_nts in the basic afreernent beinp nep·otiated in Aus ria . "Above was communicated to repr '·sentatives of United States 1.JK , France , U...,SR in Washington . " * ( * * * CAPRI , L'ATY --FEBRTJARY 10, J 9Lr6-- General Clark received Generel Sir John and Lad," i.!orran at 1245 and had 1unch with them at his viJ 1 a . General ifor fan and Lady ,.. organ left the Island by PT boat at 1500 . G,meral Clark spent the rest of the da~" at his villa . * * * * C.APR.I, I'rALY -- FEBRU.ARY 11 , 19L,6-- General Clark spent the da:r relaxinp- at his viJla . * * * * CA.l-PI, ITALY--FEBRUARY 12 , 1946- Ceneral Clark spent the da~t relaxinr- at his vi1 J a . General Tate sent the fo]lowing cable to General CJark , Reference No . T- 021102 : "Bethouart stated in AC today that French have NO wheat and only limited quantities other types of. food for Vienna RJ l.Tarch . 11 He urged thRt other Allies poo· .-rood , inc udin'.:" reserve atocks to el'l.sure that all zones in VIEN.i:JA i'lould have prover amount of food . He stated that nerotiations in the 'C'nited States to acquire v1heat b~, }rench have broken down and he does not b10w what future wiJ J. brinr . ( �RE 11 i:'le did not agree with Bethouart I s pro;'osal that A1J ied rc.:.serves be pcole to Latisfy French deficiency. On t.hG other band it ~-;as agreed that sone solvt.ion wc1Jd have to be worked out in view of announcements by ll1U'l'i;D STATES, illHTED KINGDOM and UNO regardjng .mrld food shortaze . "I discussed this matter informally ,dth : ..onev and ·rccreery and both exoressed al arm over situation r,e face in I.:arch if French unab1e to pet food . All of us feel that in viev1 of £OVern:t'1ental statements on food shortaee we cannot afford to c-o to Zonal feedinz . Reperci.:ssions would be too e-reat to justify such action . On other hand ~'!e recoc:nize fac-4:; other Al 7 ies cannot crntinue to carr;,7 l rench inclefi1:ii te 1 y, esneciallJr since they have lmovm since i.ovember first thRt the~.r · would have to assume their full food cw.mitm~nt beeinnins l February . 111.IcCreery and I feqJ we should tr,· to rnal·e some arranc-ement whereby we turn over French March recuirements for vr::::~.i,A on a dea, vJith mrn•.A to extent illi!RI'.A cr,.,di ts us ·ni th cost of these ::;upp1 ies a rains t U!.TEF'.A prorrcim in \ustria. This seems to be onl;r V:ay out . If Jrou agree with this proposal I wilJ follow throurh with UlTF..R..A and tr7 to get aprrova 1 from War re:.--:,rtment for our share . 11 PJ.ease 1 9t mr-, l now :ronr views soonest as ther"' is consi<lerabJ.e de• tail to com:!_)1 etinP' deal .. " Genera] Clark received the fol] m·1inf', messace from Genera) Tate in rerard to the AlJ ied CounciJ r.:eeting on February 11, 19.46, r..eference Ho. T-021103: "AlJ ied Council meetinc- today was row:;h . Session broke up at 1930 toni 0 'h't, . Hain discussion centered around resolution clea, in · with results of investic-ation in zonos to d9terrnine existence of miJitari:t organizations. All the h:-ord work I · did Jast Saturda;r to Fet agreement went by the board· today. Point of contention was situation in British Zorie • ..lcCreery and I onev hnd it out . After :'o~~ hours of r1isrprsion and severa 1 conf9rences of col11I'l.anders no acreer:1.ent reached. Both :.:ccreery and Konev s+.ated thAy ''1011ld send rerorts to their 7overnments ~ Konev stated he felt free to inform Press on conditions in British ZonP. Bethouart and I did 01.,., best to reach a:rel'!MP'1~. Jj ·rf8rerce :Lr viev•s ITcCreer - and Konev could not be breached.. I have not mentioned srbject to our fress and do not intend to. Frrcmch throw bombshell into meetinc bv cal lint: for a rP-duction in bread ration in Vienna by 25 percent (250 caJ.ories). I took stend that instructions from our covernment would not permit me to 8E,7'ee to any reduction in Vienna ration below that of Berlin; that since Berlin according to 1 atest inf'ormation was feedinv 1542 ca]ories French proposal nould place Vienna below that scaJ.e. It vms agreed that matter should be studied by Economic 1irectorate and recommendations would come before next meetinc of PD . We have had no reply to messac:e to JCS on this subject which I sent 11 C �fe"'J da~•s bacl· . Serarate message bein,, sent you reeardinc- French food position for Barch . 11 Have had message from State 1epartment advi sing the.t Department , and :iar Department arproved action vre took regardinc Sovir:➔ t seizure of ITSG st"'amship property and assets . ..less age urged 1.:s to raise action cf Soviets in t ,1is case in AC . This was done today . honev stated properties were taken over 1.nder Potsdam and that ether A1Jies had no right to dfaregard stated vi rrs of h0ads of governments at Potsdam by attemptine to interfere with Soviet action . HcCreer;;", Betbouart and I virorously opposed l\onevs views . ,1e P-ot nowhere except to clarif~r further Soviet s to.nd on entire gl'estion of reparations . State Deuartment asLed us to re:,ort results our raisinc question so they can bring ur on rovernmental level . Erhardt is makinf fulJ report . "Considered messaee from UNRRA about takinc over responsibility for supplvinr Austria on J. April . I sent copy this message to you uith Paxson . ,.latter was referred to Econor1ic Directorate to stud:- and report next meeting AC . I feel we sho ld send mess age to JCS regarding implications this chane-e • .Am sending you separate mcssare outlinfing what I fee] you should send . "Remainder items on Ai:;enda unimportant . Have your rnessaee about Bi ll . Will let you lmow later about sending him by air to Narles • 11 * * * * CAPPI, I'J'AI.Y--FEBRUARY 13 , 1946--rreneral Clark left Ca!='ri by crash boat at 1000 hours f or Sorrento -;bere he stayed at the Victoria Hotel. The Gene,.,('.} took a Jonr walk and after dinner retired early . 1 * * * . * NAPLES , I'.i'Al.,Y--F'EBRUARY l/4 , 1946--Cren,:,raJ Clarl: 7 eft Sorrento at 0910 and arrived at Naples at ] 100 hours . Colonel Coblentz , Commander of PBS met the . General at the dock and escorted him to the Universi t~r of Naples , from which the Gene:~a1 had previ ously received an honorary degree . The Genera] taJ ked to the Vice President of the University and other members of the faculty . After leavine t:i-1e University the General cal led on the Duchess of D1 Aosta at her home and then drove aJong the waterfront of Naples . General CJ ar:h received the fol10 1·d.11f messace from E . Gaspar Dutra , President of the United States of Erazil : �SECRET ( 11 It was v1ith much satisfaction that I received the conrratulations you sent me on m;v assumption of the :residency of my cocmtry 1 s government . I felt particularly the delicacy of your reca1linr on that occasj_on the feats of arms performed by Brazilian soldiers in conjunction with your valorous .American firhting rrien . Vie f011rht for the highest principles of liberty and human dir:ni ty . I am sure that increasinrly anc' ,vi th r:iore solidarity, as has already been demonstrated throughout a whole century, therr> wi]] b e friendship between the United States of .Ar.1erica and Brazil . 11 * * * * CAPRI , I'i'ALY- - F~RU.f'JIT 15, 1946--Gene; al Clark spent the day on inc and j_n the afternoon took· a lone walk . 1 * C pri rent- * * CAPP I, I'""AIY --FEBRUARY 16, 1946--General Clark spent the day at his villa on Canri with Genera]. Saltzman . * * * Ct'l}JRI , I'"AlY , FEBRUARY 17, 1946--Gen°raJ CJ ark sr-ent the morning at his viJla on Capri and at 1230 hours received Lt . General J . C.H$ Lee , .Admiral Jal"es and Commodore i.:cCandlish and 1 ater entertained them at lunch . General Lee ts party left on .Admiral Jar1es I P T boat for Naples at 1530 and General Clark Spent the rest of the da;r at his villa . General Clark sent the f'ol lowir c; message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . F- 3075: 11 1 . Reurads HAR 96487 and WAR 97056. Subject concerns UNRhA . Concur th::it in interest of economic unity Austria, mmRA should assume full responsibiJ i ty Austria suppl:r at earliest possib 1 e date and that War repartment responsibility for imports should cease as soon as tnmRA pro["ram is effective . AJJ ied Council cannot cive immediate ansv,er on UN-1-LA questions quoted :in your cable but is now studyinv problem . 11 2 . In considerinv assumption hv UNP..=-'A of complete supply responsibilit;r as of 1 April 1946 , th.,, follov,;ing facts must be wei?·hed carefully . a . Prorosed UNRRA pro::ram for Austria is 70 mil 1 ion do1' ars . US exr.,erts here advise 70 million dol' ars is re(luired for fo od i tern al one for 10 months, on basis of ration scale providine 1550 calories for norma1 consumer . 'Ihis l9aves nothinf to apply against all other it.ems . ~jresent estimates of US eX'r)3rts :inclicate minimum requirements other items for 10 months as follows : agricultural rehabilitation 40 million industrial rehabi1itation 70 mi1lion (inc 1 udin17 18 milJ ion for coal and 7 mil ion for POL), medical and sanitation 2 million, and clothin,..., textiles and foot 1·1ear 2 mil1 ion. If industrial re- �habilitation item is rec'l,1ced to overall total of 40 million, these estimates are approximate1v in line with AlJied Council recor11mendations for IDffiPA 150 miJJion program submitted in December 19L5 . Prof1ram therefore seriously insufficient . Unless UNRRA increases its pror-ram or some other acrenc;'," pichJ up when UNnF~\ funds exhausted military 11cust take over then . 'Ihis break in sup 1, responsibi1it:, will cause many difficulties . 11 b. Under tn~!nA conditions as Jaid down to Austrian Government , mr.Jl: does not assume responsibility of distribution as cited in your cab]e 96487, nnra • Jn cons~derine; current mu.LA emerP-enc;v p,..ortra.rn the Austrian Government has ca' 7 Ad upon the Allied Cot:ncil for assistance in providine securitv at ports of discharge , and while supplies are enroute to Austria .. They have also asked for ass:istance in trnnsporting supnlies from rorts of dischare-e to distribution centers in Austria , as we 1 1 as truck tr..,nsports .for locaJ distribution . Al) this assistance is aslred for becm,..se Austria has no security force or motor tr-:msrort to do the job . LI:v troop basis is b0in,.. .c;reetly redliced and it w:U] be JT1ost difficult to provide assistance . \ ·hile UNRRA is sunpl ying a limited number of trucks it will be some time be' fore they are received and made operable . At tho present time a considerabJe number of mi} itar;v trucks is bein,..,. used to assist Austrians in food distri... bution . r.;otor transport situation vmul be eased if authorit:v is granted to turn over militaJ'.'"lr trucks now used in this work to Austrian Government on quantitative receipt as charge against cost of o~cupation , of if they are purchased by tnmRA . 11 c. :oubt exists in my mind as to abilitv of rnmFA to create an op/'-'>rati onal organization with the Austrian Government as of 1 Anril , due fo shorta['"e of exr~rienced lJNFR.."l. and Austrian. personnel . • I 11 d. Food estimete in tnfflii.A proeram is µredicated on reasonable return from 1946 crops in Austria . Such return is r;redicated on receipt of seeds, ferti} iz ers and farm mPchinery in rnm ..A p ogram . Recej nt of these i terns is considered highlv doubtful in sufficient timP. to plant successful crop , t:1ereby resuJting in necessity of increased imports of food . "e. In addition continued pres ence of laree number of Soviet occupational troops ri1akes it doubtful whether full return from indigenous crops can be secured for benefit of Austrian ponulation . 11 3. It is my belief that best re;;;,uJ ts rroula be ob tained b" 5raduaJ turnover as mmw. Sl pplies and services become availab e and the dis+,ribut:ion acencies are deveJ oped. Fur.th"'rm,ore assurance should be riven that once lJlURA assumes fu11 responsibili~y adequate funds will be avaiJab'e to carry the rehrbi- itation , disease and unrest programs to the end of the year and that provision is made by sor:'le a~enc7 -..i th the Al~s trj_an Gov,3rnment to ensure th& t needed supplies after 1 Jrumary 1947 are fo,-.1:,hcominr- . 1 �SECR T "4 . In the J irht of information ga-cl10red thus far in stud;r::..n::- this prob] er1 I feel i + \'/Ould be extreuol •,r difi'icul t for ul' RHA to assume ful - responsibi" it" for svr ly p:rio-r to •.iay 1. Also I be1ievc i t would be inadvisable to m'.:l]~e the complete chanre-over until warm weather arri ves . 11 * * * CAPRI , ITALY--FEBRUf.RY 18, 1946--General Clark and Genera Saltzman left the vi~ l a at 1000 hov.rs and spent the rest of the morn.:nc vmlkinr to .Pna Capri wlLre they had :!_ unch at a ] oca] restaurant . After lunch they r:alked ,back- t o the v illa where the· spent the rest of the day . * * * * CAPRI , ITAT,Y- Fi!!BR.UARY 19. , 1946--CeneraJ Clark left his viJ 1a at 0830 and walked to the dock vrhere he boarded a crash boat to depar t from the I s le cf Capri after having spent a t wo-weeks vacation there . He arrived at rJap]es at 1000 and drove in his cadil-ac to Lor1e arrivinp there at 1 3.30 hours . The General I s cadil a c arrived i n Lome on the General I s train and was driven to Nap] es by the Generq 1 1 s drivers . Lfter J unch Genera 1 Cl ark \d. tb. General Saltzman went for a waJk and returned to the hotel a cut 1700 for a rest . At 1930 hours General Clark entertained CardinaJ Francis J . SpeJ lman and Colonel Bina dachado , C'hief of Staff of the Brazi1 ian 1 rmy , at dinner in his Sl'ite at the Hotel ExC'elsior . After dinner Genera] Clark talked with Colonel ,achado for some time and then after a short vmll: retired ear1y . * * * ,.mIB , I'IALY--FE.'BFlUARY 20 , 1946--General Clarlr took a r1alk in the morninn- and at 1 '300 v,ent to the Grand Hote' where he had lunch with Cardinal Syie man , .:r . Jim Fcrley and Ur . Frank :Jalk~r . Gone:ral ~> 1 tz~an, Genera 1 Sul 7 ivan , Colonel lancan and Colone 1 "cCaffrey accom:~anied the General . At 1030 General C1 ark with Genera Saltzman , General .Sul i· an an, Ca.-, ai:1 1 uther r1ent to the Virinale , the ~:o:-:- - Falace , ,he-re he had a corife,·ence with Lieutenant General of the Rea] m, Cro,rn Prince Umberto . The Genera] tooJ.r a s 1ort shopr inr: tom~ throv::h sor.1e of the streets on his return to the ho+eJ and at 7 800 ["ave a cock'--.ail party in his hote1 suite for the off i c ers of his headquarters who had come to Rone for the Consistory . Genera] Lash ir , Commandinr Gener'11 }'one Area Command , · Colene·· Bina ,1achado , Colone- Tiernan , Chief Chaplain of the E':CO , also at:' end ea . · At 2000 hours General Clark r1as a cuest of General Lee at a dinner held in one of the private dininf' ro oms oi' the Excels i or HotA l. General Anders, CoCT,andinr, Gener-al of Fo 1 ish II Corps , was amon 6 the other _;ues ts • ..1essai:.:e t o the Brazilian r~0rle fron Genera 1 C ark, piven to Cclone1 Fina ..iachado, Chief of E'taff , Brazi1 ian Army : �RE 11 It has been m;v rood fortune this we"k to be in -0me when a sroup of my Brazi 1 ian friends are here, i nc vdj np, Co 1 one 1 Bina ; "achado, nho accom- panied the Brazilian cardinals coming to the Cons is tor:r, anc Gol onel Bra~rne'."' t ~jljtarv Att"lcho. It has rriven me fT at pleosure and satisfaction to see them and to renew my associat:i ons of the Ita ian campai1m and of my visit to Brazil ] as t July . 0 0bservinr at the Consistory the d.istincuished Brazj jrJ.11 carc'lina,s, their stronC' resolute fcatvi--es rPminc8d me of the Brazi 1 inn soldiers who had fotwht so marnif'icently in Ita 1 v 1.mder their Pa' lant "eader General .. 1ascarenhas De '.orais in order that the wor]d mivht be free. I 1vas touched to hear from m;v Brazil :Lan comrades and friends that the;v had made a ri - i:;rimap:e from lLome to the beautiful Brazi' ia.n cer;, ter-y at Pis toia . Her-c. 1 ie the ha 1 lowed dead who unselfishly gave their 1 ives so that future generations of their o,m end other neo::::i1es mirht enjoy the freedoms we hold so dear . 11 I send mv best wishes and admirations to the Brazi]ian neople and their Presidort Dutra ." * * * ROME , I'FALY--February 21, 1946-- General Clark left the Lot..,] Exce'sior at 0845 acco11:panied b Genera' lee , .Ir . Gowan of' thn V?tican Bmhassy, Gen°ral ... aJ t.zrian, .Adrrir1 James and .. lrs . Tittman for 2t. Peter ' s Cathedral to attend the Consistor;7 at which four .American Archbishops were made Cardinals . Gene"al Sullivan and General IIc,.:ahon had r.receded the party to St , }eter 1 s so tho.t the entire i::;rcup was assU1·ed of satisfactory s eating arrangements for the ceremonies . Generel Clark had one of the most exce1l ent seats - to the ri:"ht of .,,'ope ?ius ~ Tl1e ceremonies were ver,r iinrressive and colorful and J asted from 09.30 unto 1230 , General C1 ark returned to tho Excelsior Hotel and ,ioined General iee in his suite for cocktails. After lunch Genera 7 C ark tool; a wal k, returning to his suite at 1600 and took a rest . At 1800 hours I.Ir . Jim Iarley , accompanied by Father Ga,,non, President of l'ordham University, paid a caJl on Gene!'al CJark at the hotel . At 1830 Genera] CJRrk left the hotel with Genera] .Saltzman for General Lasher ' s vi1la to attend a cocktail rarty . Other pues ts at the party vrere Col one Bina Machado , Col cnel Bayn°r , Brazilian :,iilitary Attache in home, Adr:dral Jan.es and I.rs . Tittman . General CJark and part;v left General Lasher ' s home at 1930 and went to Barberini Palace where they attended a dinner "'ivon by P.mbassador Eirk . At 23]5 Genera] CJark arrived back at the hoteJ where he retired for the night . * * * * RO,lE , ITALY-:-FEBRU iY 22, "946--Genera 1 Clark deri 0 rt 0 cl from the hoteJ with General Lee , Genera 7 Saltzman, Colone 1 Paxson , Co} oneJ. Klein and Captain Luthe::r, at 0830 for the airport where he was to take off for Ancona . t the airport Genera: c1 ark bid eooclbye to Gi=meral .Sa] tzman, an o] c friend and companion , "lho j_s returninr tc tho states tocay . Genera- 8a] tzman had been with Genera] Clark for many "!lom:,hs overseas and had been one of his ·cl o'sest associates and friends • At 0915 General Clark t ook off from the Rome air--)ort with General 1 l �T J1ee in his B- 17 and ianded at .Ancona at 1000 where he was met by General .Anders , Gommandin GenPral of the Po" ish II Corps . IrnTiediately upon arTival an Honor Guard. made up of new Polish troops was on hand for the General , after which he proceeded to General Ander 1 s Headquarters 'S'here he had a short conference and then lunch . Immediately after lunch Genera Cl arlr left for the airport whore he r,wiewed an honor guard mede up of crac:k- i'oJ ish Lancer troops . Genera} C'ark departed by B-17 at 1420 enroute to Vienna , landinf at Tul1n Airport at 1645 . He immedia1:.e-1 y went to his villa wherc.:s he srent the r 0 mainder of the day . * * * VIENUA--F3BhUAB.Y 23, J9/:6--Gene~a1 Clarlc arrived at his offfoe at 0945 and irnrnediatel:v c onferred with l-..r . Erhardt on is' ues which had come ur during his absence , and later ta:ked ,ith Genera] Ts.te . Gene,..al H01-:ard saw General Cl nrk at 1000 with Genera 'l.'a:'-,e on the inteJ" irrence setuo and abot1t Gene··al Cl ark I s ~ e ·sona] safet, • At 1025 Gene.,..al ,.oran saw Gener&] C1 ark and was fo11owed bv CoJonel Stephons, head of' the Disrilaced Persons Livisjon . Genc,..al ':!. te c-onf9rr9d wi.th Genera7 Clark aeain at J.055 and at J 100 Genera] C7 ark rec~ived Generai Viin_,_erton , ie"'ut1 - Co: nanoin Genera} of the British Forces, with ·hom he conferred unti] J.1) 5 . Ehort1~, thereafter CoJonel Burrill, newJv appointed D,:,n11t7 C'hief of S+,af-", tal 1 ed 'Ii th General C1 ark unon the st1bj9ct of brincr:i..i:,r famiJ ies over . .H.e i:,-ave GeneTal C7 ark a ro:'."'ort on tre recent develoDment on t,hi2 s11bject . Gene ~a1 Clork left his office at 1 230 for hir viJla wher0; he sr•ent the rest of the dny. In the even:inr he attendA<l a hussian narty at the Hofburf Pa1 ace in co:amemorat:5 on of the 28th anniirersary of the R1Jssian Army Day. He returnec1. to his villa at 2300 and retired . 1 1 1 * * VIEtIT~A--F::OPUAT.Y 24, -9L6--G9neral Cl ark s::,ent the r:iorninu walking and at 1300 received the fo) lon ~ n · Jn9mbers of the iillr·J.o- American Co:m.7i +tee for J uncheon at his ,,jJlA : :.ir. Jose h 1-Iti+chirson, Sir John 2::. Sin~Jeton , .ilr . J . :,lc!'ona1d , Mr . Croirnman, .1r . Buxton , Lord I.iorrison, Sir l . I efuett, i.ir. CruJn, 1 r • .• Ihi 71 ins, f;r. Aydelotte, ..:aj or lanninri-ham-Buller . Th9 P1.Jes ts - eft at 1500 hours, after which General CJ ar~ rested for a f'.hort timA . /tt J 700 Gen,.,.rc 1 c- ar.· :eft his vi 11 a and v:alked to thA Bristo} HotPl where he attended a cocktail pa.,..ty r•iven bv ~mbassador and ,,.rs. Patterson who a'"e on t eir 1.-:a-1r to L,he States from Bel c-rrtde . Gene1:al CJ ark returned to his villa whe,.e he sr)ent the rest of the evenim:t. * * * * VI8.JNA--l .i.IBhU.Af.Y 25, 191,6--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and irn• medi,:itp,~, t.::llked with Genera] 'I'ate on the agenda for the AlJied Covncil meetinf. later he talked with Colonel Eatman on the subject of alJotm•=mts and at 1000 discussed certain noints of the ae;enda with t.r. ~rherdt . At 1030 with G9nera~ Tate and. r . Erhardt, GenernJ C7 ark left his office for the Allied Com1cil neetine, returm nf to 'his headmarters at 1600 . He inunediatel;v held a press conference, givinP- the war correspondents an "off the record" reriort of the A" J.ied Council ·,neetinr:. '.ihe followinP- corresrondents attended th;j confer- �1 ence: Hendrie Burns, Inforrnotion Services ~ranch ; John Coburn , Associated Iress; 1; . · • Fon.or , Chicaro Sun; Gera:d lrank, Jewi;=3h 'ieJe.crarh Acency; Sevmour Friedin , :i.~e':V York rie.raJ d 'l'ribune; 1,uth Gruber , l'Jew York i ost; Lynn Heinzerling , Associated i>ress; Jose:rh Israels , DJS anc; 'lhis v:eek; John ... acCormac , New York Times ; T/3 Arthur 1;oyes , Stars and Stripes; John PhiJ''irs , Li~e; Harold Queen , united Press; r,;ichae1 Stern , I av1cett ru· J icaticns; John H. Thompson, Chica o 'l ribtme; :rederick Yeiser, Info-rmation Services B...·anch; 'I'his was the largest press conference held. to date . General CJark left his office at ";700 and snent the rest of the evening at his vi] la . In the eveninp he pla~"ed bridee with Col . .1cCaf:t'rey and other rues ts . 1 * * * * VIENNA--FEBrUAHY 26 , 1946 - -Gene2·al Clark arrived at his office at 1000 accompanied by Col. Lattimore , an old friend of the family . At 1030 he saw Col. r:cI.e n on a court martiai case , and at 1100 he sa'.7 Liss Eleanor Benetzka . :.Jiss Benetzka act as personal interpreter for Gene, al l e•ds At 1115 J'Jr . Llike }odor anc Mr • .'.acCormac conferred v:ith General Clark on their recent trip to theBEllk-ns . General Cla.rlr saw General Tate and l.ir. :Grhardt at 1135 and called Lt . Col. .c,ar et in for a con.:'erence . rrhe hussian GoverllJ11ent has de1'1anded from the Austrian ~·overnnen t a 1 arP'e number of schi:l · in["S . In order to s to') this demand , Col. i:arget pointed out the fact that if the Austria'.'1 Governr-iPnt m9t the demands of the Ru: sians he would also demand payment of schi} 1 ini.,.S owed to the United States bv the Austrian Government, which had been passed to them for conversion . General Clarl is sending a }et-:..er to vh~ncei lor Fi[l'l iYJ. which he is fo rc eful~y poinUng out this fact . At 1215 Generel C1 ark saw General '.late and left shortly th9reafter to -r;1a 1 . to M.s villa . In the eveninr General CJ erk had guests for dinner and poker . Gene1·al Cl 9rk sent the fo lovline messa("e to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 3605 : For the past several neeks we have attempted to mal:e rro_o-ress in the Al }ied Covncil in the c'levelopment of Austria aJ on:°' economic Jines . 'l·hese efforts have been blocked b:, the veto power of the Soviet element . 'lhe most important efforts made include : 11 "2 • Clarification of German assets . 11]2 . Breakinr dovm demarcation lines to enable the free exchanp-e 0£' [Oods without gt1.ara;1tee the. t Soviets will utilize for ovm benefit . ".£ • Reduction of troops in order to relieve A stria of excessive occupation costs . 11 g. · esuJrirtion inf 1 ustria of inter- state traffic on the J.anube with th'J v · 3v1 of allo to ri:-turn to normal su,]~l" sources o 1- �11 No pro"'ress whatever has been nade on any of these matLers since the Allied (ounci1 was estab ished • .t!jach t1ne P-,ese ,..l9S-1 i ons, as well as others which vita 7 l" efl'ect the future of Austria, are raised th0 So rie+:. element 11ses ever" rne:•ns to block nroP- ss . IIIt is clearlv evident to me that Soviet policy is to prevent the establish1;1ent o.f 'u11 'ria as an econc.,ic enti t;,r wi th01 t str0n7 +,ies to Soviet teI· i tory or Soviet contro] led ar as. ·hile the Governments of the three ·,Jes tern pm1ers are atte'11.;-tin,... to reach arreenent on the vita] question of German assets , the . . oviets are removing marw ir1 1;ortant plants, resources and other economic assets from their zone . In other cas"ls, s1·cl:1 as the Zis tersdorf Oil fie] ds and the ranube Shipriw· Co:Tan;v , the,.r are taking ov0r control in srch a way that Austria must rel"lain dependent 11i-;on Soviet infJuence for years to come . 'hole pl an:ts essen 1·ial to the existence of Aus' ,ria hEave been strj Dl)ed of ,1achi, ery . O·i.hers have een nut to rmr, so] ely on production of items most reeded by the Red Jlrmy ~ ~here are indicfltions t,b'lt ·;,he Led A.rm~, is using scl1i. 1in; s obt~ined to ..-,ay troops to mAet r•a;vroJ ls o.f' civilian personnel o-;-eratinr such plants . ,~lso it is rerorted (not verL'ied) that hed troops are l1Sinr pay derived from schil= ings to purchase proyierty . 11 '.Lhe Sov:5.nts have acqi.:ired control of th3 Danube iu Hungary and .humania by their recent aereanentsv,ith these countries lAading to the es tab- ishment of joint shirpinr inte.rests . 'ihe fact that they recentl:v took over the properties of the DDSG in their Zone of .Aus t,ria , except funds deposited in Vienna banks and the · boats and docking facilities in I inz and +assau, indicate their intention to extend this control of t he Danube to inc2ude 1ustria . It is pointed out that the Soviets control north bank of the river betvreen Enns and ?assau, and have full control of tho river in 'ustria fror.i Enns to the Hunparian border . ':'hey can effe c tively bloc~ the Liver at Enns , which ther have done , and we have no r 1ay of blockinf the river between Enns and Fassau . This gives them nor1:i.naJ. control of the ..;anube from Pass au through Austria , Hungclry and F:unani a to its mouth in the B 1 ac: Sea . •11 All efforto to Cate to br:i.np a" out sett] ement of traffic on the -anube have been blocked by the Poviets . I am convinced that no prorress can be made en this sub,ject as this waterway is too vital to the econonic ife of the Danubian coun.:.riP-s 11 Sever.::-.1 attempts have been made to see - fulJ. relaxation of the der~-:rcation barriers betv10en Zon s . 'l'he SoviGts have cone-istently taken the position th~t the removal of de 1 ·,-crcation barriers is a mat ,er not v:i thin thA com·"'etence o-' the .AJ1ied Council. Their ::Cone is blocked so r,f' ·ectivel~; that i:t is almost irmosnib]e to · earn tihnt activies are takin,. place th'1rein . 'lhe SoviBt e' ement is most relt'c,,art to r-rant ras$eS for A11ied personnel , inc udin,· corros::--ondents , to visit an;r nlace in uhe Zone, or to I as.s through the L>One .. �11 'J.h9 ,'"ovie '-' elemeni:, has ref1.:.sed t o discuss reduction of troops . 'I'he :estern A1 lies are fast reducing troop.strengths in theirrespective zones . Accordinf to the best inte~ li,~ence information the 1,ed rnw in Lm,tria tota s a::,proxima-ceJ,r 130 , 000 . I;Ty troop strength now is 32 , 000 and by 1 i.pril will be 12,000 . Each time the question of redvction of troons arises 1',onev justifi the nresence of fied. /l.r!ll,· forces becm'se of the slowness of de- nazification b" the Avstrian Governmrmt and existence of 'o-1~-3ntiR r-1iJj tar~' and r ra-niJ i tar;r or 0 anizations in Austria, boti1 of which reqvire carei'u~ observation by i:;hc Sosriei:; element. 'lhe r,~suJ t of a 1 l this is thc>,t th8 Red Armv is remaining strone in tust,ria and the '/estern A• 7 ies ar'°' da~.l" growinf ,,,ealrer through redeployinent and r,=,d11ction of streno-th . furthermore, the denands made by the -rea Army 1.,pon the Al1strian Government for Schil ing to nay troops each month is r-re::.ter 'o;,r more than one- fourth the combined total oi' the three Festern AJ, ied . I or example , in Janu2r:,r the Soviets obtained 2/:3 , 000 SchiJ 1 inrs as arraiN::t 55 , 000,000 obtained bv each of the three 1'leste·,n A" 1 ied. 'lhis riJ aces a serious drain ll:;,on the economy of the countr? and ,·ives rise to inflation . 7 0 7 11 \s a ft1rth"'r indicaU on that the 0 ovi ets intAnd to maintain substantial forces :in J,ustria, the Red .Armv has ;iust placed a de"121'1( uron the Aus ...,r:i an 9.ov3 n:'1°nt for apnroximatel y 60,000 acres of farm land :in Lorn"' 'l1rtria for 11se bt the Red A..-r1ny to raise vege tabJ es and other carden prodl1 ce to feed their troons . Our ex'E>rts estinate that this acrA'1f!e is sufficient to feed 60 , 000 to 100 , 000 people for one year at 15 50 calories . 1 ·i tharavml of this 1 and fro1:1 "ns+rian econom.r will indirectlv m~an that tTIWk.A will be feed:i.1117 the Red ,Army becaPse of the necessit~r for f'reater food i'Ilports to meet Austrian deficiency due to loss of this• farm land . trBecavse of the strenctl, of th8 Soviet position in .fi,ustria j t is daily becomin::r more e:u dent t:i'"'t th ~ustrian govPrnment recop:nizes +,he inabi] it,, of t .e .est,3rn A.lliPs to cone effectivelv wit this ~...,ositjon . ':'ithin ·che "ast tno weeks the Aust'.l"ian Governm8nt has adopted th,~ strate['Y of submittinr: a counter oro::,osa 7 to each dermnd made by the Soviet element~ This indicates c:i early that the .Avs+rian Government feels it must get alonr someho,· 1 with the Soviets, am~ .1..h" + i,t is too much to expect the tJ es tern J\J l ies to cope with thG s tronP' Soviet nosition, other than to voice a protest to der. ands made which are in confJict ,Jith announced policies of' the resnective ·'estern rov0rnments. Prominent Austr:i ans ih Vienna r0n1 ize t.hey are s1.,1'rounded by So 1 riPt- held terri torv and there is little hone of e c onomic liberation under such a situation . 0 1 "At the moaent it appears to the averer-e Austrian that the best the \', es tern Al- ies can do is to sup-~ly food and otho.r es t.ential sup:'.)lies to keep down disease and unrest; tha t the presence of western a-, ied troops servr- 0 rhainlv as a hope that some so] ution to Lhe future of Aus.';ria ma,, devel or , al thou.uh that ho:ie ri -wes no imr.edi te encou:r·ar-enent . 1 11 '.J.·here is incr.,asinr' inc1 ication that our ")r0ss corresnondents arA becominr imrressed with th!=> ho!1lessness of the position of the .es tern Al1 ies and are b erinnj ncr to recornize that the \ 1este:rn J\. i s are, ca·"r?:in_a on a n:rograr h"re , wh.ich in tlw face of Soviet po] icy can onlv r;::,sul t in ,raj_ns for th'3 fovi1;t r.over:"",..,~nt with no P-rent benefit to the ,Govern.m.ents of the Western A11 i9s . Soon<>r or i a ter the ,...,ress wi] J berin to raise doubts in the minds of th8 n°ople of our count,r;r ref•ardin <t the J Pclr of benr-:'.'5.ts if we pursue the t:rpe occm ational 7 · 0 1 �role ,. e have assrnned. '1;hj s rvestion wi - r-~ow in ir•nortancr-i rrhen, and if, TlW' A t J·es ov·"r .s1r,pl Y res' onsibil i tJ' , since R"'l Y'OXima te y 7?S~ of UI:JP" .A :vnds arn deri•red fron the United States. :}-ij_l,-, J rncornize the r9s~,om;jbjljty of the Fnjted States tonard At s t riA, I an of i.he onjnion :,hat 1 ittle can be aceonplishecl toriard dischar 0 in""' +.h,..,t r·,srons:Lhji it'" untiJ th'3 r-ov.,,--nments of the four nowers adopt a r,niform po1ic·r in car:r;vinrt out the avowed intentions. i:"r 1 y satisfactor,· settlement o-r• the nuestion of German af'se ..,s rri] l do r1uch to aid in thP resto.cs.tion of Jl.ustria as an incependent, denocratic state anc.- to brinr rr>al econor.iic hopP to -i-h0 coun ~1""lr. 'l'he · es tern JJ.- ies are at I re ent bJ ocked b;,r the So-_riet veto pov:er :tn the •• 1 lied Counci arw the·· can onJ y r-i v0 lip-service to the Austrian Gove1--nment on an? ro7 ic~r "v1hich tl1 e Sovi':lts choose to adopt end 'lhich is contrary ·\o the !'0 1 icv of the .:este:rn li0s. This does not serve to accomn1ish our mis~ion no"' d 8S it increqse thA ··,resti.=e of the 'western 'llies . 'I'hc econonic .aain:::- being made b,· thP Sovi 0 ts can result on] y in eventt1.o.l roli tic al stranr·ulation if Soviet ro 1 icy is aJ.lo·.ved to continue . n 111 1 Genera] CJ nrl: sent the follo;·Ji'1r "etter to 1 :arsha1 l\.onev: "Col"lr.e.nder- in-Chief of the Sovi"'t Forces of Ocru1,ation in Austria :;arshal of the Soviet Union Iv&n' S . Lonev . r.:;}' dear ,:arshn] Eonev: This is :1.n _.e..,l;cT to your 1 etter of 22 J annar:r J 946 rep·arcUn -, the twe1 ve alleged Soviet cj_tizenG arrested at Sa] z.huro in Sem ember ] 9/ 5. TJron reoues+, fror.i the Soviet :.Iission in Salzburc in Se:;:-'1.,e'n er 19/,5, the twelve persons :-ou lj_stecl in :'ovr Jetter wnre e.r··rAhended and r,Jaced in jaiJ . Their. cases Viere investigated in October 1945 by our Counter Intel}i~ence Corrs and aJ so by a s· ecial boa re: of officers a"': ointed to determine citizenship status . As a result o · these investir·ations, it was determined that only four of the twe] ve persons a:l'.'0 8ovi9 t citizens . Kudryavtsev, Alexander Nikolaievich NikolashviJi, Elizaveta 1orfirievna KaJ yap•in, Dl11: +, 1•i tmitrovich r,:ezhevich, Vl adirni:r I[!orovich 1 s. our investiP-ations revealed that th-= ei ght remain:n(} n;,sons viero not coviet. citizens, we advised the .Sovi--t Renatrfotion dission in aJzburg on 23 Oc:ober 1945 that if any of the twelve rersons ap~2'.'ehend-8cl wer., vranted by the Soviet Union for tria 1 for Har Cr1mes, a formal request for the delivery . of each st1ch ne"sons would have to be r:iade, c:ivine- tre ;Jlace and dates of the offenses and a descr:irition of the acts which consti~uted the ',,ar crimes committed . �I. "As no charges for ·,Jar crimes W<;re resented a ·ainst any of the peorle a~ r rehended, the, eir•ht non-S~vi •t citizens were rel eased from jail in December 19/ C.. The fou Soviet citizens i:1ere held in ,jail nendinrr f1rther di::ectjves from ou.,,. Government on th"-"! n,,,stj_on of forcibl re1)atriotion , as none of ".:.he four ex~r .ssed wi} J j_nC'!less to return to the Soviet Union. U:-on receipt of your letter of 2< January 1946, a crrr,ful reviev, of all tweJ ve cases ·.vere ordered made b, a snecial boar d of officers . After careful reconside:ration of these cases, based on interviews e.nd a restudv of the evidence available, it has been concl·uded that onJy the four .,..,0rsons mentioned above are Sovi<et citizens, and the reMaininr eicht listed in your letter of 22 Janue.ry o.1·e not Soviet citizens . 11 "In the absence of any charges that the non- Soviet citizi:ms had commi tt0d ".lar Crimes, it s ar· "rent th'"l.t tl ey are not subject to forceful repatriation under an7 'lrovision of directives from our Government . 0 uo::: the four rema~.ninp persons 't'Iho aclmoi.1J ed,:.e Soviet citizonshi , one, a woman , Nickolashvili, Elizaveta, was not cantured in a Gernan uniform: was not a member of the Sovfot Armed Forces at an·• time ; and the ·e is no evidence to indicate t\'. t she vo 1 1.mtarilv gave aid and assist-'1nce to the emimy. Ls she expresses tniwil" inrness to return to the S01riet Union , she does not fal 1 \'li thin any of t,he renatri'lhl e cate ories of v1hich I advised you in m:r Jetter of 5 Janua:r:~ 91,6 . Under existinG dj_rectives, t½.erefore, she is no'- sthject to forcible reratriation . 11 'l'he r9:naininr- three Soviet citizens Kudryavtsev, AJexander Ka yap-in, Dmitri Iezh F ich, Vladimir by thei,~ cYwn admission were members of' Vl assov 1 s . F'rAe :=-:i s : ian Arn:· and , 'here• fore , fall within the cate.o-ory of thosP Soviet· citizens who ma:r be forcib y rer;atriated to the Sovic:;t Union . 'Ih se three ··ersons ni] l be del ivcred to your rer:~esen atives at Enns or Urfahr at an:v t.ime yov desire . I trt.1st that you will rromrtly advise rio of your uishes as to th. ·lace of de]iver:v of these three persons . 0 Since e1y, _JARJ. .', • CI.A..'8.K General , ~ - S. A. Commanding * * * .* �\ c·1 arl: arrived at his oi' foe at 1000 and irrn.e6ia.te v conferred ,dt½ Geno-r.qJ 'J.[:'i=; an'- ct 1030 11it h Mr . "rho.rdt . Sgt . Lixon ,7ho had been recentl" acqPitted in a court n:,.rtia 1 case for havinrr shot a. ,..1-ssian of'fjce:r saw Gene~1." c-.-.rJ.- '1t ]OL:'- , and nas foJ10-10d by Gene:::·al Foward at 1100 . General Co]] ins ~iho had arrived fo,.. a da;v 1 s insr,ection of the 2L:2nr1 Infantry talked with tho General for a short f.ime and at J 120 Jack 'lhom-nson of 1~h0 Cl1ica,·o ribtme ne 1"] ,- arrjved in 7j enna inte 1 •vj ened t 10 Gen°,..al in order to obtain some of the Gene-"a] 1 s views en various current iss'IY'S •• VIEb.TA--PEBlJ'AHY 27 , 1946--GeneraJ Gene a Cl "rl~ J e.ft his offic e at '230 to p-o to Gene"a1 McCre ery 1 s vi] la where ho had uncheon wi tb Gener:--7 ,foCreer7 and Lad,r licCreery , and Iajor and ,,rs . ,;arr . f;ajor ·:rarr is Aide- de- camp to Genera] .:cCreer J...fter luncheon GAne 'a] C""rk and Gen"'ro l llicCreer;r conferred on severa] cllrrent issued . The General r9turned to his · office at 1500 . 11'.fter conferr-·nr sho::'.'t ~' rr::i.th I,Ir . ::rhard t and General Tate , Gene:r·a] CJ ark left his headq1·arters for his vi] la · ;here he spent the rest o: the day . 0 ' General Clark sent the foJ lo·:lin Referr->nce 3627: • messa.c-e to Genera.l ;7ci'larney, CG , USFET , .rn. np1ans arc completed to accoll1f.loda.e families o:f' mi,itary an'i civilian personnel this headquarters so thr-t the~r ma? be rPceived here in April . Instructions for miJitary personneJ h·ve been r<:Jceived and ap1')lications are be 1 nc forvmrded . l]P}ET reports no worri from .,1'1r LepartT.ent with reference to trans portation of dep:mdents of civi" ian p9rsonnel. 11 Am-roximatelv 35 a0.ministrative and professiona] civi 1 ian nersonnel this heado1.1 arters , Jarre majorit;1: of them nssi"iled to key positions in military cove,..:n..-1ent , have r9quested that tbeir fal'l'lilies be a lowed overseas trans ro.,..tation rith the der,endents mi~itary p rsonnel. 'i.he' state th-t commitments were m~de.beforA ~e-viw• t1e United St:.ates triat their famiJies cou]d folJow them in six months or when the families of mi' j-caryr i::- rsonnel crme ove,·. If fa:niJ ies of civi' ian pe?."so nel of this hgarlcnia.,.ters a"e not 1,1,mnitted to come ov;.,r with oth,,,rs , it wo, ld af,' c si:;riot slv th<>ir mora . . e nnd man? wo1 lrl recuest immedfo te ~i:;J ease to return to the Unj ted States . Accordinr-1 ;r it is rc➔ commended that thAse famiJ ies be :'Armi tted to proceed to llustria at abo11t the same time as f ard J ies of n1i 1 i tary p9rs onnel . Fami 7 ies of civil inns emr1oyed by our AJ lies and those of L . S . State Lep,Ttment officials are a lready here . 0 0 1 IIT r(')'e eer 1 y n1h1ication of' rPf" l atior:.s concerninr• the ove,..s 0 as t 1 ·a11s.r-or l,El 1,j on of fa!'li] i~s of rl:i vi] ian pe,..sonnel. liITrrlP f'1ci i ties are avai' ab] e in ..lh?strin, anr' I am r-,ady to receive them in April alon~ uith thP famiJies of mjlitary ,erso:nnc] • tr * I * * * �Vli:i,hA--:ii'EB>UAf.Y 28, lgLG-- Genec'a1 C ark arrived at hiP of-foe at 0QJ0 ann immedi[ tA l ;! saw Gen0ral : nave 7y , Jenera 1 Lewis and Col . Lloyd . General Sm. vel:r, accorr.1;anied bv the oth2_ two officers, was plannin,· i.o f1;v to the States.in Gene·r•al Clark ' s B-17. Hov,ever, USIE~· did not dear the rlane so they wi11 be unable to r ake the f1irrht . '1.hP three of\'icers desired General G}ark "~o interv,.:me ,.,jth -c-c:}.r.!.:'l' in their behaJf . IIo :eve-r, t.his uas im-ros,~:lble due to new re.r1.11ations and Gener:17 Clnr.. · secured ai:c tro.ve for Genera] 1 ewis and Colone Lloyd back to th" States . 1 At 1000 hours the Gr:mero. conferred with Genera) ra+;.9 anJ then Gen°ral Mc ahon nho vras accom'aniPc' by alone .. il',-,r, d Colone} _:..,rtin for a dis cus.:,ion on ,·,91,sonnel prob} ems . l'he G ,ne -·a] left his of 'ice at 1200 and went to his vil a with Lt . Cl·=irl and Lt. Zisenhor:er where he hc.d lunch . It . C1 _rk had arrived ear] y this mo ·ning on t.he lozart to srend a fe, days i ith his father.in Jienna . 1 1 At 1630 horrs Genera] Clark returned to his of.f'ice where he cc.,nf9rred with Gene.,,.,Pl c Aron on num0rour citatioi1s which , ere ready for a"")proval. .it,h GenA1\3.l '... .,J:e and Lt. Cl "rl uhe General left his of.~ice at 815 for the Hofburg Palace -to attend the rAce· tion sponsored by .,rs . Fi1( t o raise funds for the care of Austrian chi,, ren . GenereJ Clark c'onated. 1,000 to this ft:nd . After t11e r~ce7 tjon General Clark , acconpanied bv Gene:3 and T,ad~' cCreer~r nent t o the Pristol h. orn for th"' floor s11c ·, ant J ater had a mid ni rht sr.ack served in the General ' s s1.1Fe . General Clark returned to his villa at 2400 ho11rs . * * VIENl,:..---.\RCH 1 , 19L6--·General C ark arrived at his office at 100( . At J.010 he saw ( ol. · ,ic11 on his rn.rsonal heaJ th . General c1 arl_.;: then conferred with General Tate and at l0L0 consu1 ted Genera} :c.. ,ahon and Col. ~ axson on the severe shortc.ge of personnel in the hec.dqi_"arters . :.:r . Joe Israels , war corTesr.ondent , interviewed General Clark at 1100 hours. At 1230 General Ha con of the 83rd Division and Co] . Crabill, Chief of Staff, talked wi th th8 General. The 83rd Divis ion will be l eaving f or the States next week . General C1 ark rresented Genera] i,lacon with the first Cor~",ondation Ri bbon to be },resented in Austria . Innediately after the · resent tion General Lacon and Col. Crabil: had lunch in the Cor.r.tindinl· General's Mess ·.Jith General Clark . Shortly after ll nch General Clark went to hie villa v:here he spent the rest of the day . In the evenini: he had Genera" and Lad:,v :cCreery , ..Ia,.ior and :rs . ,:arr , Col. . Yarborouch and Col. C. C. Smith at his vil J a for dinner rnr1 a ·novie "Be 1 1 s of St . ;ary • " 1 * * * �' ..... Ed· '1. ' · , ~!IENLA--:.If,ECH 2 , 1946- - GeneraJ CJ ark ar r ived ,at his ofi.'ice at 094~- and immecliately conferred with Generr.;l 'l'ate . At 1000 he ta1ked ~vith i.lr . Erhardt on the sreecl1 "!hich 8ecrPtary of State Byrnes had made in the States , in ·w hich he set forth a new anc r.mch sterner foi•eien pol ic,r towards th,q ~:uss~Lns . 'J'hjs corifirms Gen'3rAl c-:u·k 1 s actions ,'1J,< ideas on this sub·ect . At 1135 . Col . T azar and Ir . Carrol , head o.1.' the motion pie 1:,ures in th3 . .]uro-r ean The atre , ta ked nith General Cl 0.r:_ ref&rdir1r, thP possibi i tv of a 7 O''li!1£ civiJ inns to attenc1 the movies . At 1200 General c: ark tal keel aoain ;j th Jr • .!irhardt and at ]2.30 Gene r al !c iahon ·)resented r,r • .la)sh , nrofessor at Georpetorm Universjtv , anc" now com1ected with the Hv ->nberp. trials . Gener· l (' ,'-'rl' had unch with Lt . Cl"rl· at his vill a and after }t1nch mlked for an h01T . In the even~n~· he had r1;e:sts for dinner and brfrJ,-e . Gen Aral CJ r:rk sent th0 fo1J o vinP' messa,,.e recardi·1r the c:ri tic al personnel shortare in USFA, to General . cl•,rney , ref"!r0nce Ho . P- 3887: 11 1. .\1 .,hourrh I am certain that ~,rou a-re a-t.lD''G o · critical ~ersonnel short2ges deveio:ring in my coMrnand as result of redeplo:vment , I wish t o ar-ain hrin"' to your attenti on the seri011s nature of the situation r esu· ting f rom the current nersonnel attribution . 11 2 . Acc9rdinrt tc best estimates of our staffs vJOrkinv jointly on the pro Jen th9 1 oss of! 9000 i;ersonnel in I obru.?T'Y and 11000 in Iiarch 11i th tentative a l· otment of only 2000 renJ acemonts bv "md of 1arch "ril' redt'ce strenr· t h lTni ted Sta "·es ~ C-'"ces A1Js t,ria inc} ud:h"' Vienna Gar:"ison to below 15000 ers ons aFainrt Cl'rrent CY.::'B of 29000 , :inc t·c"i.w· 42, c Infantrv 1Jjyj_sion . ,1e rrj_l 7 th1_1s be short n r3onnel eouaJ .1 i, strenrth o.·" Infantrv I.iivision on c'LrrenT, 0'::'P . In effect rede~,Joyrient rithout comn-.n:catin"' rerJ acements is forcini:· my command to its J Ju])' OTB leve1 on ·, Arril . It is estimated thn+ the stren,,th o-r this, command '.'1il be further reduced by 5000 between 1 ApriJ and J. Ju] ;;r , resulting in an actual strenrth in ustri'l on 1 Jul: 7 of less than 10000, 1-nless arlc1iti onal replac ements ar e re c eived . " 3. Present. DEF and DP comitments , which are not bejnf r educ ed to keep pace wi th troon s trenc:th reductions , ma:· mal,e it imnossible .,,or mP to accoP1nl ish m;:r mission in Austrja with such reduced forces on 1 Anril. 1,ith3r (a) svbstantia1 nt t'lbP.,..,s of 1;E:Fs anrl DPs rmst be removed fror1 my ,iurisdiction befo.,,·o ] Anril or (b ) ther- must arrive in 1m2+r-i_a before 1 A ril. 1 01, o:r Medium 1ojnt r.corq re~7 ace,1ents suffj cient to nrovide strenrth of ?0000 . B,· progrPSPive red1..;ctions thereafter we 'Vi11 arrive at finaJ OTB by- J JuJ? . 0:f snedaJ need by 1 Anril is the s-=:, ~rate InfantT'lr i'e.("imont be•:w• assir,ned 011 7 July O'.I'B to replace 42nd Infantry Division , 1,7hich I 1 1nd0rstm:d r,e v1i] · lose b:r Jun.., . 1 0 11 4 . 'lhe food situation in .Austria, as pl sewh..-re in ':,he : r:lrl d , is deterioratinf" so rapidly thc1t the c i viJ ian rat:i on ir1 th° Ci tv of v:Ii.enna mav b e 1 o,.,ered to approx i m:1 tely 1000 calo:des ,i thin one week . 'l'his mo.:v result :in d:isorders 7hich :0 1d requir"' mc:re than the nv,r•=:re troop res01 rces available tone if the -rresent serious redeplo;vment attrition contjnues . 1 1 1 1 �SE 5. Austria is situ,:>. i:.ed astride a main na tura1 ro te from Po] .'"lnd and other ·astern Buropean coum~ries to .. estern Europe . dith the a..,rroach of PA.rly .Spriw and its r0s11 J tant better travel conditions th0r8 ma;:r be a J a r ge unre;-uJ ated influx of refurees , inc] udin,r.i Jewish anr1 'volksr'l.eutsch personnel . 11 6 . If relief reru-::isted in p11ra'"'raph three above canno+ be riven, pJ eflse advise me ir1rnedi "tely in order th•it I ma~r acm'nint the join-! ChiP.fs o:'.:' Btaff with the s·~riousness of the obstacles uhich ma:' m.~"'vent me from carryi n.c- out the mission which they have assipned to me . 11 11 * * * VI:8Ni-.A- - 1 1A.PCH 3 , 1946- - General CL rk s r;ent the da:7 at his villa , ta_ in a J onr rmJk ~n the morn:'.ng . He had "vnch with Lt . Clark and in the eveninr had auests for dinner and poker o General Clark received the following reply to his message to the War Department ' (P-3605); Joint Chief of Staff, War Department, Washington: "Reference P-3605. ment for consideration. of difficulties you face fundamental problems, of ' * Problems raised have been passed to State DepartYou will be informed of the results. Serious nature recognized here and efforts are going forward to solve which matters you mention form an essential part." * * * VIENNA--MARCH 4, 1946--General Clark remained at his villa during the day and worked at his office there. He had General Tate for lunch and discussed several current issues, including the food problems, and in the evening had General McMahon for dinner. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 5, 1946--Genera1 Cl ark arrived at his office at 0930. At 0950 he saw General McMahon who introduced Col. Garrison. At 1020 General Tate tal ked to General Clark and at 1045 the Gene r al saw Col. Grogan~ -Col. Smith, Headquarters Commandant, was called in for a conference at 1110 and later in the morning General Cl ark conferred. with Mr. Erhardt. The General had lunch at 1300 hours in the Commanding General's mess with General Sullivan, Col. Langan, and other members of his staff. At 1400 Gener al Clark saw Col. Stephens, Head of D. P. Branch and later saw Gen. Howard. At 1455 General Cl ark began a long discussion of this subject with General McMahon, Col. Grogan; Col. Martin and Col. Klein. The General left his off ice at 1630 and walked. to his vill a where he spent the remainder of the day. ( f �I' ) Gener al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No. P-4001: 11 0urad P- 3988 send 4 M arch to US Military Mission Moscow, AGWAR and USFET replies to WARX 98920: 11 In this connection and for your information am quoting below letter I received from Marshal Konev and my reply thereto. "Letter from Konev dated 1 March: "Dear General, "~t the trial of the case of Technical Sergeant of the .American Army, Shirley Bell Dixon, it was proved beyond a reason of a doubt that Dixon purposely kill ed the Soviet officer, Captain Klementiev and wounded Senior Lieutenant of the Red Army Salnikov. 11 As was admitted by the American prosecutor on this case, Major Sessions, Dixon's acts constitute a crime as prescribed accordingly in the 92nd and 93rd articles of War of the iAmerican Arrrry . ttNotwithstanding the complete proof of the commitance by Dixon's serious crimes, which were directed toward an officer of an Allied Army, the court martial of the American Occupational Forces under the chairmanship of Colonel Tainley (Stanley) Grogan ' brought out a verdict of not guilty for the slayer. 11 The acquittal of the named murderer, whose guilt was proven beyong a reason of a doubt, cannot be construed in any way other than an unfriendly act towards the Red Army. "Thl.s unf'.air verdict created a sad impression to all the soldiers and officers of the Soviet armed forces in Austria, as well as on wide social circles in t he Soviet Union. "What more this verdict has created dissatisfaction in view of the fact that you personally, oral ly and in writing, mor e than once assured me that Dixon will be severely and justly punished . "I am obliged to register a strong protest against the above verdict and to insist that this decision be revoked and the case reopened under a newly composed court. "I hope that the American Command does not agree with this unquestionabl e erroneous and unjustifi ed verdict and that the command of the "4.merican occupational forces will take all necessary measures to eliminate misinterpretation of the law by the judicial division of the American Occupational Forces and to reestablish justice that has been violated by the court." ts/ Koniev Marshal of the Soviet Union I �"My reply dated 4 March: 11 Dear Marshal Konev: "I have your letter of 1 March concerning the trial of Sergeant Shirley B. Dixon of my command. I am astounded at the view you take of this case. It . is clear from your letter that you are not familiar with all the facts brought _ out at the trial, and that you have not been ful l y informed concerning the system of @ilitary justice prescribed by the laws of the United States. "Before touching upon the case, however, I must correct the impression you apparently entertain that I assured you that Sergeant Dixon would be severely and justly punished. I most emphatically deny making such a statement, and must advise you that such a commitment by any commander in our _forces prior to trial of an accused would be most undignified. Punishment can be inflicted. onl y by due process of law which, in this case, required conviction and sentence by court-martial. Had Sergeant Dixon been convicted, just punishment would have been inflicted as required by law. "Under our system of military law the court is sworn to reach a verdict of guil ty or not guil ty based on the evidence presented to it. It observes the demeanor of the witnesses who are themselves under oath and subject to cross~ examination. It judges the credibility of the respective witnesses and carefully weighs the evidence for and against the accused. In this case, all members of the court were carefully selected from experienced officers of unques tioned integrity, and I hwe no basis for doubting their honesty, sincerity, or conscientious performance of duty. Your own official observers at the trial, headed by Colonel Yudenkov, stated near the end of the trial that they were impressed with the tmbiased and impartial manner in which all the facts had been presented to the court and commented that they thought the officers comprising the court were of high calibre and conscientious in the performance of their duty. I must . add that :under the .Articles of War governing the Armed Forces of the United States, no commander has the power to nullify an acquittal of an accused and cause a re• trial where the trial has been conducted in accordance with law. Therefore, the verdict of the court will stand. The court record in this case will be carefully studied for any technical flaws, in accordance with our usual procedure . "I am convinced from your letter, and from the reports in your press, that much of your difficulty in accepting the verdict of the court as fair and based on the evidence is due to the fact that your Tass representatives did not correctly report that evidence. They did not mention the fact, clearly ,established in the evidence by American witnesses and by Senior Lieutenant Zharkov, that Ca ptain lelementiev drew a pistol on Sergeant Dixon; they accuse :American witnesses as sayi Sergeant Dixon started a quarrel and did not make it clear that Dixon was performing his duty to keep tmauthorized personnel off the !American train and was resisted. in the performance of that duty by Captain Klementiev. They did not report that Captain Klementiev boarded the train a second time after being once ejected; they quote Lieutenant Zharkov as saying Dixon rudely pushed the Soviet officers out of the car, which is not according to t he testimony of tieutenant �( Lieutenant Zharkov given at the trial under oath; they place great importance up:>n the speech of the Trial Judge Advocate at the concl usion of the case in summing up the evidence favorabl e to the prosecution, as was his duty. It is unfortunate that you, the Soviet Army and Soviet people do not base your concl usions on the evidence which the court was sworn to consider, rather than on the distorted views of newspaper reporters. I alil more reliably informed and have no hesitancy :in accepting the obvious concl usion of the court that Dixon fired in the reasonable exercise of the right of self-defense at a time when he had every reason to expect further violence from one who had only a few seconds before threatened him with a deadly weapon. "I sincerely regret that this incident has occurred but I do not feel that the acquittal of Dixon constitutes an "u.nfriendly act towards the Red .Army. 11 The unfortunate incident was provoked by the unauthorized act of the Soviet personnel in boarding the train and the threatening act of Captain Klementiev. The Court decided Dixon acted in accordance with his duties in ejecting them from the train and no law or duty required him to forfeit the right of selfdefense •. "As I have stated to you on many occasions I am most eager that relations between oux respective forces be of the highest order, and I assure you that I shall do everything in my power, as in the past, to see that this standard is maintained. I am certain you share tlids same view. ;, Sincerely, ( /s/ * * Mark w. Clark General , U. S.A. Cornmanding11 * * VIENNA-~MARCH 6, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and after having walked from his villa with General Tate. He :immediately conferred with Mr. Erhardt. At 1030 he saw Gen. McChrystal, head of ISB, on the sugject of UNRRA publ i~ity and at 1100 held a promotion ceremony at which time he al so ·presented Col. Joseph Burrill with the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of Merit, and also promoted his aide,Lt. Traugott, to Captain. Tweighty-etght promotions and decorations were made in all. At 1130 General Clark saw Dr. Pernter and Mrs. Kauders who thanked the General in person for his generouB contribution of $1,000 for the weJ.fa~-e of the Austrian children. At 1140 General Clark held a surprise conference at which t ime he decorated the following officers: Col. Leo Langan, Col. George H. Mccaffrey, Colonel Deutsch, Colonel James Rundell; Col. Frederick Stephens, Lt. Col. L. H. Landau, Lt. Colonel Arthur Marget • 1 . \ r � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, January 8 - March 5, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from January 8 - March 5, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1672 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/37a1303385e3556292bc3fa82986ef2f.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=NVkK7VFXCqVjthD0gKBxxddsjL3SxidDd7LfLdL%7E7SILSWL4-yu4UPXeACvsFzVh15%7ExyTgpUQkkpBAa9MtUOZTFpMWW8oTXK6Cp%7E3Pf1fiXuZKD0YzC4Pn8oFGZkRZEXmkj1Xdzqyv5ymmQtrSxKvMJ-nW5rxP898TCSzBe1QPGuJ3eiKbzpUcDFHmC0SVwJ0MBclGNphrAETs2oUC%7E%7ElLoEihLs49oEZSsR9mn6Jr0%7EZUjk3G6WqeH%7EzF9eiKVcntjPDHVuU5YDAWiq5zcqTXxximMPnr-7sRM%7EWyYjSRNSJ53-fMKwI7UCc%7E1aUQqqT7g9VpBFRoG7UzQ7MDV0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f99025ecc4c2db2e85769376d0070685 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM General Clark sent the following birthday message to Lt. General Geoffrey Keyes, Commanding General of the Seventh .Army, Reference No . P-4546: ttJ extend my heartiest congratulations to you today on your birthday . You can view the year just finished with pride and satisfaction in your accomplishments, and in the achievements of II Corps whose gallant efforts WfFe of indi spensible aid in our great victory over the enemy in the Mediterranean last May . I send my best wishes . for your continued health and good fortune, and for the welfare of all members of y01.. r command. 11 * * * * VIENNA--OCTOBSR 31, 1945--General Clark arrived in his office at 0930 accomp:1.nied by Lt . William Clark . General Clark immediately conferred with General Tate who was followed by General Brann and General Gruenther. At 1400 hours General Bethouart visited General Clark. At 1430 hours General Clark called Col. McJLean to his office to discuss a serious court Martial case . Comdr . Musmanno conferred with General Clark for a few minutes in regard to a biography which he is writing about General Clark, and received the General's approval to print several pictures of him in his book. General Clark left his Headquarters at 1500 hours for his villa where he rested until 1600 hours at which time the General gave a cocktail r,:arty at the Bristol Hotel for General Gruenther who is leaving Headquarters . The General left the Bristol Hotel at 1830 hours for his villa where he had dinner with several members of his staff, and later played poker with his guests . General Clark sent the following cable to General Hull, War Department , Reference No . P-4733: 11 I left with you on 13 October radio from Gruenther which I received in Washington regarding request from General Bethouart for issue of certain comrx:,nents American ration to French troops in Vienna . Hope you will have favorable word soon as situation is becoming a little embarassing.11 The\ following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Clark in regard to the Allied Council meeting, October 30, Reference No . P-4 752: �1. Little was accomplished in Allied Council meeting 30 October lthough Koniev 1 s personal r9lations continued to be friendly I had definite impression that he was operating_under instructions from !toscow to be tough with 7Iestern lie,s. 11 u2 . Yle made no progress toward settlement of the two most important items on agenda, namely Reservation of Governmental powers to Allied Council and Currency Conversion for Austria n3 . Soviet resolution which was basis for discussion of reservation of powers was as follows· (1) Foreign Aff irs and Diplomatic representation, except in the case of countries who are members of the Allied Council . (2) Demarcation and alteration of frontiers and lines of demarcation . ( 3) Disp];.eced per.sons and repatriation (4) Measures for _demilitarisation on land, water and air ( 5) Regulation of all questions relating to the property of f r eigners . (6) Tr_ade and financial relations with foreign countries , except those countries which are members of the Allied Council. 11 4. Cons.i erable discussion took place in connection with points one and six. My ,r:osition was that those proposals struck at basic policy of control of Austria by the Allied Council since it would permit unilateral action on foreign affairs, trade and financial relations . I stated further that our governments established Allied Council as machinery to contr ol Au.stria and U S . Govermnent expects to do business through the Allied Council British and French supported this position . u5 . everal amendments were proposed to make points one and six a.c ceptable includj ng elimination of words rrexcept those countries which are members of Allied Council u but Koniev would not accept a_ny modification . It was agreed to report disagreement to our respective governments . Points 2 , 4 , 4 , and five were agreeable to all but it was decided to suspend communication of any reservations to Austrian Provisional Government until points one and six are settled . I consider that controversial points are important to Allied Council Control in nustria and I shall not give in to Soviet point of view unless instructed b? you to do so . �n6 . ~y message PV'- 4685 gives Soviet ttitude in Council meeting concerning currency conversion In my opinion we are going to lose the battle because the Soviets can stall long enough until their proposal will be the only logical one . From standpoint of logic we have defeated them ·at every turn and their attempts to answer our arguments are indeed feeble . However, they always end up by stubbornly insisting that their proposal is the only correct one . I introduced the proposal for a tripartite conversion for the purpose of throwing consternation into Soviet ranks and it gave them quite a jolt . However I h2ve no hope that it will have any real effect in forcing a change in their position . n * * * * VIEN:t-:JA - NOVJ.i~LBEH 1, 1945- General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 accompanied by Lt . Clark . rt 0930 he presented Hr . MacElligott , Warra.nt Of fie er , the Legion of h1erit . h'ir . Ilac.r!illigott had been with the General ever since the days in 2ngland and is now leaving the Headquarters for the States for discharge . Commander IJ1usmanno conferred with the General on the book which he is to write o.nd the pictures to be used With General Gruenther, General Clark departed from the Cub strip by L-5 at 1200 hours to fly to Horsching airfield at Linz Here .at 1300 hours he met General Eisenhower who was accompanied by General Raymond Moses The four Generals then rode to General Clark' s lodge, Dietlgut, in Hinterstoder Valley where they were to spend a few days hunting They arrived at the lodge at 1500 and spent the rest of the afternoon and evening playing cards . General Clark sent the following message to Lt . General Geoffrey Keyes, Connnanding General of the Seventh nrmy , Reference No . P 4800: Many thanks for your thoughtful message on my promotion. I realize it was made possible by the great help and great help and cooperation of commanders like you, and fightfag units like II Corps I send you my best wishes ., tt 0 * * VIE:Nr A Nor lBER 2, 1945- General Clark accompa·n ied by General Eisenhower General Gru,~nther and General Moses left the hunting lodge at 0830 and spent the entire morning hunting in Hinterstoder Valley . General Eis enho wer shot a c hamois, thereby becoming the chief jaeger of Hinterstoder Valley. The party returned to the lodge at 1300 hours and spent the rest of the day playing c ards and talking . * * * �VIENN - NOV11:'1BER 3·, 194-5-- Genere.l Clark accompanied by General Eisenhov:er , General Gruenther, and General lV:oses left the 1 odge on a hunting trip at 0845 and returned 8.t lJ00 . No game was shot during the morning. After lunch the party spent the afternoon talking , visiting and playing cerds . * * VIE.r: NJ - NOVEllBE 4, 1945 - General Clark accompanied by General Eisenhcwer , General Gruenther and General loses left the lodge at 0900 and drove to . Horsching airfield at Linz where General Eisenhower departed in his C- 47 at 1100 . General Gruenther accompanied General isenhower to Fr-=nkfurt , beginning h;is return trip to the States . This was the parting of two old friends , after having spent three years of continuous service together . General Clark r eturned to the lodge by L- 5 arriving at 1130 and went hunti.ng in the afterno on with Lieutenant Clark returning to the lodge at 1900 . This time the General shot his first chamois • • t 1500 in the afternoon General Saltzman , Gi:meral Tate and Colonel Grogan arrived a.t the hunting lodge to epend a few days hunting . In the even:i..ne the party played cards and retired early . * VI JN! - NOVEUlB.t.f-:. 5, 1945- General Clark accompG.nied by General Tate a.nd General Caltzman with Col onel Grogr n left the lodge at 0800 in two sep.Jrate hu.nting parties . 1'hey spent the entire day hunting, returning to the lodge at 1700 .. Both Genff·•al Clr.;;.rk and General Tate shot a chamois but neither G@.neral Saltzman nor Colonel Grogan had any luck The party again spent the evening playing cards . * * * * VIE1'1:fl--NO\l civ1BER 6, 1945 - General Clark, General Tate , General Saltzm n and Colonel Grogan dep3.rted from the lodge cub strip at 0910 and arrived at the Vienna. cub strip at 1025 . Generfal Clark rnnt imr.edit.. tel.,r to his of:"ice where he took care of accumul2ted. co!'respondence . Later he conferred with Gener 1 B.rarm und General Tate and in the aft ernoon he saw Colonel Lazar In the evening he had dinner vdth Lt . Clark at his villa rn.t..--HOVEIHBI~ 7, 1945--Gener--l Clark arrived at the office at 0915 a.c companied by Lt . Clark . At 1000 he presented Colonel Negroni c.nd Captain 'alvioio , of the Italian lriilitary Mission with the Bronze Star hledal At 1030 Genera l Clark was interviewed by Desmond Tighe , Reut9rs , British Corresi:ondent , who desired to obtain muter ia l for an article on Gsncral Cl· rk as the most successful General in .. ustria , sholving how a fighter became a dip~oat. 1 t 1100 General Clark was intervi~wed by ' Jillia.m E . T .ylor of the Stars and Ctripes . Doctor ~ch'.':artz, Chairman of the· Joint Distribution Committee ( Je·iish) for surope , had a conference with General Cbrk at 1130 on the subject of Jewish Displaced ?er sons General Clark left his office after having VI.c �lunch, returning to his villa . . t 1615 he left the villa for Hofburg Palace to attend ltarshal Koniev s reception in honor of the 28th Anniversary of the Red Revolution General Clark returned to his v illa at 2300 . General Clark sent the following message to General Eisenhower Reference No . P 5201 Today on the third a0niversary of our North frican invasion I off e ~ ·my congratulations and sincere best vdshes and those of my assoc iates here at USFA to you , the leader of that great enterprise . All Americans, especially those of us who made the landings under your inspiring leadership, will always recall vlith pride and satisfaction that first vital step in our carrying the war to the enemy . Ve shall ever be indebted to your guidance which insur9d the success of that operation , and which led us to the finaly victory last May . u 0 NA- NOV '.IBE!R 8, 1945- -General Clark arrived at his office accompanied by Lt Clark.at 1000 . He immediately saw General Brann and also Colonel Grogan on publications ., He next saw General Tate vrho was followed by Iv1r VI Christenberry who arr.ived from Frankfurt last evening . 11r . Christenberry is on a $pecial mission to Austria for the purpose of organizing winter sports resorts and rest centers .. General Clark later conferred vJith Genera.1 Brann and General Sulli:v. n and at 1230 left the office accompanied by General Sullivan, ir . Christenberry and Lieutenant Clark to have lunch at his villa . Later in the afternoon he hiked with Lt . Clark and- in the evening had dinner in his s1-;ite at the Hotel Bristol He returned to his villa at 2200 hours and retired . General Clark received the following message from General "'isenhower , Reference No '- 30795 :. "Th· nk you very much for your telegram sent me on the anniversary of our North Jifrican invasion . That was the first battle test for the llied Command and marked the begirming of a development in llied cooperation that attained an unparalled success resulting primarily from the selflessness and devotion to duty of all members of the team . I remember that arudous night of 3 years ago that you and and our associates spent in the Gibr altar tunnels , and the great erllaration the following morning when it vms definitely proved that the Allies were upon the march and that the beginning of the beginning of the end was there I shall always owe you personally a great debt of' gratitude for the wonderful support and assistc nee you rendered me during that period. n · * * * �VIENN --NOV ~:~B R 9 , 1945--General Ch,rk arrived at his off foe in Headquarters at 0900 . He immediately saw Gener~l S(. ltzrnan who was follov,ed at 0930 by ColonP.1 Joe Starnes who is making tour of Europe to get an over - all pict1.1re of the economic sitwtion He t lked with General Clark concerning the outlook in ustria ~t 1000 Gene·--9.l Cl'Jrk snw Colonel Mo.rget concerning the monetary conversion problem and s:iortly thereafter talked v.rith Lt . ,col. Halloran , 1i:PC , represent.r-i_tive from SHAa\ , Colonel Hallor--n {1esired information from General Clark concerning the advisability of keeping the · JACS as a permanent pa.rt of the army , making th em reserves , or fully disbandine them . General Clark has always been well pleased with the WACS . At 1100 hours General Clark attended a decoration and promotion ceremony of the officers at USFA which was held in front of the Headquarters building .. A comrany from t.he 4?nd Dhrision made up the Honor Guard . Among those decorated was General Flory , Head of US,,,CA , who was awc:...rded the Legion of Merit by General Clark Imrnedi~.tely 3_fter the ceremony 1hr Erhardt , rolitice.l advisor, conferred wi.th Gene-rs.1 Clark and at 1230 General McCreery , Commander-in-Chief of the Bri-Lish troops arrived with Mr . r.·ack, British politicRl advisor for a conference . At 1/4.00 they had luncheon in the Command1-ng General ' s mess in Headqt.arters , and shortly after General Mccreery and Hr . Mack left for British Headq_uarters . 0 I ( At 1500 Mr . Joseph Zielich presented General Clark with a statu ette of George 1 'ashington which is a replica of the statue v1hich ustr:i.a presented to the Jnited Sta.tes in 1932 in commemor'1tion of the two hundr edthbirthda:T of the first President of the United States ., General Clark left his lier d quarters and 1rialked to his villa at 1550 hours and in th.e evening im.-j_ted Count Larisch and his two sons, a.nd daughter- in- law to his villa for dinner . * * * 7IErn.TA NOVEiiiBER 10, 1945 Gen9r 1 Clark arrived at his offic e at 0830 and immediately conferred witb Gen8Y'Bl Rrann anr~ Mr . Erhe.rdt on the forthcoming Allied Council I':eetjng. All the topics on the agenda for the me9ting wer9 discussed . Colonel MBrget was called in for the conference when the problem of monetary c>orivers:ion was discvssed . Gen~ral Hov1a.rd saw Gc~n8ral Clark at 1000 and at 1045 Gener"'l ClHrk left his Headc1'Larters with General Brann to '-' ttend th9 "llied Council keeting :vhich bsted until 1545 . Immediately after the meetj_ng Gener:- 1 Clark returned to his Fet1dqParters wh1?,re he held a press conference and shortly thercqfter General Clad: l,gft his Headquarters for • his villa . In the e1 r1::mine- at 1845 hours Gener&l Clark gave a bvff et supper nd a n1L::ten in" on the A•rmy ...·Notre-Dame game, for forty - eight members of his Headquarters . The score of the game was M5-0, rmy, Colonel Sarnot:ce ,nd Colonel OstlPr splittin1s th9 pot . 1 0 ¥ General Chrk µent the follo"Ting message to General George S. lati.on, tTr., Commarn·1ing Genera] of th~ 15th ;~rmy . ( �9l Today on your birthday I offer you my he 1.rtiest congro.tul:::ttions , and those of my l \..FA associ tes .. Your brillic..nt armored thrusts spearhe dingmanr of our •urope-n attacks , nd your superlative record es one of the out standing b ttle leaders of this v,zr r , shv.11 '?Ver be renembered in American )ilitary History J1"c y this armiversary be a mo::t enjoyable one for you . I send best wishes for your continued health and happiness in the years ahe,n.d . n 11 0 * VIEH TA--NOVl:'.d'.BER 11 , 1945 -Gener' 1 Clark left hL villa at 0700 hours to go to Sal ,burg . After driving to Linz he took a .. 25 from Horschine airfield which was piloted by Lt . Colonel Eartjn , Base Commnnder , c.nd landed at Salz burg, at 10/15 hours . The Gen8-c.l was met by General Harry Collins , Cor:rrnander of the 42nd Di v:i sion anc 1---.ter dcC'orated him with th9 Silver Stqr and the Distinguished Service iTedal. Later in the day Gene,--al CJ..~rk drove to Im1sr ck where he was received by Generr-1 ethouart who vJill be the General I s host for the next fevv days Gen-3ral ei, rk ;:1.nd General Bethouart had · planned a s. tort hunting trip . General Clerk sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ,'ITa shir gton, D .. C. (Report to the Secretary of State) , J.eference No . P- 5538: ( 01 . J' llied Counc_· 1 me <1t ing held 10 November . General relations good . vi dent Russio.ns O!"}err:t5 ng under !.:oscow orders on currency conYersion and resorv'3.tion of governmental powers . On b .sis of conversation tods.y with Koniev I fee more hopeful of satisfactory agreement on ci.::rrency conversion . Koniev expressed hope I was not serious abot1t conversion by zones . I assured him I vms unless he vmuld be reasomhle . Koniev will report 0 1..r conversion to his governrnent and hopes for fa.voroble instructions by middle of next week . Koniev e:xr,ressed personal agreBment in general \7ith follovr:i.ng principles insisted upon by U,j , ritish and French elements and accepted by Austrians ., a. Conversfon of Reichcm~_rk enrl _.i.ff Schilling notes a bove 5 schillings into l\.ustrian national schillings to be[:in 10 Dec ember . b ! llocation o f 2500 million schillings for civilian needs at outset of comrersion, to be supplemented by proi:ortion o· cur~·· ent note pro ductfon in weeks irnmedi tely folloriing until totc.l of 3300 million schilJ :tngs for ci.vilirm needs is r9ached .. c . r::ili-!::a.ry needs to be taken from baln.nce of estimrited stock of L:500 million schillin~s expected to be available in December of allocation among four :r;owers to be on rei13onabl9 ha.sis d . If 4000 million not then available, allocation for civilian needs 1vill not be reduced below initial 2500 mil lion consj_dered minimum necessr.ry for ,.uPtriR.n eco nomy . �e In deciding an amount and 11ature of blockin3 necessary , we should take a.dvice of 1-tu:=:trian~ and in any case inc]ude a clatse gi ring .P Uf' · rians discretj o:n. in rel e!J si nr; strj ngency of blocking me(. surcs . rt2 . On question of governmental po,·rers reserved by Allied Council ea.ch member stated he had consulted his government and stj_ll ma.int-:i.ined the position he had t,.k9n at 30 October rrt8'=tj ns, rAported in my P4 752, i e Koniev insisted on points one and six a.s they st nd in para 2 tb~rein, other pov1ers would not accept either of them with exception clauses there in "3 . s1,.ed l~oniev wheth r I ,Aras to unrlerst nd he wanted 1.milat r-al a ction on im}X)rtant things like trade and financial rel- tions with which .utl.C agreement ch rges Allied Council He ::lrgued his formulr:... did not do this s·7~n-=, Co tncil had recognized EennAr Government def--icto f nd r '2R had don,:) so dejure-. I pointed out this me~mt recogni 17 ing supreme · authority in Renn -,r Government rather than in Cou.ncL . He merely ref erred to 20 October letter to Renner . 11 4 I 0 In discussion of proctic, 1 effects of vnilateral versus joint actj_on be digresse to Potsdam greement "by v1hich Soviet Governmsmt was g:jven ri ht to all Germon ~ssets in ...,astern .Austrian , saying thu.t any differences abcut its me, . ning .ere for set-i-lemgnt between Governments and not by Allied Council . "5 . I pointed out I wa discl ssing methods not substc.nce end uggested Political Advisors withdraw to try to record proposal.. ihen they were unable to agree I sugf·ested we may have be'3n mist::i.lrnn in ➔.,rying to list specifi c powers to be reserved and that we had perhaps better drop the attempt and try a new eppro"ch based UiJOn fact · 11ied Councj_l i., supreme authority and specific reservations therefore unnecessary . 'Ihis threw constern-:. tion into So~rir➔t gro1 p which then egan pre·ssing for immediate adoption of thAir first five t:oints leaving sixth to later consi · eratj on . tt6 . e decided to let politic· 1 advisors reconsider whol1:; .__ uestion for specfal r.1eeting of Council on Frj_day next . u7. Before adjotming I announ ed thqt my Government vdll designate Erh .rot as !X)litical rBpresent.o.tive to the Atistrian Government 3.nd receive a political repret1entati ve of it in Jashington . IvlcOre,:,ry made similar statement ': bo -1 l' 1 ack . rnfortvrntely Koniev seized this opportunlty to say our action paralleled theirµ an< t.h re rrJus, therefcre , no longer any reason not. to @"J.~ee with their formula for repr 0 eentation . I stressed t:e~t this Wt?.S in no \'1ay to circumvent Council , that Erhardt would continue t o sit beside me as my !X)litical hdv:i sor anf th- , Austro rrArican aff irs would continue to e h;:1ndle . throu h the Council as err.:>tofore . 0 11 8 . In addition Allied Council approved : (1) one hundred nineteen decrees of Renner Government found nobjectionable by all powers and five �93 decrees with cert2in amendments (2) Disposal of war material ccor ding to Berl:tn agreement (3) adripartite censorship of civilian communications in Vienna (4) Acceptance of military missions from Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia under Article 12 1 C agreement ( 5) sking respective Governments to make representa.tions to Yugoslovin, Hungr~ry :md Czechoslovakia concerning expelling Germans into /.usttia. and l tter to German Control Counc_l on repatriation Reichsdeutsche and disposal of Sud et.ens and other Volksdeutsche n 0 * VIEI:iTA NOVt~ rn R 12 1945 General Clark was away from Headquarters and the guest of General Bethouart in Innsbruck * VI 1_ 1NA- NOV~,1BER 13 1945 of General Bethouart . * * * * General Clark visiting in Innsbruck as guest * * * VIENN1 - NOVE:EBER 14, 1945 General Clark arrived in Salzburg at 1100 hours and h d lunch with General Collins, leaving for Vienna shortly thereafter . He arrived by car at his villa in Vienna at 1930 hours and hnd dinner . The General retired after dinner . * * * VIENNA N0Vrnv1BER 15 , 1945 General [lark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and imrriediately saw General Brann . At UOO he was inter11iewed by John Dos Passes , writer for Life Magazine , who is on his way to the trials in Frankfurt . Colonel Grogan accompanied Mr . Pas sos . At 1130 hours Liiss Jane Kemon , granddaughter of Mrs . Kimb9.ll resident of the Kennedy 1Narren Apartments in Washington, D saw the General She is now working in the Air Division , l SFA . Shortly thereafter John La.risch , son of Count Lnrisch, talked with General Clark for a short time General Clark had lunch at · 1300 hours follo 1 dng which he saw Colonel Hieb , Medical officer . At 2015 Lt . Colonel Charles ;i . Thayer , who has acted as the General ' s Russian interpreter, was presented with the Legion of Merit, after which General Bethouart conferred with General Clark in his office . Upon General Bethou.art 1 s deplrture, General Clark dictated letters for Mrs M. W. Clark and Miss Ann Clark. After conferr:ing with Mr . :ili-hardt , General Clark walked to his villa with General McMahon . In the evening he had dinner with friends at the Bristol Hotel c., 1 General Clsrk sent the following congratulatory message to The Hon . John J . McCloy , Asst . Secretary of Vvar, Reference No P- 5816: �.( "Congratul tions upon your splendid perform,ince of duty an~ effective support of our fifhtfog armies in the rreat3st war in history . Your tire less energy, dynamic force , great intelligence and backg;round of combat service :in ;orld ~"Jar I were of immense aid to the men who did the fighting in Italy and throughout the world . May you after a vrell e~1rned rest resume your activity in our nntion 1 s interest . My officers and men bid you Godspeed and good luck n General Clark wa:=.: unable to ttend the openj ng session of the Intern, tional Military Tribunal in Nur nberg, and sent the follovling message to the Hon . Robert H Jackson , U .s . Chief of Counsel , Nu.rnberg, Germany , Reference No . P- 5813: ''I regret that a meeting of the 1'.llied Council schedvled for Tuesday November 20 in Vienna , prevents my accepting your invitation to attend the openjnf sessi n of the Internc.tionr-ll j..Iilitary Tribunal in Nurnberg . I apprecir:>te your thoughtfulness i.n inviting 1r,e a.nd in making billeting arrangements for my stRy there had I been able to attend . I send my sincere best wishes , and those of my ssociPter; Rt SFA, for your success in brino-ing to full ~nd speedy ,justj ce all those guilty of war crimes in Germany . rt * VIENl - NCV · tBER 16 , 1945- General Chrk arrived at his office at 0900 hours where he sp,ke shortly with Colonel Nygo. d . The Gener-~l then talked with General Salt zman General Brann and Colonel Tu~arget conferred with General Clark on the forthcoming Allied Council meeting . r~r . Erhardt ~lso joined the conf9rence which lasted until 1030 hours . General Clark left immediately for his off ice in the Inter- Allied Col'T'miss:..on and at 1100 hours attefided the Allied Council meeting which lasted until 1800 hours that evening . _ Currenc~r convers:i.on was the. main topic for disc1::ssion , and a favorable decision was rendered . General Cle_rl: had nress conference :3t 1815 hours and after entcrtaininf the press in the . Commandj ng Qeneral ' s Iv1ess left for his villa and retired . General Clar}· received the following message from USFEr , signed by General Patton "Prior to his depirture from the Theater, Gen9rc=-.l ~isenhovl/er directed t,r,~t the following messag~ be read to all memberG o: your comrn~nd: u 1 On Novewber the 22nd , Americans all over the vorld will together celebrate Thanskgi,dng Day ., This year more than any for m::my years :past we h nve truA ca.use for full gr, t ·tude; this y ar has brouf)it the r" entry of neace and freedom j_nto the civilized worlc. Let us, therefore , offer our· earnest Hnd h Rrtfelt thanks for the great vfotory th D.t has been given us , and for the right we now hold to continue o T l•=1bor-s towards last· ng world peace .. 0 �0ur work is not yet finishcde .ve must no➔ allow ou::·sel ves on this de y, in turning our tho -e;hts to t.he µ1st, to fail to give serious thought to the . uturc . e have assided in the rebirth of a free world; we must now ss:i.st in its bnsic education that it may evolve into one forerer free . Our weaf.X)ns in this ne'"l to.sk must be ourselves --- our gviding example and .ttitudee, an our earing in he mjdst of others . 11 n:,!e ar over'"'.~ s -- way from home , helpine: to rule nd form the minds of a misled people, as the representatives of a gre,. + democracy a democracy :,hie 1 '."e rrve dedicated to th8 true est8.blishment of the welfare and dimity f ma 01 enrth . Ot..r former enemy, whose country we or cupy -,ust look to us for guidance and example . The obligations Ne have , 1us imposed ·cror.. ourselves are at once obvious and j_mmenso; we c. n meet them only by remembering our basic rec.sens for f~_ghting th.ls war and comforting ourselves "'Ccordjngly .. 1 "l'..e can edvcate only as we 101.d . In ·.heir past blindness these people have len+ themseb0s Jo the purposes of tyrar.inical dict~torship; it is only through ed· cation ovm· ' long period that le can uilrl . n + hem the enlighte:oen spirit ..,hich will f' itself breed futur .:. :::eacc . to rr::iGt , -:here.fore , exc t ov.r f:3Very ef!'ort +o se-: -:lvyays an example of fairness · nd correctness, e.nd of firmness tempered with justice not only in our dealing with those we now go-·ern, but in ..,.11 our actions amongst them. 1 'e mus moet th'7 s ch~llenge ·iith tho s~rre st0--1dfrstn0Gs of purpose n_ ich has made it !=OS sj_,J~e for t~~) -tc '., th"'nkful for the e-,; ents of' the rnct ;{t;'.rs . n * ~r:I:r:U~ Jry~:r1~.. Bli 1. 1 7, 191,5 -Gener:-1 '1.r:: ~.:-rived 9.t tis office · t 1000 hours and conferred .rith General Brann and G~neral 'l'ate for qvite sometime. Lr. Christ enberr-y talked vrith General Cl-~rk for c. short time G13ne::-n:t_ lark then conferred with Colonel Porter concerning pl~ns for later in the day ,. fter wr j ch General Cl rk saw Colonel Grogan a_nd Mr. Dem<J.roe 1=>ecs .. Mr . Bess is a war corres);:ondent who had been 11i th the General pre-riously . /.t 1230 Gener!'11 ClP rl~ left his office vd th olonel fort er ..,nd r~t :irned "'.t 2000 hov._rs 1 or a s.ort w~le . General Cl rk sent the fol] O\"ing me"·sace to the Jo:_r:c. C,hiefs of Staff, :--ishington, D C , (R~rort · o Secret ry of State), R. f;:;rence No . -- -5949: 1. lli'3d Council hel ~ extraordin ::'j~ meeting lf rovember, princi:p3.l subject, currency conversion . _greer.ient re·-cted a..fter prolonged discussion on conversion oi' Reichsmarks ape l.llied I1i.litary SchilJj_nzs ir:.to Au ... trian Na ion 1 fch·n..J..ings . 11 • Det .ils of the conversion plan fellow pen9rall~:1 the lines in "'icated in P~ragraph 1 of P 5538, ·vith minor morlifjcctions as follows: (1) ( 2) ( Date of cor..version 13 to 20 Decem,..)or 191..5 . Each ind::_7ic:v 11 to r8ceive in cash no more th n 150 schil l jn ~s in return for Reichsmarks r:nd ~llied Military chil • in ~s turned in . ':'h,, r~,...t will be blocl~ed or re stri.cted ·t-1. rr.ounts to be decided b~r the ·Auctrian authcri- �ties ,. orkinv on " wmeral basis of 6& blocked . . t,strian ~,1thori ti Js _ma._r ,-..,1 x ere en _,n. ze of lo~1dngs as necessary, when nd ~.s .L ur· lier !fationul Schillings are printed . ( 3) b. ~ l'ot es printed subsequent to con'rersion to be al2..ot ed fiveeights fo civilian requirements nnd three-eights for mili tary pur ses until J·ustrian authorities h'-1.ve received 800 million schillings in PPropr .. 'lte denomin'-1.tions ovAr ·:i.nc1 above 2500 million assi:sned for civil:i.[;._n requirementa at beginning of conv'3rs~.on ost serious difi'icuLies in securing agreenent resulted fror.i _ ssi n r f :i.se 1 to permit ccor,limtion by 'llit.;d Council of dem<1nds of indiviclu'll powers for curr'3ncy for milik.ry pt,1rposes . t Council meeting _oniBv refused to ccnsider even inforrr..al consuF•·;tion betv,een Comnr.nders-in Chief before e ch power t:vould mf-lke its demands on /1.ustrian governn'3nt . Later in private confer ence however, I indl,ced him to cons9nt to such onsu1tr. . tion . Result w ~ de cision to llot out of on mil1 ard f5.ve hundred rpillion for conversion of rnili tary hol~ings n.nd one month ' s military expenditure two hundred millions 03.Ch to u.~ , British , an~ ~rench and nine hundred millions to USSR . Similar informal consuli"ations will be held on f'uture allocations amonr four po iverc, . 0 1 n2 . Political P.dYisers having been un· ble to reac'1 ['_greemi:=mt 011 question of reserved powers, the Chairman put before the Council a French compromise proposal I refused t.o accept it ecause it contained same features to which I had objected in Soviet proposal reported in P- 4 752 October 31 ) "3 . .cCreery then proposed following resolution , which w,... s adopted: "Since rticle 14 of the London · ~weement of July 4, 19,~5 provides that the nature and extent of llll:i.ed direction and 3uidance will be considered after the recognition by the four powers of a freely elected Austrian eovernm0nt , the Council decides to Wi:\it the fulfillment of th13 conditions lldd down in th-9 aforesaid Article bafore resuming the discussion of the e;uestion of reserved powers . The ,_llied Council instructs he Executive Committee to Prepare n study of this question now . In addition f rther important questions will r:.rise from the r9cognit.ion by the :'our powers of c drly elected Austrian government . rihe Allied Council instructs the Executive Committee to study c.lso these furthsr major problems. 1 "4. Bethouart announced French Government had decided to accredit his r:o. litical advisor also as political representative to Austrian Government ~md to accept a political representative from latter . He stressed that this in no way affects the authority of the Council . n �VIENNA--Nain:vrnE,. 18, 1945-•General Cle.rk arrived at his office at 1000 and immediately saw General Br nn and General Tate . Genernl Corbin of the C:uarterma.ster General ' s office , 'fa shi.ngt,on, D.. C., conferred with General Clark at 1030 on the use of surplus supplies and the suwly situation in generd . At 1045 Mr . and Mrs McCormick of the New York Times interviev1ed Gen-JrGl Cl:.rk • General Clark theii left his office for Ms villa to spend the rE,mainder of the day . 1 * * TI HNJ ·mv_, P}•.rrl 19 , 19.l5 Ge1"0r 1 at his of ice , t. 0915 ,,nd im'lle~.'ritely s 'l :en·r-1 Howard concerni..1rr .c &ecur:tt.r of _j_s 1 de;e ar;l -.hen conferred ~1ith G .,nsr 1 Brani.'1 r nc Gen9f'..-;i.l T te . Gener;l Cbrk r1ext Gavi I:r . :..r~- r ~ n · hen took cnre cf a.ccunn:l ed corre&1.x,~1dence . 3e .. d h::nc .. wit . . r.~.,. , _ rl1'"'.._"c1t Gen~ cl °Rr[:rn rmi:7 .lenerril ']>;·~ G r-nd rctu :ier~ to hls office where he worked unt il 1/430 hours nnd then left f' or ~-1is vill for t 113 _,_. .y . Gener q_ C'larl,. r 0 r ei ec1 t,._e 0nc~ Jo . ~c- s112, ~ 011 'N • .lg F e::::c:!.ce :'rc.,r: Gcner--..1 J::. a;:-1-~ff,Yor , a,.,f ~r n_h2..,}· :;rou for your kine. messace on my birthday * ( * irf;SR ?O , .. 9L,'3- ,.,,~ri~r ,..J. Clark ar~ivea ~t his off'ce c.t 0900 and pinned Solonel •·s c?.gles on Col . erhrrd Deutsch, Col. J ~rL c Rundell , rol. :..')..1 L .n;r· n --i_nd Col . ~red crick Stephens At 0930 he gr-:nted interviews to a group of r ?-:::Orters ~;ho --re on 3. tour of the :8uropean T e ter • ".t 0<]45 ~-<~mir· l Lo, r-;ry --nd Capt:2..:.n ··:i11te1·b.lr-r , he'"'.a of ·,._l v~l Di vision , tqlked ', 1.th Gener~l C'. •1 rk J...drnirr1 Low,--ry i& the Comr~-:nd:ing ff~_cer cf rbc ~1 av·.. l Divjsion j_n :.,.::'F"_,':' . ..L_.,''"l~Y''"'-1 Clar~~ , 1.ccomp-nied bJ t:r .. ..cobert Ch:risJ;:,enberry , 8:e113ral C1.11J..ir n ·rnr-1 Colonel Sr.ii-th , dep'"'rter1 .., T mc·-:,or :'or the ;•'1.<:: ..,,..11 1 G lodge "t 1 00 hours Gen°---'"' lark r ::. ;-Ad c.t his hunt in,: lc<:.c:e a . . cc.t 100 lwurf:. and spent h9 r -nuinc:er of th8 ~renj nc at is lodge . After dinner he took a walk nd retired early . ~e"'--rnl CI,. rlr recisived ,he follo".!in: message from 'Lhe Eon Ref AI'81'1C e I-To . -,:cL ?1942 • John .IcCloy , ttThank you _01.. cur very warming tolsgr. 11 . Cor;-d_ilg froi:i •: Comr.ci.nder of uc_ d::_stinct,ion ou c2n '· e s ·re I 'v.:.11 .1-re st1re it . 11 21 , 19Lt-5 .eDPra C a~c!r : ccomrnni..,d , y Mr ChristenberTy left -t·he lodge about 0830 and spent e d[{y in,. the h.:_lls lmn ~in,_ chamois~. How f!ver this w s not his luc::,., c1 • n-1 ~ returned t th lor ge ·· out 1730 emptyh0.nded He h d dinner and retired e rly VI ·1 . . . t T ,. 1 �Gener"',l Glnrk sent th3 fo}Jovlin€; message to · ·,10 Joint Chiefs of Staff regard:i.ng th0 critical food si ·uat ion which exists in th~ Russian occupied ( reca of Lower \ustrL , Reference No ., P 6211 ., 1 . Jmdr0as Korb Secretary of State for Fcod in the· l-rovision:11 Aus '., rian rJcnrernrric,nt on 10 November 19L,.5 submi ,ted c; i"ritten report to the /JtJJ.drJ.p.rti·.,e Foo 1 Committee of the .Allied Council outlining the critic•:.l food situation e:xj sting in th~ RtJ::oian Or'.'r>Ffied Lrea of Loner \t ::3tria . The rep:>r· str-tes thrihe estc 1Jliohed ration for the normal consumer in Lower .· ustria is 801 celor:ies per d ..y, nnd that due to non,.. ava-H a bHity of food normal consuri19rs in mo.ny areas actun.lly raceive no more thrin 700 calr;ries per ~-->y; that the RuPsians n.re importing no food into the aret1 .. tLat expected 1 VJ •wa:ne.bili ;;r of indigenous supplies during the conjnr· wint er vril.l cause the situ'>tion to 9'.et worse, and that a major disaster is threatened tinless considerable quantities of food - r c.> imported to lower fmstri • Conditions reported in t.hL., r'3port have been corroborated from other sources. The report re01.1es s the id llied Nations to furnish suffic:i..ent food to LmYer stria to pe:rm··t. m·1.intenance of r 2tion scales comparable to those of Vienna 0 1 0 ( "2. In inf rma.l convr::.rsations with m3m1x~rs of m,.T staff Tfarr Korb recentl r s , ted th t the Russians have never imr,orted food to Lower Austri•. 8nd t. ".:it dur:5.ng th 9 ear:{.y months of their occupa+ion the Russia ns used conslderable qurntities of Lower Austria ts lncU.genous food for subsi ctence of their troops , but in recent months this has been discontinued with respect to wheat ~.nd other major items although the P.us si8.n li.rmy cont..in,: es to consume local milk , vegeta )le and similar foodstu :.'='f's Korb stB.tes th- t serious malnutrition is <;i.lrea~y in evidence , a.eaths h2.ve occurred from malnutrition and that frequent demons rati ns of unrest have occurred in Wienernsustadt due to food conditions . u3 . The Ritssians s.re reslSL2.ng strenuously the placing of Herr Korb ' s rerort before the 11__lU.ed Council efor ,., elections . The--J neither admit nor ... erw the facts stated in Kerb ' s re:i:ort . N+• If conrlitjons do not improve in Lower i\ustrir. it is possible -:hav after the elections +,o be held 25 November the Austrian Crl:lvernment under Russian guid.r;i.nce may attempt to force the other powers to reduce ration scal es in other parts of Austria includj ng Vienna and use food imports so saved to alleviate conditions in Lower Austria; or m y request other rowers to make up deficjts in Lovier Austri a · In my opinion ration scales now in effect in Vienna. and the US ?;ones are tho mirrl.mum necessary to µcevent disease and unrest and I will resist ny efforts to reduce them Fu-rther I do n. t recorrime.nd increas"' ing our imports for use in Lower Austrit. as the feeding of that area is a definite Russian resp:msibility . Recent ir.i.formation reveals that Ru::-,si::.ns are br:ingj.ng c , 1 dition, 1 troops to Austria from Czechoslowkis. vrho in turn will live largely off the land ~ A critic 1 situa tion exists throughout the entire Rur:,sians area of •*ustria ,nd this sitv.Ptj on will be ag 0:r v ted if Rus sians fail to fu .fill th:dr obl_igations to provide food for their area . n 0 -* �l r1.-.r 91 , : m:--½ • , lod 0 c .... t 070 returned · s having shot • He e r_;_1h .nk2gh·i::··~ith Gene:., 1 nc fo'.hon .,. (',, l f, 1 ·, zrr 711 ?;-1'he1.. n C 0n r:-r' an' (;o~_Ol el G:::·ogn.n, Colo nsl E.riith, Colonel Jy d • r: r rry · t ~.is lo~ ~.3 . ~ a·· n11e1 1:: Gener'"' jr y. G ·1'?..... s , -r- 1 'V') '"':~.., .1.. _ -h ~ Qr-,n~-~ 1 Cl rk ::::?'.+ ni ed States Forces , Austri a : ttQn Thank sgiving Days of th e past , our f orefather s offered their 11~ve thanks for the freed.om they h .d found in our Ameri.ca You nd ;just "1dcC: our co ·n'·.rymen j__ -: r':!:J T .... t.:.011 .. · -L-Lt f' · ,,cuo:n , --.~1d in J. L 1.: be .. t,_j_o 1 ~ -1- :.~ o:)rrocse ~ pecp.. C::::' o: ·12~ ror1 ~ . L~ • ... ~m ~h .1~rful tcc'"'y f ,:; n,'11'1nder .. your coc· :itl..cut r:.·rn ·e cou ... d r vevot·on to ce, JOl:J.... LC~ 1.1~.ve v: n spiri-- , ... JOH). .:i-Lb you on t ·us Th·1.:nks,;;i ving r y o 1945 in ·ex···rcs:::. · g he~.rt±.' 1t .t· ·r c:.""'t~ en for · 1e ld.vine '"'tl. ic. _ee -::1hich led ·,1s to -i-.½_,, suceessfv C' m.t-•·... e·jon of th t missjon .:;_q!'e your fer 10nt t!'1rnt -1',.. 1 , 1{ . ..1.h t. a· ''"'. ne gt;i,..~,..,: me "".rl ..,sta ·lish world where '311 o~· all n 4 :.c":s ·:.L. ive tcwet.h ,r in tranquil pro,...perity fore,r .r n :r. . . un...,le c-, J ~ 3 , 19,45- 18:i:1ernl for ,;, , e,:1 · '.: .... '.::",!':. rnmained at his lodge duri'1g t e lk ·_n ·,he !lf'ternoor.. e , p·2;n1· t._1,:; ~a:.,. r ~::::-tir:g * * * iTJ 1A l.0V:" 2R 2L , l 9li5 G--1nar"l Sbr_{ left his 1- ,nt:.inf lodge :::i.t 1000 ours no. trent t' ~· :r _r.. th~ 11·1 s of :inderstod,'.;;;:::-· , =e.LuTn:.ng . out 730 hourc h~v:ng shot four chJ~1ois ch;r::nr;' · ne d . y . �w ,rry ing he ·'rmn_ er a ...aner 1 Clark l&'ft his hun '· jng lod.;;e t .lo .. icnn'"' b. c r e '"'rr:hr~d i1 1 Ti ,r-~~ ,.,t 1.4 5 y ·o --i J_ ;1,re 1e · h~d J ,l"'ch rrj r. C ~r, 4 en 1 al rested or n v. bil n t e evend early . d• •• rr1vec'. !lt his n,., ,11.D ·n re fe,J. o Jr-.c. ' r·r ._ ~rh _ t . J --.. c,_nn .c' -:- _i_'t~ C-::-•--,,_.,_~ ... 1 r".lrir}:, :Zor a short time . Lt ~ Grieorious , Ordnance, Speci l Project officer- , saw the General concerning telescopic s:.:..r;:JtE; for ~1::..G '!'~ ~-,., f:: ~n . . ,r ,. C"rr.~al :f "ie f ~ ~ ~tate D ,t,J...u:·~mant at Chserta · opi~-..d in t say 1&Jl ,.,_t' noon, 1 t t.er short confe .. erce ~irith Gene:r 1 To.ta , General Clark lunch . 0 J Immedi.:,tely after lunch Gen1=rnl fifol;ahon and General Tate conferred v1i h th8 General concernjng rranp-ements for a State De;_--,"3rtment cockt il party to b,3 g:tve:ri at 1800 hours in the evening . At 1430 General Flory s w Generc. l Clark to brief him on the Jewish Displaced . . ersons sitrn.tfon, and was followed at 11+30 hours by five me. mbers of the .Tmvish Committee of America, who a.r"= tourin •·~urope in order to see the condition of tTe!vish Displaced Persons cam s . At 1450 hours Gen9r,r.il Mel hon conferred ·dth QqnerAJ. Cl~rk nd was followed by C lonel rrogan t 1500 After ceeing ~i:mer 1 Tate for a short tim~ , Genera_ Cl ..rrl,. left hio off:.tce at 1530 W'>lk:i.ng wi- h G,:,neral Saltzm n to bis villa At 1800 hours General CJ.qrk guve a cockt.·:Ll party for forty members of the State Department and other m3mb0r s of he, .dq-Darters At 2000 hours the Gen0r,..1 had dinn.;r nith several m".3mbers of his staff ~nd later pl~y'9d ker * * * �l O,i, , ( Gene al Clark sent the following mes ... ge to Genl'.3rn.l of the Army George C flfarshall , 1rrar Dcr,st. ent , efereYJC8 ro . P- 6554: "In bj doing you this fonrl est f rewell on the erminntion of your br1.l i~.nt ten re of office ., I wish I v1°re t 1ere in ·1ash: ngton today to exnress to you the full me"" Sl1re of my personql congratul:1.tions nnd sincere th nks , as we 1 as t ose of 11 ranks h9re ,.,t USF.A Th, world 'vell !mows , , nd shall ever remember , the monument.al task rhich you so magnificen _,ly completed in supervising the victory ·of the l0rgest and e test armies to ever defend li. erty in the history of mankind . Time · shall not dim , nor sh 11 merica forget , the maenit de of your works • . Retirement from official office was never mo-re hiP."hly des9rved than yours I shall alt-';ays c e:rish the opportunH,y and privelege I had to serve under your r:.ble command re all most heartily gree ~ith the $entiments of Fresi• dent Trurr,cn ' s rec en-. statement of vour w rth, r:.nd in n rting we reg-..cetfully ·but prou.dly s lute trThe Greatest Soldj er the orld has ever known . 11 * * * * TI ,., ·A--lJCJ.r,..~•,·q,_R 27 191.5- General Clqrk arrived at his office at 1000 hours and tmmedi tely saw Co onel 1-'orter concernj ng arr ngements for a trip to It.aly in th near future . He next saw Gener-1.l Brann who was fallowed by Colon~J Pesek core ernj ng press cony to be delivered to t 1e Gener al each ·rno 1.!nft at 1050 hours .. Gener'1.l Howard saw Ger1Pral. Clar 1: and at 1120 M:r . lu.cCormac and Ttir . Foe or , rc3porters , inter-vier ed Gener-Jl Clark. Gener'l.1 Tate tf")lked i.v:i.th h~ Gene; .... nJ_ for s~1ort time t, noon nd 1tvas followed b:r Co onel Th :ver who discrs sed the S • 1 fter 1 un ' the General took care of all a c cumula · ed corresponde,nce and at 1430 hours left his of .ic We Udng t o his villa 0 0 , Gene ~,.1 Clark 1ssu8d the follow.1np; statement on Tuesday, the 27th, after the elections h2.d taken place i 1 Vienna: ''The TTnited States and the other Allied Occupation pov.rers have given to Aust ri something that is precious to all free men and vorvm: the right of free '31.ect:: rns , privile~e h~t hltler took a1~1a.y from them . his is one of tl e •. o~_;t important steps in +he . llies program of help~_no- Austria to become a free independent and democratic nation . t " stria ' s futvre is progrecsivel~r be -:i n ~ pl .;;. c ed J_n h~r orm hands . A free elect.ion vipes out another trace of Na.ziism and P-ives to the people Democratic government of :,heir ovm choice tt~:i nee the forces of th~ nj_ted S+ tes and the other Allies ent ,red A .strin , +h0re have been outstqnd~ng evidences of cooperation by 11 hustrians , an tho proP.;rPSS a.lready made to. ·r.ird the restorat:ion of A1-1stria as an indeendent democratic n.-..tion has be3n steady nd enccur ·~ng . n He rdll al * do our part to help Austria and its people . * * *w rt �VIEl'L A- ..: . BI.. ER 28 , 19/45- Ge~eral Cl rk !)rrived t _..is office b.t 0930 and sn~ G ,ner· l 'Ctr"nm . t 09L5 Gener2l Howc..r 1, }r.:iner ,l Tate ?!r:d Colon,. . l Faxon :rtr:.fec +he GAneral on c3.·,.., r reconn" is'1nc,-?. uni-1..s t .t 1000 Gen':~ral ,... eibert of C 2 . . -SFTT'T talked with General Clark on the G 2 se up, '".nc1_ :rns fol.lowed ;r Gen..,!.' .l Flory •;ho discussed t'19 ·~c "'t ~~ly repor' i::hich '· 1e ~ Hitary Comrdssj oner s 1 ;-;1jt,s . Gener .1 Rram1 a ain saw Gen9ral Clark and le.ter I r . r:,u_een ,. nr1 Fr ~; ed0n of the Eer?ld. Tri -iune , '~arc s -rlith our local P.t0 , interv..i e're the Go:ne1-- ... l . l~ ..,_jor ~J rm , lied.ical officer from the 110th StD tion Lospitnl tr~,,..,,ted Ge:ne:.~a1 Clar}- for an infection in his eye o.t 1200 . General Tate , S-e11eral , rnnn ··nd I1r c grhard conferred witL Gr.mer01l Ghrk · nt.il lunch .. :?ollov ing lune'. J~neral Brr:-r.n, Gener--:.1 Tete and rtr . Erhardt again conferred •.Ji th G'=nerr- 1 Ci ... rk nd. q..._ • c1· !1.ki .. i~ care of · cc-c11nuL t.ed cor:esp9nt~enc 0 , ~ h0: Gene~ al left h.:.r~ office for the d1y . 1 T. e Gener2.l sent .I.he fol owing mess .~e to S.eneral (.;osenh T .. lfoNe.rn;:y , 0o."Jno.nr1:ng G01~c:-c.l , F ., e, Forceo · uro e"'n fv~ t~r , Reference . . lfo .. •-6711-1-: "Dear t!oe· * Glac o renev1 the fine associ'ition Tle started ::.n Italy. * * tt * VI11, n~29 , 1945- General Cl~.rk arriyed 01 t Ms of:'ice at 0o35 . He i. ec-ia.tely s .w Grmer 1 Brnnn co 1cern2.ng the i:iaV·ers t be discussed w~.th ! 11 rohal Kon:t..;;V l· ter in the day . Geney-al C'l.srk talked vd_t:1 General G ltzman a.t 0900 concerning the t:r-ip to be tak0n to Italy and was follm1ecl by Colon .1 HyIT3.rd . C-oj.onel areet v1a.s cal ed in to c~iscus.,;, the currency probl em r.i..nd. at 0930 Genei--r.1 . ark 19ft his office to go to Baden to hrve 1.n informe.l conference with Marsh::ll Konie,r. He re ,urned to hj_s headc.J..1&rters 3l:.5 ho·vrs and fter lunch discussed the results of the confe,..,ence with Gen2r. l Brcu1 . The General le . his of· ice at 1500 hcurs for the day " ing GenAr.:-.1 Cl "rk sent the followinf: message to Jeneral ~isenhower regarddisc1 ssion which he lm.d. '.!:1..th r~a:rshal Rom ev e1trl:i er in the da;j . ! have jvst had a long pe ·sonal conversation with Koni~:N at his Head :rters in Buden . T ch foor1 resultec:i rom our conference One subject wMch he djscussed rAl•··tes to his c ·ncern cf adverse criticism in the ~meri can press of the ,... ovie ~nion po:.icies . I ri.ra convinced thnt _he rends only the deroga ory state111ents and fails ,o see- th,~ many f vorable reports which emanate :i:'roM the _1.r1 ericr.n press . ,~ould it not be a good idea if your Bure!.l.U o Pu lie Relations collec·:.ed and ser.:t, -to m8 o.nd to Mclfarney the many favor• , able artkles on Sov1et- er:n8riC'nn r:3 '1tions? These, men sutmitted to our . r3srec ive Soviet orros:i.~ es would r.roduce much good . n 11 q { �lo3 VIEilJKA--NOVF.J-1BER 30,, 1945--General Cla.rk ~rrived in his office at 0900 a.nd immediately s 1'1 General Tate and Genere.l Brann At 1 00 the General presented Colonel Grogan, Public Relations Officer, and Sargent Trent, the General 1 s Mess Sargent , with the ronze Star Medal for meritorious ..service . Both Colonel Grogan and Sgt. rent a re returnit1g to the StPtes for Christmas . A picture of the Commanding General , Deputy Commanrring General and Chief of Staff , ana Section heads• was taken a.t 1015 and immea.iately following the General left for the Alljed Council meeting which began at 1100 hours At 1430 hours General Clark returned to hi~ office from the meeting and immediately held a. press conference f) Upon completion of the conference General Cls,rk left his office for his villa where he ma.de prepara tions for le aving on a trip to Italy. At 1715 hours General Clark left his villa to go to Mehl.ling tation where he boarded hie private train .. Among the General I s guest who accompanied him on his trip to Italy were Maj . Gen. Harry J Collins, General S ltzman, General Sullivan, Colonel Porter, Lt . Col. Nygard , Mr Christenberry and General Clark ' s aide Lt . Traugott Gene:re.l Cl a rk sent the following mesrnge to Ron., Herbert H. Lehman, . UNRRA e Wa shington, D.C Reference No. P-6946: Director General 11 C'oncerning ( my conversation , i th you a.t the Columbus Dey Dinner in New York. I greatly apDreci?.te what you are doi n g with your organization in Austria . 11 Seven members of your Supply Working Party renorted here on 28 November in r .e sponse to re quest from the Allied Counci to stu-,y the problem of UNRRA aid for ustria PreliminA.ry discussions •ri th this group were held on 29 ~fovember ~ which inr1. icat es t will be several months b.efore any aid beyond tha.t now sup:pli ed ,Ji 11 be forthcora i r.. g " "I am gre Ptly concerned over conritions in Lo,.,e AustriP. Due to circu.mst~nces 'beyonc1. our control there is a. ureat shortage of f ood in thzt r~ rea , hich conc.i tion if al . . . owecl to continue, may cause many serious cases of malnutritjon this ~inter. Although this is in the area of responsibility of the Red Army the co1ditions there may reflect on conditions in the America.n Zone eno. in Vienna due to posdble necessity of divert fog our food and supplies to Lovrer Austria under emereency cono.i t ions . 11 ! feel we must forget the conditions 1hich created this situation c:ind a.pproach the problem as it exists today . I discussed this matter with Marshal Konev today and he would welcome any help UNRRA can give The longrange program envisaged by the Supply Working Pe.rty now here r ill not rneet the immediate emergency facing lo i er Austria. �1 I hope you can focus your attention on Austria where we nre making progress in creti ting an independent a.nd democratic nation of great importance to the United States and its Allies . 11 For ree.sons which you will unctersta.nd, the contents of this message must be considered confidential and no publicity whatsoever given to this message . 11 Hope to see you over here soon . n I'T.A.LY--DECEMEER 1 , 1945--General Clark , accompenied by Mr .. Christenberry , Maj. Gen. Collins , Generc.l Salt:zman 11 Col . Nygard ana_ Lt. Traugott arrived in Udine at 0945 hours . The party immediately left the train to continue to Pisa by C-47 where the were met by General OXX of the PBS . The party then took off for Florence by ca,r and arrived at the Angl~-American Hotel at two o'clock in the afternoon . A light lunch was served in the Gener~l's suite and at 2000 hours the pBrty had dinner with friends of the Genere.1 1s in Florence . ( I~ALY--D~CEI\JffiER 2, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark, General Collins , General Saltzman ancl Mr. Christenberry a.ttencled mass at t he Santissima Annunziata Church in Florence. Lunch was served aboRrd the Genere,1 1 s train which had arrived from Udine at 1000 hours on Sunday morning . In the afternoon General Clark took a walk through the streets of Florence, and at night the General and. some of his guests dinerl out with friends of the General . I TALY--DECEMBER 3, 1945--Genera,l Cl qrk e.nd members of his pt?.rty with the exception of Colonel Nygard e.nd General Sullivan who remained in Florence , left for Rome by car , arriving s.t the Excelsior Hotel in Rome at 1600 hours . '11he General and his guests had a 1::Jte lunch at the hotel and at night General Clark , Mr . Christenberry, General Collins , Generd Saltiman and Colonel Porter had dinner with General Brady. ITALY--DECEMBER 4, 1945--General Clark and General Saltzman went for a. stroll in the morning and after lunch at the hotel, the General, accompanied by Mr . Christenberry and General Collins took the cAr for a drive to Anzio .. At 1830 hours the party went to the home of Ambassador Kirk for cocktails and retunned to the hotel for dinner . La.ter in the evening General Clark and. Mr .. Chrir-; tenberry went to the show at the Excelsior Hotel night club . �to5 ITALY--DECEMBER 5, 1945--General Clark dictatea_ e letter to Mrs .. C_ark in the morning . At 1000 Mr . Christenberry left Rome for the United States . After a short walk the General received Mr . Tittm:mn who took General - Clfark , General Collins , General Saltzman anaColonel Porter to the Vatican for an audience with the Pope A,t 1145. The General and his pa.rty attended a luncheon at 1330 given in Generf-11 Clark 1 s honor by Lt . Gen RidgePs.y . At 1845 hours General Clark , Gem-ral Collins , General Saltzman, Colonel Porter and Lt . Traugott went for cocktRils to the home o-P Gener?,l B,..aa_y to meet Crown Prince Umberto ~ after which the General c..nc_ his guests h a.d dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Tittmann. B'ALY--DECEMBER 6 , 1945--General Cl~rk and his party left Rome by pla,ne at 1030 hours and arrived in Florence at 1120 . Continuing on to Udine that same afternoon the plane was forced to return to Florence on account of bad weather and. the party remained in Florence overnight • • ITALY--DECEMEER 7 , 1945- •- Genera,l Clark and party left Florence on a :B-25 anc. arrived at Udine at 1115 where the group 1las met by General Moore of the 88th Division. Leaving Udine airfield at 1145 , the Generals plane continued on to Vienna , arr iving there at 2:15 o 1 clock . Gener~-1 Clark aJ1d General Collins went to the villa for lunch where they were met by General Brann . Gen .. Collins returned to Sal tzburg that same night on the 11 Mozart 11 train . ITALY--DECE!<BER 8 ~ 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . After dictating some letters he saw Colonel Pesek ho w21s followed by Mr . Joseph Gray of the Political Division . Colonel Jack Nygard tal1t ed with the General for a. short time a.nd let er GenE·ral Tate with General OXX saw the · General . At 1115 General Clark conferred with Mr c Billy Rose of New York City concerning the entertainment facilities for office~s end enlisted men and also conditions for Jewish Displa.c ed Persons . At noon General Cb.rk promoted Ma.jor Snow and Ma,,jor McCracken to the grade of Lt . Colonel. He again saw Mr., Gray end Colonel Pesek . At 1300 the General had lunch '"ith F.Jembers of his stp_ff A.nd Mr . :Billy Rose . After lunch General Clark conferred with General Tate and e.t 1415 hours saw Mr . Figl , the new Austrian Chancellor who presented the Genera.l with a list of the new members of the Austrian Government . Shortly after theGeneral left for his villa where he spent the remainder of the e.vening . �General Cla.rk sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff i n Washington . Reference No . P-7627: 11 1 . At meeting Executive Committee 4 December discussion on reply to Renner i s appeal of 5 November for economic as dstance developed cleerly ns,tional position on food supply . US positions outlined in WAR 8589 of 292237Z •• British position generally in agreement with U. S . n2 . French stated they had agreed to supply th~ir area in Vienna on 1 , 650 basis but not repeat not in their zone outside Vienna, where ca.lory scale is now about 1, 200 , of which two third.s is supplied by French , remainc.er from indigenous resources . Soviets stated their underste.nding that four powers had accepted responsibility for supplying Vienna on basis of 1 , 550 but that there was no agreed responsibility to provide food for zones outside of Vienna , and that deficiencies in zones must be supplied by Austria from her own resources "3. All agree aid from UNRRA. essential on emergency basis and at earliest possible moment and. directed ce..b le be prepared to UNRRA setting forth situation and urgency and asking emergency a.ssistnnce with food to start before 1 February if possible . On US insistence agreed if UNRBA came in it would have free access to areas where it distributed supplies . 4 . On broad question Food Supplies Soviets submitted draft resolution critical of Austr i a government ' s e}ploitation Ano distribution of indigenous resources and directing implementation of food_ progress . This resolution al so included statement that Allied Council considers Austrian popul,:,,t ion can and must be fed out of its own resources until 1 March 1946 . British &nd US refused to accept resolution ana it was sent to Economic Directorate 11 for reconsidere.tion and redra.fting. 5 . Obvious from this meeting and subcommittee cHscussion thPt future French food imports except for Vien~a unlikely and that Russians will not supply in future except for Vienna.. 11 "6 . Promnt a.ssist ence from uNRP.A a-1nePrs best solution to -orevious serious shortages Lower Austria . rt General 012.rk also sent the following messa,€'"e to the Joint Chiefs of Staff rega.rding the new Austrian Cabinet members . Reference !fo . -P-7661 . "Ens;ineer Leopold Figl personally ca.Ilea_ on me this afternoon anc_ gave me the list of the new Austrian Cabinet A.greec upon by lesders of the three pe.rt ies which he he.s likewise sent to the Allied Council through channels . List follol-rs: �Chancellor and Foreign Minister; Figl - People ' s Party Vice Chancellor; Adc,lf Scha.erf Socialist Minister without Portfolio in ChA.r ge of Foreign Af i:'a irs; Gruber People's Party Minister without Portfolio; Lois Weinberger - People ' s Pa.rty . Interior: Oskar Helmer - Socialist ; Education and Worship . Feliz Hurdes - Peo-ple 1 s Party Justice : Geroe - Non-Party Agricul mre: Kr a.us - Peop le I s Pe.rty Finance: , Zimmermann - Non-party Commerce e.na Building : Raab - People ' s P$.rty Communications : Vincenz Uebleis - Socialist Power and Electrification: Ke,rl Altmann - Communist . Food~ Korp - Socialist. Socia.l Ad.ministration: Boehm - Socialist Property and Economic Planning. Schumy - People ' s Party. Under the Ministry of the Interior there is a People t s Party State Secretary Ferdinand Graf (who is to handle publi.c security matters) e.nd under the Property Ministry is a Socialist State Secretar y Karl Wa.ldbrunner . ( Figl told me confidentially that Renner wa.s . to be President and thq+ he would accept . He likewise said the.t the Oa.binet had been a.greed on by the leaders of all three pci,rties . He hopes that the Allied Council at its meeti.ng on December 10 will approve the cabinet and. I told him that I woula. do everything I could to bring this about and. would also end.eavor to get the Council to agree to recommend th8 t the respective Governments of the occupying po'A·ers should. grant recognition . I t olcl him this would. take some time but I hoped the Council would see fit to a.u thorize him to proceed with the calling together of tle Nationalrat ana. Bundesrat . the election of the president , etc .. • so that the new government cou'ld be formally esta.blished and operating before Christmas. VIEN.NA--DECErrnER 9 11 1945--General Clark reme.ined at his villa in the morning taking care of accumulated correspondence ana. papers . General Clark saw Colonel Smith of the Labor Division at 1215 hours A.nd received messages from various people in the Wa.r Department which Collnel Smith had brought upon his recent return from the States . General 01;.irk held a. conference with Mr . Doc Mathews , GenerA-1 Brann , · Mr . Erhardt and Mr .. Gra,y at 0100 hours . After resting a while in the afternoon he saw General Howa.rd. and Colonel Coburn C.. Smith who are lea.ving for the General . In the evening Countess Olivia Larisch ha.d dinner with the General . �LoZ ( General Cla.rk sent the follo ring message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Reference No P-7673 : 11 Referring to WARX 86274 , conditions in Vienna. are suffi.ciently known to warrant rea.sonalJly correct estimate of number of troops necessary here for each power .. Outside ViennA, conditions are influenced by factors such as numbers of DP 1 s, PWs , refugees. fuel. food , andother economic conditions , severity of winter , health and security conditions , destruction caused by ·ar and situation in neighboring countries, which are imposeible to forecast accurately Such factors in Rus dan zone lea.st known to us of e.11 zones as less infonnation avail able . Additionally capabilities of transport · to move Soviet forces elsewhere and to house and feed in other localities and possible density of mov€m e nt not sufficj_ently known . With our different military organizations difficult to give valid estimate as to wh, t rEic.uction can be ma.de in troop basis of other powers by use of mobile type police force . 11 In computing US requirements, necessary make following assumptions as to US Forces . First , that forces are available only for occupationpl duties and a.re consequently not immediately F.tVa.ilable for use in a comt)at role else\>'here in Europe; second , thP..t conditions mentioned first paragraph improve after this winter so that troop requirements for controlling or supervising progr€ssively decrease . These assumptions are not all necessarily applicable other powers because of different condi t j ons· in and ne~r their zones . 11 As to topics A, B, end C, estimate present needs of Vienna t includ fog a.djacent Vien.,_"1& a.irfield garrison, for ee.ch po ,rer as 9 , 000 . These inclucl.e comb~.t Bnd service t ·roops , mili tnry and Allied Council 1 headqua.rters "?ersonnel and a small air component . Use of mobile police-type forces will not affect requirements in Vienna , Progres~ively , requirements in Vienna can be reduced to 5, 000 per power by 1 November 1946 , 11 0ut side Vienna present US reouirements are about 31 , 000 normal type troo-ps which can progres~ively be reduced to about 16 , 000 by 1 July 1946, and 12 , 500 by 1 November 1946 . The employment of mobile police-type units of cav2,lry and military police could probably further reduce this figure to 12 , 500 by l July 1946 and_ to 10 , 000 by 1 November . At present time outside Vienna French requirements are slightly less than our O'ltm. British and Soviet minimum re~uirements outside Vienna are presently greater than our because of locat i on , extent , and cha!'$.cter their zones , particularly frontier responsibility . Estimate tha.t British minimum requirements N"Ould currently be a.bout 50 , 000 and 60 , 000 . (This purely a guess , -oerticularly with regards to Soviets . Use of mobile type police forces by other po-i;.1:ers might result in small saving if they he.d equipment availa1)le . Progressively British and. Soviet forces could be reduced to parity ,,rith US but only vihen conditions have stabilized by elimina.tion present major troop 9roblems caused by factors enur.1era.ted beginning of message . Recommend this scaling down to parity be spread over period of time . Specifically, recommend that ea.ch power be asked to agree to follov,ing. �l69 ( "I . To reduce progressively , beginning at once, the size of the occupying forces in Austria. ti II. To phase the reduct ion so thAt a .. The mazimum forces of each power in Vienna and adjacent Vienna airports ~ill be limited as follows By 1 July 1946, 8 , 000 By l November 1946 , 5 . 000 b. The mazimum forces of each power in their zones outside of Vienna will be limited is follows : By 1 July 1946 , 16 , 000 for French r 16 , 000 for US , 30, 000 for British and 40 , 000 for Soviet . By 1 November 1946 , 18 . 500 for French, 12 , 500 for US , , 20 , 000 for British , 28 , 010 for Sovi•t ~ ttIII . To effect a progressive further reduction after 1 November 1946 in order to arrive at ~Arity i n the size of the forces of each power . IV . Tha.t in order to reduce the size of the occupying forces , eP..ch po,,rer will wher e pra,ct icA.h le use to the maximum in the zones outside Vienna mobiile police-type forces or other organizations and equi-pment that i••i l l reduce needs of manpower . 11 Tha.t in specifying thf7 size of the occupying forces , the f i gures include officers and men of land , air , and sea forces . V. "VI . 'nhat the figures as to s i ze are mazimum figures and that each of the occupying powers may in their discretion maintain garrisons of lesser strength . ":NEW SUBJECT: It must be borne in mi nd that the above figures are educated guesses , particularl y for Soviets and to a lesser extent for French and :British . Whereas US proposed reductions are probably fl}ore accurate they must de:pend on coordinated action by other powers . 11 Referring Topic D, I offer following 'comments . fl{l) Generd . General policiew and major obj ecitives outlined in State Dep~s 299 are fully supported here . I "(2) Powers and functions of Allie<l a.uthori ties in Austria. in immediate future . It is suggested that after new Austrian Govt . formed as result of elections has been recognized by the four powers , the Allied authorities in Austria should no longer exercise supreme authority in all matters affecting country as a whole . Instead they should (a) retain responsibility for �uo handling certain specified matters themselves, (b) retain control or sunervisory power (including veto power) over certain other , but (c) exercise only guidance or advisory functions regarding most l~rger long term problems . These three categories may be indicated as follows: tt (a) Matters to be handled by Allied authorities themselves . These include United Nations DPs and PWs ~ United Nat ions property , Allied rep_ rri.tions claims to German property in Austria , enforcement of German surrender terms so fer as Austrie. is affected , demobiliz tion , separc:tion and disentanglement from Germany , importation of essential relief and rehabilitation supplies , and , when requested by Austrian Govt. Patrol of international frontiers and assi stc,nce in maintena.nce of internA-1 order .. Except for le.st three iteme these are matte.rs in which Allied powers h&ve major interPst of their O'rn . 11 (b} Matters on ,r•hich Allied authorities ,~·ould retain control or supervisory po 1.~ ers ( incluc_ing veto po,,,er) ·~ These are matters ,,rhich have importai."lt be8ring on preservation of peace , 8nd incluae the conclusion of political and military treaties bet ,reen new Austrian Govt and forei.gn Govts, maintenance of an Austrian military estt:1blishment 901.:;session and development of industries useful only for war purposes ,. foreign trade and economic relations ,,,1th oth&r countries ( inclua.ing regional economic arrangements) , denazificet ion ( t, 1hich can now best be handled by Austrians under Allied su:r,-ervision) , and preservetion of freedom of speech . freedom of press, ~nd other civil liberties . (There should be no Allied censorshin . ) u (c) Matt ers on which Allied authorities would furnish guidronce and ad.vice to new Austrian Gov~ . .,,\11 remaining matters 1:·ould fall in this c~tegory . The political matters inc lude question of holrli:"lg ne\1 nr-tional elections within t1 elve months if found desirable to a.o so , relations bet •een Federal .,.na_ provincial govermnent, constitutional powers of the president , and relations behreen State and Church The economic ma.tters include rehabili tetion, and labor pnd social questions . 0(3) Organizatiqnal setup and methods of operation of Allied authorities . It is hoped that a new agreement can be entered into among the four Governments ir!. nec1-- future vesting que.dripr:-..rti te Allied Commission with powers _nd functions some ·:h[-~t as suggested above . I suggest that 1 t might be left to the discretion of ea.ch Govt to decide whether its highest rer,resentn.tive should be military or civiliAn c=ind ~hether its element of Allied Commission staff should be military , civilian, or mixed . In this connection my recent private talk rith Koniev indicated he strcnty favored retention of military control . The Divisions of Allied Commission should be adjusted. to conform with ministrtes of new Austrian Govt . The agreement should provide that the three categories of of m2.t ters mentioned in per a 2 a.bove should be dealt with through proceti.ures somewhat A8 follows : ( �lll ( "(a) Matters to be ha.n dled by Allied authorities themselves . Agreement as to all policies should be reached. , on basis of unanimity• in Allied Commission . Execution of the policies could be entrusted in some cases to Qµadripa:i::-tite egencies a nn. in others to forces of the various powers , as agreed in Allied. Commtssion. Aue +,rhm Govt . should collabort:i te an~~ be called upon for assista.nce to extent found advisPble . 0 (b) Matters on which Allied authorities would retain control or supervisory powers (incluci.ng veto po'ltrer) •· Decisions should be reached on all these matters by Al lied Commission on basis of unanimity . However proposed acts of Aus t ri?'1 Govt should be a.llowed to go forward or to t ::ike effect a.u tomPt ica.lly in absence of exnress notification of veto within ap"9ropriat e short periods . In all these mRtters , any necessary rork would be carried on by Austrian Govt . Investigation of Austrian ~onroliPnce "".rith AC rulings should. be made by quadrip artite committees or agencies . "(c) Matters on which All'ied authorities would furnish guidance and Pdvice to new Austrian Govt . !n these mA.tters the four Allied pouers should urefer &bly act through Allied Commission, on basis of discussion and unanimous agreement . I f one or more powers should insist on extending gui dance or advice on particula.r ma tters unilaterally through diplomatic renresentatives , there would seem to be no way of preventing it . However , agreed quadrip artite guidance and advice would sometj_mes carry greater weight .. 0 (4) Zones of occup Btion. Troops of the various powers should be assigned to specified present localities and their movemEnts should be restricted but zonal deme,rcation lines should be elimin3.ted so far as adrninirtration of Austrian affairs is concerned . Allied authorities should not restrict the moveme nt of Austrian citi.zens or Austrian commerce . Allied authorities should address all instructions a.nd advice to Federal Govt . except in ma.t ters of exclusively local concern . n(5) Future Changes in Powers and Functions of Allied Authorities . Function of im:9orting essential relief and rehP..bilitation supplies should be turned over progressively to UNRRA as l.s,tter becomes able to Rssume the burden . Grn.dUA.l. revival of Aus t rian foreign trade should also contribute to tapering off of quadrip r. rt i te responsibility for ci""1ilian supplies . "The new four-po ,rer a.greement should provide that highest representatives of four powers in Allied Oomriission may agree on behalf of their Govts from time to time , on basis of unanimity , to :relinquish control or supervisory powers (includj ng veto power) over any matters indicated in para 3 b above . 0 It ap"Dea.rs from numbered para 3 in Sta. -'- e Dept ' s 299 that St te Dent contempl tes incorporating in proposed new four :po•.'-• er Eigre ement provisions governing ultim11te liouidation of Allied Control and tr nnsfer of full sovereign rights to Austrian Govt .. Sovi e t representa.tives heve recently indicst ed the.t they consider signine of a peace treaty the act ~Thich will finally terminate four pO\.rer control ~ guia.ance of Austria " * * * * �lt2 VIENNA-...DECEMBER 10, 1945---Gene:r-al Clark arrived at his office at 0830 and immediately saw General Brann. Colonel Sloan was called in to the office and shortly thereafter Maj or Betz saw the General. Both General Bratm and General Tate walked with the General for a long while. At 09.30 hours Mr. Erhardt conferred with General Clark and later Mr. Doc Matthews, Director of European Division of the State Department, was also called in · on the conference. After seeing General Brann again for a short time the General left with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Matthews and General Brann for the Allied Council Meeting which began at 1100. The General returned to his Headquarters at 1500 hours and at 1515 held a press conference which was attended by Mr. M. W. Fodor of the Chicago Stm; Mr. Seymour Friedin of the New York Herald Tribune; Mr. Lynn Heinzerling of the Associ• ated Press; Mr. John MacCormac of the New York Times; Mr. Panos Morphopoulos of Newsweek; Mr. Harold Queen of the United Press and Mr. Fred Wackernagel of ISB-USFA. After the conference General Clark talked with General Brann and General Tate, leaving his Headquarters for his villa at 1615. In the evening he had dinner with General Sullivan, Colonel Porter and Colonel Martin. General Clark sent the following message to Field Marshal the Honorable Sir Har old R. L.B. Alexander, Governor General, Dominion of Canada, Personal Clark to Alexander. Reference No. P•7176: "I offer heartiest congratulations to you today on your birthday. Your indispensable contribution to our allied victory during the past year must today be a source of great pride and satisfaction for you. Your many friends here in the U. s. Forces in Austria join with me in trusting that you will enjoy that same outstanding success in the fulfillment of your new responsibilities. I send my personal best wishes for your continued health and good fortune in the years to come." * * * * VIEl~NA-•DECEMBER 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours where he immediately saw General Tate and General Brann. At 1010 General Bethouart, French Commander, conferred with General Clark and at 1030 the General saw Colonel Porter. Dr. Gruber of the ' Austrian Government had a conference with General Clark concerning recognition of the new government and immediately following, General Brann and General Tate again saw the General. Mr. MacCormac and Mr. Fodor, news correspondents, talked with the General shortly before lunch and after lunch the General conferred with Mr. Erhardt and then General McMahon and General Tate. At 1400 hours Mr. Figl, Chancellor of the new Austrian Government, saw General Clark concerning the recognition of members of the new government. The Russian government is objecting to the new government as first submitted and General Cl ark is acting as arbitrator. At 1500 hours General Clark saw General Brann and General Tate, and then Colonel Rich, Medical Officer, concerning the medical setup in Austria. After seeing Mr. Erhardt concerning the Austrian government General Clark left for his villa. �\ l3 "Allied Council approved (1) reply to paragraph in Dr. Renner 1s letter of 30 November dealing with his objection to the size of occupation forces; (2) Invitations to Yugoslav and Swiss governments re telephone service between their countries which passes through Austria; ( 3) Aclmowledgment receipt of copy of Yugoslav note verbale re ele·c tion in Carinthia; (4) Report on Austrian elections; (5) Directive to Austrian government prohibiting military activities in accordance with Potsdam agreement; (6) Telegram to UNRRA requesting emergency relief; (7) Belgian Military Mission under Article 12, EAC agreement (8) Disposal of 31 Renner government laws, twenty without change, five with amendments, five abrogated by approval of conversion law, and ordered submission of a concise constitutional law to cover provisions needed to organize new parliamentary goy0rn~ent and a complete draft of a provisional constitution later. * * * * VIENMA--DECEMBER 12, 1945•-General Clark arrived in his office at 1000 hours and immediately saw General Hume, G-5. He later saw General Brann and Colonel Marget concerning the new currency conversion. Mr. Erhardt talked with General Clark on the most recent developments of the recognition of the new government and shortly afterwards General Tate saw General Clark. Later Golonel McLean talked with General Clark on several court martial cases which were pending, after which General Clark again saw General Brann and Mr. Erhardt. After lunch at 1300 hours, General Cl ark took care of accumulated correspondence and left his headquarters for his villa. At 1700 hours in tµe afternoon, accompanied by General Brann, General Saltzm~ and Lt. 'I'raugott, General Cl ark had tea with Countess Olivia Larisch. In the evening he had dinner at his villa and retired early. General Clark sent the following message to Brig. General l~evins, USFET, Reference No. P-7898: "Per phone request from Colonel Balmer your office following is text USFA reply ·to WARX 86274 and W.ARX 87430. Begin text. "Referring to WAHX 86274, conditions in VIENNA are sufficiently lmown to warrant reasonably correct estimate of number of troops necessary here for each power. Outside Vienna, conditions are influenced by fact6rs sµch as numbers of DP's, "PWs, refugees, fuel, food and other economic conditions, • �severity or winter, health and security conditions, destruction caused by war and situation in neighboring countries, which are impossible to forecast accurately. Such factors in Russian zone least known to us of all zones as less information available. Additional ly capabilities of transport to move Soviet forces elsewhere and to house and feed in other localities and possible density of movement not sufficiently known. With our different military organizations difficult to give valid estimate as to what reduction can be made in troop basis of other powers by use of mobile type police force. -· "In computing US requirements, necessary make following assumptions as to US Forces. First, that forces are available only for occupational duties and are consequently not immediately available for use in a combat role elsewhere in Europe; second, that conditions mentioned first paragraph improve after this winter so that troop requirements for controlling or supervising progressively decrease. These assumptions are not all necessarily- applicable other powers because of different conditions in and near their zones. ( "As to topics A,B, and C, estimate present needs of Vienna, incl uding adjacement Vienna airfield garrison, for each power as 9,000. Those include combat and service troops, .military and Allied Council Headquarters personnel, and small air component. Use of mobile police-type forces will not effect requirements in Vienna. Progressively, requirements in Vienna ean be reduced to 5,000 per power by 1 November 1946. "Outside Vienna present US requirements are about 31,000 normal type troops which can progress ively be reduced to about 16 1 000 by l July 1946, and 12,500 by 1 November 1946. The employment of mobile police-type units of cavalry and military police could probably further reduce this figure to 12,500 by 1 July 1946 and 10 1 000 by 1 November. At present time outside Vienna French requirements ate presently greater than ours because of location, extent, and character their zones, particularly frontier respon• sibility. Estimate that British minimum requirements would currently be about 60,000 and Soviet 60,000. (This is purely a guess, particularly with regards to Soviets). Use of mobile type police force by other powers might result in small saving if they had equipment available. Progressively British and Soviet forces could be reduced to parity with US but only when conditions have st~bilized by elimination present major troop problems caused by factors enumerated beginning of message. Recommend this scaling down to parity be spread over period of time. Specifically, recommend that each power be asked to agree to following: I. To reduce progressively, beginning at once, the size of the occupying forces in Austria. II. To phase the reduction so that a. The maximum forces of each power :in Vienna and adjacement Vienna airports will be limited as foll ows: �( f ( By 1 July 1946, 8,000 By 1 November 1946, 5,000 b. The maximum forces of each power in their zones outside of Vienna will be limited as follows: July 1946, 16,000 for Frencp, 16,000 for us, 30,000 for British and 40,000 for Soviet By 1 November 1946., 12,500 f'or French, 12,500 for US, 20,000 for British, 28,000 for Soviet By l 1 III. To effect a progressive further reduction after 1 November 1946 in order to arrive at parity in the size of the forces 0£ each power. IT. That in order to reduce the size of the occupying forces, each power will where practicable use to the maxirnum ,in the zones outside Vienna mobile police-type forces or other organizations and equipment that will reduce needs of manpower. V. That in specifying the size of the occupying forces,, the figures incl ude officers and men of l and, air, and sea forces. VI. That the figures as to size are maximum figures and that each of the occupying powers may in their discretion maintain garrisons of lesser strength. It must be borne in mind that the above figures are educated guesses, particularly for Soviets and to a lesser extent for French and British. Whereas US proposed reductions are probably more accurate they must depend on coordinated action by other powers." * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 13, 1945•-General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 hours and immediately saw General Brann~ 1The remainder of the morning he spent in conference with Mr. Erhardt, Ma-Jor Kretzman, Mr. Figl and Mr. Natirbov, concerning the recognition of the new government. Later he saw Colonel Sloan and Colonel Nygard . After seeing Colonel Cole who wished to thank the General for his picture t aken during a recent decoration ceremony, General Clark again saw General Tate. General Clark had lunch at 1300 hours and after conferring with Mr. Erhardt and General Brann, he left his office walking to his villa where he spent the rema~aer of the day working on correspondence. �General Clark sent the fol lowing message to General Patton who was seriously injured in an automobile accident in Mannheim, Germany: "Dear George: I and my entire command are praying for your speedy and complete recovery. MARK. n The following is a summary of the conversation between General Clark and Chancellor Designate Ing. Leopold Figl, and subsequent conversation between the Honorabl e John G. Erhardt, Political Adviser,and the Chancellor Designate. General Clark began the conversation by pointing out to Mr. Figl that he was interested in helping the Austrians to establish a government of their own as rapidly as possible. In view of the Soviet objections to the inclusion of some of the proposed members of the government the decision of the Allied Council has been referred to the meeting of the Executive Committee on the 14th of December, but General Clark was interested in mediating the difficulties before that meeting if it were possible to do so. General Clark asked Mr. Figl whether he had had an opportunity to discuss the subject matter of the conference with Dr. Gruber, and was assured that Mr. Figl had been informed of the conversation with Dr. Gruber. To General Clark's direct question as to whether he were willing to sacrifice the four individuals in question, Graf, Schumy, Korp, and Raab, in the interest of getting the new government established, recognized and functioning, Mr. Figl launched into an attempted defense of the Soviet allegations against the four individuals. General Clark pointed out that it was not a question of lack of confidence in these people, against whom we had no objections, but purely a question of circumventing the Soviet abil ity to indefinitely postpone the recognition of the Austrian Government by yielding on this point. Mr. Figl was apprehensive that if he yielded at this juncture further Ministers might be removed at Soviet request at a later time. General Clark pointed out that while, at present, the objections of one of the four powers could prevent the recognition of the new government, that after such recognition had taken piace any one of the four powers could prevent an attempted removal of an individual because it would continue to require unamimous decision. Mr. Figl f'el t that if he had to alter his government by substituting four or even three different individuals for those objected to he would lose the confidence of his party and of the Austrian people, besides the fact that he would be accused of pursuing personal advantage by sacrificing his friends and associates. When pressed for a direct statement, Mr. Figl insisted that he would feel compelled to resign and relinquish the formation of the government to some other individual . General Clark pointed out that this would not present a solution to the problem and that Mr. Figl, as the leader of his party, had a mandate from his constituency to form a government. On the �question of sacrificing his friends, General Clark pointed out that this decision should be made in conj unction with the friends in the interests of Austria as a whole. When pressed as to a possible compromise solution/Mr. Figl indicated that he would be willing to sacrifice Schumy and Korp if he would be allowed to retain Raab and Graf, although he was reluctant to yield on~ of these people. At this point, Mr. Figl proposed that he again at tempt to negotiat with Mr. Kisilev and .Marshal Koniev and suggested that the way had been left open for that by an invitation from .Mr. Kisilev to discuss these matters with him on Wednesday. He assured General Clark of his gratitude for the United States interest in attempting to untie the Gordian knot, and that he would report back by Wednesday evening on the results of further negotiations with the Russians. ( In a subsequent conversation with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Figl took the same position. He was assured by Mr. Erhardt that the u.s. position was that Austrians who had been freely elected were entitled to sit in the government unless some definite evidence of a security nature was involved. Mr. Erhardt explained to Mr. Figl that he thought this was an attempt on the part of the Russians to save face in view of the loss of prestige they had suffered through the overwhelming Communist defeat in the recent election. He also informed Mr. Figl that he believed Marshal Koniev to be under instructions from Moscow to att.empt to reassert Russian influence in Austria through these moves. Mr. Erhardt suggested to Mr. Figl that he re-examine his cabinet and discuss the matter further with the Russians in order to see if a compromise solution might be reached before the meeting of December 14. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the results of the Allied Council meeting of 10 December 1945. Reference No. P-7811: "Allied Council meeting 10 December was speedy. Most important point was Koniev statement he was not repeat not ready to discuss composition of Figl's new cabinet because of lack of time to study membership and because Figl had submitted no }:rogram. This was first time question of program was raised. Koniev attaep.ed great importance to program because this government must work under Allied Council. Suggestion adopted ·· to refer both matters to Executive liommittee meeting ].4. December . If that committee can agree Allied Council will act on 20 December. If they disagree, Allied Comcil will hold extraordinary meeting. I consider it vitally important that Fig1 1s government be recognized as soon as possible. Believe Koniev will stall if pos• sible. After Allied Council meeting he asked me in his office and stated that the Soviet objected to four members of suggested cabinet. Stated that if these four members were removed he would recommend that his government recognize Figl cabinet. My position is that the issue is more important than the individuais and I will do my utmost to get agreement in the new cabinet so that the"··government can receive early recommendation. �( General Clark sent the following message to Gen. Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reference No. P-7960: "All members of the United States Forces in Austria who campaigned wi·t;h the magnificent Brazilian Expeditionary Forces in Italy join with me today in wishing you success in the important role you will play in Brazil's destiny. We shall never forget Brazil's great contribution to our final victory in the Mediterranean last May. I offer my sincere best wishes for the continuing welfare of your great _nation. 11 The following message was received from Chief of Staff , War Department, Washington, D. c. Reference No. WARX-88278: "REURAD USFA, P-7673 dated 9 December 1945, CITE PASGS relayed to CG USFET, MAIN WAR DEF ARTMENT. War Department proposed reply to State De• partment letter quoted in WARX 86274, 30 November 1945 partiall y as follows. "A. Agreement should be sought among the 4 Powers to reduce progressively occupation forces to these maximum figures on the dates indicated. (1) In Vienna for each power - 9000 on 1 February 1946, 8,000 on 1 July 1946, 5,000 on 1 November 1946. (2) ( Outside Vienna; Power United States 1 February 1946 31,000; 1 July 1946 16,000; 1 November 1946 12,500. Power France; 1 February 1946, 28,000; 1 July 1946, 16,000; 1 November 1946 12,500. Power, UK; 1 February 1946, 50,000; 1 July 1946, 30,000; 1 November 1946, 20,000, Power, USSR; l February 1946, 60,000; 1 July 1946, 40,000; l No• vember 1946, 28,000. 11 B. If State Department deems principle of establishing equalized Occupation Force figures important, figures for USSR should be used. In either case, proviso must be made that figures are maximum and need not be maintained but are to include all ranks of ground, air, and sea forces. Particularly in view of first assumption of para 2 ·of P-76~3, request your concurrence in or comment on the preceding paragraph this message. It should be pointed out that United States figures will not constitute approved troop strength, but will be subject to reduction by use of Police-type Unit and by other factors. 11 * l f * * �VIENNA••PECEMBER 14, 1945•-General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0910 hours and immediately conferred with General Brann. At 1100 General Tate and General McMahon saw General Clark and were immediately followed by General Flory. Mr. Erhardt and :Mr. Mellen of the State Department conferred with General Clark on UNRRA and later Major Betz of PRO was called in to see the General. General McChrystal who had just come from the States called on the General later in the morning and was followed by Nir. Fodor whom General Clark asked to see. General Tate, General McMahon and Colonel Pesek talked with General Clark on Headquarters organization and were followed by Mr. Erhardt and Mr. Shaaf, of UNiffiA. The purpose of Mr. Shaaf •s visit was to give the General a clear picture of UNP..RA and its work. The General had lunch at 1330. At 1415 the General conferred shortly with General Tate and immediately following the General left his headquarters for his -villa where he remained for the rest of the day. General Clark sent the following message to General McNarney 1 USFET 1 Reference No. P-8050: I. I feel I must call to your attention the serious personnel situation developing in Austria. Our personnel requirements were recently furnished your G-3 in a detailed summary of personnel dispositions. I consider this summary as representing the minimum forces required to accomplish the tasks of winter occupation. Any material reduction in strength before spring will seriously interfere with border security, affect administration of displaced persons camps, reduce our ability to work and guard disarmed enemy forces, and curtail, if not eliminate, wood cutting for fuel to meet minimum needs in our zone, including Vienna, and to adequately administer military government. 11 ( 2. At present both the 42nd and 83rd Divisions are at approximate T/0 strength. Based on latest information concerning eligibility for rede• ployment, percentages of T/0 strength are estimated on dates indicated: 42nd Division, Jan 15 - 92; Feb 1 - 90; Feb 15 - 80; Marl - 80; Mar 15 70. 83rd Division Jan 15 - 64; Feb 1 - 64; Feb 15 - 50; Mar 1 - 50; Mar 15 - 45; Average of other combat units Jan 15 - 73; Feb 1 - 73; Feb 15 59; Marl - 59; Mar 15 - 46. Overall position for all troops, including service elements, Jan 15 - 76; Feb 1 - 76; Feb 15 - 63; Mar 1 - 63; Mar 15 50. As an example the 4th Cavalry Group of two squadrons, which arrived in Austria from Western Military District on November 27, arrived with 1,067 high or medium point score enlisted personnel out of an enlisted T/0 strength of' 1,463. These men will be redeployed, 500 by 10 January and the balance by 1 March. 11 �l;2o u3. To correct the above deficiencies there should be furnished balanced reinforcements to cover our current requisitions and future requisitions to be submitted in accordance with personnel procedures, as follows: During early January 8,000 of which up to 4,000 may contain enlisted men with point scores in appropriate brackets for return to US with the 83rd Division in April; on 1 February 3,000 on 1 March 2,000. Informal advice from your G-1 indicates we may be allotted 4,300 replacements for arrival in January. If this becomes a firm allotment the above requirement for January is reduced accordingly. I desire to emphasize however that these 4,300 replacements should arrive early in January to give relief we need. 4. I realize the difficulties you are havi ng in obtaining personnel replacements and I recognize the pressure you are under as to redeployment. I feel however, that unless the strength of my small force is kept near T/0 strength t his winter our ability to cope with the problems with which I am charged by the Joint Chi.ef of Staff, will be critically taxed and I vdll be forced to eliminate many essential · ·tasks. I am particularly concerned over the displaced persons problems. Any relaxing of administration of our displaced persons camps is apt to cause wrest among camp occupants and develop repercussions detrimental to our national interests. Furthermore we rely to a great extent upon disarmed enemy troops for performing many of our service tasks • 'l1his places a heavy demand upon our troops for guards. 11 5. I have just received. word that my command is being asked to furnish 26 officers and 396 enlisted men to Theater Service Forces as a cadre for a Graves Registration Regiment. As detailed above the personnel situation in Austria is now so critical that I must strongly request reconsideration. 11 6. I shall appreciate anything you can do to keep my units at approximate T/0 Strength. 8 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECEiviBER 15, 1945•-General Clark walked to his office from his villa arriving at 1000 hours. After his arrival he drew the four prizewinning names in the War Bond contest all of which went to enlisted men. After seeing Mr. Erhardt for a long conference the General again saw General Tate and Colonel Pesek and left his headquarters at 1215 and walked with Mr. Erhardt and General Saltzman down through the business section of the city in order to get a close view of the people . He then preceded to the Bristol Hotel where he looked over the recreational facilities which the hotel offered. He arrived at his villa around 1430 hours in the afternoon. 00Q hours General Clark had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Erhardt, ount Larisch:and other guests at the Bristol Hotel and later saw the floor s~ ristol Room. ,( I , ~ :{ fa \s IP' f f\l -I £ HJf ,J1 f DJ lt;..( I u. ' 8 & f �General Clark received the following message from Field Marshal Alexander: "Tank you so very much for your kind birthday greetings. I am very touched that you should have remembered it. Remember me to any of my old friends and my best personal wishes to you. I shall look forward to seeing you when I go to Canada in March." Maj. Gen. Leven c. Allen, Hq, 15th u.s. Army, sent the following message to General Clark from General Patton. "Your kind telegram received and read to General Patton. He and Mrs. Patton much appreciate your thoughtfulness." * * * * VIENNA--DECEI\IIBER 16, 1945-•General Clark remained at his villa during the day spending most of the morning walking with General Saltzman. Again in the afternoon he went for a long walk and in the evening had dinner with Colonel Martin and other guests . * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 17, 1945--General Clark walked to his office arriving at 0930. He conferred with General Tate who was followed by General Brann. After a short conference with General Tate, General Clark saw General Brann, General Sullivan and General F~ory and Colonel Rundell on the pressing economic proglems to be considered in the forthcoming Allied Council meeting. Shortly thereafter the General conferred with General Lewis, General Tate, Col. Knudsen and Colonel Eberhard on the food and fuel problem. At 1300 hours the General had lunch and immediately after conferred with General Brann and 1\/Ir. Erhardt. After seeing General Tate, General Clark left his headquarters and walked with General Brann and General Sullivan to his vill a where he spent the evening. He had a few members of his staff for dinner, Colonel D1 0rsa and Colonel Lazar among those invited, and later the General and his guests played poker. General Clark sent · the following message to the Chief of Staff, War Department (pass to Secretary of State). Reference No. P-8227: n1. Responsible Austrian officials state that Austrian Government has no present intention of protesting Soviet control of ex-German Oil Companies and Soviet refining program. (Ref War 87409). They point out that Soviet-Austrian relations in regard to oil became strained during SANAFTA (Soviet-Austrian State Oil Company) negotiations, and during the present unconfirmed status of the Austrian Government only increase of tension would result if Austrian authorities reopened discussions on oil. �tJ 2. Details of Soviet refinery program will be forwarded as soon as assembled. Soviet program aims at maximum gasoline production, of which product Austrian crude yields about 5 per cent. Former German refineries which Soviets regard as their property are .favored in allocating crude oil for treatment. 3. We are advised by the British that they have no present intention of protesting to the Soviets to obtain more Austrian oil for the benefit of Austria. They point out that such protest should originate with the Austrian Government when firmly constituted after which they might support it in the Control Council. They consider it tactically inadvisable for one member of the Council to originate this protest toward another member on behalf of Austria. The British further indicate that within their zone t~EL-Y control the production and determine the disposition of Austrian resources and this is similar to the control of oil being exercised by the Soviets in the Soviet zone. The British suggest that effective pooling of Austrian resources may not be achieved until the occupation zones are abolished. (The British view here reflected was obtained from E.A. Berthoud, Economic Advisor to General McCreary.) 11 4. We are planning action along the, lines of para 3 of your 87409. It may be desirable, however, that action be deferred until recognition of an Austrian Government is complete if this is not unduly delayed. Details of the oil situation here and of our proposed actions will be forwarded as soon as they are organized." 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECE1W3ER 18, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Tate. General Brann with Colonel Deutsch was called in to discuss the agenda for the Allied Council meeting and later Colonel Rundell was also cal led in on the conference. Mr. Erhardt talked with the General shortly after 1000 and at 1040 General Clark, Mr . Erhardt and General Brann left the Headquarters for the Allied Council meeting. The General returned to his headquarters at 1500 and held a press conference at 1515 which was attended by M. W. Fodor, Chicago Sun; Seymour Friedin, New York Herald Tribune; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated f'ress; John MacCormac, New York Times; Maurice Moran , Associated Press; Panos Morphopoulos, Newsweek; Harold Queen, United Press; After the press conference the General left his office for his villa where he spent the remainder of the day. * * * * �VIENNA- -DECEMBER 19, 1945- -General Clark arrived in his office at 0900 and immediately conferred with General Brann and General Tate, leaving his office for the opening of Parliament at 0950 . He attended the opening of the Austrian Parliament at 1000 along with the three Allied Commanders , returning to his office at 1200 where he promoted 12 officers and decorated one with the Bronze Star. He then conferred with Colonel Pesek who was followed by General Tate . At 1315 the General had lunch and after conferring with General Brann, left his headquarters at 1440 for the Hofburg Palace where the USFA art exhibit was to be held. The General presided at the opening of the exhibition which marked the returning of the art master pieces of Austria to the Austrian people . As representative of this , General Clark presented in a short speech the pieces of art to Mr. Figl, head of the new Austrian Government . Included among the guests were officers of the four Allied Powers and members of the Austrian government and Austrian circles . The General left the Palace at 1700 hours returning to his villa where he had dinner with General Tate . At 2100 hours General Clark left his villa for the Franz Joseph Bonhofe where he boarded his private train for Hinter stoder. The General will spend three or four days at his hunting lodge . Colonel Ostler and Colonel Martin accompanied the General on his trip. * * * * VIENNA--DECEJ.i.ffiER 20 1945--Tbe General and his party detrained for the lodge at 0900 hours, :.and lunched at 1500 ~t the lodge. Immediately following lunch., General Clark and Col. Martin went hunting but saw no deer during the entire afternoon. The following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference number P- 8565: The Council also approved: 1) a telegram to UNRRA asking for stated amounts emergency supplies during first two months 1946; 2) recrnnmendations of Legal Division on various laws of Renner government including those necessary to establish new governments; 3) directive to Reparations Division to develop general plan for handling United Nations property in Austria; 4) plan for supervising review of alleged election irregularities and prosecution of election law violations; 5) clarification of censorship civilian telecommunication and post (such services to open 27 December if technically possible); 6) prohibition of wearing German military uniforms after 15 January and instruction to Austrian government to pass necessary law to enforce; 7) Tone of meeting good and business transacted speedily.u 11 * * * * �VIENNA--DECEMBER 21, 1945--The General went out hunting at 0900 hours and returned in the late afternoon with a 10-point deer and a doe. * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 22, 1945--Lt. Clark arrived at the hunting lodge from Salzburg at 0930 hours. Shortly after his arrival, General Clark and Lt. Clark went hunting. The day proved unsuccessful owing to the fact that the snow had melted to a large extent and the dear had retreated to the tops of the mountains. General Clark sent the following to Mrs . George S. Patton, upon news that General Patton had passed away as a result of an automobile accident. "My deepest sympathies. The world has lost a great soldier. 11 -* * * * VIENNA-- DECEMBER 23, 1945--General Clark left his hunting lodge and boarded his train at Hinterstoder station at 1000 hours and arr ived in Vienna at 1730 hours . During the trip the General played bridge with Colonel Martin, Colonel Ostler and Lt . Traugott . General Clark was met by Captain Luther at the Franz Josef Station and was escorted to his villa where he had dinner with General Saltzman, Captain Luther, Lt . Traugott , Lt . Clark, Lt . Gruenther and Lt. Broughton. Lt. Clark and Lt. Broughton arrived Sunday morning to spend the holiday with Ge~eral Clark in Vienna. After dinner the General retired early. * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 24, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately talked with Colonel Pesek concerning the arrangements being made for his "At Homen on Christmas evening. At 11 o'clock General Clark saw Judge Rifkind, who just arrived from Frankfurt. Judge Rifkind is investigating the conditions of Jewish DP.a. At 1130 General Clark decorated and promoted 29 officers at a ceremony held in the Conference Room in the Bank Building. With General Brann and General Saltzman, General Clark visited the opening of the ISB Propaganda Exhibit at 1215 . Upon leaving the exhibition the General went to his vil l a where he had lunch with General Saltzman and Lt. Cl ark. The General rested a short time in the afternoon and at 1600 had 135 of the children who live in the vicinity of his villa into his house for a Christmas party. General Clark spent the rest of the evening at his house. * * * * �VIENNA--DECEivIBER 25, 1945--General Clark spent the morning at his villa with Lt. Clark. At 1600 in the afternoon General Clark entertained 300 members of his headquarters , Austrian Government, War Correspondents and friends at an Egg Nog Party at his vi ll&. The last guests left at 2000. At 2100 the General , with General Saltzman, Captain Luther, Lt. Clark, Lt. Traugott, Lt . Gruenther and Lt. Broughton had Christmas Dinner at his villa. He retired shortly thereafter . The following message was received from the Chief of Staff, War Department, Washington, D. C. Reference No. WAR 90032: "State Department advises that United States government approves recognition of new Austrian govt . It is suggested that you consult other representatives of Allied Council to seek simultaneous announcement of recognition. 11 The following is General Clark's Christmas message to the Austrian people: nThis year Christmas brings new joy and hope to the people of Austri_a as they observe the birth of the Christ Child . "Liberated from the yoke of Hitl erism, free once again to practice the religion of their choice, and regaining many of the bl essings they formerly enjoyed , Austrians will have a Christmas enriched over the previous war-torn years . The Allied Forces are helping Austria obtain these blessings, and shall continue to do so until the country is fully re-established as a free and independent nation. u·wn.ile much of the festive spirit of the holidays may be l acking this season as an after math of the war, you may find a great measure of comfort and joy in the lmowledge that the promise of peace and good will to all mankind has been fulfil l ed . "As Commanding General of the United States Troops in Austria, I wish you, on behalf of my forces, a blessed and Merry Christmas, as well as a Happy New Year. 11 CHRISTMAS MESSAGE TO UNITED STATES FORCES, AUSTRIA 0n this first peace-time Christmas Day in four long years, we can once again be thankful and merry. The victory is won; the peace restored throughout the world. No longer do our l oved ones hold that fear which they held for our safety while the battle r aged . Today they await our homecoming. 11 nThey realize, however, that we are presently in Austria to secure the peace to future generations , to the lasting benefit of our America and of all nations . They lmow, as we do, that we cannot leave our tasks here until we complete our individual contributions to the success of that high mission . �') Today as you and I recall the Christmas Days of of those which we shall again know in the years to come, measure of comfort and joy in the knowledge th~t we have this year that first Christmas promise of peace and good 11 noo. the past and dream we find a great helped fulfill will to all man- · "With humble gratitude for your continuing efforts here, and with full confidence in our determination to advance the cause of liberty and peace, I, as your commander, offer you my thanks and my sincere wishes for a happy holiday season. I trust that next Christmas will find many of us united once more with our families at home. . "A Merry Christmas to each and every one of you, and a Happy, Successful New Year." * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 26, 1945--General Clark remained at his villa until 1000 hours, at which time he walked to his headquarters. After seeing General Brann, and General Tate for short conferences, he spoke to Mr. Erhardt and after taking care of accumulated correspondence, he left his headquarters for his villa. Lt. Clark accompanied him. The General spent the remainder of the afternoon and evening at his villa. * * * * VIEN.NA--DECEMBER 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours. He immediately saw General Tate, who was followed by General Sullivan. After a second conference with General Tate, the General left his headquarters for his villa, walking with Lt. Clark. In the eveni ng the General had guests in, to play poker. * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 28, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0930 hours. Immediatel~ he conferred with General Tate and then had a long conference with General S'al tzman. After seeing General Tate a second time, he conferred with Mr. Gray. The General took care of al l accumulated business and left shortly after ward to have lunch at his villa. He spent the remainder of the day at his residence, taking a long walk in the afternoon. * * * �VIENNA-DECEi\IBER 29, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 1030 hours . At 1045 hours he conferred with Mr. Mosley of the British Government, Mr. Erhardt and Mr . Thompson of the American Embassy at London. At 1145 hours General Clark was interviewed by Joseph Israel and Seymour Friedin, war correspondents . General Haynes introduced his cousin, Colonel Benford, at 1212 hours and immediately afterward Mr . Erhardt and General T~te talked with General Clark. At 1300 hours General Clakk received a call from General Collins, Commander of the 42nd Divisioh, who announced the sad news that General Donald W. Brann, Deputy Commanding General, had fallen while on a hunting trip and had been killed. This was a sudden and sad blow to General Clark and the entire headquarters . The General immediately conferred with General Tate and General McMahon on the course to be followed and at 1400 left his headquarters for his villa. During the afternoon he talked with General Saltzman and General McMahon, also General Tate, on the plans for General Brann 1 s funeral . At 1700 General Saltzman and Captain Luther left Vienna to go to Salzburg to bring back General Brann•s body. General Clark remained at his villa the remainder of the night . General Clark sent the following message to General Eisenhower. Reference No . I ''Supplementary details accident are that hunting party consisted of Generals Brann and Burress with local guides and ass istant guides , all equipped for hunting in .Austrian Tyrolean mountains near Kitzbuhel. During morning 29 December they moved up precipitious mountain on good path to hunt chamois . General Brann with guide took highest position in hunting station. Below him and out of sight at another station was ~eneral Burress and guide . According to reports of guides with General Brann he fired from sitting position at chamois located to his front and below his location. He then rose to fire from standing position when he slipped and fell forward down the cliff s i de . Time accident estimated at 1130 hours . Location of fall not readily accessible to guides so rescue party with doctor was organized and reached his location some time later . Doctor promounced him dead and indications were that he died instantaneously from the fall . HFuneral will be at Vienna at 1000 hours, 31 December with interment at Castlefiorentino Military Cemetery in Italy on January 2, 1946 . 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 30, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours. He conferred with General Tate and General McMahon on the arrangements for receiving General B·rann' s body that evening, and for the arrangements to be made for the trip to Italy where General Brann will be buried. The General left his office at 1200 hours and spent the afternoon at his villa . At 1700 he went to the 110th Gen. Hospital, where he met the entourage which was bringing General Brann's body back to Vienna. He witnessed the placing of the casket in the chapel of the hospital and immediately thereafter returned to his villa . It was indeed a sad blow to General Clark, for he not only lost a fellow officer, but a sincere friend of long standing. * * * * �VIENNA--DECEMBER 31, 1945--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0900 hours. He immediately saw General Tate, who brought him up-to-date on the final arr angements for the ceremonies for General Brann. At 0910 hours he saw General Collins, and Gen. Burress, who had been with General Brann when he was kil l ed. General Macon, Commander of the 83d Division and General Montahue, Artillery Commander, 83d Division., saw General Clark at 0915, along with Colonel Marvin, and Colonel Ladue, personal representatives of General Truscott. At 0940, General Zhe1tov, Soviet Deputy Commander came to General Clark to pay his and Marshal Koniev•s condolences. At 1000 hours General Cl ark went to the chapel in the Allianz Building where the funeral services for General Brann were to be held. General Clark, Wir. Erhardt, General Tate, General Saltzman, General Sullivan and General Lewis acted as honorary pall-bearers. After a very short and simple ceremony, Gener al Brann' s body was pl.aced upon a half-track at the head of the funeral procession which was escorted by members of the Military Police Battalion, while the honor guard of the 42d Division presented arms. The funeral procession pulled out at 1015 hours for the Meidling station, where the train departed for Italy at 1130 hours. General Clark's train bearing the body of Maj. Gen. Donald W. Brann left Vienna for F'lorence, Italy, at 1130 hours. Among the passengers were Brig . Generals Moran, Lewis, Sullivan and Saltzman; Colonels Lazar, Porter and Paxson_; Lt. Col. McGrory, Capt. Jordan and Lt. Traugott. The casket bearing the remains was placed in the officers lounge and was surrounded by wreaths which had been sent by the Al lied Commanders and the vari ous USFA Divisions and Sections. * * * FLOPENCE, ITALY--JANUARY 1, 1946-•.Arriving in Florence at 1700 hours the train was met by Lt. Col. Dresser. General Clark and some of the officers proceeded to the Excelsior. Hotel while the rest remained abroad for final arrangements for the burial. That night everyone ate dinner at the Excelsior Hotel with the exception of Gen. Clark and General Sal tzman who dined out with some friends. * FLOI-iENCE, ITALY--JJ.NUARY 2, 1946--At 1030 hours General Clark arrived at the cemetery near Castel Fiorentino, for the burial services of Maj. Gen. Brann. Among those present besides the General and his officers .we~e Lt. Gen. Sir John Harding and Brig. Gen. O:xx. The services began at the graveside with the sermon delivered by Chaplain (Col.) Brown, at the conclusion of which the American flag was taken from the casket and given to Lt. Col. McCrory, sonin-}aw, of Major Gen. Brann. The firing party consisting of eight men from the 202 MP Bn, fired three volleys, followed by the sounding of taps which concl uded the services. Before leaving the cemetefy- the General exchanged a few words with General Harding and General Chae who had arrived just after the services had begun, and visited the grave of Lt. Col. John T. Walker. After lunch the General went to the china factory to see the dishes �which are being made for theGeneral . Back in Florence l ater that afternoon the General took a walk and in the evening called on Mr. Berenson , . The Gener al had dinner with friends in Florence . * * * * FLORENCE, ITALY--J.ANUARY 3, 19/4h--At 2345 hours the General's train left Florence for Vienna and was en route during the day. The train arrived at Meidl ing Station at 0330 on January 4 . * * * * VIENNA-- JANUARY 4, 1946-- The passengers detrained at 0730 after breakfast on the train. General Clark went immediately to his villa where he spent the remainder of the day . He took care of accumuJ.ated correspondence during the morning and had lunch with Lt . Clark and General Tate . General Tate f'r apent the larger part of the afternoon conferring with General Clark an~ t:"f~ f later the General went for a walk. In the evening Mr. and Mrs . Denby--"W'ere! J)•l ' guests for dinner . Later in the evening General Clark learned that the ~l .tiussian authorities had recognized the new Austrian Government and that Marshal Koniev had sent written and verQal messages to Mr . Figl, Chancellor of Austria , upon this subject. This caused great concern to -General Clark and General Tate because of the previous agreement by the Four Powers to make a Four Power announcement of the recognition of the Austrian Government. Lt . Col . Kretzman, the General ' s interpreter, was sent to talk with Mr . Figl on this subject and both General Cherriere and General Packard were consulted by telephone . * * * * VIENN A--JANUARY 5, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 hours. He immediately conferred with General McMahon and then with General Tate upon subjects to be taken up at the Executive Committee meeting to be held later in the day . Col . McCaffrey was cal led in on the conference. Later General Clark conferred with Mr . Gray who is in charge of the Political Division in Mr . Erhardt 1 s absence . The General discussed the recognition of the new government with Mr. Gray and during the discussion Col . Kretzman came with a message from i1r . Figl concerning the recognition . Later Mr. Gray, Major Betz and Col . Pesek discussed the publicity angle and the sending of mes ages to the War. Department on the same subject . After conferring with General McMahon, General Clark saw Mr . Fodor and Mr. MacCormac, war correspondents. General Moran saw the General at 1240 concerning his departure for the States, and at 1300 hours General Clark saw General McMahon again. The General left his office at 1300 and spent the remainder of the day at his home . ( �General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No. P-0271: "Reference my P-0234 and P-9244 have secured agreement t hat four occupying powers and Austrian Government will announce simultaneously recognition of new Austrian Government at 1200 hours Vienna time Monday January 7th. I will make announcement to United States press here accordingly and assume that release will be made at same time in United States." * * * * VIENNA--JAl.~UARY 6, 1946--GeneraJ Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and conferred with Lt. Col. De Wald on the annovncement of the returning of the crovm jewels to the Austrian people. This announcement will be made in the General's speech at the ceremony at the founding of the Austro-American Society at 1100. General Clark conferred with Lt. Col. Kretaman on the subject to be discussed in his speech and at 1055 dep~rted with General Tate and General McMahon for the Music Hall where the ceremony was to be held. The General was met by a commi ttee and escorted to the reception room where he met Dr. Kauders, President of the Austro•American Society. Dr. Kauders escorted the Generail to his box at which time the concert began. After the Mozart Symphony, Dr. Kauders gave a fifteen minute address and was followed by General Cl ark who gave a ten-minute speech. The reception of the speech by the Austrian audience was tremendous. The announcement of the return of the crown jewels to the Austrian people was accepted with tremendous ovatioD• Genera l Clark l eft the concert immediately after this speech, returning to his villa where he had lunch with General Tate and General McMahon. At 1730 General Cl ark went to a cocktail party given by Mr. and Mrs. Denby. Leaving the Denby 1 s the General returned to his residence, accompanaed by Gener al Saltzman and later had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Denby, Mr. Ware Adams, General Saltzman, Miss /ensen and Lt. Col. Kretzman. * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 7, 1946--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 after having walked from his villa. He immedi ately conferred with General McMahon, Chief of Staff, and later saw General Tate. At 1030 General Cl ark conferred with the committee which had been appointed to investigate the conditions surrounding the bringng of families overseas. The committee consisted of General Ladue, Colonel Martin, Col. Lazar, Col. DJOrsa and General McMahon sitting in on the conference. After t he conference General McMahon and General Tate remained and at 1100 hours General McMahon brought Col. Pesek into see General Clark concerning the arr angements for a party to be held on the 20th. At 11:15 General Clark conferred again with General Tate, and after taking care of al l accumulated correspondence, left with General Sullivan and General Saltzman with whom he had lunch. General Cl ark walked to his vill a where he stayed the rest of the day. In the evening General Cl.ark invited General McChrysta.l, meneral Lewis, General Saltzman, Colonel D'Orsa, and Colonel Lazar for dinner and poker. * * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, October 31, 1945 - January 7, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from October 31, 1945 - January 7, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1671 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/fbeff5f10ef3854715bc2f9c4c46d832.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=qJR4IJSMsGZViLKc3YnBS%7E%7EXtDLVwSX-p2Nmo476Tt2DV0vhqocLdA0rIuSY-%7E23ibH9ZTmTDhk1ByH-O4k2zbrRMf85RrN9lGlPYsRtBfbp9mqQOHvGtLbtCeyQ24uz5CzjCMn5tThpcJ66es1c8XbwERAoD-Fk44%7EWMFlgR9wYdrrh5MA1blDY6e71ASFtxdZGe8AAT0hbYX1cUC-in2KWVK%7EqeS%7EuXRqxJvci8oIMtVUScIfVWs6QM0ju%7EMycjJLyYjtIkeZ6zPzkykD7KjVvmEMFms3XLqA%7EoRdt8IcdQ%7ExmdBy5k26QAL7UJYfFVcnquBrijmGjrzcZUE%7E%7Esw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27607d6bb9b4d3fa0d63be15d3143dad PDF Text Text Lf THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM As a result of my 48 hours contact with Marshal Konev I feel our relations have improved considerably, with indications that he will make some concessions from their hitherto difficult attitude." 11 7. * * * V * SA,LZBURG--AUGUS'f 26, 1945-- General Clark conferred with General Saltzman and General Brann on displaced persons and prisoners-of-war in the American Zone of Austria. The purpose of the meeting was to see if a solution could be reached in order that the displaced persons may be disposed of as rapidly as possible. Comdr. M. !. Musnanno of Headquarters, USFA, conferred with General Cilark quite some time on a personal matter. At 1030 hours General Gruenther arrived by plane and immediately went into conference with General Clark and General Brann concerning the results of a Depity Commander meeting which had been held the day before. The conference lasted through lunch and until around 1500 hours, when General Gruenther left by plane for Vienna. After the conference General Clark and General Brann took a long walk through the woods and returned to Headquarters around 1700 hours. In the evening General Saltzman and General Brann accomµi.nied by three other guests had dinner with General Clark. ( General Clark sent the following letter to General Eisenhower in regard to Enlisted Men travelling under their own supervision: "I am in wholehearted agreement with the spirit and purpose of the plan to allow groups of Enlisted Men to travel under their own supervision to points of their own choosing within our area, as outlined in your letter of August 20. "Accordingly,, I am sending out ten such groups of Ehlisted Men on Wednesday, August z:;. This number of groups, to be sent out each week, will be increased later. Each individual group will be composed of ten men, including a responsible non-com.missioned officer. Each group is free to plan and to follow its own itinerary, will be provided its own transportation, gasoline and the necessary rations and camping equipment. It will be at liberty to travel for one week but shall avoid entry into the Russian Zone and, initially at least, will stay clear of our organized leave areas. 11There is one further matter i'or consideration, which I want to mention at this time. Many of our men have not visited Italy and strongly desire to do so. To enable them to see the historic sights of Rome, Florence, Bologns and Venice, and to visit the renowned vacation, spots of Lake Como and Lake Garda, I shall make the necessary arrangements v1ith M'l'OUSA to permit them to travel in Italy, should they elect to do so. l �42 nThere is no doubt that the entire excursion project should be given a good publicity cami:aign immediately, both through coverage in the Stars and Stripes and through announcements on our Allied Forces Network radi stations . I will withhold my announcement until I received word from your headquarters that I may do so . in al). , I consider the plan an excellent one and , as it unfolds, improvements will be made, based on the findingfl and desires of the men themselves!' 11All General Clark sent the following letter to Marshal Ivan Koniev, Commander- in- Chief, Russian Forces in Austria: s. 1 want to thank you for the hospitality and kindness which you showed me on the occasion of my recent visit to your headquarters I was deeply touched by your underst~nding, your cooperation and your genuine desire to solve our Austrian probl~m in cooperation with our Allies . I assure you that I and my entire command will bend every effort to accomplish our mission with the full under standing of the different points of view which each of the Allies may have . 11 "Please accept my deep appreciation for your thoughtfulness in presenting me with the beautiful brief case . I shall always treasure it as a remembrance of my association with a grec1t combat leaderr. "I know that you are fully as disappointed as I am because we were not able to establish the Allied Council at our first meeting. However, I feel that with your continued cooperation and leadership we shall nevertheless be able to solve many of the problems which confront us until the Allied Council is set up. To facilitate our work, I shall be willing to confer with you at any time . · 1 expect to return to Vienna towards the middle of this week and will get in touch with you on Wednesday or Thursday to extend to you an invitation to coma to my headquarters, receive a guard of honor and have • 11 luncheon with me . At that time the princip:tl members of my staff will have the privilege of meeting you. "I would like, also , to ask your help on the occasion of that visit on certain matters, principal of which are as follows: (a) The movement of approximately 80 1 000 Hungarians whom the Hungarian representatives are anxious to accept . This• involves , as far as you are concerned, the mere passage by rail of these people without stop, through your zone . Having over 500 1 000 surrendered personnel and displaced persons in my zone, you will appreciate the necessity of moving some of these before winter. �43 (b) The commencement of the work by the Inter-Allied Kommandatura . This subject will include a discussion of the division of the facilities of the Innerstadt ~ "I am sure that you and I can again succeed in advancing a few steps,\ in spite of the fact that. we are blocked from the immediate establishment ► of the Allied Council . . } _ "Again may I tell you of my appreciation of your giving me the opportunity to meet you in Baden and of my anticipstion of being associated with you in the future !'. SALZBURG-• ..UGU&'T 27, 1945- General Clark conferred with General Brarm for sometime concerning various topics of immediate imp::,rtance in the Austrian setup. He next saw Colonel Colonna of the Engineers, who was followed by Colonel Custis, an old friend who dropped in to say bellow. Shortly after 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General Brann, left in a C- 47. for a short trip and is not expected to return until tomorrow. * ( '* * SALZBURG- AUGUST 28, 1945--General Clark was away from his office on a hunting trip and will return tomorrov,. SALZBURG- AUGUST 29, 1945• -General Clark landed in his C- 47 at 1435 hours at the Salzburg airport , accompanied by_ General Brann. He returned to his Headquarters and after lunch discussed the various problems which had a:risen dur ing his absence, later taking care of accumulated correspondence . At lWO hours General Keyes called on General Clark to say goodbye on his departure to take up command of the 7th Army. General Clark conferred with General Brann until 1900 hours and after dinner retired early. * * SALZBURG- -UGUST 30 , 1945 --General Clark saw Colonel Kirkman, Medical Officer , who gave the General a Typhus shot . -t 1000 hou.rs General Clark saw Colonel Brisach who is leaving for the States ani wanted to bid the General goodbye. Following Colonel Brisach, Co:l,onel Lloyd talked with the General concerning the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp in which the General was most interas~ed. �4Y Mr. Mccamy, head of Federal Economics Administration, saw the General: at 1100 hours, and at 1115 General Clark lef't for the airport . Before boarding his C-47 General Clark decorated Captain Adair , his pilot, with the Legion of Merit . Captain Adair is returning to the States shortly, after having been with the General for two years. General Clark took off from Salzburg at 1135 hours and landed at Tullin airfield at 1245 hours. He proceeded by cub to the cub strip in Vienna and motored to his office. Immediately after arriving at his Headquarters the General had lunch with General Gruenther, General _Tate and Colonel Porter. After lunch General Clark talked with General Gruenther and General Tate on the arrangements made for the reception of Marshal Koniev who is to ·visit the General's Headquarters tomorrow • .Next General Clark talked with General Saltzman concerning the deplorable conditions at the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp. At 1700 hours General Clark left his Headquarters and went to his villa where he had dinner with General Gruenther and Colonel Porter• * ( VIENNJ:-•Augtist 31, .1 945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours and conferred with General Gruenther for some time · on the forthcoming meeting with Marshal Koniev and his staff. He next saw General Lewis VAC Commander, who was followed by Colonel Porter . At 1100 hours General Clark conferred for some time with Colonel Rie:pe ·Qf G-2 on the Italian decorations which were to be presented in Milan in th~ near future. At 1200 hours Marshal Koniev, accompanied by General Zheltov and Mr . Kiselev, Political dvisor, arrived at USFA Headquarters and were met by General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr. Erhardt. After inspecting the Guard of Honor for Marshal Koniev which consisted of a comi:any from the 42nd Division, the party adjourned to General Clark's office where they conducted a confer ence which lasted until 1330 hours. In the meeting such topics as Hunf,,a,rian Displaced Persons being deported through Russian-occupied Austria to Hungary, food, and fuel were discussed. After the conference General Clark and guests had lunch in the Commanding Generalfi.s mess on th~ top floor of the Headquarters QUilding. Marshal Koniev and party de:p3.rted from Headquarters at approximately ltO0 hours. t 1630 hours General Clark left his Headquarters for his villa where he had di.n:ner with General Tate, General Lewis and Mr . Erhardt() · The following cable regarding the meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, was sent to the Secretary of State by Mr . Erhardt : "Despite fact llied Commission not yet officially established, considerable progress is being made by four Commarrlers-in-Chief. At meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, it was agreed, largely on General Clark's initiative, that eleven basic reports be prepared on urgent problems by subcommittees composed of representatives of each' power. Included V �in the subjects to be considered are political 1 activity, use of Austrian administrative machinery, supplies for Vienna, freedom of the press, compi• lation of lists of Nazis to be apprehended, disposition of Sudetenlanders and Volksdeutsche, and currency conver·sion, sub-committee reports on all of which are due on or be.fore September 10, and the subjects to be covered before the end of September are restoration of utilities, communications and tr~nsportat:i.on and study of Austrian food and fuel resources. 0 , ncordial relations exist between top Soviet and American officials, especially between Clark and Koniev. Clark is recognized as a man of action and successful combat leader. Considerable progress is being made in this direction, but this cordiality does not yet extend all way down. Food and' fuel are considered as paramount issues by Clark and MG is concentrating on their solution from a short range standpoint, in my opinion with fair hope of success. Clark does not want and will not partici:p1te in any arrangement that would permit the Austrians to freeze or to be on a starvation dietU * * VIENNA-·September 1, 1945---General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred with Colonel Grogan on public relations and later with General Gruenther. At 1015 hours General Lewis arrived to ·c onduct General Clark on an inspection tour of the warehouses in Vienna. General Clark took off from the cub strip at 1100 hours for Tullin airport where he took his C-47 for Salzburg, arriving at approximately 1230 hours. He went immediately to his office where he took care of accumulated corres,t:ondence and returned to his residence at 1500 hours where he remained the rest of the day. General Clark received the following telegram from the War Department: •tURAD AUGUST P 7013 raragraph 5 your view that formal establishment of Allied Commission should not be delayed contingent UJ?On meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers concurred here. State Department dispatched cable to London Embassy establishing United States position and urging British permit Mccreery to attend and particip:i.te AC meetings. Copy this cable sent to Mr. Erhardt, State Dept cable no. 84. In reply to this cable London Embassy advises that British Govt has reconsidered its attitude and now is in substantial agreement United States p:>sition~ British Gov. London also expressed hope that as result of instructions sent to Vienna formal meeting of AC could be held within the week., from 28 August beginning". r]' �) SALZBURG-- September 2, 1945•-General Clark remained in his villa during the morning and at 1100 hours went to the airport to meet General Eis enhower who was flying in from Frankfort in a C- 54. General Ei senhower arrived at Salzburg at 1128 hours accompanied by General T.J . Davis , and Lt . Summersby , WAC , General Eisenhower • s secr etar y . The party went immediately to the Schloss and at 1300 hours had unch. Shortly after 1400 hours General Clark took his guests to Berchtesgarden and to see Hitler's agles Nefl.t.., returning around 1600 hours . At 1830 hours the party had dinner in the small guest house and afterwards played bridge . General Gruenther arrived at 1700 and joined the group for the evening. * * * SALZBURG--September 3, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General E.i senb.ower , General Davis , Lt . Summersby and Captain Luther depirted for Dietlgut to spend the night at the General ' s country lodge in the Hinterstoder Valley.. The party had a picnic 1 unch on the way and arrived at 1400 hours , shortly after which General Eisenhower, General Clark and General Davis went fishing . They returned at approximately 1900 hours and after dinner spent the' evening in discussing old times . * * ( SALZBUR'G-- 4 Sept ember 1945- •General Clark and guests de:r:arted from the lodge at 1000 hours and arrived at the Schloss at 1230 hours . Arter lunch at 1300 hours General Eisenhower , General Dayis and Lt . Summersby departed in a C- 54 for their Headquarters. General Clark returned to his lodge in the late afternoon and spent the rest of the day fishing . * * * S LZBURG--September 5_, 1945• -General Clark spent the day at his lodge fishing with General Brann and General Gruenther . * * * * SALZBURG-- September 6, 1945-- G'eneral Clark rett1rned to Salzburg and after a short time at the Schloss went to his office where he took care of all accumulated correspondence and business . After lunch at the Schloss General Clark returned to his Headquarters where he conferred with General Bram. General Clark left his Hes.dquarters at 1500 hours returning to the Schloss where he spent the rest of the day. In the evening h~ had Miss Riley, secretary, General McMahon, General Ladue, Gaptain Mattox, Captain Luther a nd Mr . ·Beach for dinner . �General Clark sent the following cable to Major General Joao 'Batista Mascarenhas De Moraes, Commanding General Brazilian Expeditionary Force, Rio De Janeiro non behalf of the officers and men 0£ the United States Forces in Austria, I offer hearti st congratulations to your great nation on the 123rd anniversary of Brazil's independence, September 7o You may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of your Brazilian expeditionary force in Italy. I send you best wishes for a productive and eternal peace, and express our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in tranquility foreverl' The following congratulatory message was sent by General Clark to Lieutenant General Sir Bernard c. Freyberg, Commanding Gener-al, New Zealand Corps, AFHQ, Caserta: non. behalf of the officers and men of the United States Forces in !~ria .1-..extend hea!'ti.e.st col)gr:atulations to .you on your appointment as Q_overnor General of New Zealana. ou may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of the. New Zes.land Corps under your splendid leadership in the difficult Mediterranean campaigns. Today as we rejoice in the great victory so recently won it is our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in peace am tranquility forever. I send you best wishes for your continued success and for the la sting welfare of New Zealand. t' * * * SALZBURG-~SEPrEMBER 7, 1945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and after conferring for a short time with General Brann drove to the 124th General Hospital where he had dental work done by Major Meyers of the Dental clinic. At 1045 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters and saw Col. Burrill,Head of Liaison Section. At 1130 Doctor Schlem, Governor of the Province of Salzburg called on General Clark and discussed various topics concerning Salzburg. General Clark then left for lunch at 1300 hours. t 1500 hours General Clark went for a walk vdth Commander Musmanno , during which they discussed plans for writ:ing a book, and in the evening had dinner with General Brann. The following memorandum was received from Lt. Col Charles regarding the Austrian Russian Oil Negotiations. Vl. 'l'hayer, The Secretary General of the Socialist Party states with respect to the oil negotiations, that the Russians maintain that they acquired the right to take over German Oil interests in Austria as a result of the Potsdam greement. As the Austrians have no knowledge of the Potsdam Agreement, other than what was published, they can only take the Russian 1 s word for this. 111. ��0 2. The Russians, likewise claim that they can take over the plants in any way they see fit, but suggest that an Austro-Russian Holding Company with a Russian majority interest, would be more acceptable to both i:arties. n3 . The Russians have constantly stresse<i the necessity for keeping the negotiations quiet from the Americans . V "4• This information is as of noon 7 September 1945. "5. It is requested that the source of the above information not be revealed. tt6. The Vienna press today announces a draft law has been approved by the Renner Cabinet nationalizing the oil industry as well as the Electrical, Mining, Iron, and other heavy ind.ustries . The text of the law has not been published." i(r * * * SALZB1JRG-SEFTEMBER 8, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred shortly with General Brann. He talked to General Eisenhower on the telephone concerning a proposed trip to Italy, and also to Ambassador Kirk at Rome concerning plans for the trip. Shortly after• wards he saw Colonel Pesek, new Secretary to the General Staff and again conferred with General Brann. He left the Headquarters at 1200 hours and returned to the Schloss where he met Genera~ Gruenther, 'General Brann, General Tate, General McChrystal and Colonel Lazar and had lunch with them . He spent the afternoon at the Schloss with his guestso General Clark today sent the following ·cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: "Subject is Soviet Exploitation of oil resources in Austria . n1 . · Investigations made within pa.st few days by members of my staff make it fairly clear that Soviet representatives in Austria are exerting pressure on Renner Government to agree to formation of Austro- Sovlet Oil Corporation to exploit former German- owned crude oil producing properties in Soviet occupied .tJ ustria, principally in the region of Zistersdorf • . Soviets insist that Austrians sign agreement for establishment of such corporation prior to noon September 10th. First meeting of Allied Council will be held in Vienna at 1400 hours September 11th. v~ ��( "2. It is reported that Soviets accompanied original proposal to Renner with statement that according to Potsdam Agreement all German properties in E:astern Austria, including underground resources, belong to USSR . When Renner indicated that in his present provisional post he was unable to make commitments for Austria , the Soviets then presented proposal to cabinet . Shortly thereafter Soviets reported to have offered skeleton contract with following provisions: (1) That an ustro- Soviet Oil Corp:,r~tion be formed under Austrian Law: (2) That this corporation exploit former German-owned oil producing properties in Soviet Occupied Austria. (3) That this corporation be a private enterprise. To this ehd, the Soviet parties to the contract would be state controlled exploitation companies . The USSR, as such, would would not be a party to contract . (4) That ownership of corporation would be on a fifty-fifty·· basis by Austrian and Soviet interests . (5) That the principal officer of the corporation will be a Soviet national and the next officer an Austrian. Their depp.t ies would be reversed. ( 6) Soviets undertake to bring about maximum output of oil fields and will provide necessary equipnent. As part of their contribution, Soviets would turn over to the corporation former German-owned refineries in Soviet occupied Austria . ( 7) _ustrians to provide capital necessary for operations as their contribution to corporation. (8) . Austrian government to give corporation exclusive right to exploit oil wells which may be discovered anywhere in Austria in the future . n3 . According to reports given to me, Soviets have indicated tha0 the issue of pre- war ownership in the properties is not involved . They are only concerned with the present ownership or more specifically with the ownership a s of the date of the Potsdam Agreement . In this connection ) German actions after the annexation of Austria have complicated the question of ownership but Socony Vacuum, Standard New Jersey and British interests are all involved espec1ai1y around Zistersdorf. �"4. Date as of which property to be considered Austrian not clear. Soviets have stated they are willing to recognize as Austrian all additions and investments made by Germans in Austrian firms between [arch 12, 1938 and September 1., 1939 . Austrians prefer 1938 date . They say Germans actually made no new investments in Austrian firms between the two above- mentioned dates but that substantial Austrian oil property was tran~ferred to German firms . · 11 5. Soviet delegation handling oil matter here headed by Kunikin said to be Deputy Soviet Minister for Foreign Trade . It is not unlike11/ that . group is wholl:,y or in part a •; general Soviet Trade Delegation to Austria . )J ( "6. Soviet Delegation indicated it means to return to Moscow September 10 and therefore willing to leave blank in contract many un~ settled details . The delegation however , is insisting on having signed agreement before departure . Representatives of Remer attempting to ✓ delay to delay signing all by manner of means but it is not known whether they will be successful . Word was c ommunicated to Renner today to stall until after Allied Council meets . Russians have asked Austrians to keep negotiations secret but Austrian contacts were willing to talk until today. This morning they showed considerable reluctance for fear of personal action by Russians . Vienna press yesterday reµ,rted favorable consideration by Renner cabinet of nationalization law including crude oil production. This law has not been published and will not become a law until published . Renner press chief thinks publication unlikely and expresses opinion that main purp:>se of announcement of consideration 0£ the law at this time was to forestall the signing of Austro- Soviet contract . 7 . On September 6th, General Gruenther spoke informally to Genera l Zheltov about reports concerning Renner intention to nationalize oil industry and to sign private agreement for its production and distribution. He did not mention Soviet pressure but he emphasized that matter \ of such great imp:>rtance should ·n ot be acted on until after consideration by the Allied Council . Zhel tov gave no reply. { 0 ns. If I find that the Renner Government is unable to delay sign- \ in.g the · agreement until after the meeting of the Allied Council I shall f inquire of Marshal Koniev on Monday the status of the alleged agreement . I shall stress that the disp:>sal of an imp::,rtant natural resource which is vital to the Austrian economy should be considered by the Allied Council . What I object to is the methods the Soviets are pursuing in putting pressure on the Renner Goverr.ment and the unilateral interpretation they wish to give to the Potsdam Agreement without consultation with the other three Commanders. If ustrians are able to delay agreement I shall bring matter before llied Council on Tuesday. �Sl "9 . Request that my proposed action be confirmed by you as a matter of urgency. " • * * * ALZBUR S 1 FT.:£MBER 9 , 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and conferred with General Brann for some time o He took care of accumulated corresp:>ndence and other business and prerared his speech to be given at the dec oration ceremony He talked with Colonel Kir1'1nan con cerning the medical troops in Austria and at 1100 hours conducted the decoration ceremony held on the anniversary of Salerno . Day fter inspecting the Honor Guard consisting of a company from the 142nd Division with General Collins and General Reinhart, General Clark delivered a speech to the assembled officers and men . Next General Clark had the pleasure of presenting to his old friends and members of his HeAdquarters DSM 1-s and Oak Leaf Clusters to the D. S ,,M. '.!'.,hose who received decorations were General Gruenther , General Brann, General Tate, General Howard , General Lewis , General McMahon, General Iifor an, and General Saltzman fter presenting the rest of the decorations to some fifty officers and enlisted men, all the decorees and Section Heads gathered at the Schloss for a buffet luncheon given them by General Clark. Following the luncheon General Clark took a long walk and spent the evening at the Schloss * * * SALZBl"'R - SEPTEMBER 10, 1945 - General Clark left the Schloss for his Head quarters in Vienna at 0900 hours and after driving to Linz flew by B-25 to Vienna . He arrived at his office in Vienna at 1230 hours where he immediately had l_unch o fter lunch he saw General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt and had a long conference concerning the forthcoming llied Council meeting . He next saw Genera+ Tate and at 1545 hours Colonel Grogan and Mr . Bolling of Overseas News . Mr . Bolling desires to write an article for his paper on how General Clark is getting on_ s o well with Marshal Koniev and the Russians in general . -- - - .,,,,,... ----- . .t 1600 hours General Flory conferred with General Clark on the report of progress in the various fields in Austria and was commended by General Clark on the report which had been written . General Clark saw General Gruenther concerning the dinner which was to be given by the French, and was followed by Mr . Erhardt . Mr . Fodor and Mr . McCormack, news corres}X)ndents , called on General Cla~k 8:t his office for a short visit with him . General Clark left for his residence at 1730 hours where he rested until 1900 hours . t 1920 General Clark left his villa for General Bethouart 1 s Headquarters in the French Section of Vienna where he had dinner with General Bethouart along with General Gruenther , General Tat~, General Flory , Colonel Porter, Colonel Sutherland, Captain &.j_enow , Captain Luther and members of General Bethouard 1 s staff . fter dinner General Bethouart and General Cherrier conferred with General Cl&rk and General Gruenther and at 0300 hours General Clark left to return to his residence. �General Clark sent the follow:ing cable to General Fredd Blesse, Headquarters Army Ground Forces• ttMedical prob.lams in Austria dictate I must have best talent available . Would like you to head my Medical Section. Before making formal request for your assignment I would lik& to know if you could be made available. Will you determine if your headquarters would release you for such assignment and let me know by personal message? 11 General Clark received the following extract from an OSS report re• garding Austrian-Russian Oil Negotiations: · "4. On September 10 at 1600 hours Renner was called from meeting of Political cabinet to Russian headquarters where he was presented with contract for bis signature . Renner refused saying tmt political cabinet had again decided against signing for two reasons: 1) The Rermer Government cannot speak for the whole of Austria and the contract involves Austrian national interests. 2) No contract should be signed on a unilateral basis without, consultation with other members of the Allied Co~mission. "Russians were furious and cited previous support of Renner Government. s for point two, they declared the co.ntract was a purely RussianAustrian matter not of concern to the other powers . They insisted he re• t some evening with intention of signing. Renner said he would not return an that his answer was final . "Russians in threatening manner said this was a very serious matter and would be reJX)rted to Marshall Koniev . They stated that this refusal would make impossible any future trade agreements and implied that as a result of the present gover:rnnent 1 s ungrateful attitude, they would no longer feel obligated to support the Renner Government in its negotiations with the Allies. n General Freyberg of Headquarters 2 NZ Division sent the following telegram to General Clark. "My most sincere thanks for your kind message of congratulations sent on behalf of the Officers and men of the United States Forces in Austria . New Zealanders in Italy and the Middle East will remember not only the courage and steadfastness in battle of the United States Forces but also the never failing kindness and assistance which we have always received from you. After five and a half years of war we look forward to the days of i:eace which lie ahead and we hope that the friendships and associations which we have formed in war will continue and become strengthened to the benefit of our two countries . Once again my most grateful thanks for your kind message of congratulations . " �53 ( VIENN -•SEPI'EMBER 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther on the subjects to be discussed at first Allied Council meeting to be held this afternoon at 1500 hours. After the conference with General Gruenther, General Clark saw Colonel Neville of the Rome branch of Stars and Stripes with whom he discussed the p,ssibility of setting up a Stars and Stripes for Austria to be published in Vienna . After Colonel Neville, Mr. Erhardt conferreg with General Clark and was followed by Captain Winterhaler, Commander of the Navy Division of US!CA. General Clark had lunch at his Headquarters and at 1500 hours at• tended the first Allied Council meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Vienna.. Following the meeting General Clark flew to Linz in an L-5 and was met at the Linz airport by car in which he returned to the Schloss . * * * 1945- General Clark met General Eisenhower at the railroad station in Salzburg and at 1100 hours with General Eisenhower, Lt . Col . Stack aide to General Eisenhower , Lt • . John Eisenhower and Captain ·.G rann, left in a C- 47 for Venice . The party landed at the Lido at 1235 hours and was met by Captain Luther who had preceded the party to Venice . They went immediately to the Grand Hotel where they were met by Brigadier Lucas- Phillips, British Commander of the Vienna area . At 1.300 hours General Eisenhower and General Clark and p:1rty had lunch in the main dining room of the Grand Hotel , after which they toured the city of Venice in a launch and saw all the interesting spots . In the evening after dinner the party preceded in gondolas followed by a gondola of musicians through the streets of Venice, returning to the hotel around 2200 hours . SALZBURG--SEPrEMBER 12, * * * * S LZBURG-- SEPTiilffiER 13, 1945--General Eisenhower, Genera Clark and i:arty left the Lido in General Clark's C- 47 for Rome . at 0800 landed in Rome at 0930 hours, where they were met by Ambassador Alexander Kirk, Mr. '.P-itmon, executive to Myron Taylor , General T . K. Brown, Commander of t he Rome area , and Captain Luther who had again preceded the party. During the morning the party toured. Rome with Mr, Kirk, seeing the Colosseum , the Forum, the Catacombs; toured St . Peter ' s Cathedral, which was followed by an audience with His Holiness the Pope . and ,1 At 1300 hours General Clark, General Eisenhower and party had lunch with Ambassador Kirk at his residence . His Highness Crown Prince Umberto , General Brown and General Grady were among those present . General Clark and his guests took off from Rome airport at lE:o0 hours and landed at Nice airport at 18.30 hours . The party proceeded to General Eisenhov1er s vill at Cannes where they spent the evening with Ambassador Harriman and Miss arriman, General Deane and Lt . Kay Surnmersby. ~~ \ . l �( General Clark received Staff: the following cable from the Joint Chiefs of 01 . Subject is disposal of captured and surrendered e nemy war materiel produced for or used by the German Armed Forces. Reference S-18589 of 21 August . "2. You should endeavor to reach quadripirtite agreement on the provisions outlined in paragraphs 3 through 7 below. If by 15 October 1945 no quadripartite agreement has been reached you will comply with this directive in your own zone . "3 . As soon as practicable .you will destroy or reduce to scrap "\ all enemy war material in u. s. Zones in Germany and Austria with ex- } caption of items mentioned in paragraphs 4 through 7 below. In destroying or scrapping such material you should, whereever feasible , make provision for salvaging any parts and com:i;:onents suitable for civilian use . "4. War material suitable or adaptable for civilian use, except, aircraft, may be used to meet your operational requirements in your zone , including provision for needs of your forces, of prisoners of war and displaced persons of United Nations, of armed forces pending total disbandment or other disposition of such forces, and relief needs of civil p:>pulation. All types of enemy aircraft will be destroyed or scrapped except such aircraft as required for intelligence purp:,ses . All other transportation equipne nt should, whereever p:,ssible , be included in the category MSui table or adaptable for civilian use" . Any material retained by you and surplus to your requirements spould be rerorted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. "5. Sufficient war·material should be preserved to satisfy requests from you.r Government for war material for trophy purp:,ses, and for exploitation for scientific , experimental, and intelligence purposes . U.S. requirements will be forwarded to you shortly. n6. War materials which can be readily identified as having been acquired during the war in any way by the Germans f'Dom any United Nation shall be restored, providing, however, that mater~al susceptible only of warlike use shall be restored only when it can be identified as having been captured from the armed forces of any United Nationo "7. War material appertaining to ships and vessels of the German Navy should be preserved pending disp,sal instructions from the Trip:irtite Naval Commission in Berlin. Under Potsdam decisions such war material is to be handed over to the pov,er receiving German ships and vessels o German Naval uni ts are not included in this d:irective. �( �us. The Commanding General, USFET, should prop:>se that the Control . I) ' Council for Germany assume custody, through appropriate channels, of Germany war material interned· in neutral countries . In event of agree. ment on this point , and in the absence of Control Council agreement as to disposition of such material 1 .the u. s. share should be disposed of in accordance with this directive ." * * SALZBURG-MS PrEMBER 14, 1945--General Clark and General Eisenhower spent the morning relaxing on the beach. During the morning General Eisenhov,er received a message concerning Displaced Persons which necessitated his [ going to see General Patton at Munich, and General Clark returned to his Headquarters immediately After lunch General Clark took off in his C-47 and landed at Salzburg at 1730 hours . He was met by General Brann at t he airp:,rt and both returned to the Schloss , where General Clark conferred with General Brann on the Displaced Persons situation making prei:arations for an inspection tour to the Di·splaced Persons camps tomorrow morning. After dinner General ~lark retired early. General Clark received the following message from the War Dei:artment regarding long term supply arrangements for Austria ; ''I'he following :p3.raphrased message at the request of Secretary of State is passed to YQU• ( "On ll September at first meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers it was suggested by the British .Foreign Secretary that conference should discuss long term suPPlY arrangements for Austria . rrhe 4 Governments represented on the Allied Council Austria should instruct their respective represenatives to consult immediately on this question and submit their recommend.a tions as far as possible in time for them to be considered before the end of the present series of meetings This agreed on by Council of Foreign Ministers . 1 0 "With a view to an immediate consideration of these matters and sub" mission of reports not later than 18 September with such agreed recommendations as may be possible you should consult with your colleagues. 11!.t rr.ro each of your colleagues an identical telegram has been addressed". is desired that you. initiate action to comply with the a.boven . * I * �( SALZBURG--SEPT .BER 15, 1945--General Clark arrived at ·his office a.t 0945 hours and conferred with General Brann for some time on his proposed inspection tour of the Displaced Persons Camps in Salzburg, fols and Linz . General Clark left at 1030 hours accompanied by General Collins, Gener al Hume , General Ladue , Colonel Stevens and others. He inspected four camps in the vicinity of Salzburg and leaving General Collins at 1100 hours started for Linz where he was met by General Reinhart , and there inspected two Displaced Persons Camps . The party then proceeded to General Reinhart 1 s villa. for lunch. fter luncheon General Clark and party inspected three large camps in Linz . G eneral Clark was exceptionally pleased with the .condition of the camps as to organization, supervision and operation General Clark returned by car to the Horsching airfield at Linz where he bordered his C-47 and returned to Salzburg. General Clark returned to the Schloss and in the evening had Colonel Ostler, Colonel D 1 0rsa and other guests for dinner. General Clark received the following message from General Fred This is a reply to the message which was sent by General Clark on September 10, 1945: Blesse . Answering PV-7340. p:precfate message my release would not be favorably considered at this time by HQ ,AGF . Air mail letter follows;, 0 * SALZBURG- SEPT3MBER 16, 1945--General Clark left the Schloss for Vienna at 1000 in his car. He was met at the Horsching airfield by Colonel Martin, who had made arrangements for General Clark to continue his trip to Vienna in a C-47. Upon arriving at his Headquarters he immediately conferred with General Gruenther, who was followed by Mr . Freshman. In the evening General Clark had the following guests for dinner - Mr . Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Tate and General Saltzman, * * * * VIENN - EFT.EMBER 17, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Grnanther, Mr . Erhardt and General Tate . Mr . St . Aubin dropped in to say goodbye , and also Miss Ella Logan. The Allied Council meeting took place at 1100 and lasted until 1420 hours . General Clark who is the Chariman .of the meetings for September and for the first two meetings in October , with his guests , had luncheon in the General I s dining room. fter lunch General Clark left for his villa at about 1600 hours, and returned to his office at 1800 hours to receive tt . Christian Herter, Congressman from Massachusetts and Mr. Hanson, Agricultural Head of UNRR • Mr . Richter was also called into this conference . · General Clark left his office at 1930 hours accompanied by Mr . Herter , M!' . Richter, Mr . Hanson and Mr . Erhardt who were the General ' s guests for d inner. �( VIENNA---SEP'.,. EMBER 18, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and conferred with General Gruenther, General Lewis and General Saltzman. At 0945 General Clark interviewed Miss Benetzha with the idea in mind tha.t in the future Miss Benetzha 1 s services as Russian interpreter would be usedo At 1000 hours General Clark, General Lewis, General Tate and Colonel Samouce made an inspection tour of Vienna. General Clark remained at his villa during the afternoon and then accompanied by Mr . Thayer attended a French concert at 1700 hours . General Clark sent the follo wing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The message sent was in two parts - the first part contained recommendations agreed to in the Allied Council meeting on September 17, 1945 . The second part which is quoted below contains General Clark ' s personal views: ttThis is Part 2 of my P-7519 and contains my personal views . n1 . At the outset of the discussion it was made clear by the Soviets that they wouJ.d insist up:m a minimal feeding standard for Austria.~ The following prop,sal with regard to foreign sources of food supply was made by me and supported by the British and Fr ench: '~he Allied Council for Austria is further unanimously agreed that , as a matter of p:,licy, food to meet the Austrian deficit should come from normal pre- war sources, principally Hungary, Rumania , Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; that an exami• nation to be made of the imports which present conditions in those countries will permit; that the resulting quantities b~ taken into account as a part of the means of meeting the deficit and that to the extent that the neeq. cannot be met from the countries concerned, other sources of supply be found . n The Russians firmly refused to support this proposal on the ground that it was beyong the scope of the Council I s competence . Further they stated th...at though we were not fully cognizant of conditions in Central and Southeastern Europe, there were indications that because of draughts and other fact ors there were no surpluses for Austria to be had from those areas and it would therefore be impracticable to recomm end that any relianc e be placed on such sources . Despite innumerable attempts to reword this paragraph in more innocuous terms~---~ the Russians r esolutely refused to accept any text which made any reference to the Danubian Basin or Central European supply sources . In fact , they refused to accept the recommendation that as a matter of policy, deficit should from ttnormal pre-war so1.1rces , u no geographical areas being named. "2 . In this connection, I am aware of the alarming proportions to which the { US is becoming committed as the residual wor ld supplier . I have done e:very1 thing to stress in the Council meeting the im!X)rtanc e of reserling local resources entirely for the Austrian population and of obtaining for Austria supplies from nearby countries . Yet we must steer clear of wishful thinking and give you a fair picture of what we believe are the facts of the case as seen from here. It would be unrealistic to assume tha.t more than insignificant quantities of foodstuffs , i:ossibly sugar fr om Czechoslovakia , would be obtain.a d from the Danubian Basis during 1945- 1946 . It has become evident since I disp,.tched my P-1054 to you a month ago that sweeping soci al changes , population transfers , hasty land reforms , changes in farm controls , indiscrimminate ��53 ( removal of livestock, farm machinery and transport vehicles in all of Eastern Europe, as well as the drought that affected much of the area, have eliminated virtually all surpluses that would under nor mal conditions have been produced in these regions . (This information furnished by experts of the Dep:i.rtment of Agric1.1lture . Have had presently the advice of Dr . Motz and Dr . Richter, which was concurred in by a recent conference of 15 U3 agricultural attaches . These facts, they tell me, are well known in Washington and in London. ) Of co1..1rse I am speaking of the present crop year and it may well be t hqt'.over a long- term period the Danubian Basin will be the granary for Austria . l n3 • As indicated in µ1.ragra ph 2 of the official agreement the differencas in the calculations the deficits are accounted for by differences in the feeding goals envisioned. The British- French estimates are based on a feeding goal of an average ration of 1700 calories for the total population, including farmers . The American estimate is based upon an average ration of 1700 calories for the non- farming FOpulation, allowing for unavoidable retentions by farmers of approximately 2750 calories, or slightly less than their reterrtions ln previous years . The Soviet position is that the Austrian ration shoµld be limited to the r ation scale should be limited to the ration of a vanquished nation . Russians also wish to reserve barljy for human consumption, while the US , British and French feel tmt it will inevitably be used for animal feed . of C · I "4. The Russians brought up several proposals for increasing Austrian food supplies, such as making use of the existing central Austrian Government for the ·initiation of a foreign trade program , rehabilitation of Austrian industry and railroads,. and the extention of arable land , all of these proposals involv:ing political recognition of the Renner Government . 'l'hese, however, were rejected on the ground that the question of the Renner Government is on the agenda for the next regular meeting of the Allied Council on September twentieth . 'L. "5 . With regard to Point 5 concerning non- requisition of indigenous food supplies, it should be pointed out that although the Russians have ., invariably taken the p:,sition that they never have requisitioned Austrian \ supplies nor intend to do so , entirely reliable sources report that e~tensive requisitioning is going on not only by individuals and units throughout Lower Austria, but also centrally by the Russian High Command in Vienna with demands in some instances placed directly on the Renner Government. l 6. 0 In view of the urgency in reporting to the Council of Ministers, it with had previously been decided that only food and not fuel would be dealt at this time . n7 . As requested in paragraph 2 WAR 65058 US estimates by Zones (including zones in Vienna) of twelve months 1945- 46 import requirements based on 1700 calories non- farm average ration of foodstuffs listed and on farm retention of 2750 calories per day are as follows: 1000 metric tons �( Floiu;: u.s. Brit. Zone Zone French Zone USSR Zone Total 446 138 161 Farinaceous foods in terms of flour z::J 27 115 18 32 28 102 including pulses Potatoes in terms of grain 6 10 16 11 43 Sugar Fats 4 9 10 10 6 7 4 15 12 42 24 41 97 Meat Milk 26 17 None * * * VIENN - SEPTEMBER 19 , 1945---Upon arriving at his office General Clark con- , ferr ed vd th Mr • .t;;rhardt and Gener al Gruenther and then had an appointment with W..r . Frank Mason with whom he discussed the Russian situation in Berlin. Following, General Clark saw Count Larisch regarding hi s property in Vienna . He then saw General Collins, Colonel Martin and Mr . Grey.. General Brann arrived at 1130 hours and immediate~y conferred with General Clark. Mr . and Mrs . Harold Tittma.nn and their two sons arrived at 1500 hours from Rome , and were Genera~ Clark' s guests for dinner along with Mr . Erhardt , General Saltzman, General Flory and General Gruenther . General Clark sent the following message to the Hon. Henry L . Stimson, Secretary of War , upon his reti.rement: "With the sincerest appreciation of your remarkable and lengthy career of Government service I take great pleasure in wishing you the be st for the future . I take pri de that I have had the o pp:>rt unity to serve under your magnificient leadership dur:ing these past ciitical years . n . The follovtlng message was sent by General Clark to the Hon. Robert P . Patterson, Secretary of War: "I and all my command are delighted with the announcement of your appointment to Secretary of War . I look forward to continued service under your magnificient leader shipn General Clark received the following message from General ffarshall, Reference No . Willi 65707· �''The Army Navy Joint Staff College, after completion of the current course in the near future , will be involved in the establishment of the college on an entirely different basis from that which has pertained during. the v-.rar Our view is that the college should be organized on a higher war college level . General DeWitt is being relieved as commandant by Vice Admiral Hill of the Navy. This is in compliance with the p:,licy as to retired officeEs and as to alternation of the position of commandant . The deputy commandant will be an Army off icer. It is a key position in which should be placed an ·officer of keen menta lity, organizing ability and school experience . General Gruenther has been highly recommended for this position by both General DeWitt and General Devers . It would be a marked advantage to the post war Army and particularly to our post war educational system if Gruenther could be made available . He should be here by 1 November . Please consider this matt.er carefully and let me have your views -~ General Clark neplied to the above cable as follows: 11Your W illi 65707 received . I have carefully considered this matter and feel it would definitely be a great mistake to remove Gruenther from his key i:osition as Deputy Commander USFA . His position here corresponds t o Clay s in Germany. We are making progress in our Allied Council and to remove him at this time would, in my opinion, be a great error . General Gruenther concurs in my views . I recommend that he remain on his present assignment . 11 * VIENNA.- -SEPrEMBER 20 , 1945 --G,r neral Clark arrived at his office at 0840 and saw General Gruenther , General HoVvard, General Tate, Col . St.1ariley, Lt . Col . Halliday and Mr . Erhardt e The llied Cowmanders-in- Chief met at 1300 and the meeting lasted until 1730. General Clark then had a press conference with Colonel Grogan and several members of the press . General Tate , General Saltzman, General Gruenther and Colonel Grogan were the General 1 s guests for dinner . * * VI NN - - SEP.r.e~Iv1BER 21, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters 'building · at 0900 and immediately conducted a promotion ceremony for 25 officers - 22 being from the Vienna area command. He then conferred with General McChrystal and then saw Colonel Grogan and war correspondent Pat Frank. General Clark �left the Headquarters at 1115 to go to General Mccreery s British Headquarters, where General Clark decorated nineteen British officers and men . After the decoration ceremony GeneraL Clark was guest at General McCreery1 s Headquarters for luncheon with General Gruenther , General Tate, General -Flory, General Saltzman and General Winterton. Immediately after lunch General Clark went to the cub strip where he left at 1425 for the Tulln airfield where Mr . and lVirs . Harold Tittmann and family joined General Clark and flew in a C- 47 to Salzburg. General Clark and P9,rty arrived at the airport in Salzburg at 1600 hours . The r-arty was met by Captain Luther who escorted ivir . and l'Jf.rs . Tittmann and family to Berchtesgarden ·and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . General Clark went immediately to the Schloss where he rested and await ed the return of his guests for dinner . At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs . Tittmann, General Collins , General Reinhart, General Brann, General Ladue and General McMahon dined with General Clark, and then attended the performance given by the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . General Clark sent the following congratulatory message to Hon. Henry L . Stimson, V.ar De:p3.rtment, VJ'a shington: ( nCongratulations on your 78th birthday . No man in public service has done more for our Country . Under your stewardship the Tf.ar Department has conducted successfully the greatest military cam- · piign in all history . To your statesmanship, your leadership, your integrity, we express admiration. For myself and my of- · ficers and soldiers I proudly salute a great .American. t1 * * * * SALZBURG, SEPTEMBER 22, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately conferred with General Brarm . At 1015 General Clark saw Count Tyszkevics who delivered a message from General Anders, Polish Commander . The General took care of his correspondence which had accumulated during his absence in Vienna , and at 1100 saw Colonel Nygard concerning a proposed trip to Florence. General Clark had lunch with Colonel Nygard and General Brann at the Schloss and at 1340 hours General Clark dei;arted for the airp:>rt where he was met by General Gruenther and General Tate who had flown in from Vienna . At 1415 General Clark and party took off in the Generalt s C- 47 for Florence. 1 * * * * �( SALZBURG-- SEFT 'v11BER 2.3 , 1945--General Clark was in Florence and due to p:>or flying conditions was unable to return to Salzburg. The following message was received by General Clark from Chief of Staff, War Department , Reference No . WA.RX 68174, : H,A,sk you extend to General .Mascarenhas and party War Dept . invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks beginning not sooner than 7 October . Request you forward ETA of party in United States and issue necessary invitational orders for trav by ATC . " * * * * SA.LZBURG-- SEP1 EMBER 24, 1945--General Clark accompanied by General Gruenther and Colonel Nygard left Florence at 0900 hours by C- 4 7 to fly to Verona . They departed from Verona at 1045 hours by car driving to Innsbruck where they were met by Captain Luther . The party took off at the Innsbruck airfield in L- 5 1 s and landed at Salzburg at 1730 . General Mascarenhas , C-ommander of the B. E,. F .,, General Zenobio , General Netto , accompanied by nine other Brazilian officers, had arrived at Salzburg at noon, the three general officers staying at the Schloss with General Clark o At 1900 hours , General Clark entertained the three Brazil• ian generals for cocktails and dinner after which the party retired. 1 ( General Clark received the following cabl e from General Marshall in regard te General Gruenther 1 s release for assignment: (Reference No . WAR 68509) . 1Matter of Gruenther 1 s relea·s e for assignment as Assistant Commandant , Army Navy Staff College has been further considered in the light of your recommendation against removing him from th~ Occu:r:a,tional Forces in ustria Admiral Hill , who will be Commandant, has had Pacific experience only and it is most desirable that his Deputy should be a strong Army man intimately familiar with combat in the European Area . A large number of candidates for this position have been considered and Gruenther is believed to be the outstanding man for the :[X)sition. He has been overseas for over 3 years and when the situation is clarified sufficiently and rotation policy inaugurated would be among the first to be affected. The circumstances are such that I believe the best interest of the Army will be served by his assignment to the Staff College which is now in the process of laying the foundation for its Peacetime status . I appreciate that Gruenther ' s withdrawal wil l be a heavy loss to you but with such experienced personnel as Bra rm and Tate on your staff , his reassignment should not be irrep3.rable. Please let me have your further views on this mat • ter at your earliest comrenienc e. 1 * ( �SALZBURG---SEPrEl~iBER 25 , 1945--General Clark accompanied by the Brazilian party le.ft the Schloss at 1000 hours to take a trip to Berchtesgarden and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . However , because of the snow, the par ty was unable to take the trip to the =agles Nest . After viewing Hitler • s house, General Clark left the i:arty in charge of General Ladue, Deputy Chief of Staff , and returned to the Schloss where he had lunch with General Brann. · After lunch, General Clark and General Brann held a long conference in General Clark ' s office at the Schloss after which General Clark rested for a short while , and then went fishing in the stream behind the Sc:bJ_oss . At 1900 hours, General Clark held a reception for General Mascarenbas and the other Brazilian officers which was followed by dinner given in the main dining room of the Schloss . Among those present were General Reinhart, General \jollins , General Brann, General Hume and chief of sections . The dinner was followed by a movie after which the guests retired. General Clark received the following cable (action copy) from the Allied Control Co~mcil , Hungary , Reference No . Z661,: Marshal Vorosrilov hurriedly summoned me and British Representatives to meet with him at 1430 hours today . He read a copy of official letter sent by him to Hungarian Prime Minister this date to the effect that the Soviet Government recognizes the Hungarian Provisional Government and is ready to exchange diplomatic representatJves . The letter stated in substance that this recognition of the Hungarian Government was based UJXm its efforts in defeating Germany and in fulfilling the terms of the Armistice .t greement . Have informed Sbhoenfield . n 11 * * * 26, 1945--General Clark reviewed an Honor Guard at 0900 hours at the Schloss in honor of General Nascarenhas and the other Brszilian officers . fter the Honor Guard, General Clark bid farewell to the Brazilian party as they departed by car to Linz and on to Vienna where General Clark is to join them on the following day. General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours where he took care of all accumulated correspondence, and after a long conference vdth General Brann, saw C'olonel D1 0rsa for a short time . Following coionel D1 0rsa , General Clark saw General McMahon. SALZBURG--SEP"fE1JiBER General Clark had lunch with General Brann at the Schloss , and after resting for a short time, walked into his office from the Schloss where he again conferred with General Brann for a long time . General 61ark saw -Captain Clapper of the G-2 Section, Liaison Officer, with King Leopold of Belgium in regard to a call to be paid on the Belgian King . The King was not in during the afternoon, consequently , General Clark did not call but remained at his office until 1800 hours . Th.at evening General Clark had dinner with Colonel Nygard at the Schloss , and after taking a walk, retired early . �General Clark sent the following message to General Marsh.all , War Department , Ref. No . P- 2846 , : "I have extended to General lfoascarenhas and party War Department' s invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks , beginning not sooner than October seven . General 1·1 ascarenhas has accepted. He and his party will depart on or about October seven. Further details later. " . j1J2I' { J.Y ~ ;it7 ~ The following message regarding General Gruenther 1 s release was sent! by General Clark to General Marshall , ~ar Department., Ref . No . P- 2848,: "I will accede to your wishes but knovving the imi:ortance of the job to be done here, with losses of key personnel occurring continuously, his der,arture will be a se-vere blow . As you know I am scheduled to be in the United States for the New York Columbus Day affair . It is absolutely essential that Gruenther remain here during my absence and for a period of turnover to his successor . .If it meets with your approval, I can release him on or about October twenty . n * * * * ~ZBUR -. PTEJii1BER 27, 1945- -General Clark arrived: at his Headquarters at 0915 hours where he conferred with General Brann. Immediately after seeing General Brann, General Clark bid goodbye to coi onel Reagen Houston of the Secretariat and Major Scott of G-1 , both are leaving for the states very soon . General Patch saw General Clark for a short time followed by Commander Musmanno concerning a proposed book to be written. General Clark had planned to fly to Vienna-, but due to bad weather , was forced to drive to Linz where he was met on the road by Captain Hill , Operations Officer of the Linz Airfield, and was escorted to the field where he boar ded a B-25 for the Tulln Airfield. He arrived at Tulln at 1300 hours . fter flying from Tu11n in his L- 5 , General Clark arrived at his Vienna Headquarters at 1330 where he immediately had lunch with Colonel Porter . At 14.30 hours, General Clark met General Mascarenhas and other members of the Brazilian party in front of his Headquarters where he viewed a Guard of Honor consisting of a compmy from the 42nd Division . fter the Guard of Honor, General Clark accomp:mied by his guests went to his office where they talked for a while . After a short tour of the Headquarters building, General Mascarenhas and ~rty left to go to their hotel . At 1515 hours, General Clark had a long conference with General Gruenther who was followed by General 1 ate . Mr . Erhardt saw General Clark and General Gruenther was called in on the conference. 1 , At 1600 hours, General Clark and General Tate drove to the theater where the evening show was to be given , to see about the seating arrangements for the show, after which, General Clark drove to his villa where he rested. At 1815 hours General Clark accompanied by Captain Luther drove to the Bristol Hotel whexe General Clark gave a rece·ption and dinner in honor of General Mascarenhas and Brazilian P3-rty. Marshal Ko:niev, General Winterton, General / �Cherriere , General Zheltov , General Gruenther , General Collins, General Reinhart , General Tate, General Lewis, General Flory and several other staff officers were present . Following the dinner , the party went to the thooter where they saw the presentation of the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . After the show , General Clark had the manager a nti several members of the show to his villa f or cocktails to express his gratitude for the fine performance the cast had given. * * * VIENNA- -S PrEMBER 28 , 1945- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 where he immediately saw General Tate . Following General Tate , General Clark conferred with General Gruenther for a long time and called General Lewis in for the conference • At 1000 General Collins , Commander of the 42nd Division conferred with General Clark and General Gruenther and was followed by Dr. Richter of the· United states Department of Agriculture . Dr . R:i.chter is leaving the Headquarters after having completed his job as Agriculture Advisor . The assistance -given by Dr . Richter was highly valuable . ( \ General Gruenther again saw General Clark with Mr . Erhardt and a discussion of the Renner Government followed . After seeing General Tate for a short time General Clark left for lunch accompanied by General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland . At 1615 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters from his villa and saw General Tate, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt . General Winterton of the British Command called General Clark to tell him that General McCreary had arrived and would come to General Clark ' s Headquarters at 1840 for a conference concerning the Renner Government. General M.cCreery accompsnied by Mr . Mack, General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt co:p.ferred until 1900, following which General Clark saw General Cherriere for a short time . At 1930 hours General Clark le.rt his headquarters with General Gruenther to go to his villa for dinner . General Clark sent t he f ollowing cable to General Eisenhower, USFEI', Ref . No . PV - 7778, : n.E'ollowing message was rec eived by my Political dviser from Ambassador Yfinant on 27 September: ' Movement of all captured Danube vessels in US zone as far into German territory as feasible should be arranged at once. It is suggested that guards be stationed aboard vessels to prevent than from going down river without prior authority from Department of State until further instructions . In order to prevent any evasion of restrictions it i s also recommended that an armed vessel be stationed in river below all vessels . c �nsince the vessels referred to a.re under USFET control this message is referred to you for action . Desire that you confirm that necessary action will be taken by you . u * * VIENNA--SEPr:EMBE.11 29 , 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . General Clark then called General Brann and General McChrystal. He then talked with Colonel Langham and later with General Tate, General Howard and Colonel Lazar . General Clark received Count Larisch and his brother Frederick Larisch with whom he conferred at length. General Clark had lunch with General Tate in the Bank Building. After dinner Marshal Koniev and General Zheltov visited General Clark and General Clark called in Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther for a conference vr.ith the Russian leaders . Dr . Renner then paid a visit to General Clark and a discussion of the p:,litical situation of Austr ia fo l lowed . General Clark then called for General Flory. General Sullivan then came in to see General Clark . General Sullivan had just returned from the United States . After a brief discussion with General Tate, Gener al Clark left t he office for his villa where he had General Tate and General Sullivan as his dinner guests . The following message was sent through USFA Headquarters from General Mascarenhas to General Gois Monteiro, Ministry of War , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ; "I inform your Excellency that the mission was present at Military Ceremonies on the 26th in Salzbur g~ On the 27th in Vienna , presided by General Clark, I reviewed the American troops . The mission was feted by the Military Governor of Vienna " On the 27th, General Clark gave a banquet in Vienna attended by the British, French and Russian Commanders and Allied Diplomatic Representatives . On the 28th, United States representative in Budapest invited British, American and Russian generals to a lunch for the mission . I inform your Excell ency that I note a high and distinguished consideration for Brazilian part in gr-eat war shown by Allied Military Authorities . '' General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ref-erence No . PV- 7803 , : ttMy views with respect to the extension of the authority of the Renner Government are as follows : ( 7 \ �n The position taken by the representative of the United States on the Allied Council for ustria should rest on, (1) the basic interests of the United States, and ( 2) our international commitments . With re-: spect to (1) ., our interests reside in the re-establishment of a free and independent Austria and in making a success of four- power inter• national cooperation in Austria . With respect to (2) , our internationai obligations are to be found in the Moscow Declaration, the EAC protocol on control machinery, and in the Potsdam Communique. Specifically, the EAC protocol provides that one of the primary tasks of the Allied Council is to secure the establishment as soon as possible of a ce~tral administrative machine , and the Potsdam Communique stated that the Soviets, · British and the United States agreed to examine the question of the extension of authority of the Austrian provisional government to all of Austria after the entry of American and British forces into Vienna. "In my opinion there is no disagreement at this time among the four occupying powers , with the possible exception of the British, on the proposition that an Austrian central administrative machine is an urgent necessity. This same view is strongly supported by Austrian public opi nion . The question presented is whether to utilize the Renner government as such a machine . "In favor of such action it may be stated that: II (1) The Renner regime is made up of officials of the Socialist , Communist and Peoples Parties, the three democratic political groups in ustria . n ( 2) The concensus of opinion is that it commands the confidence and symp,.thy of the people to as great an extent as would any other non- elected gr-oup . n (.3) Insofar as can be bejudged from here, it would be as acceptable to foreign public opinion as any other non-elected group . n (4) By and large, it 1s composed of i:e.triotic and able men, several of whom have demonstrated capacities of leadership and gained national and provincial reputation prior to the annexation . All are free of any Nazi taint . n( 5) Al though hurriedly constituted in April 1945 and of a coalition character, it has to date maintained admirable unity in its r anks . n (6) ith some exceptions , its legislative record isI good and the vision and force displayed under extremely adverse conditions in planning for Austrian reconstruction commendable . �" ( 7) Its friendly relations with the Soviets place it in a favorable position, more so probably than any Austrian government that could be formed at this time, in the matter of the re-establishment of historical and traditional ties of all kinds with Czechoslovakia nd the :canubian area generally . "(8) From the first day of its exist ence it openly proclaimed its intention to submit to modification through consultation with the Western provinces at the earliest practical date . n( 9 In harmony with No . 8, it has within the :i::ast few days successfully held a laender conference, composed of eight delegates from each of the nine Austrian provinces . These delegates represented the three demo cratic political parties and the provincial government of each province . The conference, therefore, as nearly represents an expression of the peoples' will as could be had without the holding of an election. "(10) Among the principal · results of the laender conference were the following. n (a) •xpress ion in a resol ution of a desire for speedy recognition of the Renner Government . n ( b) Of seven new appointees to the cabinet ( two cabinet posts and five under secretaries) the Peoples Party obtained five, the ocialists one and the Communists one. This meets, in a way, the previous complaints of the western prowinces, where the Peoples Party formerly predominated, that. they should have more representation in the Government . "(c) Every province in the U. S., British and French zones is represented through these new appointments . "(d) The controversial matter of having the police under a Connnunist Mmister of Interior was settled through a formula establishing two new agencies . First, a commission will be appointed with jurisdiction in all questions of public safety composed of two member s of the Peoples Party, Two Socialists, and one Communist " It is headed by a new under secretary in the Ministry of the Interior fron the. Peoples Party . The Commission functions in agreement with and under the Chairmanship of the Minister . of the Interi r (Communist), and its decisions must be unanimous Incj_dentally, this latter prov· sion follows the standard practice of the Renner Government which requires unanimous decisions at cabinet level . The members of the commission have the right of appeal to the political Cabinet . �( nsecond, three-man Advisory Councils will be created with one member from each of the democratic parties. These councils, of which there will be nine, will act in an advisory capacity to the security offices (Sicherheitscirektionen) in each of the nine Austrian provinces . "( e) It suggested November 25 as the date for a national election for the provincial diets and a nationalrat . . The preparations for and supervision of such elections are to be entrusted to the previously mentioned five-man commission acting under the chairmanship of the new Under Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior (Peoples Party) . Its decisions must be unanimous; in case of disagreement the Political Cabinet decides . n gainst the utilization it may be argued that: "(1) The Renner Government was formed and has up until the present .functioned under Soviet control , whether nominal or otherwise . It is suspected of bein g unduly sus~eptible to Soviet influence . However, it did resist Soviet pressure for an Austro- Soviet oil contract . n(2) .Although Communist strength in Austria was always negligible and no Communist ever was appointed or elected to any high office, it contains three Communists of cabinet rank, two of them holding powerful and important posts , namely Interior and Education. · ( n(3) The rolice being under the. Communist Minister of the Interior has caused some conc ern and it may be argued that the new commission and the three- man advisory councils are no guarantee of the removal of such dangers as. may exist . This question is being given further study. Apropros of the matter of influencing elections , which is frequently mentioned in connection w:l th control of the police, there are various ways this could be done in Austria today without requiring any help whatsoever from the police . For example, favoritism in such matters as automopiles, gasoline , travel permits, foor and clothing rations, and glass for shatt ered wi ndow panes . (4) The- La.ender Conference only changed the government by adding new people and new offices to it . None of the old appointees were removed . (The Minister of Agriculture , a non- controversial figure , resigned on aceount of ill health and was replaced by a member : of the same party. ) 11 n(5) , The Under Secretary counter- signature device was retained . This has been objected to abroad but , in spite of the Administrative diff i culties involved, it has wor ked well in Austria , provid:ing as it does effective intra- party check . ''To sum up, the Renner regime in its comp:>sition and on its record is probe.bly as satisfactory from all standpoints as any other group that could be formed . Given the urgent need of an Austr ian central administrative machine to faci+itate the work of the Allied Commission, it is my considered opinion �l that the United States should agree to the extension of the authority of the Rem1er Government t hroughout Austria providing we can satisfy our selves that the present police set up will permit free elections to be held . The United States should couple such agreement with a definite undertaking on the :p3.rt of the Renner government to hold a national election for a new government before the end of 1945 . This will insure that vd thin three months the Austrian people can have a government of their own choosing, and this very fact renders less im!X)rtant any objections that may be had to the United States taking an affirmative !X)sition on the utilization of the Renner regime . »In a following cable I will set forth the British p:,si tion . * * u * VIENNA--SEPrEMBER 30, 1945--General Clark walked to his office and arrived at 0940 . He immediately conferred with General Gxuenther who was followed by Mr . Erhardt • He also conferred with General Saltzman, Colonel Porter , Colonel Sutherland. Colonel Lazar was'called in for a conference and was foll owed by Mr . Erhardt who conferred with the General for a considerable time , after which General Clark, accomi:anied by Mr . Erhardt, left at 1220 for the Rockette' ~rty given by General Clark in appreciation of their splendid performances given in Vienna for his troops . General Clark left the Rockette picnic at 1540 and returned to his villa . General Clark then saw General Bethouart at his home at 1800 hours and then went to the Bristol Hotel where he had dinner with guests . After dinner General Clark returned to his villa. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Washington, Reference No o PV- 7824 , : "l. Referring to my PV- 7803 , 29 September re extension of authority of Renner Government , I can now report some local British views: na . They may be willing to have the Provisional Government as constituted by Laender Conference posses authority throughout Austria , but they .strongly desire that it be instituted as a Government de novo rather than an extension of the authority of an existing Government as proposed at Potsdam . nb. Accordingly they want Allied Council to review all past legislation of Renner Government and to decide which laws shall be made valid throughout Austria .. In the case of laws found acceptable they would like to have them formally reenacted. All new laws should be submitted to .Allied Council for approval before promu+gation . �«c They want the Provisional Government to be not only under general supervision of Allied Council but under detailed control to prevent "free wheeling" by Government . "d. They want eight governmental functions to be exercised exclusively by Allied Commi sion: ( 1) ( 2) ( .3) (/4) (5) (6) (7) ( 8) Foreign affairs and diplomatic representation; Delimitation of frontiers; Movement of Austrians and foreigners in and out of Austria. Displaced persons; Demilitarization; Construction, operation and control of all forms of aircraft , equipnent and landing areas; Settlement of all questions relating to foreign- owned property; Approval of members of the central and provincial provisional governments; and of the head officials of the central and pr-ovincial administrations . "e. They want certain other functions to be exercised by Provisional Government only under direction of Allied Commission and with its prior consent . These include rationing and price control , allocation and distribution of food and. other resources , other economic matters , central banking, approval of national budget , and settlement of all questions relating to expropriated Austrian- owned properties . "f. They will press strongly for a thorough- going reorganization of all branches of Austrian police, under Allied supervision and direction. They feel this should be made a condj_tion to the extension of authority of Provisional Government . They have in British element of Allied Commission a staff of British police experts including a hihg- ranking officer from Scotland Yard . General McCreary has approached me with a view to securing my consent to placing the Scotland Yard officer in charge of Austrian police. They will supply the police with some British equipment and transp:>rt . rrg. They are now willing to have elections held this year , but even after the elected government takes office they will want to maintain close supervision over it , arguing that since so many Austrfans are now away a second election t~;elve to eighteen months hence will be necessary to ensure establishment of a thoroughly representative Austrian Government . J "2. Some of the Bri tish points would, if insisted upon , probably cause a deadlock in llied Council . They are aware that this would seriously delay Austrian reconstruction and under certain conditions might lead to chaos . �3 . British are most anxious to have us present united front to Soviets , arguing that otherwise oviets can play us off against each other . Russians on the other hand are extremely sensitive to any appearance of a US- UK bloc. 0 "4 . Soviets are prepared to Recommend recognition repeat recognition of Provisional Government as broadened by Laender Conference, and have it function under the guidance and control of Allied Council as supreme authority in ustria . They have expressed themselves as agreeable to free elections in near future . On police problem they object to sincrling out for special Allied scrutiny or control one of the two ministries frnterior) headed by a Communist . This they say would be a blow to Soviet prestige Accordingly they propose that reliance be placed on the agreed control bYi the Allied Commission over all ministries , including Interior n5 • In an hour ' s conversation with Renner yesterday he said he would be satisfied with extension of his government cs authority although he frankly stated he preferred recognition, because recognition would give the government greater prestige and enable it more effectively to deal with neighboring states . In either case Renner accepts fact that Allied Commission will r emain supreme authority . He expressed complete confidence in government ' s ability to hold free and honest elections in 1945 . On the police question he said the safeguar ds provided by laender conference would effectively curb possibility of abuse by Honner or Communists . tt6 . CUestion of extension of authority of Provisional Go-vernment and · related questions are on agenda for tomorrow' s Allied Council meeting . I discussed these questions privately with both Koniev and Mccreery yesterday and made some progress toward reconciling these vievm . My own views are · set forth in PV-7803 . n * * * I �VI 1 NN --OCTOB 1 1 , 1945 - - General Clark arrived at his office at 1910 hours and· immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . t 0945 hours General Clark pinned Second Lieutenants bars on 2nd Lts . llves> Greenbush , and Gifford, making them commissioned officers, after long and faithful service under General Clark ' s command He then saw Mr . Thomas Estes and later General McChrystal and General Flory for a short while . t 1100 hours General Clark presided at the regular meeting of the Commanders- in-Chiefs of the llied Council . The meeting lasted until 1300 hours at which time General Clark received the Commanders as his guests for lunch. fter lunch General Clark conferred with General Gruenther, Ilr • . Erhardt , and then received eight members of the press for a press conference t 1430 hours General Clark +eft his Headquarters to go by cub plane to Tulln airfield where his B 25 was waiting to take him to Rome . General Clark took off at 1510 in a B-25 and landed in Rome at 1735 hours. ·He went immediately to the Hassler Hotel where he stayed during his visit to Rome . General Clark had dinner with General Salt~~an and Colonel Sutherland. * VIENKJ - OCTOBE 2, 1945- -General Clark spent most of the morning shopping in various shops throughout the cit y . He ha d l unc h at the Gr and Hotel with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland and later in the afternoon went sho pping again with th em . .At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs • Tit tmann gave a cocktail party at their home in honor of General Clark, after which General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland at the · xcelsior Hotel . General Clark sent the follo rdng message to Ambassador Harriman, Amer can ~mbassy, London , Reference No PV- 7033,: Will be delighted to have yo1;i ct.op at alzburg on October L1- , as indicated in your September 29 message .to rhardt which reached 1 rhardt only this afternoon . Please advise your expected time of arrival n 11 VI ii' ..- - OCTOB 3, 1945-- General Clark spent the morning at the =xcelsior Hotel and after lunch -with General Saltzman, Colonel ~utherland and Captain Luther, left the hotel at 1425 hours to go to the Palazzo Viminale. At 14L;9 hours, General Clark, after delivering a few words to the assembled people , decorated 11r . Parri , - Prir•ie ;~'iinister, General Cadonna, ~~r . Piz 2oni, Mr . Longo , Colonel Palomba , 1~1ajor llattei ., .Major l\Jmrtini and .fajor Argenton. Im.mediately after the ceremony, General Clark departed with GeneralSa:ltzman, Colonel Sutherland &nd Captain Luther ·for 'the airport where he took off at 15/40 hours for Udine . General Clark landed at Udine airfield at 1730 hours vmere he was met by Colonel Garver of the 42nd Division and escorted to the train ai ting at the station . Immediately after the party had boarded, the train departed for Vhmna . Colonel Tully, classmate of General Clark, was in charge of the train General Clark had dinner on the train with his party and retired early j �VIENN.t --OcrrOB 4, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours He immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther . Following General Gruenther, the General saw General Tate and then Mr. Erhardt . At 1030 hours, the General conferred with Major Gregory, Officer in Charge, Southern Branch Edition of Stars and Stri:r:;es. 'The General had lunch at his villa at 1300 hours a~ter which he rested, returning to his office at 1550 hours e t 1660 hours, General Clark saw General Tate concerning a rtcurrency" problem and also Colonel 1~ arget on the same subject . Next General Clark saw Mr . Gray and General Tate who were followed by General Flory General Clark left his office at 1830 hours for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening * * * * VIENN - OCTOB 5, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw General Gruenther and General Tate At 1000 hours , Colonel Podhora , Chief of the Czechoslovakia Mission in Italy, decorated General Clark, General Gruenther, General Tate, General Flory, Colonel · Sloane, Colonel Porter and Colonel Sutherland with the Czechoslovakian Milit ary Cro-ss . The presentation was held in General Cl~rk t s office ., Follow:ing the ceremony, General Clark saw General Lewis and General Tate who were followed by Mr Erhardt and Colonel Porter General Clark had lunch in the Commanding General ' s Mess at Headquarters, and at 1430 hours left his office and walked with General 5al tzman to his villa . In the evening, General Clark had dinner with General Gruenther at General Gruehther ' s villa . General Clark received the following message from the Joint Chie~of Staff, Reference No . V1 RX 72736: ''The Secretary of State requests that the following two telegrams ap- proved by the Council of Foreign Mini~ters for disi:atch to the US, UK, USSR and F'WJ\JCE Commanders in Chief in Austria be transmitted. approved 29 September and 30 Sept ember respectively The telegrams were "First message. n1. The following comnn.mication has been sent to the llied Control Commissions in Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary and UJ (;) the Governments of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . 2 The Council of Foreign Ministers has decided to clarify through the Allied Control Commissions in Hungary, Rtunania and Bulgaria and also with the Governments of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia whether there are in the above listed countries surplus of foodstuffs which could be used for supplying Austria . 0 �113 Therefore by instruction of the Council of Foreign Ministers I request you to inform me whether blank country ce.n set aside foodstuff for supplying ustria . In case there are such surpluses the Council of Foreign Ministers would like to learn in what quantities they can be set aside for Austria now and from the proceeds of the next harvest . u4 The Council request that the information in respect to the present surplus be made available within 1 month and as to the next harvest within 3 months . n5 . On the b sis of this · information which will be communicated to the llied Council and on the basis of a study to be mad e by the Allied Council of the p:>ssibility of obtaining the maximum quantity of food from Austria it self both at the present time and from the next harvest . The Allied Council should examine the long term arrangements for food supplies to Austria and rert the result to the Council of Foreign Ministers with such further information on the su.p~ly p,sition in ustria as the Allied Council may deem use fUJ. . I 0 Second message n1 . I\Jith reference to the question of ration scales and consumption levels to which the Allied Council in Vienna referred in their reports on Austria food supplies 'the Council of Foreign Ministers consider that the ration scales for the deficiency areas in Austria should be based on a per capita temporary minimum ration of 1550 calories a day for the normal consumer which has been agreed by the Allied Governments for the present time maintaining the principle of differentiation for the· various groups of the !X)pulation on the basis of the type of labor performed. u2 . It is for the Allied Council to estimate both the quantity of food which can be obtained from local production and the quantity which remaines to be imp:,rted in order to reach the above standard .. u3 . This scale should be increased by the Allied Council to 2000 calories or' more as more local or imp:>rted supplies become available . n * * VIENNA--0CT0BER 6, 1945- - General Clark, due to a cold, remained at his villa during the day Colonel Sutherland spent an hour with him in the afternoon General Clark also saw General Gruenther for a short while. ~t 1730 General Clark received six members of the Press for an interview, and after dinner at his villa, retired early. �General Clark sent the following cable to General Handy, War De partment, in regard to his proposed trip to the United States Reference No . PV 7972 0 Plan take off from Pa.ris 9 P M on the 9th EI'A La Guardia Field some time during the night 10-llth Will want to fly to Washington late after... noon 12th or early morning 13th for necessary conferences Will you arrange · air transportatj_on New York to Washington ., Desfre to remain in Washington only until 14th and take off by air for week in Florida . Will you arrange air transportation for that trip, n * * VIENNA-··0CT0BER 7, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 hours and immediately conferred with General Gruenther and General Tate . General Clark then conferred with Major Nadich, Jewish Chaplain from DSFET in regard to some vital Jewish welfare conditions . General Clark then conferred with Colonel Sutherland, 'Jlr Adams and Mr . · 'rhardt . At 1100 hours, General Clark conducted a meeting of the Divisional Commanders . After the meeting, General Clark further conferred with General Collins and General Reinhart . General Clark then saw Mr . Rice, member of the Jewish Refugee Committee who had made some reports on Jewish Displaced Persons and conditions . He then conferred with General Brann, General Gruenther and Colonel Epes . At 1345 hours , Assistant Secretary of War , the Honorable John McCloy and party arrived from Frankfurt . They were immediately brought to General Clark s office where General Clark welcomed them . 1 hen .Ambassador Harrim~n and P3-rty arrived from Berlin and were brought to General Clark' s office where he welcomed them , and then, he took both parties to lunch in the General I s Mess in the Bank Building 1 ( i t 1515 hours an Honor Guard was formed in honor of mbassador Harriman and Mr McCloy. Then General Clark conferred at great length with Mr . McCloy . t 1730 hours, General Clark had the visiting parties and Mar.sh.al Koniev, General McCreary and General Bethouart as his guests for cocktails at the Bristol Hotel . i,t 1945 hours , the parties including Mr . M'c Cloy, Ambassador Harriman, Dr . Freeman, I/Ir . Vincent, Lt Summersby, Kathleen Harriman, Mr Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Brarm, General Tate, Colonel ~therland were his guests at dinner at the General I s villa . Following the dinner, General Clark read the citation and I r UlcCloy presented 6olonel Suthe~land with the awam of the. Bronze Star The guests depa.rted from the General's villa at 22.30 nours , and General Clark retired shortly thereafter . * * * * �N ~·- 0CT0BEa 8, 19/45 General Clark arrived at his office at 0850 hours and immediately conferred with General Brunn. He then said good bye to Mr . Beach and then sp:>ke to General vlcMnhon for a few minutes . The General then received and talked with Count and Countess DuLart for several minutes . The General was then presented with a rare collection of old Austrian and over printed German stamps by Lt . Colonel King and Captain Kraull as a gift from Dr Dworschak , General IJirector of Austrian PI'l T t 0950 hours General Clark conferred with General Bethouart and then Marshal Koniev just prior to the llied Council Committee meeting at 1000 hours at which Gene.,ral Clark presided. Immediately after the meetjng v1hich ended at 1310 hours General Clark had a light lunch in his 11office and wms taken to the cub airstrip where he left by cub at 1328 hours for Tulln Airfield where he was joined by General McMahon and Colonel Ostler . At 135 5 hours , Creneral Clark took off in a B-25 piloted by Lt . Colonel Moore for Pe.ris on his first lap of his ·ourney to the states . He arrived at Orly Field at 17/;.8 hours Vienna time VI Upon arrival at Paris General Cl rk wa~ met by Colonel Sutherland and was taken to the George V hotel where he was to stay while in Paris . Later in the evening he saw Lt General J C. H. Lee , Co.mrnander of Com Z, and had several people in for drinks , among whom were Mr .. Robert Berenson, former Aide de Camp. Later in the evening General Clark accompanied by General McMahon, Colonel Ostler a.nd Colonel S,utherland went to Madame Schiaparelli ' s home with Mr ., Berenson for dinner 'I1he General returned to the hotel at 1000 hours and retired for the evening. ( * * OCTOBER 9, 1945- At 1030 hours General Clark accompanied by Colonel Sutherl- nd , Mr Berenson and Captain Luther called on General Juin, 6hief of Staff of the FrGnch Army , where General Clark and General -Juin discussed old times and made plans for feteing the General in Paris on the 27th e After leaving General Juin I s Hotel Continental Headquarters the pirty visited the fashion shop of Madame Schiararelli , mother in- law of Mr .. Berenson whereth:e General v1a.s prese..-rited with perfume for Mrs . Clark.. After leaving the shop General Clark with Colonel Sutherland walked through the park until 1245 hours when he returned to the Hotel Continental to hmch with General Juin. At 1430 hours General Clark returned to the Hotel George V and rested for an hour ~ The General had guests in his suite for cocktails at 1800 hours , among whom were General Ralph Smith , Mr . Ridgeway Knight , Colonel James Tully , Gen McMahon, Colonel Ostler and Colonel Sutherland . At 1900 hours General Clark had dinner at the hotel and left for Orly field at 2030 nours where he de parted in a c- 54. at 2130 hours for the states . PAIUS * * �OCTOBE.H. 10, 1945 General Clark spent the day in flight arriving at the Azores t 0500 .Azores time He departed from the Azor(?S at 0700 and ar r ·ved at tevensville at 1 710 hours de:p3.rting at 1830 hours Gen°ral Cl~rk arrived at LaGuardia Field at 2 15 hours New York time, where he was met by ii/I.rs T;J Clr: r}r and Lt . liliiam Clark ;r . l ntonini Mr . Lovestone of the Italian American Labor Council wer - also present General Clark , ~Irs Clark and Lt . Jilliam Clark had a private dinner at the Astor Hotel and w· ited the arrir 1 of Miss nn Clark at 2330 . l,.t!i'{ YOii .. --OCTOBt:JJ. 11 , 1945• Gener 1 Cl rk had breakfast with Hrs . Clar}'" and Ann Clark and remained at the hotel during the morning He saw iJ.r . ptoni li concerning arrangements for that evening and had lunch in the dining room of the hotel vlith ivi.rs . Clark . In the afternoon he went shopping and waU:ed in the shoppine sec.iuion of l' ew York and back to the hotel . In the evening General Clark had Col . and rs Raymonds, Ge..ner·· l and !v1rs foe .ahon, Mr . and Lrs . Stevens , and Capt . ~rnest, to his hoi el suite for cockt il,:, ., I:Ie left for dinner at the 11 21 Club" with .r rs . Clark , Lt .. Clark , Colonel Sutherland , Captain Luther, :iir Antonini , .r Lovestone ' nd Mr . l vik President of r· BC ..fter dinner the party 1iroceeded to the theatre to see the musical production uon the Town t * N''~'v Y . . K , CCTOB ·"1. 12, 1945 - General Cl· rk remaj_ned in his hotel suite in the morn:ing com sir< his radio s Jeech for that evening . Colonel i.;UtherLnd remained yJith 'iim At llOO he s w Iiir . Antonini, 1,:r . Fovik, rv.r Snyder · nr! Lr . Lovestone concerning the arrangements for the presentation at the Hotel Biltm re and the radio broadcast At 1215 hours he sa" members of the .Tar Information Office after which the General a.nd Lrs Clark had lunch with Mr and ivrs . nopfs, returning to the hotel at 1500 hours e ft 1630 General Clark talhed with Mr .. Lowell Thomcts concerning the developing of winter sports resorts in which u· Thomas is assist mg Mr . 1;.ntonj ni and l.lr . Love....,tone arrived at the hotel at 1830 hours to &ccompany General Clark to the relieption at the Biltmore 'Ihe party arrived at the Hotel at 1930 hours ~,here Genero.l and I rs Cl rk were· l1onor guests t the Italian Labor Council I s a11nual Four Freedoms ..ward dinner . Amont those present were e:x: Gove nor and r s . L hman celebrated guests Mr. and .drP ., 1 y:ron C Taylor and several other .t 2245 hours General Clark spoke to the assembled eight hundred gu.9sts at which time his sp~ec~ vas bro ... dcast over rBC After his speech General Cl rk was presented wit 1 the r',nnual Four Freedoms Awara b-y .~r. ..ntonini President of the Council * * �WASHINGTON •OCTOBEn 13 1945- General Clark, accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Miss Ann Clark , nd C. .ipw in Luther, left L 11ut:.rdb Fi ;ld arriving t •. sh:.._ gton ..., C at 103 .... hours .1: er General Cla_k de,. art~ immea·atel -fc., ...-- th d 1 !lepartment t..nd at lJOO hom·s h9.d lunch a.t his cl.par ,"~•~nt at the enne ~ .arren " .:.t lL:JO hours eneral Cl.ark conferred with t~~e Ho ..o able Jc. mes Jtrrnes , Secreta r o:.' [}, t , n the ev ning he had Ci.inn with his mother, ,.LI'S. C .. C c:2rk, ...... . C_ ark nd hie avnt ~r· __a sh&ll ~. 0 * i,,~l.,,l __ l~, T .i., JJ .C . - iALH B.!!i. CH • ....u . .ILA- C OB'-:,~ 11. 21, 194) Gen0ral Clr-1rk de;c.rted £'rum ,' shi:rJgton, ;.J C air.i:'ort for .,..)alm Beach, Flo ... ida :.~na remained i Flc ida until Octo er 21, 1945 . hovJer The followini::: message Wes sent fl-om Generc.l' Clark to General ~,issn ., the ccasion of hi -- birthdr..y, October 1/T 1945 ir eart:..e t congrahll, .tions today on your birthday . The y ..,. . r · 1 st finfahed will be a most memorable one in the istor:-v of the Ameri · I can nd J ll_cd a ·ms he realization t,hat we have crushed the enene=.,r anG. estr.iblished p ,.,ace in the western hemisphere under yori· brilliant le:idership muct be . source of great se.ti sfaction to yo i ay this birthday be most enjoyable o.1e send my best 1.lishes for y·ou.1~ h~ppiness i,.11d good fortune in ~:~.e years t con!e u 1,.4 On the 19th of ctober Gener 1 Clark received the follcw.:Lng message of tlnnks from Gener~l 'isenhower: 1 I 'lhank you for your kind mess( ge on my birthd('.. y " a lot " I apr,reciate it On October 20, 1945, the following mess _ge was se u to the Joint Chiefs of ,Jt,aff from Gener~l Clark's Headquart9rr in Tienna. Reference • . V 8372 . 'Refer nee is 1 t'.330 ar..d 8337. n1 J't Alli ,d Coux1eil meeting this aft er~!1oon Kon:i.ev ar.nounc ed that the Soviet government a_ proves the extension of th'.J authority of the l rovisional A strian Government to the whole of .ustric.., A m,3mo!'andum will dispatched by the Allied Council to :...r . .... enncr v:hich confc>rms to the October 1st resolution of the Alliet Coundl Copy o: this, communication ill b·· :::ent to ,/ u in a later messaie · r .. !lenner ,. . s invited to nppear before the Allied Council ,h ~re he was noti.fied of the action of t 1.0 f ur govern- me ts . �11 2. Koniev: declined to discuss functions of government which are to ·be reserved to the llied Council . This subject was referred to the xecutive Committee with instructions to submit recomrr. endations to llied \,;ouncil for October 30th meeting . l n3 Con°iderable time was spent in dis eussing the question of currency conversion in Austria but no agreement was reached ., Koniev mainta ined the portion outlined in par 2 of our PV 8337 that the conversion should be made into Austrian national currency in spite of the fact that it cannot be accomplished prior to l 'ebruary 1946 at the earliest . He con-tended that this conversion is best for the Austrian Government and would not comment on the fact tha,t Dr . Renner and all Austrian financial experts favor immediate con version into llied lvdli tary chillings . British, French and US members presented the arguments in favor of immediate conversion into Allied Military Schil lin·g s and emphasized the serious results to Austrian economy if conversion is delayed until Febru~ry e A compromise measure was introduced by Bethouart that immediate conversion from eichsmark$ be made, into Austrie.n National currency to the extent that the SUJ.;J>ly of th:?.t currency will p _r mit ( about two billion schil l ings) to be supplemented by Allied Military bchillings . This prop::,sal has been referred to financial committee for study . 11 1 t r 1 I General Gruenther sent the follovJing cable to General Clark in regard to the Renner Government . .1. eference No . PV- 8.390:. October 20 , 19/45 . n1 . Sent mes sage to JCS this afternoon and rep9ated it t you ., llied Council recognized Renner although Soviet position was unknown until :honiev made his announcement at the meeting . However Koniev was tough on the financial conversion matter and would not budge an inch . } n2 . Soviet attitude in the meeting was most pleasant . ¥..oniev was \ .-more poorly briefed than eye have eve~ seen him and Zheltov prompted him ~ continuously . He sent his best regards to you and expressed considerable interest in your trip . Kisiliev told me that Koniev was very hapJY to note your complimentary remarks about him in the tates . n * * * VW..SHINGTON, D. C .- OC7013ili 21 , 1945 --- Gene ral Clar k arrived at the Washington, D. C. airfield where he was met by Captain Luther . He was accompanied by Mrs . • W. Clark. He went directly to the Kenndy ·'Jarren and in the evening had dinner with Mrs . C. C. Clark . On October 21st , General Gruenther, a cting in General Clark ' s absence, sent the following cable . to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , with an information copy t o General Clark. Refer ence No . PV 8396 ; �:~r+~i~~~~f~Y!f~it~it~~t'1t ... :,c: "Reference is PV 8372 . Following is a copy of the communication dispatched by llied Council in October 20, 1945 to Dr. Renner. Mes sage begins: LLIED COMMISSION FOR AU&TR J LLIED COtniCIL emorandum by the Allied Council to Dr . Renner u1 . The llied Council has considered the memorandum dated 28th September , 1945 in which Dr . Renner communicated agreed decisions of the · Austrian Provincial Conference which took place from the 24th to 26th September, 1945 . The members of the Allied Council have pleasure in stating that their respective governments have approved their recommenda tion that the authority of the Provisional ustrian Government , broadened as a result of ·the Provincial Conference in accordance with the list en_glosed in the above mentioned memo:r·andt1m, should extend to the whole of Austria subject to the conditions enumerated below . u2 . The. rrovisional ustrian Government will function under the guidance and control of t he upreme Authority in Austria- the Allied Council . The control over the ministries and de:p3.rtments of the government will be exercised through the machinery of the Allied Commi~sion . Certain functions of government will be reserved to the Allied Council and further commum.cations will be made as occasion requires to Dr . Renner setting out these functions . ( u3 o One of the main duties of the Provisional Austria.n Governmer:rt. will be to hold free elections as early as possible and not later than the 31st uecember , 1945 . n4. The ..t'rov:i.sional Austrian Government is empowered to enact laws applying to the whole of Austria , provided that they shall first be submitted for approval to the Allied Council and provided that this shall not ffect the validity , within the part of Austria occupied by the forces of the Soviet , nion, of any provision enacted between May 1st , 19115, and the date on which a new law applying to the whole of Austria is enacted in its place . In this connecticn, the Allied Council takes note that the Provincial Conference decid~d to examine the provisions referred to above and required that the result of this study shall be communicated to it for consideration. 5. Nothing in this Memorandun affects the validity of any military . government legislation now in force or her after to be enacted-. n 0 * r �✓ . SHil'J GTON , D .c . --OCTOB:&i'R 22, 1945 -General Clark left his apartment for the ?entagon Building at 0815 hours and went directly to General iarshall 1 s off ice where he conferred for an p;our with General larshall. Among the topics discussed was the possibility of bringing families overseas o General Clark gave General foarshall his plan of reversing the redeployment system and brining families over on a high point system . fter leaving the Chi ef I s of Staff office, General Cl·rk conferred with / General Hildring concerning the sh9rtage of personnel in his Austrian Command. General Clark left the Pentagon Building t 0950 hours and arrived at the airfield at 1000 where Mrs . M. ro . Clark and Mrs . Marshall were waiting to bid the General goodbye . General Clark departed from fiashington, D. C. in a C- 54 at 1025 hours accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, manager of the Astor and Ritz Carlton Hotels , New York City, Captain Luther .and ·gt . Thomas , arriving at Bermuda at 1455 . He left Bermuda at 1800 ho~rs and was in flight the rest of the dcy . 1 * * PARIS -OCTO 23 , 19/4-5 •-General Clark and µirty arrived at the Azores at 0250 hours and took off at 0430 arriving in Paris at 1135 hours, 1 ew York time ( 1735 Paris time He went immediately to the George V hotel where he stayed while in Paris . In the evening, accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, Gener 1 a l t.zman and Captain Mattox, he had dinner with General Ralph Smith, Military ttache Amerj c n: Embassy , Paris . * * P.fl+R S- OCTOBER 24 1945--General Clark spent the morning at the hotel where he saw General Pritch rd at 1015 . He departed from the hotel at 141,-5 .: and arrived at the airport at 1510 ·t which time he took off in a C-47 for London . He arrived in London at 1635 and was met by General Saltzman. In the evening General Cl&rk had dinner with General Eisenhower and spent the evening with him * * * LONDON--OCTCB~:Jt 25, 1945-- General Clark left London with General Eisenhower at 1015 for O:xrord, arriving at 1200 hours . He was accompanied by General Saltzman, Mr . berenson and Captain Lampson He went immediately to Vice Cnancellor Livingstone's home where they were received by Vice Chancellor and Lady Livingstone whose son had been wit p the General on the submarine trip which the General took lifhen on a secret mission in North .Africa . At 1300 hours he attended a luncheon for the decorees and at 1L}30 hours General Clark at ._,ended the ceremony where he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law _from Oxford Unjversity . Among those decorated were Gener~l Eisenhower, His Excellency John inant, Professor ~~ax Imber , Lt . Gen. Frey berg, The Hon . Jan Hofmeyer , The Rt . Hon . Earl of Gowrie , Admiral John Trevey, �Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke , Field 1viarshal Sir Pe:"na rd Montgomery, and Marshal Arthur Tedder . Immedia tely after the ceremony th e decorees . and other guests attended a tea given by the Univ~rsity after which General Clark left Oxford with General EisenhoV'ler to return to London . In the evehjng General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman, Captain Lampson and Mr,., Berenson * * * * L0ND0N--0C'l'0BER 26 , 1945--General Clark spent the morning in the hotel and at 1030 hours saw Mr ., Collins, publisher , and at 1230 he left the hotel accomps.nied b~y General Saltzman, Mr. Christenberry, Captain Luther and Sgt~ Thomas for the airfield where he departed in a. B 25 for Paris t at 1400 hours arriving in Paris at 1510. He went to the George V hotel and in the evening attended a cocktail p:1rty •at th _e American Embassy after which he had dinner with General Lee at the hotel * * * PA 1s--OCTOBER 27, 1945-- Genera.l Clark left the hotel at 1039 accompanied . by General Salt zman and Captain Luther for the Hotel Continental where he was met by General Juin ' s aide who escorted him to General Juin ' s office . ( At 1055 General Clark with General Ju.in depg.rt.ed for the Arc de Triomphe where he was met by General Gentilhomme, Military Governor of Paris . At 1100 General Clark placed a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and signed the book for distinguished visitors at the Arc de Triomphe . At 1205 General Clark had an audience with General De Gaulle at his Headquarters and departed with General Juin at 1250 for the Hotel Continental . At 1300 General CJ-ark attended a luncheon given by General Ju.in. J...mong those present were Admiral Fenard, General 1Jiast, Mr . Ridgeway Knight, General Smith, Gene.,_-,al Lewis and 1hr . Christenberry o At 1500 hours General Clark visited Les tnvalides where he was received by General Rodes with a Guard of Honor After a visit to the Army Tu~useum , Hall of Fl· gs, Napoleon Room ., Francis I B.oom , War of 19141918 Room , General Clark visited the Tomb of Nap leon and signed the Golden Book ~ · At 1700 hou~s aecompanied by General Juin, General Clark attended a reception at the Hotel de Ville given by the Mayor of Paris , Monsieur Troquet . ~fter the reception the General returned to the hotel and at 1830 hours, Lt . Clark arrived by air from Le Havre where he had docked earlier in the afternoon . J...fter s :ending some time with Lt . Clark, General Clark· went for a walk and retireo. early o * * �VIENN 0CT0BE~ 28, 1945 General Clark left Orly Field, Paris, at 1000 hours and arrived in Vienna at 1245 He was met at the airfield by General Tate and went immediately to his villa . After lunch General Clark dictated letters to his secretary and then conferred.with General Gruenther snd General Brarm He had dinner with his son, Bill, at his villa and later in the evening werrc to his office for a short while . * * * VIENN --0C~0B R 29, 1945- General Clark arrived at his of: ice at 0930 hours accompanied by Lt . Clark. He first saw Colonel Porter concerning a fare well party for General Gruenther to be held on the 31st of October, and later saw General Gruenther . Colonel Grogan, Press Relations Officer, was called in on the conference . At 1030 General Clark saw Colonel Rogers and made arrangements for his visit to Venice . At 1945 General Hume talked with General Clark and was followed by Colonel Kirkman who is returning to the States because of physical disability . General Theron, South African General, arrived at General Clark's office at 1100 hours where he confer red with General Clark until 1115 . Captain Jones and Lt . Lane, General Clark's pilots (C 47) paid the General a farewell visit as they had been released for redeployment to the s ·tates General Brann and General Tate conferred with General Clark on changes in the Headquarters·and discussed different problems which had arisen during the General ' s absence . Mr . rhardt then saw the General and discussed State Department }X)licies General Clark had lunch at his Hea.dquarters at 1300 hours and upon returning to his office decorated Cdptain Grann with a Bronze Star Captain Grann was about to depart for the States . At 1400 General Clark held a press conference in his office for twelve members of the press . The General spent the afternoon in his office taking care of accumulated correspondence and departed t 1600 hours for his villa In the evening he h~d dinner with General Gruenther . General Clark received the following cable from General Reference No 29938· isenhower , tr omination for appointment as I~:ajor General in the Regular Army of United States has been submitted to ·the Senate by the President for General Mark Clark. n * * VI "r:NL,,--OCTOB r JO, 1945- General Clark arrived at his office at 0820 hours and irnmecUately conf:"Tred with Hr .. .8rhardt who was followed by General Gruenther and Genere.l Brann, on subjects to be discussed at the Allied Council meeting . Colonel k arget was called in on the conference to discuss currency and financial problems, as well as Colonel Rundell . General Tate talked with General Cla rk concerning the cocktail party to be held for Gener~l Gruenther At 1100 Gen-~ral Clark departed for the llied Council · meeting accompanied by General G;cuenther and General Brann In the evening he had dinner with General F.10ran, General How~rd, Gener al Sullivan, Colonel ij!artin, Colonel l,.lmith and Lt. Cl~rk. * * �General Clark sent the following birthday message to Lt. General Geoffrey Keyes, Commanding General of the Seventh Army, Reference lo . -4546· ttI ext end my heartiest congratul3.t ions to you today on your birthday . You can view the year just finished with pride and satisfaction in your accomplishments, and in the achievements of II Corps whose gallant efforts w..f!C'e of in ~,spensible aid in our great victory over the enemy in the Medj_terranea n last May . I send my best wishes. for your continued health and good fortune, and for the welfare of all members of yoi.:_r command. rr * * * VI H~A 0CT0B3]l 31, 1945 - General Clark arrived in his office at 0930 accomp:i.nied by Lt . William Clark . Gener: 1 Clark immediately conferred with General ·Tate who was followed by General Brann and General Gruenther. At 1400 hours General Betbouart visited General Clark At 1430 hours General Clark called Col. 'ilC,11.1ean to his office to discuss a serious co rt Martial c se . Comdr . msmanno -conferred with General Cla rk for a few minutes in regard to a biog-raphy which he is writing about General Clark, and received the General ' s approval to print several pictures of him in his book General Clark left his Headquarters at 1500 hours for his villa where he rested until 1600 hours at rhich time the General gave a cocktail µ1rty at the Bristol Hotel for General Gruenther who is leaving Headquarters. The General left the Bristol Hotel at 1830 hours for his villa where he had dinner with several members of his staff, and later played poker with his guests . @eneral Clark sent the following cable to General Hull, War Department, Reference No . P 4733 nr left with you on 13 October radio from Gruenther which I received in Washington regarding request from General Bethouart for issue of certain components American ration to French troops in Vienna . Hope you will have favorable word soon as situation is becoming a little embarassing . n The, following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Cla rk in regard to the Allied Council meeting October 30, Reference No . P 4 752: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 26 - October 30, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 26 - October 30, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1670 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/387646c6a005264675a28a74040dbde1.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=bbQs2-P-sSHMOwjBBtbf1rwo3a%7EIfiBSEUzS2f8%7EzKTVqTShNDwKFoy5bgeM9Bs6wao1u347S9azC-mHXfaitnCATz7cckx6PxGsRO%7EExFb1srZirff1gSXnvFHRRodt2BVNcxtUHNHMXLsf9wPutiS9z2Fyd6VUMRj1hqjXzlHfqtOL9Gg0r5AD6%7EpIQozD6vKouukHoy2vZYmWv8b23UDD9udVSKQk8ue5fjJmJM9M5Y2FHqUwJWyc6H6DzurP4evk5t1oOGgtf1iKpTPjX1C6UGPGvIztrIf1Q%7EdNJeDYBskcnHXzvdq6wu8%7EcBHPq0zv%7EBpIK1S%7EkKh58SwcQw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a9746417a51330a8c7cfce609065e65 PDF Text Text / THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM Here there was a small formation, including a guard of honor provided by the 61st Brigade of the 6th Armoured Division. This honor guATd consisted of riflemen from the Rifle Brigade, and General Clark was interested to note the peculiar form of arms drill used by this regiment . At the ceremony General Clark decorated the following British officers: General McCreary received the Distinguished Service Medal for his outstanding services from the landing at Salerno until the final surrender of the German forces in Italy. Maj. Gen. Murray, Commanding British 6th Armo'l.ll"ed Division, and Maj . Gen . Arbuthnott, Commanding the British 78th Infantry Division, received the .Legion of Merit in the Degree of Commander. Brigadier Divers, presently at Eighth Army Headquarters and who had previously been the senior British administrative officer at Fifth Army and also Chief of the British Increment there, received the Bronze Star Medal. After the ceremony, General Clar k ret'l.ll"ned to TAC Headquarters Eighth Army situated in a beautiful villa on the Wortesee. He took a trip on the lake in General McCreery's motor launch and paid a short visit to the Red Cross Rest Center run by Miss Whittington. He lunched at TAC Eighth Arrny. Present also were General Mccreery, General Harding and General Mtµ-ray . After lunch General Clark drove as far as Udine in Gener11l McCreery1 s newly liberated Mercedes Benz, which at times topped ninety miles an hour without giving the impression that it vras even moving. · . , At Udine General Clark boarded his own C-47 and flew back to Villafranca., arriving back at his villa at approximately 1q30 • In the evening there was a small get- together of the few remaining members of the 49ters Club, sponsored by Lt . Col . Jackson, Headquarters Commandant at Fifth Army. General Clark attended this party with General Gruenther. * * * * VF,RONA-JULY 2, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at approximately ten o'clock this morning and spent a busy morning with General Brann, who is taking over the duties of Chief of Staff. (When General Blark moves to Vienna, General Gruenther becomes Deputy Commander). At 1100 ho'l.ll"s General Clark saw Mr . & Mrs. Bracker from the New York Times and briefed them on the 15th Army Group's campaigns in April in the Po Valley and the provisional set-up for the American Zone of Occupation in Austria . General Clark lunched at his headquarters with General Brann and shortly thereafter departed for his villa where he spent the afternoon fishing in Lake Garda. * * * VERONA - JULY 3, 1945- -General Clark spent the entire day today at his lakeside villa at Sirmione. �VERONA--JULY 4 , 1945--Gener~l Clark remained at his villa today. · He had luncheon with General Sullivan at General Sullivan' s villa. In the evening the General entertained members of the State Department with a movie at his villa. * * * VERONA--JULY 5, 1945-General Glark left his villa at 1030 hours and motored to Lecco where he was met by Colonel Thomas Wells who accompanied the General to Belagio. The General had lunch at Belagio and spent the afternoon visiting nearby villas on Lake Como. In the evening he was joined by General Crittenberger, Colonel Nnnce , Colonel Crittenberger, Major Case and spent the evening with them at the hotel. At midnight tonight 15th Army Group was officially disbanded, and General Clark took over command of the United States Forces in Austria. . Following is the text of the cable issued in this regard: "Effective 052400 hours B General Mark W. Clark assumed command of the United States Forces in Austria. nAll directives for f,ilitary Government in Austria, proclamations , orders and instructions heretofore issued by Allied· Commanders for use in the U. s. Zone are continued in force except as changed by subsequent directives issued by this headquarters . "Until further orders the administration of the U. S. Forces in .Austria will remain the r~sponsibility of Twelfth Army Group. Supply of these forces will continue to be the responsibility of Third Army Eastern Military District under USFET ." * * * * VERONA --JULY 6, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by Captain Luther., left Belagio at 0830 and motored to the Swiss border where he entered Switzerland . He was met by 1\-'fr . Bell, Consul at Lugano; Captain Ka.tsaihos, Military Attache at ,Berne; and Lieutenant Braafladt, of the Frontier Control. The party motored to Lugano where the General was greeted warmly by the Swiss people . General Clark was the first American General to enter Switzerland in this manner since the war . After a short tour of Lugano the General' s party motored to Locarno where they had lunch . In the a ternoon the General's party paid a visit to /fr' . Rusca, Mayor of Locarno, and in the late afternoon General Clark and party returned to Lugano where the General spent the night at the Hotel Splendide . In the evening GenAral Clark was joined by Mr . and Mrs . Jerry Mayer , of OWI, and Mr . Fhil Vitiello of the CIC and spent the evening with them . * * * * 'VERONA--JULY 7, 1945--Genera.l Clark left Luga.no at 1000 hours and returned to his villa at Sirmione where he spent the remainder of the day. �3 VERONA- -JULY 8, 1945- -Gener al Clark remained at his villa today and took ~are of all matters which had accumulated duri ng his absence . * * * * VERONA--J1JLY 9, 1945--General Clark remained at his villa on Lake Garda dur ing the day. * * * VERONA--JULY 10, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours and saw ~~-jor Walters concerning details on t he Brazil trip . He next saw Colonel Gale who is leaving the headquarters for return to the United States . At llOO hours farewell ceremonies were held for the British members of the USFA , and General Clark , in a speech, gave his appreciation for the splendid work and cooperat~on the British had given him. At 1200 hours Gener al Clark presented men an0 officers of USFA Headquarters with decorations and thirty-one promotions , after which the decorees and newly-promoted officers retired to the General' s conference room for a short get- together . After lunch the General left by cub for his villa at Sirmione . General Clark today received the foLlowing cable from the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The channel of communication by which the Commanders-in- Chief, U. S. Forces of Occupation in Germany and Austria will ~eceive and ask for instructions from the U. S . Government on matters of policy pertaining to th ~ control machinery, Germany, and the control machinery, Austria , will be through the Joint Chiefs of Staff with· the War Department acting as the executive agency for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Therefore , instructions to you will be sent by the War Department and queri~s from you should be directed to the War Department . 0 "The channel for t r ansmission of politica l informa tion , as distinguished from instructi ons, will be direct f r om the St at~ Department, through your political adviser . " * * VEROHA--JULY 11, 1945--General Clark rema; ned at his villa all day today and took care of nll important mr1tters 1,,rhich came up during the day a.nd were transmitted to him through his aide . * * * VERONA--J1JLY 12, 1945--Genera.1 _Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and worked on papers in his office until eleven o'clock ·1hen he met Colonel �:regroni and members of his Itrilian Linison Section and bade them farewell, as they are leaving the hea.dquart8rs . t 1115 the Genr~ral bade farewell to Lieutenant rressier of the T• rench Lia.ison Section . At 1200 hours General Bethouard arrived at the headquarters and was met by General Clark. After inspecting the guard of honor, Genera.1 Clark conferred with General ethouard for some time on the future set-up of the· Austrian command . General Bethouard and party remained for lunch and left shortly thereafter feneral Clark left for his villa. at 1500 hours where he spent the remaind,3r of the day. General Clark today sent the folloring cable to General Deane of the 11 0s cow: J. S. Piss ion in ni,. Although no information has been receiv8d from JCS it is my understanding that EAC has no'v signed n.greements for occupation of Austria j ncluding lienna ano that r atification by four governments may be exrected soon. I am still unable to l .,arn n:-1me of Russian comm;::,_nder in command of Soviet Forces in Austria . 11 2. Will be grateful to you if you ,;-rill arrange with Soviet authorities for ..,11.try to Vienna of my Deputy Commander, General Gruenther, also General Flory, General Lewis and eight other officers and fifteen enlisted men in eight vehicles . Party will proceed to ViennP by road from Linz .. _ French party will he of sarie size and will accompany U. S . party ·ri th General. herriere in charge . I am respnnsible for making arrnngements for entry of French so you will consider this message as official request for French entry. 3. British party with TlfAjor GenerR..l Winterton in charge will be of approximately same size but will proceed by road over .Judenburg Vienna route . Generri,l r1ccreery is R..ttempting to communicate , ith BarshAl Koniev by officer courier on 13 .Tuly in order to arrange for Vlinterton entry 0 tt 4. Desire also that you a.rrHn~e for meetinr{ to t c ke plRce shortly after three parties reach Vienna so that l,finterton, Cherriere and Gruenther may confer wit n :rropriate Russian officer to settle details for take over of mtional sectors . They will -also arrange for a later meeting of the four commanders in ,lienna . · No political Rdvisers will be included in the parties .. Discussions will be purel military n5 . Based on experience gnined from B.wrlin entry it is our idea that orgRni.zation of headquarters in Vienna nnd movement of garrisons there should be carefully planned and executed only after complete agreement with Russians. The H.s., British and French commanders should not enter Vienna. until conditions are such that they can remain there permanently and assume comm~.nd from 'ienna . I tt6. _ shall le~we for Brazil on July 14th and will return about July 26th. If there is :=my reason why I should return sooner I shall be able to cut riy vis: t accordingly. tr �5 VEROT•. A--JULY 13, 1945--Gem~ral Clark spent the day at the villa and took care of an accumulation o:f important papers · in an effort to clear his desk of all pending matters prior to his departure for razil * * * * MARR.AKE H--JULY 14, 1945--Genera.l Clnrk, accomptmied by General Crittenberger, Gene~al Brann, Colonel rriaddox, Lt . Col. Eberhnrd, Lt Col. Critt enberger, '. ~ajor Case, Captain Grann, Ca tain Luther, Lieutenant Hill and Sergeant Chane;r left Villafranca airport by C-54 at 0900 hours -for a two-,vee trip to Brazil in order to be on hand for the welcoming home ceremony of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . After .:1n eight-hour, non-stop flig _t , the party landed at D~arrA.kech where the,r spent the night at Villa Ta, lor . Durinp; the evening the General drove throu,h t e native '3oction of the city an looked in on some o the shops . * * * NATAL--JULY 15, 1945--General Clark 1 s pRrty continued on the trip to Rio , leaving- F11arrak ch at 0600 hours and lPnding at Dab1r n.t 1130 hours . After refuelini:;, GenAral Clark' s plane flew to atal , l~nding at rn30 hours . Here General Clark revie ·red An assembly of Brazilian Army, Navy and Air Corps officers and enlisted men. The party spent the night a.t .Jata.l . General RHlph Wooten , CoIT1I'1anding General of the South Atlantic Commu d, met G neral Clark at fatal and had dinner with him, alon(; with several other officers of the T-fa.tnl flfilitary Region . * * * * RIO DE JA1'l'EIRO-- JULY 16, 1945--General Clark's plane took o~f from Natal at 0600 hours and le rt non-stop to Santa Cruz where it landed at 1145 hours . General Clark was JY1et by GenerBl Hays Kroner, r.Jjlitary Attache at Rio de Janeiro and Colonel Bini r1acha.do of the Brazilian Army . After having lunch at Santa Cruz, the party agc1in took off, this time in a LocVi1eed, at 1320 hours and landed at Rio airport at 1345 hours Here the General was met by Gcner81 Dutra, General Ma.scarenhas a.nd many high ranking o-rficfals of the government - Army and p,_,r-J. A ~ uge crowd of people was ' on hand to give the General a most her1.:rty welcome to ·the capital of Brazil . After inspecting a gunTd of honor, General ClBrk and his party rode through the strGets , receiving the acclaim of the crowds . After the public reception the .1ern~ral was taken to the home of Roberto Marhieno, here he wa to live during his stay in Rio . At 1600 hours GenAral ClRrk and f8rty asseMbled at the Presidentts work palace ,yhere General Clark received the Oder of the Southern Cross, Second lass, the TrTedal of War t=i.nd the Campairnic Cross from President Vargas. General Crittenberger and eneral Brann were also decorated Many hiffh state officials rnre present at the decoration . A ter the presentation ceremony, General ClP_r k' s party drove to the �Wa.r Depa.1"tment for a visit t o General Dutr a , 7inister of Har . All high rankini:; officials of the War D pr1rt ment were present to i:sreet General C:1Prk . Irnmedfately folloving the visit to the W 0r Department the party vi ited the l11inistry of Foreign Relations where GenerA.1 Clark talked vith r.~r . Velos o the r1inister of oreign Relations . Shortly thereafter General ClA.rk returned to his residence where he had dinn r ., General jj lto:n , of the razilian .Armored Force , was ass:i.gned to be · at GenerF.tl Clarkt s d sposal .nd ccompany him vhile he :vas in Brazil. * * * * RIO DE JAl\!EIRO --JULY 17, 1945--G nHr al Clar { nnd pArty left the Rio air ... port at 0900 hours for a visit to the Military Academy at Rezende . Upon arrival at the Military Academy he reviewed the entire adet Corps which lined the main avenue o the f, ilitary Academy. The Corps was divided into Cc va.lry , Jn antr;'t and Horse - Drawn Artillery After walking along the line of c dets he rroceeded to the Academy Stc1d1um, wbich has been m~med the I'IPrk Clark Stadium , anc reviewed the Corps of Cc1dets as it passed on the RVenue in the front of the stacl ium. After the pP..rade General Clark r s party was conducted on tour of the Tiilitary Academy in order to see the new portions which are beirn~ constructed . ,,.,he party had lunch in t e officers mess and shortly a.fter lunch left the Academy by way of the main avenue which was lined on both sides by cadets. The party arrived at the Rio ~irport at 1430 ours an0 , accompanied by General Kroner , paid a short visit to the America n Ambas sador in Rio , ~'Ir . Berle . At 1-TI 0 hour s General Clark , ~rith Gcmer2l Crittenber ger and General ra.nn , held a press conference in Gern~rA.l Kroner' office where he met :representatives of all Brazilian newspapers .. At 1600 hours General Clnrk r-md pt1.rty arrived at the Rio airport where General Clark met ·1rs . Clark who levY from Washin{{'ton to Rio. A large cro d of reopl8 , including r1any hi,:;h s t ate and m:'Lli tary officials and wives , were on hand to we lcorie I lrs . ClRrk to Brazil. ~rs . Clark, - accompanied by Mrs. Dutra Rnd T1Ts . Be'rle , left for the General' s residence Hnd wo..s joined shortly therenfter by General Clark . I At 2100 hours General and Mrs . ClFirk , accomprmied by Major Vlalters and CR ptain Luther , hn.d dinn0r at the .olc en Room of the Copacabnna I ::i.la.ce Hotel . General Gruenther this evening cabled General Clnrk as f ollo,vs : 11 eturned Verona tonip,ht a. ter t rnnty 1ours in Vienna . i rench are most unhappy_ over refusal of RussiRns to p'1rmit small reconmdssance p:irties to remain in city And Russian refusal to confirm arrangements of any dnd prior to ratification EAC agreenent . Winterton and I feel we made progress . Petrov told us that ~-rhen _next Chie of Staff meeting is held points raised b;v us vrill be settled to our satisfaction . Winterton thinks ussians may tr,r to force early meeting of commanders , but I do not concur . I fee l co ·irtent e shall be able to meet your ishes . He have no estimate �when agreemc-mt Yill be ratified . Everything in order here . Your rAply to SG 630 received . Approval :, anted for aw~rd s to Yroner and Hooten . 11 Genentl Clnrk ,replied to Gene:cal GruenthP,r today as follm;s: nMessages received . Wonrlerful reception Rio . Ac 1rnowledge please ., It Delighted arrangements proceeding satisfactorily. rresent plans on July 2() or ?.7 to leave here . * * * * RIO DE JA fr~IRO-- JULY lg , 1945--At 0900 hours General Clnr , accompanied by Mrs . ClArk n.nd the other rr1embers of his party, went to the dock to visit the "Gen .J ral ieigst v hich brought the Brazilfan troops from Italy to Rio . Fresid nt Vargas rind Gennrnl Clrrk both spoke briefly to the offic rs and men. A. ter leavini:; the boat, GenerPl and I'irs . Clnrk And rarty went to the hospital to visit the wounded members of the BEF, and Mrs . Clark presented in the Gem~ral t s TIP.me American cigarettes to each wounded officer and man . here ,ere approximately 175 wounded . After lunch at home GenerRl Clark proceeded to dmmtown Rio where he was to rAview the retm--ning members of the BEF . Althoup;h the General 1 s party was due at the reviewing stand at 1340 hours , the crowds broke loose and formed a solid mass in the stre t , making it almost jmpossible for the cars to move . The General finally arrived at 1400 hours, after having slowly made is vray throu Jh the trnrnendous crowds . At the time of the start of the parade, the treet was so filled with happy Brazilian people that the troops were unable to push their way through the street. By half shoving and half marchin~, the parade finally began and lasted until 1745. A ter the p8rade, the GenerHl a d party ·~ ent immediately to the WPr Departr1ent where he attended a reception given by Minister of War Dutra. . A ter the reception he returned to his residence and at 2030 hours he and Mrs . lark attended a dinner fsi ven at the American Er1b~ ssy by Ambassador and Mrs . Berle . After dinner Gen ,ral and 1rs. CJ.Ark received with the American Ambassador and his vife at n reception ~iv n in the General t s honor P.t the American J!..mbassy. All high rank{ng state and military officials were pre sent at t .e reception .. · 1 General Gr uenther cabled General Clark today as follows : "Everything under control. Our rroblems today involve displAced persons in AustriR, food for p~isoners and attempts to prevent division being sent to Austria to take place of 101 Division . Food supply for Vienna is still headache . Fetrov said it nras too compli.cated to talk about at first meetin.r; To furthBr information reference commnnderst m etin~. I believe you w111 have comfortable mp· gin . Today' s Stars and tripes carries big story your Tuesday reception . re are proud of you . Orders issued for J . Marshall report this headquarter s . Pal • ine R11d sends best vishes . Very hot here . n * * RIO DE JA~JEIBO--JULY 19, 1945- -The General rested in the morning, and at 1300 hours gave rt small luncheon 1·.rhich was attencl ed by Gener0l Cri ttenberger , �General Brann, General Yfooten, General Y.roner, General Mascarenhas, Colonel Machado and several others . Before lunch GenerE'~ Clark decorated General r~ascarenhas, Gfmeral Wooten, Colonel Draynier nnd Captain BRrrn., General ri~ascarenhast aide, with the Bronze Star rfodal. He also presented GenBral r"ascarenhas with a coffee table beAring the insignia of the 15th Army Group, Fifth Army and the Smo ing Snake of Brazil, inl:dd in wood . In the afternoon the GenerRl rested and in the evening met Mr . Roberto Marhieno and rtr . ;foses, President of the I ress As ocia.tion in Brazil At 2030 hours General Clark and his party attended a dinner at the Ministry of War where Genr-;ral Dutra delivered nn address and. ms answered by General Clark . Hrs . Clf-1rk attended a dinner given at the home of 1ltr and I/rs . Borges where the General met Mrs . ClA.rk after the dinner given at the Ministry of War ., * * * * B ,LA HORIZO~ E--JULY 20, 191~5--General and Prs. Clark, accompanied by General Crittenberger, Gene-ral Brann, General 0rd, Head o the Joint De·• fense Commission of Brazil and the United States, _C olonel Grittenberger , Major Walters, Captain Luther, General Tifilton of the Brazilian Army; and General and ·tcs .. Castello rr-rnco, left tb.e A.irport Pct 0900 hours by C-47 for Bela Horizont., General Castello Branco was acting as escort for General Crittenberger . On arrival at 1100 hours at Bela Horizonte General ClF1rk was met by an honor guard flt the airport and a ter reviewing the guard left by car for the city where he was net by a grand reception from the people .. After walkinf{ through the crowds, he reviewed a short y.11.rade by the Brazilian troops and then started to walk to the hotel where he was to stay General ClFJrk hr-id hardly begun when the crowds literally picked him up and carried him to the hotel on their shoulders The spontaneous public ovation was tremendous . After lunch,. p,iven a.t the Tennis Club , the General visj ted the barracks of the local regiment, after ~rhich he visited a girlst school which gave a short program in his and Mrs . ClArk ' s honor . Next the pnrty proceeded to the Ar:1,ricano School and then returned to the hotel where the General held a press conference at 1700 hours . In the evenint:; the ~.rt;v- had d:i.nner at the beautiful CA.sine Pampulha near the airport.. After dinner General rrnd ·,'trs ., Ch1rk returned to the hotel. Follmdng is the text of a cable · General Gruenther dispatched to General Clark today: HErhardt received message from Grew today advisinR th--:t EAC agree ,,. ment h;::i.s been approved by Joint Chiefs of Staff and State Department . Papers will be presented to }'resident in Berlin. State Department recommends to Fresident that Winant be authorized to ratifv on behalf of United States . Food supply problem for Vienna and U.. S ., zon~ is source of extreme agony for us. SRltzman and ivil Supplies Officer a.re in Frankfort today. Adcock G- 5 at t S 1 '-'~~ says problem is political, and 1,•.re must process all food deman s thru Joint Chiefs of Staff . We do not like that decision A.t t i s late date because we must havA food a.s soon as we take over . Tate �is spendinfs entire time on this Inf tter British -are Rlso bavinf, food trouble 11ith no sol ution in si[sht yet . rench have no worries because they have no food . We ·;ill solve di ficultie in some way -- I hope . U . S . has authorized us to rnish rations and g,_ solin to Vienna French garrison until September 1st . foNarney wrote letter to you reaffirming his rrevious dec ision reference battle t ar for Po Vr-i lley CPmpa.i n . J-Towever you vieYrs vill be presented to Har Department . I tried to -~et to Salzburg this rnornin.r.t but weather forced us back vrhe 1 :re 1ere halfway there . Am folloYrin~ Dutr a - r1A.chado decorations . AFHQ expects Wr:ir Depar+,rient approval late tonight nll proceed Genoa Saturday evening ret irnin. , her ~onda;v morning to execute o ders issued by Brann in his 5542 . Still extremely hot . JuTessa e service with you is xcellent . 11 GenAral Gruenther also cabled General Clark as follows this afternoon: 11 Although this is hottest nay of year, you will be interest learn thnt I hcive just defeated ,.Tick decisiv0ly in tennis . This will e videly disseminated in Italy, including Genoa Hope you see thnt proper announcement is made in 1razil . Stories of your tion are most interesting.. Will now have suprer with Pa.l. n * * * .d to news will recep- * AOLO--J1JLY 21 1945- -Genera.1 ClA.rk nnd party left ela Horizonte ·or the airport this r1orninj and arrived at Sa.or a.olo a t 1100 hours . Although the party had been told that this tmm Yas emotionally cold , wh n ,-reneral Clark :u-rived at the city, and as the car drove t rough the streets on the v y to trie hotel, people crowded to ·r rd the car in an attempt to shake the General' s han , or even touch him . General Clark and party left the hotel for the Technic8l Aeronautical Institute where General Clark presented the grndunting class of 30 m.,n with their diplomas . r he faculty of this school consists .,ntirely of instructors from the Tnited States . Here the General received n most beauti ul leather c esk set as a t~L t from the school.. SAO After lu 1eh a.t the chool, the Generr-11 1-.rent to the Governor' s Pal _ce for q. shot reception , followed by a visit to the arracks o the local re~iment , an returned to the hotel at 1700 ho-µrs for a short rress confer ,nee . At 1800 hours Gem~ral Cl tr ' s party proceeded to th, home of .r.r . and r. 1rs . Prado ·7here n huge cocktail rarty was given in General and •trs . Clerk ' s honor ,'frs .. Prado , a very lovely young woman, is a native of T,Jew York City. General f-'.nd r'1rs . Cle rv. procAeoed to the Sao Paolo Opera House at ?100 hours 1Yh8re the General spok, to 8 , 000 peopL crammed jnto the theater , v1hose normal capacity is '3,000 people . After leaving the theater , GrmerA l a.nd Mrs . CL!:lrk, with General Brann, h:::id dinner in their hotel room . General, Gruenther today advised Gene~.l Clark by cable that 1ars al Koniev had invited the Chiefs of Staff for a Vienna meeting at noon on J ly 24th . Gene al Gruenther also mentioned that the EAC agreeme t had been ratified .. �lD I J SAO AOLO--JULY 22, 191+5--Genernl Cl::=trk rested in the morning and Rt 1300 hours, with the members of his party, had lunch at the Governor's Pnh.ce in Sr-to Pt·w lo., Governor Costa vas one of the most outstanding personalities r1et on the trip to Brazil and was a living example of Brazilian hospitality. Following a remAr .... made by General C1ark as to the r:;ood quality of the co fee he served, the Governor presented General Clr-irk ,d th a 125// bag of coffe • In response to a remark dropJ:ed by Firs. Clark as to the loveliness of his crystal service, the Governor presented Mrs. Clark with a very nice set of cryst_a l. After lunch General Clark's party proceed d to the Municipal Stadium for a short look-in upon the football game and th~n proceeded to the Joclrny Club to \7itness the rrrark Clark Handicap Rrice. rom the Jockey Club the party proceeded to the hor10 of the AT"!erican Consul 1here a. cocktail party vas held for General ~nd Mrs. Clark by Consul and I\/rrs •. Cross . After the cocktail party, eneral and 'Irs. Clark returned to the hotel, and at 2100 hours had dinner with rr. and fl!rs Prado in a ni.ght club oime b, Prs. rado. General Clark today cabled G-ener81 xruenther as follows: n ood nro Jlem in my opinion is politicA.l and should be rrocessed throue;h Joint Chiefs of Staff. Please direct your e forts along these lines nornentum of Brazilian reception increasin~ with each city. Vfant to l . ave here 29 July arrive destination 31 July. Could if absolutely essentfa.l lea.Ye on 28 July. With vour confer nee on 24 July, it seems perfectly reasonable to Me thR.t ommanderst Conference can be del,.,yed a week . Insist on this in order that I may e present for that meeting. Your weat victory over ick pushed r:.e off the front page of Br zilian press. St:i 11 hitting a fast pR.ce . Keep me posted. 11 General Gruenther sent General Clark the following radio today: "Our advance party 1? officers 15 enlisted men left Linz for Vienna this rnornini:;. BalRnce of reconnaissance detA.chment will rroceed to Vienna. on '?4 Jul?. 'T'here is considerable rressure to admit press to ViennR. Y will settle this question as soon as Tuesday's conference in Vienna is completed . 11y rresent est:i.m~te is thnt vre sha.11 probably admit the press to 'ienna on 2r-) July. I plr-m to leave Vienna as soon es Tuesday 1 s conference is completed There is still no puggested date for Commanderst Conference . n * * * * PORT ALEGRE--JULY 23 , 1945- -General Clark and party left Sao Paolo by plane at 1000 hours , arriving at Port Alegre at 1230 hours . Following a tremendous welcome by the population of the city and a parade reviewed from the hotel balcony, he was escorted to a private home where he was to stay while at Port Alegre . After lunch with Hrs . Clark at njs residence , the General proceeded to the Governor' s PalA.ce for a short reception, from which he v1 ent to meet the faculty of the local .iunior military academy. General Clark held a press conference for the loca.1 press at 1700 hours and then at - �ll I tended a program gi ven by the student body of the Institute of Education a large girls ' school. The Gl~neral delivered a short speech to the stude'11.t body and introduced each member of his party f.il:'esent . '.'lrs . Clark also spoke to the girls At 2100 hours the General and his rarty a.ttended a dinner given by the Commander of the Jrd . filitary 1.egion . General Clark a-g in spoke at the dinner . General Gruenther cabled GenerRl Clark today as follovTS : nr am now at Linz and will depart for Vienna early Tuesday. General Mccreery called this evening after r had left our headquarters and de livered the fo llowinfs message . ' I feel that I can not agree to postp oning the Commanders ' neet1ng beyond Monday July 30th . I feel strongly that we have delayed long enough . Delay beyond July 30th will not fit my own plans . General Clark assured me he could alter his schedule if it became necessa.:r·y . t HI shall give you a further re commendation on this point a fter our meet ing on 'J'uesday. still have hope ~ shall be able to delay Cornrnander s ' Meeting until August 1st , but this ma.y entail some collusion with the Russians . tr The text of ~nother cable fr om General Gruenther to Gener al CL'1rk is quoted belo rr: ''Winterton told me this morning that General Mccreery desires Commander s' Meetine July 1 _ 0th . I told him that August 1st is earliest date you can be present . Will advise you further after Vienna meet ing Tuesday. '7ill follo yo 1r instructions reference ood rroblem . rt * * RIO DE JAEIRO --JULY 24, 1945--At 0900 hours General lark visited the military academ;r which is a prepnrntory school to the Academy at Re zende .. Here he spo <e to the assembled cadets . T\fext the Gene r al and hi~ party inspected the merican School which ms run totally b:r teacher s from the States . Upon leaving t he school, the General paid a call at the Red Cross where he , Gener al Critt enberger and General Ord vmre given memberships t o the Brazilian Red Cross . At 1100 hours the General , ~llrs . Clark and the rest of the party at . tended a barbecue at the local Countr y Cluh. Due to rain the barbecue was held lnside but still was a very gay affair . The Gener al received three barbecue ~nives of various izes , and , in line with tradition, gave the Mayor of fort Alegre a captured German coin j n return for the knjves . At 300 hours the party left Fort Alegre for Rio by C-47 and arrived in Rio at 1705 . General and Mrs . Clark had a quiet dinner at home The followin~ cable was dispat ched today from General General Clark : r uenther to �"I talrnd to Mccreery last night over bad line . e is pressing hard for July 30th meeting and stressed that you a.greed to modify your chedule if necessary . It is not clear vrhy he is in such a rush . I told him message had been sent to you on sub ject . You might care to send him message direct . I am holdin~ out for August 1st or later meeting . Cherriere informs me Bet ouart will support us in th8.t rosition . We leave for Vienna in a . ew minutes . " * * * RIO DE JANEIRO--JULY 25 , 1945- -General Clark remained at his residence all day and rested . At 1700 hours General Clark, . with 'tr's . Clark, called on •qrs . Vargas, the wife of the President of Brazil. At 1800 hours GeneralClark saw ~'tr . Hugo, 9·ner of an exclusive gift shop in Rio, and vras presented by ~lfr . Hugo •d th a life-size head and shoulder wood carving of himself . 1 At 2030 hours General Clark and pa.rt:r attended dinner at the Foreign Ministery given by oreign ·~inister Veloso . Mr . Veloso delivered a speech honoring General Clark, to which General Clark responded . * * * * RIO DE JAN'EIRO --JULY 26, 1945--General Clark remained 2t home the early part of the morning, and at 1100 hours attended a decoration ceremony at a £.'ort on Copacabana Beach . At the ceremony several American officers and enlisted men, including General Hays Kroner, aere decorated by GJneral Dutra for their cooperation and wor)~ in Rio . General Clark ret 1.rnect' to his residence a-f'ter the ceremony and had lunch triere . Mrs . Dutra and 'tr's . Veloso called at 1500 hours . At 1630 hours General Clark and rarty attended a decoration ceremony held at the American 1,mbas::;y a.t which General Clark rresented 48 American decorations to members of the BEF which had served under him in Italy. .A_mon~ those decorated ere Gcmeral Dutra. and Colonel u1ach..-:1do . A platoon of the 10th Mountain Division, present in Rio acted as honor guard for the presentation . Immedjately after the decoration ceremony G neral Cl'" k gave a reception for the various officials o government and military offices n11.d his many frfonds in Rio . u: l At - 2100 hours General Clark gave a. dinner at the Copacabana Palace Fotel which was attended b:r the cabinet ministers and wives , military attaches· of the embassies in Rio , and other distinguished persons i.n Rio . General Dutra and ·:tr· . Veloso attended the dinner . General r 1enther yest erday cabled General Clark a.s f ollo'rn with tega.rd to the Austrian situation: "Conferred i th Russians or four hon.rs today followed by b o hours qdka dinner . It wa.s apparent that Russians prefer July 10th CommP ders 1 Meeting suggested by 1'finterton . However , I am quite certain thnt we can put acr oss August ls~ meetin~ if you so direct . If your plans A.re such that you can attend Commanders ' Con_erence :i.n Vienna on July 30 or 31 , J suggest -that yo 1 arrarw,e your schedule accordingly. Advantages gained �l3 will, in my opinion, be worth curtailment of Brazilian trip . Our next rrieetin , v ith Russians will be 1500 hours July 25th. Desire guidance prior to that meetinp; if possible . Additional complications is fact that Russians feel that rress should not be rermittod to enter before entrance of Commanders into Vienna . As result of pressure from British we hAve already 9tarted to assemble press in Linz a.rea an<i they will be ready to enter from July 26th onward . his is another argument in favor· o ,July 30th or 11st Commanderst f.~eeting . Gruenther t s eyes only 1'fil1 not reach him until afternoon 25 Jul~r. Above message fr om Gruenther reached i:rerona sa.me time as :voursto Gruenther. 11 In addition to the above , General Gruenther also sent t he following cable to General Clark yesterday: "You may relax . Pressure for July 30th meeting has subsided .. Koniev is no:v stalling on date because he believes Bi~ Three is considering Austrian question . Commanders' Y 11 eetinis may not even take place on August 1st . Had three-hour rreeting this c fternoon Touv,h e-otng jn spots . Another one later tonight ." Gem~ral Tate added the following to the above message· to General Cl2.rk: trYour 5607 ,iu t received and forwarded to Gruenther who hf-ls not yet received it . 8uggest you not depart pending next message from him . General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows yesterday: I n 'Jecessary leave Rio 0930 local time 27 July reurad 5598 . Conditions rermittin~ will fly to Da.:ar night 27-2g continuin to Marrakech for overn"ght 2R .. Arrival v·11afranca 29 July expected ." General Gruenther today cabled Gener, .1 Clark a.s fo lows: tt Commanders t r eeting vill not ta3.re give no estimate when it rill occur. n lace be ore August 1st . Can Ge 1eral _G ruenther also Cc.bled G Jneral Clark today as follovrs: "Yo, r1essa!se received at three o'clock this r1orning a's I returned rom in<1l conference. Will s'ee Petrov noon today a:nd vrill again bring up question Comnanders' Teeting . However, as J explained in message last ni~ht , J dou )t that meeting ill ta . 9 place on 11st in view of nee;) attitude. Will wire again ;:i,t noon . Me1:m·hile , take life easy. There A.re many headaches here.n * if * * * Rl\lROUTE TO ITALY-- JULY 27, 1945--General and Mrs . Clark, accompanied by the remainder of the party, left Rio at 0835 in a. Lockheed Bomber . At the airport rere leadinF; state ::md military officials to bid a.rewell to Gen .,ra.l Clark. The party landed at Santa Cruz at 0900 and took off a.t 0920 in a C-54, landing at t-Jatal at 1650 . Here the party divided , · and after suprer General Clark, accompanied by- Colonel Sewell, Liaison Officer of the A};"\ q with the EF, Captai n Luther, Captain Grann c_nd S9rgeant �\L\ Chaney took off in the C-54 for Tarrakech while the remainder of the party continued on their way to the TTnit .... d States the following morn··ng * * * NfARRAKECH--JULY 28 , 1945--Genera.l Clnrk landed at Marrakech at 1430 and after a short drive t rou~h the city had dinner at Villa .aylor where the party remained for the ni ht. * * * * VER0NA--JULY 29, 1945--At 0800 hours General Clark and p8.rty took off from fffa.rrakech for Verona and landed at Villafranca. Rirfield at 1l+35 hours in the a ternoon . General C1ark went immediately to his villa by cub, accompanied by General Gruenther, v,here they spent the rest of the evening in conference concernin~ the Vienna situation . * * VERONA--JULY 30, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters in V-rona at 1000 hours where he proceeded to take CAre o official business vh ich had accumulated during his Brazilian trip . ERrly in the morning he conferred with General Gruenther on various sub,jects concerning the Vienna a.ffair nnd also with a group of officers from TTSFET I/ In the a fternoon the Gener:=tl continued his conversations with General Gruenther Hnd went to his villt'.l at 1500 hours where he spent the rest of the day. * * * * VE"R.ONA --JULY 31, 1945--The Generel spent the da;r todFi,y at his villa resting . * * * VERONA-- AUGUS'.!." 1, 1911-5--The Gen0r a l spent t he day relaxing Pt hfu villa . * * ·* * ROJ.A--AUGUST 2, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours a,nd conferred the greater part o the day with Genera l Gruentrer on the proposed conference on the 3rd . Jn t he a_ ternoon Lt . Col. Vl illiams c ame in to see t he General regarding the 15th Army Group . History ::i nd then the General continued the conversation with General Gruenther concerning the Austrian situation . General Clark let for his vill there for the rest of the day. by cub at 1700 hours and remained G,meral ClArk today sent the following cable to Field Marshal Alexander: rrr was highly pleased today to learn of your appointment as Governor ) General of Canada. '!'hose of us who have served under your leaders hip take pHrticular pride in this recognition your government has seen fit to bestow r �upon you for your outstanding military services . I hope thRt when J return to tt".e nited Stat es we "'hall have an opportunit)r to meet r.n renew old times . tt * * * * VEROTt~A--AUGUST 3, 1945--General Cl2rk remained at his villa at SJrmione all dai and at 100 hours held a conference which was attended by General foCreery , General Winterton nnc Mr . Mack of the Bri ti.sh Austrfan Command; General Bethouaro , General Cherriere and the French Politicnl Advisor of the rench Austrian Cornnand . General Gruenther , Genera.I Flory and Mr Erhardt also attended the conference, and Colonel Suth.,rlnnd acted s French interpreter . rrhe complete minutes of the rrieeting will be included in the diary notes of today' s activities . After the conference General Clark and his guests h:'l.d luncheon at the villa , throu~h which they co tinued their discussion . General Mccreery and General Bethouard , accompanied b:r their parties, left the Sirrnione cub strip in L- 5 sat 1530 and proceeded to Villafranca , from which point they proceeded to their headquarters . Generfl.l Clr-trk remrd ned at his villa and had for dinner General McMahon, Colonel Porter and Captain Luther . Later in the evening General Sullivan, accomptmied by four guests , joined General Clark or a movie at the villa . Foll owing are the minutes of the conference held this afternoon: "The British group arrived at about 1100 hours and some general conversation took pla.ce concerning sub.jects to be discussed with the Frenc h officers on their R.rri val. General Clark emphasj_zed that the question of food contr0l should be early on the agenda for the first Allied Council rieeting , and asked General f1cCreery if he thought an J:;conomic Board should not be agreed on at thA first m8etj ng of the Council , to be instr1 1.cted to report at the second meeting of the Council . General McCreery said h~ thought th~s was a good idea and thRt he thou ht the Co1.L~cil , under the European Advisory Commission rules, should meet every ten days . In connection with the food question, there was a discussion of the number of people in the various zones in Vienna . GenAral Winterton said he understood that there were 275, 000 in the Anerican zone , 356,000 i .n the Russian zone , 250 , 000 jn the British zone , and ?.99,000 j_n the French zone , but that there were 800, 000 oth ,rs normally living in Vienna, now temporarily elsewhere , v1ho would be coming back as soon as possible . "Gern=~rals Bethouart and Cheriere arrived a.t l?.00 hours and the meet in~ began., Genern.l Clark acting a.s Chairman . He said that the meeting had been called to agree upon an agenda for the first meeting of the Allied Council . ttGENERAL CLARK then stated that the first subject he thought of dis cussing was that of cod, and h .. repeated to General B8 thou.art the proposal already- made to General Mccreery that an :.iconom:i.c Committee or Bor-ird he set up at the first meeting of the Council, to report at the second meeting of the Council. This was a.greed to by all . �( "The second subject r aised by GEmeral Clc1rk was communications . All persons present agreed that the comrm.J.nications channels proposed by the Russians were inadequate for the rnaintemmce of the necessary headquarters in Vienna a't1d tha.t this subj8ct would have to be diC\cussed 8.t the first Council meeting . General r.cCreery requested that in connectfon w:tth communications, the air routes also -be discussed . ttGeneral Clnrk then sta.ted that the third point to be discussed was ·\ the establishment o the Kommandatura and the da,te for the takin over by the A lied troops of the several zones in Vienna. General Mccreery stated that before the Komnandatura could commence functioning, some means of handling the civilian supply problem in Vienna would have to be decided upon General Bethouart agreed with this a.nd General Clark said that for that reason he had proposed the appointment o the Econom::.c Board in uestion , which should be instructed to report back to the Comman:lers -inChief before the seconc1 me eting of the Council. 0 The fourth point raised by Gener&.1 Clark was the establishment of a Finance Committee. General Bethoua.r:. agreed , stating that ·in':lnce was clearly A. most important problem in viev1 of the in la.tion now in r rogress in ienna a.nd the uncertainty as to the Russian handling of Allied military schillings . General r~cCreery also agreed that this item should be on the agenda . V naimeral Clark then proposed the issuance of a joint" proclamation as a subject for the agenda, and stated that a draft 1ad been prepared by his headquarters for criticism by the others concerned . He stated thR.t he vrould furnish General McGreery. and General Bet ouart with copies of thi e... draft to work on . "General Clark proposed as the next subject for discus~ion that of fraternization , and snid that the Americ an attitude was that all limitations on .raternization in _ustria should be removed immediately when the Council met . .e asked whHt Gem~ral Bethoua.rt ' s view was, and General Bethouart said that he hAd no rroblem in that respect, as fraternization was unlimited in the French zone . As a matter of fact, he said , it could not be stopped anyway . General •,1 cCreery then said that _e agreed with General Cla k and with Gen~ral Bethouart , but thr-=tt from his point of view it waP preferable not to give publicity to relaxation o the fr:=i.ternization ban . General Cl~k aid he would be glad to cooperate with General McCreery in the latter point , though he felt thnt it was inevitable that regardless , press mention 1vould be made on the change in attitude . HThe seventh p oint suggested by Genere.l Clark for discussion ·ms the formation of the Executive Committee . It .7 as agreed the.t t his should be discussed and thr:1t no great problems would be rresented by it . HGeneral Clark then said that there should be a. discussion of the r.1e chanics of runnin the All:ed Council, the establishment of a secretariat , etc . He said that ~•rhile he felt this must be discussed, the project of a jo:rnt secretariat would be opposed by the Russians. HG 'J't>.lERAL wrrrIIB.TmT then said thRt he unrlerstood that the Russfans wished to hHve no central building for a headquarters of the Joint Allied �Commission, but that the meetings should be held in rotation in the office of the o ficer act ·i ng for the moment as Chairman of the Allied Council, and his office would furnish secretarlal service for that m,Jeting and rre pare the agenda for the succeeding meeting . General Clark stated that nhile his original thought had been +.he establishr1ent of a joint secretar· at, he felt that the Ru,...sfa.ns ~~,ould not accert this, and hence that arrangerients of the sort outlined by General Winterton, as they would in his opinion be practicable , might well ;e acce ted. GcmeraL, Mccreery- nnd Bethouart expre sed concurrence in this view . General Clnrk suggested that the Americans, Rrit1sh and French put forward Koniev as Chairman for the first meeting or the Allied Council and tlk1.t thereafter the chairmanship rotate alphabetically ·a ccordin'; to the name of the nation in question . They could discuss hether the chtdrmanship would be or one or two meet. in~s. These _roposals were likewise agreed to as a subje ct of discussion for the first Council meeting. ttThe next subject for discussion was the entry of troops into Vienna and their composition . General Clark said he thought the question had two subdivisions . or the first meetinr: of the Council a guard of honor, rather Tik9.ll in siz , should be arran_"'ed from each of the four nations in"l,olved, the guards of the everal nations to meet at some convenient point and collectively do t __ e honors to t . e several Generals in turn Later, he said, when the respective garrisons entered Vienna, they should form a single parade and the four Commanding Genera.ls should be present as the parade passed in review, the ~eneral o each nqtionality stepping forward one or two pacev and taking the salute as his own troops rassed. General Mccreery stated that the British avy and the British Air Forces would like to be represented with some part in this parade . General Clar~ said that he had no naval forces readily availfi,ble for the parade , and suggested that the Air Forces fly overhead in planes . It was agreed that a discussion of this s1Jbject should be put on the agenda . J. "G .,~IERAL BETH~ again mention9d the question of food c=i.t this point, saying thA.t be ore the meeting closed he would like to accent the importance of a ood ('.'<upply for his zone . General Clark expressed understanding of his nece-ssities . ,lERAL CCRE I Y said that he thought a press communique should be prepared as well as the joint proclamntion previous.ly mentioned . He also said there should be a meeM.ne; of the Deputy Commanders eld in the immediate future. The purpose of this neeting '"'r ould be t o discuss the agenda for t_1e first meeting of the Council and agree on it in the light of the preliminary discussions held today. Gen r a.l Gruenther sr:dd thAt l-ie could get to Vi8nna tomorrow evening to attend such a rrieetin ::) .. Genernl 1dhterton and Gener 1 Cheriere said they would a.lso be avai1cible . Generr-1 Gruenther said he ~vould get in touch vith General Zheltov and r ropose the conference for Saturday evening. rtm~ 11 GE 1TF.RA.L CLARK then raised the uestion of the date for the first co mcil meeting He said he thought it likely th;:i.t the Russians would express th, ·r preference for the date of · this gathering . Generri.l CJ.ark said) he thou.c;ht the 7th was a prob-?ble date , that it ,, ould talre a week to ten de.ys thereR ter or the i..Conomic Committee to have its recormnendations ready on the ood situation, and hence that the s econd meeting of the Coun- �cil could not tal:e plHce until about the 17th. He thought thr1t the second meetin of the Co ncil should occur at a.bout the time the troops entered .. 0 He then raised the question o rho should Pttend the first Council meeting, saying that it was his own preference that only the Commande:r ..~-inChief, the Political Advisers, interpreters, and stenographic reporters attend the meeting . GenerHl Bethouart as '"ed vrhy the Chie s of Staff should not attend, and General Clark stated that he wished, if r,o sible, at this meetj_n to eep the ma,tter ~mtirely on the level of Commander""in-Chief to Commande -in-Chief. He felt thRt the Politjcal Ad isers should be present to represent the respective foreign offices. He sa.id there might well be subsequent meetings at which only the four Commanders-in-Chief 1ould be present, and possibly other r1eetings at which members of the Executive Committee would be present . Generals Mccreery and Bethouart stated that the;v V!ere satis-fi d with this proposal. "General Clark then as ..d if any one had any other matters to brine up at the present meeting, and there being nonJ, the oup adjourned for luncheon . tt * * * * VERO ,TA--ATJGUST 4, 191+5--General Clark departed from Sirmj one cub strip at 1000 hour and landed at Villafranca at 1015 hours, from which point he took off in his C-47 for Florence to spend the day He exrects to return on the 5th. * * * VERONA--AUGUST 5, 191+5--General Clark arrived at his villa from Florence at 1100 hours , returning by C-/+7 to Villafranca and by cub to the Sirmione cub strip. He rested during the A. ternoon and at 1800 hours met Mr . McCloy, Assistant Secretary of War, at the cub strip . ·The General had dinner at his villa with !Jr . McCloy, General Gruenther, General Tc te a.nd VT . 1-l""!rhardt. ·,!fr . McCloy spent the night at the villa. 1 * * * * VER NA--AHGUST 6, 1945--Mr. McCloy left the villr-t at 0830 to return to Villafranca by cub from i"There he took off in his plane for Rome . General Cla.rk , left his villa at 0930 hours by cub and la.need at Villafranca at 0950 hours where he was met by Captain Luther . General Cl8rk, with Captain Luther, took off from the Villafranca airfield at 1000 hours for Salzburg where he landed at 1100 hours . General Clark was met by General Keyes, Conmander of JI Corps, and after revic ri g an honor guard at the r-iirport was tak<m to the public square in SHlzburg wher9 he inspected a battalion of assembled troops and then reviewed the battalion as it passed by JI Corps Head.quart rs . General Clar and General Keyes then went to General Ye yes' .office where they conferred· with Brigadier rreneral Willems, Chief of Staff, II Corps; fJ1 ajor General Deger, Commander o 11th Armor d Division; ~-1a,jor General Hilldring of the /Jar Department, Hashington; M~..ior General Reinhart, Commander of the 65th Division; e.nd i ajor General Collin~, Commander of the 42nd Division. After �( �( the conference the part, had lunch at General Keyes' ville. . After lunch General Clark , 'Tith General Keye went _or a boat ride on Konig Sea and then proceeded to Berchtesga.den ·vhere they went to inspect Hitlert s famed 11 Eaele ~Jesttt mroute to the "Eagle :Jest" they were met hy General Tobin , Commander of the 4L~th AAA Group , who conducted them on a tour of the "Eagle 1\Je"'t" and 3erchtesgaden. Upon the completion of the tour the party went to General Tobin ' s Headquarters for a short while and then- proceeded t o the Hapshtirg Palace in Salzburg vhere General ClRrk is to spend the night . 0 , At 1900 hours General Clark had dinner with General Keyes , General Willems, General Howard, ,1/lr . Dend,,r of the State Department and General B'il l dring c: t the Hapsbbrg Palace • . General Clrirk today sent the following message to Brig. Gen . Deane of the U. S. p.!Tj_litary Mission in Moscov.r : "I have Rlready made several attempts to arrange a rr1eeting o t.e \ our cornr1anders in Vienna , but all have been unsuccessful becA.use of Russ.'an refusal to agree to a date .. At t e conference of Deputy Commanders on AuF;Ust L1- , Colonel General ZHELrrnv stated that I1JTc .rshal KONIBV 1 s health h:rn not ·yet recovered to the point where a .date can be agre ,d to by the Russians . _ Later in the conference he stated that the communique of the Big Three .1eeting in Berlin c ontains so 1ittle concerning Austria that h1rshal KON •,V was certain that additional instructions wuld be is sued by Moscow . Tntil these instructions are received no Allied Council meetinr; can be held . r,le hHve not been R.ble to determine whether or not Marshal KONIEV is actually ill .. During the staff conference held in late July some Russian staff officers stated that lfONIEV w·as ill while others indicated that his health vas excellent . ''The1~e are many matters which are urgently in need of immediate attention ap.d vrhich can not be solved until the Allied Counc il meets . Any attempt to resolve t.1eso difficulties in advance is usually blocked by Gemral ZHEL'T'OV . I shall be nost grateful to you if you can exert any presm.u·e from your end to expedite this neetinL • British and French Commanders share my views and .have made similar representations to their gover _men ts . " * * * * VERO_\ A--AUGUST 7 , 191{,5--At 0900 hours General Clark , vdth General Keyes , le t 11y car for an hour R,nd half trip throup,h Austria to the headquarters of the 11th Armored Di vision vs here they vrnre ret by General Deger and .Colonel Dovrrv~r , Chief of Staff of th~ 11th Arr11ored D~.vision . After an inspection o the guard of honor, General Clark had lunch with General Deger · and his staff . After lunch General Clark inspe cted a vill8 with the idea in mind of using it at a la.ter date but found it undesirablA bocause it was at the present time used as a maternity hospital. At 1330 hours General Clnrk left the 11th Armored Djvision and drove -- �to Linz where he visited the Headrpmrter of the 65th Division . Bere General Clark met his old friend General John E. Copeland . After a short conference at 65th D · visfon Headquarters Genern 1 Clark , General Keyes, General Reinhart and General Copeland went to General Reinhart's residence where General Clark decorated General Reinhart with the Silver Star and the Bronze Star . General Clark l . . ft Linz· ~.t 1,~·30 hours by cub r:md flew to the Salzhurg airport where he left General Keyes and drove to Berchtesgaden Hotel where he ·ras to spend the night . After dinner General Clark retired early. General Gruenther arrived at the hotel at ?200 hours from lerona . General Clar1c today received the following cable from the W, r De partment: "fleet ·ng of commanders in Vien..na is s 1bject reurad SGS 772 , 6 August 1945 . nst ate Department believes we should not press for m8eting at this date as onus for present difficulties in Austria now rests with Russians . If, fr om your standpoint, it is essential that matters be discussed immediately with th Russians reqnest additional information to assist consi derations here . " * * * VER0 11JA--AUGUST 8, 1945--Genera l Clark conferred with General Gruenther from ORJO hours until 0930 hours t his morning and left B~rchtesgaden at 091+5 hours . AccompRnied b;r Captain Luther , he drove to Innsbruck vrhere he inspected an honor guard and had lunch at French Headquarters with Gene ral Bethounrt's staff. Genera.I Betho1n.rt was absent attending a conference in Paris . fter lunch General Clark resumed his trip to Verona , arriving at his villa at ?100 hours . Upon his return General Clark conferred with General Tate on subjects w ich hAd arisen during his absence from his headquarters . * * * VE .0 1,rA-- ATJGUST 9, 191,.5--General Clark re:mained at his villn all day re laxing . The G8neral had General Tate and ~tr' . Erhardt as guests for lunch . General Gruenther sent the following cables to General Clnrk from Vienna today: / ----.._ 081155 . "1. IELTOV rage has subsided . He did not like the idea that you would report to ~our government that Russians a.re delBying when in fa ct they· are not . So , ason for failure to agree to a date is Koniev' s ·illness through Zheltov says Russfans are still awaiting instructions from ,fos cow . ·z heltov would ~ive no estimate as to date . In my opinion meeting will not be held before August 13 . I think Koniev is ill. But tho.t is only my hunch . n2. ood que;1tion discussed at length today with Russfans agreeing to �principle v1e have so often discussed . Thev agree that requisitioning should not ta._ce place and state -thFt Russians have almys follo 10d non requisitioninr; practice Zheltov sa,rs that J'l'leeting of food experts Tuesda:r :rroduced no results because all our experts did was to ask questions and refused to answer any themselves . Fe strongly su::>gests high powered food body with power to riake positive recorunendatio:ns for a.pproval by Allied ounc1.l. If the··r findi~gs are approved by executive corunittee he thinks council problem will be simple . I thinl committee should eet and I will so arrange immediately unless you instruct 1:ne othervdse . n 3. WI IT'S 1TOlJ is st:i 11 convinced that Commanders !·1P.eting should not be call d r.1cetini:; of Allied Council until food rroblem is settled • . He nay be right but don' t think so . v'linterton is Asking McCreery to apologize to you for ank Buildinz J1essage . tt Lt' . Will recommend to you Thursday vrhe:re I should return. should remain here until Saturday. n I V ? Probably RH 338 . n1 . When we assernbled for neeting at 1500 yesterday ZHSLTOV announced that he could only rerm=dn or ? hours rind that 'Je should budget our time accordingly , e agreed to discuss t e dra.ft paper you saw at Berchtesgaden also proposed agenda and problem of food for Vienna and Austria . u2 . Then raised question of date for meetin, of Commanders. Discussion that fo lowed took up 30 minutes Yrith Zheltov on defensive but neverthel ,ss gained no ~ound . He adopted hurt a-t titude thrit although General Clark had . reviously shown consideration · or Konie~,, s health and had even ( throu_~h Gr110nther stated that ho hPil no desire to 'destroyt the f/ti rshc.l' s health h still sa fit to report thet you were stjll solicitious for Yoniev' s health but that an early meeting ':ms absolutely necessary because there AX'e so man7 j_mportant matte! s to be settled . J then nede formal re quest that the meeting he held 1 riday and if thr-it date not acceptable Saturrlay, Sunday and so on . To ·vhich Zheltov sm~led and said he would convey General Clark' s vif'hes to oniev. Vinterton and Cheriere Plso asked . or early meetin • ir3 . Zheltov was in ~ood temper throughout neeting . At 1?00 he told us he -ras r.;oing to att end final performance of Moscow Concert roup and Vie ~,ould be h · s guests . He l<ept his 'natch in front of him throughout meeting and at 1Pl5 we r·:nally f.save in and adjourned. feast _or 1 hour . There followed usual Russian 0 1+ • The c0ncert was good and Z eltov was gracious host . His wife joined us at theater . During intcrmis sion Dr ~ Rmmer called to ay respects to Zheltov and we were presented to _him . u SGS 1001-V, 352 . "Will meet with British, French Deputies three o ' clock today to discuss food problem and rroposed line of action . flhile Rus ians have agreed to sone important r ,rinciples it is rrobf ble that execution may find us in posit· on imilar to Berlin . 11Jo agree!'1ents will be made unless submitted to you . l eanr,rh le v:-e shall try to determine Russi::tn intentions more clearly. Problem is still nost complic ted . n 1 ✓ �SGS 1003- V. "Finance meeting Tuesday vas great success . Russi~ representative aP,Teed to A.11 our p~oposals . ~Iovrnver le has been i n / Vienn. . v , ~ . Wint9rton and Chericre still feel strongly that it wil e error to he ve Commanders meet as Allied Council until food prol::ilem is settled . 1'linterton hinted at this idea yesterday bu+, Zheltov professed he could not understand Winterton 1 s point . Winterton suggested meeting of four Corunanrlers ns such but Zheltov said he could not detect difference . ,eather bad here . 11 SGS 1004-V. "After conference 1!'dth Winterton a.nd Cheriere this afternoon we are convi .ced that Russian solution of fooo rroblem ·s unsatisfactonr. Their osition is no, clearly stated but i appears that they have in rnind arran.~er11ent whereby each nation is responsible .or its own zone . British r-md French pLm to refer matter to f;OVernrnent or guidance . Cheriere and Winterton will leave Friday to consult •rith commanders . I "rill arrive Verona. early Friday afternoon in B-17 . Reference meeting I now cor cur with point of view expressed by State Derartment but have not indicated that to anyone here . n General Clark cabled General Gruenther this c fternoon as follo rn: f 0 Thanks for keep1n~ Ple so thoroughly posted on your activities . I rather feel that my name is being identifiRd as the sole ringleader of the opposition to Zhukov and Koniev . This if allowed to continue without re · su.lts wj_ll seriousl; hurt my future relr-itions w:i th thorn. Hope you do not find it necAssary to rema:n until Saturday unless you think absolutely essentiaL J must leave here Sund, y 111orning in order to address initial meeting that evening at SALZBT1RG festival. Wi~h reference to my alleged lack of consideration of Koniev' s henlth, the expl2.nation is that c C-in-C' s meet~ng 1s so urgent thnt if KonieY could not be rresent or sorne time his deput;r could represent hi m. However, do not discuss thflt subject urthP-r . I would restrict future meetings with Zhukov to the r1inimum unless you feel something worthwhile is being accomplished . n GenGral Gruenther cabled General ClArk this evening HS follows : "I Hm scheduled to see Zheltov ten o'clock ItPl:r time FridRy reference food problem . Desire to clr1x•ify Russian position further. Winterton and Cheriere ill not accompany me . Both of them consider the case hopeless but I nm sB ghtl;r more , ortimistic . I do not plan to y,ress again for early meetinr; date since that ma.tter already adequately presented . PlPn to leave Tulln twelve thirty. u * . * * * VEH0llJA--AUGUST 10, 1945--General ClA.rk remained Ht 'his villa during the morning and cleared up nll correspond nce which had accunrulR.ted . Together v.r·th Gem~ral SaltzTinn he discussed u..merous problems concernint=; USACA. 0 At 1100 hours Gemm::i.l Clark r,inned 2nd Lieutenant bars on two m~rrant Officer and five enlisted men pnd rromoted 1·8utenant Jones, his r::..lot , to the rank of Captain . In the afternoon the GenerRl swim hef ore dinner . ini<::'hed up his corresponnence and took a �"" , General ClP.rk today cabled General Mccreery and General Bethouert as follows: u1. General Zheltov told Gruentber this morninp; that H2.rsh~l Koniev desires to have the rr1eeting of the Commanders on August 14th. Gruenther sa.id hP- ,:muld convey that inforr1ation to me but he did not volunteer nor vvas he asked to transmit it to Generals f 17cCreer~r and Bethouart . n2 . I intend to notify Yonfo-v on Sunday that the rroposed date is agreeahle to rrie . I full~r realize from the discussions which took place Thursday afternoon between Winterton, Cheriere and Gruenther that :irou may have the conviction that the . meetfo½ should not be held until the food question is settled . I consicer that the advantages in having an early ~eetinr- outweigh the disadvantar:;es . However please feel free to transrni t a contrar-s.r vie.,. to r 10rshrrl Koniev if ~rou so desire .. u3 . I am familiAr with the proposal which Winterton r1ade end rrhich Cheriere supported thRt, since tb8 food rroblem will rrobcbly not be settled prior to the first rieeting, we should consider the conference as an informal one . In my· opinion ·e can have the meeting of the four Commanders in Vienna and till not assume the responsibility for feeding Vienna or for the government of Austria by the All ed Commission if condjtions are not suitable . The comrm.mique which ·we issue should clarify that point . 4. For General B8 thouart . I am sorr:v that I missed you Yfodnesday . Your subordinates extended ever;r , hospitalit7 to me . " 0 * * * * VEROT<TA-- AUGUST 11, 1945--The Ge neral remained at his villa all day today and rrepAred for the rriove of his headquarters to Salzburg on Sunday., General Clark today cabled Generc=i.l Lewis in Vienna as follows: "Take Colonel Thayer with you end call on Colonel Gen,ral Zheltov today to deliver the following message from m~: 'Ple::we inform Marshal Koniev of my acceptance nf his invitation to meet with him on August fourteenth . I am deeply appreciative of his cooperative attitude in agreejng to this conference at a time when his health is still impaired .. J am confident thr-it as soon as the four Commanders meet we slu.tll be able to find ::t solution to our problems and that we shall proceed in full harmony in the executio!l of, our mission of establishing a free and independent Austria .. Kindly convey to Jarshal Koniev my continued interest in his health .. I sincerel;r trust that his recovery will be rapid ., Advise when message bas been delivered . Also find out rroposed time of meeting . General Cla.rk prefers that time not be earlier than 111.00 hours so that he can drive if weather is poor . tr * * * ~~~/~ SALZBURG- -AUGUST 12, 1945-- General ClArk left his villa ' by car at 0830, e.ccompa~ied by GenerAl Saltzman, and motored to his new headquarters at Schloss Ilessheim at Salzburg, arriving there at 1730 hours. After reifiewing a guard of honor at the gate , the General proceeded to the ma.i �palace where he is to open his :new headquarters on Monday. had a quiet dinner at his coJ11rria.nd post . The General General Clark left the schloss at 1840, accompanied by General Gruenther, and proceeded to the Festspielhaus where he was to open the Salzburg Music Festival. He was met and shor\ln to his seat by General McChrystal, Head of ISB. Upon arriving there, he was given the ruffles and flourishes, followed by a parade of the 48 flags of the States by the 42nd Division • . After a speech given by the Herr Landeshauptmann, General Clark addressed the gathering, and a short concert of music by Mozart followed. General Clark's remarks are quoted below: "Thank you, Herr Landeshauptmann, for your gracious words of welcome. Through you I speak to the people of Austria. within the American occupational zone. The Salzburg Music Festival, which we are opening today, is a heartwarming example of the revival of your characteristically Austrian traditions, coming as it does only three months after the arrival of the United States Forces in Salzburg. I am indeed gratified that my first official utterance to the Austrian people, dwelling in the zone occupied by the U~ted States Forces, which I have the honor to command, should be on the occasion of a celebration of a rebirth of Austrian cultural freedom. 11 The United Nations are giving Austria an opport unity to work her way back to liberty, to independence, and to an honored place in the community of peace-loving nations. This end was clearly eArpressed in the Moscow Declaration of November 1, 1943; and by their sponsorship of that Declaration, all the four occupying powers have pledged themselves to the reestablishment of a free and independent Austria. This work is already well under way. The forces of the four nations, who share in the occupation of Austria, have moved into the zones which were agreed ~pon some time ago. Final arrangements are now being made for the quadripartite control and occupation of Vienna by Soviet , British, French and American forces. All connection between Austria and the Nazi Germany which overran her in 1938 has been severed. The great task of handling prisoners of war and displaced persons is well begun. Your o~n governmental and social institutions must be reestablished as soon as possible. The Germans who flocked to this country in recent years to enjoy the fruit s of Nazi treachery will be removed as speedily as t ransport permits. A relentless search fur Nazis is in progress, and I assure you that we in the American zone, like our Allies in the other zones, will be vigilant to see that no one who was devoted to our enemies remains in a position of public trust. 1 0 "Meanwhile, the Austrian people are being given a chance to show what they can do with the tools of freedom. Organs of local government have been reestablished in the provinces. I shall allow and encourage democratic political parties, with rights of assembly and of publ ic discussion. Your time-honored trade unions, suppressed by the Nazis, have been allowed to resume their activities in defense of the rights of �working men and women. Your courts are functioning once more, dispensing true - not Nazi - justice, with Austrian judges on the bench. Your national flag, the red-white-red flag, banned by Hitler,- may now be flown. In tact, I have embodied those colors in the shoulder pltch insignia or the . American Forces in Austria. Pl.ans are under way by which, shortly newsplpers, magazines and books will be published by Austrians for Austrians, reestablishing the danocratic right or freedom of the press. I can therefore assure you that the reconstruction or your country, pledged by the Allies, has already commenced. "The Moscow declaration, however, contained more than a promise to the Austrian people. It contained an admonition to them that they were in pirt resJX)nsibl_e for their own downfall and hence that they must contribute in large measure, by their own efforts, to their own revival. When your country, the first or maey unhappy lands, was overrun by the Nazis, man;r Austrians, I am sorry to say, aided and abetted in the betrayal. More tragically still, in the great conflict which has so recently ended in Europe, your country was in the ranks of our enemies. You can readily understand that the people of' the United Nations, remembering these dismal chapters of your recent history, look for Austria to dEID.onstrate - by her zeal, by her industry, by her patriotic aid in ridding herself of all German militaristic and Nazi influences. We expect you to demonstrate that the servants or Hitler among you were a wicked minority, whom you will j_o in us in casting out. ".Americans at a Salzburg Music Festival are not a new sight. In happier da1s my countrymen frequently crossed the seas and came to Austria to attend your f'es1ii val at the birthplace or Mozart and to enjoy the inspiration that came from your renowned musical tradition. Now there are again many Americans in Salzburg,••this time not simply as visitors but as pu-t of the Allied forces which have ended your seven years of servitude. These young men and women, like the Austrian people who planned and organized the revival of this festival, will draw from it the same inspiration which their parents found in brighter days. I am confident that this prompt renewal of your resti val foretells the early completion, by' the efforts of your people and of the forces of' the United Nations, of the work of reestablishing, in liberty and in peace, a free and independent Austria." * * * * S.ALZBURG--AUGUS'J: 13, 1945•-General Clark looked over the headquarters setup with Colonel Smith, Headquarters Commandant, this morning and walked around the groupds ot the palace. At 1700 hours this afternoon the General had a rece,p tion for 100 manbers of his staff up:>n the opening or his headquarters in Salzburg. In the evening the General had several members of his staff for a small dinner at his headquarters. * * * * SALZBURG--AUGUST 14, 1945•-General Clark conferred with General Gruenther �( from 0900 hours to 1000 hours, after which he saw General Hume for a short time concerning his assignment to II Corps as G-5. Shortly after 1000 hours General Clark saw General Flory with Colonel Marget, Head of Finance, USA.CA. At 1100 hours General Clark talked to Colonel Langan, Civil SupPly man in the USAC set-up. · At 17.30 ·hours General Bethouart, Commander of the French Troops in Austria, landed at the airport and was met by General Gruenther, who escorted him to the Schloss. General Clark conferred with General Bethouart and Mr. Moincault, Political Adviser for General Bethouart, and was joined by Mr. Erhardt and General Gruenther later for dinner. * * * SALZBURG-·•AUGUST 15, 1945---General Clark met Congressman MacMillan and his son, Captain MacMillan at 0800 hours and had breakfast with them, along with General Bethouart 8Xld Mr. Moincault at his headquarters. At 0900 hours, after conferring shortly with General Keyes, General Bethouart left the Schloss for the airi:ort. A guard of honor from the 42nd Division, and the 26th Infantry Division Band, were on hand for the de:p9rture of General Bethouart and party. At 1030 General Clark conferred with Colonel Stevens, who is the displace~ persons man f~ USACA. · At 1100 hours General Clark saw Colonel lfoFeely, who is Head of the Demobilization Board in the Military Division. of USACA. He also saw Mr. Adams, newly arrived in Mr. Erhardt' s office, and had lunch with 11.r. Erhardt and Mr. Adame. ~ Shortly before 1400 hours General Clark saw Colonel Shaw, son of General Shaw, who was in the headquarters to see Colonel Jaynes, Ordnance Officer. The General l~ft shortly after 1400 hours to look at a hµnting lodge near Werf'en with a view toward using it some time in the future. Shortly after 1900 General Clark ret'urned to his headquarters where he had dinner and, after conferring with General Gruentb.er, retired. General Lewis today submitted the following rep:>rt with regard to the food situatd.on in Vienna: "l. It has oot been possible this afternoon to obtain any additional \ information regarding the food supplies now on hand in Vienna. We have only the statanents of the Russian authorities and the statement of Dr. Frisch, chief or the Vienna rationing board that there are sufficient supplies on hand to last until September let. "2. was DO The Vienna Chief of Police ui:on being questioned stated that there immediate cause for alarm, that no incidents had occrurred, that the only complaints of consequence came from having to spend much time waiting in line to pn-chase supplies. n.3. Bezirke Control Officers .have expressed the following opinions: �.I• Acute hunger is general; the entire p:,pulation is suffering privations of tragic proportions. ~. Considering the seriousness or the situation, the mass of the p,pulation has shown, until now, ranarkable calm. £• Confidence in US -ability to materially improve the situation is general. A few may be anticipating a miracle, but the vast majority view the situation realistically • .4. They do not doubt, that we can teed them. They are certain, that we will f'eed them sooner or later. But there is, however, a evidence of considerable worry as to whether there might not be a chaotic period between the time Russian stocks are exhausted and other supplies arrive. 0 4. Food, Public Safety, and Bezirke Control Officers have been in- · etructed to keep me fully informed of' any developnents." * * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 16, 1945--Shortly after 0900 hours General Clark saw Mr. J4cCorm.ac and Mr. Fodor, newspaper correspondents who conferred with him for a short time concerning press JX)licies. At 1000 hours he saw Captain Furniss, who has been picked by General Howard to take care of the personal safety of General Clark and al.so to act in the capacity of an aide. General Clark coni'erred with .Lt. Smith, u. s. Navy Department, Chief of the Naval Division, USA.CA,, and Lt. Col. Holliday, Chief of TransJX)rtation, USACA, regarding the water traffic on the Danube. In the af'terooon the General rested for a short while and theh, accompanied by General Gruenther, took a long walk through the countryside. In the evening he attended the music festival at the Festspielhaus with General Gruenther, General Saltzman, Mr. Erhardt, Col. Sutherland and Col. Porter. Upm returning to the schloss the ~ty had dinner and retired for the evening. General Clark today sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff with regard to the food situation in Austria, "l. Subject is food supply for Austria. u2. Conferences between four de}Uty commanders in Austria have been in progress since July 24 but until August 10 Russians were reluctant to dis• cuss food iroblem for Viexma. On that date Colonel General Zheltov, reireeenting Marshal lfoniev, stated it was urgent that four p:>wers agree immediately on imIOrt program for food supply or VieDna starting September first. Russians state that Vienna food supPly will be exhausted on that date and that thereafter Russians will bring to Vienna only their prop)rtionate share of food. Each nation is now asked to turn over food to Austrian auth9rities in Vienna for distribution which will be supervised by all Allies. Russians �now supplying 10,000 tons monthly which provides 850 calorie scale for nor• mal individual. We estimate that 25,000 tons will be required to provide l, 550 calorie scale for Vienna pop;,lation. Russians further sta tad at ,August 10 meeting that they expect British, French and Americans to replace their prop:>rtionate shares of food supplied to Vienna by Russians since July 25. When asked how that date •as arrived at Zheltov replied that this was date on which Allied reconnaissance parties arrived in ) Vienna. He would not discuss replacement question further. I will not / agree to this demand. .3. Bri ti.sh, French and American deµities represented strongly that 1 t is essential that normal source of food supplies for Vienna including coUll.t ries in Danubi~ basin such as Hungary and Roumania be utilized before four nations im.}X)rt food into Austria. Russians state that use of food supplies from Hungary and Roumania is matter for goverments to settle and beyond competence ot Allied Council. Zhel tov did agree that Allied Council might make a recommendation to respective goverments that this source be utilized but the definite imiression was gained that it will be a most difficult matter to s.e cure Russian concurrence to such a plan and winter will pass before it could be effective. 11 l "4• Russian position as outlined in paragraphs 2 and 3 above conveyed such grave implications to the British that General McCreary, his political adviser and economic expert are nov in London to determine attitude of British governnent. Initial meeting of Allied Couooil had been ar• ranged fQr August fourteenth but could not take place because of McCreery abseJlCe. He radioed yesterday that he expects to return for August 20th meeting if one can be arranged for that date. "5• General Bethouart and his political adviser came to see me last night after attendiJ>.g meeting of French authorities in Paris. They stated that French have :oo rood to imlX)rt to Vienna and must continue to imp,rt food into French zone in western Austria. 11 6. The food situation in Vienna is rapidly approaching critical status and the present 10 1 000 ton supply is totally inadequate. Continuation of 850 calorie ration scale which this tonnage pr-ovides may produce star• vation conditions. Russians have already indicated that they consider present ration scale ample and they will probably oppose any increase. They agree with us however that there should be uniform ration scale in Vienna. "7. Russians favor establishment of quadripartite Resources Board but they visualize that its main funption will be to use meagre non•food resources of Austria to best advantage. It will be impracticable to organize pooling system so that it will be effective by September first. ns. British state that Stalin agreed at Potsdam conference that Russians rill centime to supply :.fbod to Vienna until some other arrangement is con.. eluded. I have had no confirmation of such a statement from American sources and Koniev1 s representatives appear to be unaware oi' it. "9. I intend to do everything possible at initial meeting of Allied Council to secure Russian agreement to utilize normal sources of food supl,>lies �including Hungary and Ro'UJilania, but particularly food from Russian area in Austria surrounding Vienna which formerly supPl,ied to Vienna. I anticipate that Russians will insist that each nation should contribute its pro•. pertionate share to the Vienna p:>ol beginning September first and that food from the Russian zone surrounding Viema will be used to supply the Russian share. I will accept Russian solution olll.y after all efforts to obtain a more satisfactory one have failed. "10. It each nation is required to import own food for its national zone in Vienna our cost will be 85,000 tons per year assuming 1550 calorie ration scale. An additional 180,000 tons annually will be required to supply deficiency in u.s. zone. These totals may be reduced slightly when barter arrangements can be concluded with other countries by ()ladriparti te Board. We already have in stockpiles in Linz suffic~ent ·food for our zone in Vienna tor one month and we arraDged with Hilldring when he was here for supply tor three additional months. None of this will be moved into Vienna until food agreement has been reached by Allied Council. "11. It is clear to me that the Russians are eager to have us in Vienna to share the responsibility for a situation which is degenerating and which is a burden to them. I may find it appropriate to state at first Allied Council meeting that we shall delay entry to Vienna until food situation is settled, in the hope that such a statement may bring them to suitable terms. However, I fully appreciate the importance of assu.ming our responsibilities at the earliest p:,ssible moment. "12. My headquarter s is now in Salzburg, Austria and I have only house- keeping a...~d service units totall ing 2,500 in Vienna. "13. I desire that my responsibility tor furnishing civil supplies for French be clarified as requested in paragraph seven ot my SGS £:£,7 dated July 27th. As matters now stand French will be unable to agree to aiv imix>rtation of food to supply Vienna because they do not have the food. We have already submitted to Hilldring French requirements for September, October, November to include French zone and Vienna, but French have not been advised of this action." * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 17, 1945--9eneral Clark attended to accumulated corresix>ndence and conferred with General Gruanther on questions concerning the Aus- trian situation. He saw General Gruenther and General Tate with General Keyes concerning the arrangements being made for the reception of the Russian, British and French Commanders of Austrian Troops which was to take place on the 19th. After lunch General Clark, accompanied by General Saltzman, flew by L-5 to Micheldorf where they were met by Colonel Yale of the 11th Armored Division, who took them to Dietlgut to inspect a hunting lodge. General Clark looked over the lodge with the prospect of using it in the near tu.ture as a rest spot. He returned to the schloss by L-5. A.t 1730 hours he received General Brann, General McChrystal, General �( ( �Tate, General Saltzman, Colonel Lazar and Colonel D1 Orsa for drinks and din, ner, after which they spent the evening playing poker. General Clark today sent the following cable to Prime Minister Parri of Italy: · "I have now taken up my new duties as Commanding General, United States Foreea in Austria. Upon my departure from Italy after two years of diff'icult campaigning in your country, I wish to sa3 goodbye to your people and to thank them for the fine assistance and cooperation they have always rendered me in driving the, ana:ny from your country, first as the Co.mmanding General or the Fifth U. s. Army, and later as Commanding General or the Allied 15th Army Group. It was a great source of satisfaction to me that your people, both military, pa:rtisans and civilians, assisted so wholeheartedly and played such an important role in the f'inal Po Valley Campaign which corn• pletely crushed the enemy and liberated your country. I wish you arid the Italian people all the success in the world in bringing about the early reconstruction of' your f'ine country." * * * * SA.LZBURG--AUGUST 18, 1945-•General Clark spent most of the morning conferring with General Gruenther on various questions which bad arisen concerning the Austrian situation and -l ater, with General Tate, concerning plans f'or the Sunday reception. At 1300 hours he had lunch with Mr. and Mrs. Harrison, u. s. Minister to Switzerland, and daughter Ann. ll1r. Erhardt, Colonel Sutherland, Colonel Porter and General Tate also attended the luncheon. At 1730 hours Governor General Puaux or French Morocco, Mrs. Puaux and two daughters, along w.tth the Harrison party, had cocktails with the General and staff members of the headquarters at the Slllall doll house near the schloss. After a light dinner the General retired early. * * * * SALZBURO,.•AUGUST 19, 1945-•At 09.30 hours General Clark received the Congres• sional Group which consisted of Messrs. Thomas S. Gordon1• Josei:h F. Ryter, Karl E,. Mundt, Fritz L. Connor, Clerk, Mr. Kinehart and -rs. Francis P. Balton. The committee received an honor guard and then proceeded to the Gene. -~ ral' s office where he explained the set-up in Austria and what was to be ex- t, 't"' pected in the near future. ·l _ fJ General McCreary and General Winterton, with Mr. Mack, Political Adviser for the British, arrived at 1030 hours and conferred with General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr. Erhardt. At 1300 hours the Russian party, consisting of General Zheltov, Mr. Kiselev, Political Adviser, and six other off'ieers and a group of enlisted men, arrived, escorted by General Saltzman. The convoy had been escorted by motorcycles, a MP jeep and two armored cars from Linz to General Clark's headquarters. At 1400 hours General Zheltov with General Clark received a ~ard of honor, consisting of' an infantry compe.J.V' from the 42nd Di vision. The U. S. and Russian f'lags made up the color guard. At 1415 hours General McCreary, with General Clark, received a guard of ho:cor with the u. s. and British fiags predominant. At 1430 general Bethouart, �3l French Commander, with General Cherri ere and Mr. Monicaul t, Political Adviser, and aide, arrived from the airport and immediately General Bethouart received a guard of honor with General Clark. Immediately following the French guard of honor, the entire party lef't the schloss and proceeded by motor to Berchtesgaden where they visited the Eagle's Nest and Hitler's House, returning to General Clark's headquarters at 1730 hours. At 1800 hours General Clark gave a reception in honor of the visiting commanders, which was attended by General Bethouart, General Zheltov, General McCreary, Gen. Keyes, Gen. Gruenther, Mr. Kisilev, Mr. Monicault, Mr. Mack, Mr. Erhardt, Gen. ~~ _ , Gen. Saltzman, Gen. McMahon, Gen. Howard, Gen. Moran, en. McC~stal, Gen. Lewis, Gen. Will ems and the ~action heads of the he~dquarters. At 1845 hours ·t he entire party proceeded to the Mozarteum to attend the performance g1ven by the Vienna Boys Choir, after which the party returned to the schloss where General Clark gave a dinner for forty-two guests in honor of the visiting commanders. * * * SALZBURG--AUGUST 20, 1945--At 0900 hours General Clark conferred with General Zhel tov concerning the prgent need tor an early meeting of the four commanders and other various topics. At 0930 General Bethouart and party left and were g:lven a guard or ho:cor up:>n their del)lrture. ( r At 1000 hours General Clark conferred with General McCreary concerning the British policies in Austria and shortly thereafter General McCreary left, receiving the honor guard with General Tate. After a meeting of the three deputy commanders, General Zheltov and party departed from the schloss after having received a guard of honor with ·General Clark. After lunch General Clark conferred for a long time with General Gruenther on ·the results of the meeting and the probable meeting of the f'our commanders. General Clark spent the evening at his headquarters and had a group in for the evening. General Clark today received the following cable from the Joint Chiefs ot Staff. "l. SuJWlx SjA:J<14s. Authorization to Headquarters USFET to call forward total food requirements submitted for U.s ./FR zones Austria, including Vienna, through Novanber 1945 will be completed by ·22 August. No require• ments beyond this date have been received. Understand that as result conference Salzburg beginning this month USFET and AFHQ have agreed to advance certain quantities food from existing stocks to meet requirements Austria, including Vienna, until supplies called forward against specific Austrian requirements are available~ AFB Q and USFET stock position and their needs outside Austria for whieh stocks of these Headquarters are required are not known here. Moreover stock advances and interzone exchanges needed to meet Austrian food situation 's hould be subject of consultation between you and other Zone Commanders in Austria and with AFB Q and USFET rather than subject of directive from JCS or ec-s. Shipnent of supplies against Austrian / �( } �requisitions will be expedited. "2• Supply irocedure. Method of placing Austrian supply require• ments as outlined by Hilldring in his message Victory 259, amended by his message DTG 051520B approved. Desirable that requirements for Austria, including Vienna, are coordinated on quadripartite basis by Austrian Control Council or in absence of such machinery for three Western Zones by u. s. - u. K. and French Zone Commanders in consultation, so that equitable distribution of Austrian resources will be effected .before resorting to imix>rts. If' you and other Zone Commanders desire to effect such eon• eultation through orgaDization similar to CRAB no objections here to such procedure. It will be your resp:msibili ty to coordinate w1 th USFET as to use of aey available USFEI' food supplies, in addition to responsibility to clear inland transp:>rtation availability. 3. USFA resp:msibili ty for Freneh Zone. As interim measure pend• ing final decision as to supply machinery and financial responsibility for meeting essential civllian requirements in the respective Zones, you should eontiw.e assume resix>nsibili ty to meet food requirements in French Zone, including ViemJS.. State Department advises that question of French res~nsibility w:Lll be subject of discussion with General DeGaulle on his forthcoming visit to Washington. 11 4. Russian Agreement £or feeding Vienna. You . should proceed to Vienna for proi:osed council meeting 20 August and assert your p:>sition as stated in your P-1054, but not ·adhere to rigid policy of refusing to complete occupation of city until adequate arrangements are made for feeding Vienna }X)pulation. You should discuss question w1 thout commiting U. S. to rigid position as regards entry into Vienna, but should not agree Russian prop:,sals as outlined by you. If you cannot secure agreement to your , view you should make no commitment with respect to your occupation of Vienna but should hold :subject open for further discussion and advise JCS, reques~ ing further instructions. For your inf'or1nation, State Department adv.1.ses that Stalin agreed at Potsd8Jll Confei:ence to continue _ SUPJ?lY Viemia until the British and Americans found it p:,ssilYre'to make other ar~G,. ..i,f::;,'-"l,en s. State Depart.ment agrees that until fllrther instructed you contillUe attem to negotiate acceptance your r,osition. Your P•l054 and this message being relayed to General Deane at Moscow, where representations will be made to Stalin by Harriman, with whom State Depart.ment has communicated, requesting Soviet Authorities to instn.1.ct Marshal Koniev of Stalin agreement at 11 ( Potsdam." * * SALZBURG-•A.UGUST 21 1 1945-•General Clark left his headquarters by cub for hie hunting lodge at Dietlgut where he spent the day relaxing and fishing. He returned by cub at 1700 hours and had dinner with Mr. Erhardt, General Brann, General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland. General Clark replied to the cable from the Joint Chiefs Gf Staff, WA.RX 51777, as f~llows: "Your WA.RX 51777 received. On the 19th I invi. ted Koniev, MeCreery �( ( . �33 ( and Bethouart to be my guests to attend the Salzburg Music Festival, using it as a conveyance to bring the four Allied leaders together. Koniev• s illness prevented his coming, but he sent his deputy, Colonel General Zheltov. All others came, including their depities and JX>li tical advisers. "My p:>si tion is that we ean not begin to accomplish our Allied mission in Austria until the Allied Council meets, for every effort in the i:ast to set up subordinate committees on food, other economic subjects, finance, etc., have accomplished nothing, because the Russian representatives finally block :i:rocedure by stating, ''This is a subject to be decided by the Allied Council 11. 11In frank talks with Zhel tov her~Sunday, he informed me that Koniev was most anxious to have an Allied-e-ouneil meeting and would adhere to 81\f date we suggest~q. I asked for Thursday, the 23rd, allowing the 21st and 22nd for preparation of an agenda for the meeting, by the executive committee, which is now in. Vienna. Zhel tov and Betb.ouart agreed, but McCreary surprised me by saying his go,;vernnent would not permit hiin to attend an Allied Council meeting until the long-range food situation for Vienna and, for Austria as a whole, was discussed at the forthcoming confereme of Foreign Secretaries, to be held in London in early September. He said, however, his gover:anent would permit him to attend an informal conference of the Commanders-in-Chief. He also stated that his goverrment would not permit him to attend an Allied Council meeting nor to take over his resp:msibili t+es in Vienna except on the basis of equality with the Russians. This means particularly certain hotels and other facilities now occupied by the Russians in the 1 Innerstadt 11 in Vienna and desired by the British. My p:>sition is that the food situation in Vienna is so critical that these relatively unimp:>rtan/ subjects and others can wait for subsequent meetings of the Allied Council. "When Zhel tov heard that the British would not attend an Allied Council meeting he was greatly upset. I told Zhel tov I did not agree with the British/ position but th~t I would meet under a11'J' condition with the other three Commanders in order to get started on our job. ttMy guests departed yesterday. I have just received word that Marshal has extended to me and the other Commanders written invitations to attend the first Allied Council meeting in Viema on the 23rd. I have accepted. Bethouart has informed me by phone that he is accepting, and I hear in.formally, through McCreery 1 s DeIUty and Political Adviser, that McCreary is declining. In the meantime, Koniev has ex.tended me an invitation to come to Baden, outside of Vienna, to be his guest tomorrow night and to discuss matters with him informally. I have accepted, as this will permit me to meet him for the first time and to attempt to learn some of his views. Kom.•v "I know that no Allied Council meeting can be held unless all £our Com~ manders attend, and I appreciate that in accepting the invitation to the Council meeting, along with the French, with McCreery 1 s refusal, places the British in an embarrassing position, but in my opinion they have placed themselves in that situation, and acceptances by u. s. and French may force British to a reasonable }X)Sition. I have notified McCreary that I have accepted Marshal Koniev1 s invitation to attend the Allied Council meeting and to be his guest the night preceding. · ��34 ''From my conversations with Zheltov I am reasonably sure that an acceptable interim solution £or the feeding of Vienna, at this critical time can be found, and that the way may be paved for a solution to the longrange Austrian food problem. 11 • tion. General Clark cabled General Eisenhower today regarding fraternizaThe cable follows: "Immediately following proposed meeting of Allied Council Austria in . Vienna 23 August, I p.roi:ose to remove all restrictions ( except for known Nazi elements) on non-frate,r nization by U. s. troops in Austria reference message m:unber V.307BG.364 from Joint Chiefs of Staff dated 26 July. Please let me know if this in a:rr,- way interferes with your plans." * * * * SALZBURG---AUGUST 22, 1945-•General Clark conferred with Mr. McElligott at 0845 hours concerning arrangements and changes desired at his hunting lodge. At 0900 hours the General saw General Flory and Mr. Erhardt, discussing with them various topics concerning the coming meeting with the Russian Commander. ( , At 10.30 hours General Flory brought Mr. St. Aubin, Red Cross man, to see General Clark. They discussed the Red Cross set-up for Austria. At 1045 hours General Clark interviewed Major Dollard, the new historian, and discussed with him the possibility of a split in the G-.3 Section. There was insufficient time for a complete discussion of this subject. At 1100 hours General Clark had lunch with General Tate, Mr. Erhardt, and General Brann and shortly thereafter left the headquarters for the air}X)rt where he took off in a B-17 for Tulln airport. Accompanied by Mr. Erhardt, General Tate, Captain Gra.nn, piotographer, Captain Luther and Chaney, Ge,n eral Clark lap.dad at Tulln airp::>rt at 13.30 hours and was met by a Russian delegation and General Gruenther. ~ ' J OJ) 0 The party proceeded to Baden, headquarters of Marshal Koniev, in Russian vehicles and was met by Colonel General Zheltov who escorted them to the house where they were to stay while in Baden. At 1600 hours General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther, General Zheltov and Colonel Thayer, interpreter, went to Marshal Komev• s headquarters where General Clark met Marshal Koniev and reviewed a · guard of honor. Immediately the conference began among the Commanders, Deputy Commanders and Political Advisers of Ru~sia and the United States. Marshal Koniev decided that the meeting to be held on the 23rd could be known as the Commanders-in-Chief Meeting and immediately upon making this decision notified the French and British, ex- 1 tending them invitations to at tend such a meeting in. Vienna. Much discussion concerDing fuel and food for Vienna was held at the conference, both General Clark and Marshal Koniev expressing their views on the subject. This discussion aided greatly in bringing about many decisions which were to be made the next day. At 1800 hours the party lef't Marshal Koniev' s headquarters and p.roceeded to his home where an elaborate dinner had been prepired. Much toasting with vodka took place until the meal ended at approximately 2130 hours. �( I , ;y- 1/ ..·,,,..-- J . l ~ ~- ~/ .,;~sp.-' .~~ r~ 0- u-- ,,~- rt . /, ~ fr: ? ✓ ~A/ ' �After dinner the party proceeded to the Baden Opera House where they enjoyed the concert given by a group of Russian entertainers dressed in native costume. The program consisted of Ioik songs and dances. General Clark went backstage during intermission and Sp)k~ to the entertainers, telling them he hoped the opportunity would p:-esent itself to enable than to entertain America.n soldiers. In .return American entertainers would come to the Russian zone. ~ J ~ ~ ~ - e..."'-"" ~ ~"~ l~ yt>~ After the concert Marshal Koniev retired to his house, and General ) Zhel tov accompanied the party to the residence where General Clark was staying. Here a movie of the celebration in Moscow was shown the group and was followed by another dinner at midnight. Among those present during_the evening were Army General Petrov, Lieutenant General Malanin and Lieutenant General Marasov of~ the Russian Arm_y. ~..-"""""o-. _ ~ .Q_ ~ ' ~ * t{ It' - u ~-J ~ A. Ill'\_ 'C, ·J'. ~ * .{;--~ / • .,a_ f.1,.,-; * ~00. ~ ,,., t ~l,P ~ I,µ- 4 '?~- 94A~ QA J.,.. SALZBURG-•AUGUST 23, 1945--At 1000 hours General Gru.enther played tennis with General Zhel tov with the final score of 6-0. Following the tennis match General Clark, Mr. Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Zheltov, Colonel Thayer, Captain Bajeoow and Captain Luther went to the Baden Sanatorium where they had a swim in ~ols containing sulphur water from natural. springs. This aided greatly in relieving the vodka head. Shortly after returning from the · swim, General Clark's party left by ear £or Vienna and proceeded to USFA Headquarters. General Clark looked over the new office set-up for the first time and at noon was escorted by Colonel Porter to his house in the American zone in Vienna. After a light lunch General Clark rested for a short time and at 1400 hours left for his headquarters where he joined the remainder of the party to attend the review in honor of the four canmanders. At 1425 hours, escorted by six motorcycles, General Clark proceeded to the Imperial Hotel through streets lined with American and Russian soldiers. Ui;on arriving, General Clark was met by a Russian delegate and escorted to the American room in the Imperial. At 1500 hours General Clark, General McCreary, General Bethouart, es- · cor.ted by Marshal Koniev, went to the public square where the ceremonies were to take place. .After receiving the rep,rt of the Russian Commander or the guard of honor, the four commanders inspected the troops. After returning to the reviewing stand, the troops or the Russian, U. S., British and French Armies passed in review, followed by each of the separate portions of the combined banda. After the ceremoey the four commanders, JX)litical advisers and deputy commanders proceeded to the Russian room of the Imperial Hotel where the conference immediately began, lasting until 2000 hours. The main !X)ints discussed were the food and fuel problem for Vienna. Many other p,inta were brought up and possible solutions reached. After the conference the party proceeded to the banquet room of the hotel where a large dinner was held. At 2300 hours the entire group, consisting of the delegations of the -- ��four p:>wers, proceeded to the Franz Joseph Palace where the same group of entertainers as entertained General Clark the preceding ·evening put on a program of folk songs and dances. I After the program, General Clark went to his house where he spent the night • . The protocol of the conference held this afternoon is quoted below: "In view of the fact that the Commanders-in-Chief of the USA - General Clark, and of France - General Bethouart had accepted Marshal Koniev' s invitation to · attend a meeting of the Allied Council, whereas the Commander-inChief of the British Forces, General cCreery had, as he stated, authority to attend only a meeting of Commanders-in-Chief, the four Commanders-in-Chief began the meeting by agreeing to consider it a meeting of Commanders-in-Chief. non the prop,sal of the Commanders-in-Chief, Marshal Koniev was made chairman of the meeting. · / ttin view of the altered character of the meeting, Marshal Koniev proposed to adopt the agenda as given above instead of the agenda for the meeting of the Allied Council which had been previously distributed. The Commanders-in-Chief agreed on this agenda: Food Supplies for the City of Vienna. The Calling of the Allied Council. The extension of the ·competence or the Provisional Austrian Government to all Austria. "Following an exchange of views on the above questions, the four Commandersin-Chief of the Allied Forces of Occupation in Austria decided: "l. Food Supplies for the City of Viema. (a) Recognizing the need for further assistance to the :EX>Pll.ation of Vienna in the supply of l'ood, which has hitherto been supplied by the Soviet Command, to begin, as from 1st September 1945 until the final settlement of this question by the Allied Council, a joint system for supplying the population of Vierma with food on the basis of the existing ration scale. (b) That the share of each Ally in supplying the pop.tl.ation of Vienna should be pro}X)r tional to the }X)pulation in his Sector, plus one quarter of the population of the first, Inter-Allied, District of Vienna. {c) To preserve the existing machinery set up by the local municipal authorities for distributing tood and to assist them by the provision by each Ally of motor transport. �( ( �(d) To entrust the control of the distribution of food to the en.sting system of Komandaturas and later to the Inter-Allied Komandatura. (e) Having agreed that the existing ration scales must be increased, to instruct the Deputies to the Commanders-in-Chief ( the :t"u.ture Deputies of Austria, to prepare by the 10th-15th Sept~nber, 1945, the new ration scales based on a ration for the normal consumer of 1550 calories, with a view to their introduction not later than 20th September., (f) To instruct the existing Komandatura and, later, the Inter-Allied Komandatura to keep an accurate account of the food supplied by each Ally with a view to readjustment at a :t'uture date. "2• The Calling of the Allied Council. The meeting or the Commanders-in-Chief heard a statement from the British Commander-in-Chief, General McCreary, to the effect that His Majesty's Government had not authorized him to participate in the Allied Council until such time as the Austrian food problem had been solved between the four Governments. Marshal Koniev and Generals Clark and Bethouart, taking into consideration the increasingly critic al situation in Austria, advocated an early start of the work of the .Allied Council. They stated that the delay in beginning the work of the Allied Council made it in fact imJX)ssible to implement the agreements of the four governnents concerning the zones of occupation and control machinery for Austria. They agreed to inform their governments of General McCreery's statement of the p,int of view of His Majesty's Govern- _ ment on this problem. ( 11 3. The extension of the competence of- the Provi- sional Austrian ·Governnent to all Austria. The following prop,sal made by the British Commander-in-Chief, General McCreery, . was adopted: · To instruct the Deputies to the Commandera-inChief to examine the competence of the Departments of the Central Austrian Administrative Machine and to make recommendations as to the extent to which they could be used to assist the Allies in their task. -- - - - - - - - - ~ l "At the close of the meeting, General McCreary proposed that a committee should be set up to examine the food situation in Austria. It was decided to instruct the Deputies to the Commanders-in-Chief to examine this problem and also to prepare a list of further urgent problems to be examined by the Commanders-in-Chief or the Allied Council. ��11It was agreed to issue a communique summarizing the proceedings of the meeting. tt The complete text of the communique issued in connection with the meeting of the Commanders-in-Chief is quoted below: "At Marshal Koniev1 s invitation, a meeting took place in Vie1ma today of the four Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Forces of Occupation in Austria: Namely; USSR, Marshal Ivan S. Koniev; USA; General Mark W. Clark; U .K., Lieutenant General Sir Richard L. McCreary; France, Lieute:cant General M. E. Bethouart. At _the request of his colleagues Marshal Koniev presided. Each Commander-in-Chief was accompanied by his Political Adviser and his Deputy Commander. · "The four Commanders-in-Chief considered a number of questions of urgent imp,rtance and agreed on certain measures to which immediate effect will be given. In particular they discussed future arrangements for .feeding the }X)pulation of Viema. They took note of the fact that the Soviet authorities had hitherto furnished the supplies for the city and they agreed that, as an interim measure pending final decisions, each of the four occupying p:>wers would contribute as from the first of September certain supplies for the city in pr-olX)rtion to ~he pop.llation of their respective sectors. They further agreed that this factor would enable an improvement to be made at an early date in the supplies which will be furnished for Vienna. 1'Preliminary consideration was also given to the question of removing· economic and other barriers between the four zones of' occupation in Austria. 'The Commanders-in-Chief will work out detailed plans for implementing the measures agreed upon.t1 1 * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 24, 1945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 09.30 hours where he conferred with General Gruenther on the results of the conference the night before. He then discussed the news reports with Mr. Erhardt and Colonel Grogan, PRO, and at 1030 hours held a press conference for all the American corresp:mdents in Vienna. At 1300 hours the General had lunch with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Adams, Mr. Frank and General Tate at his house, returning to his headquarters at 1400 hours. After conferring with General Gruenther for a short while, General Clark left his headquarters by car} for Tulln airfield with General Tate. At 1630 hours the General took off in his B-17 to return to Salzburg, where he l~ed at 1725 hours and was met by General Brann. Upon returning to his Salzbur_g headquarters, General Clark conferred for some time with General Brann----t>n the results and accomplishments of the Vienna conference. "'\ �( ( �( ) SALZBURG-- UGUST 25, 1945-- t 0900 hours General Clark conferred with General Brann on the possible changes in the G-5 set- up and the dissolution of II Corps Headquarters . At 0930 ifeneral Clark conferred with General Hume with the prospect of placing him as G-5 in the Salzburg Headquarters, and then talked to General Howard concerning Mr . Burde who has been used as an interpreter in the General ' s hunting lodge . l had been uncovered that Mr . Burde is a very undesirable character, having formerly maintained headquarters in Salzburg as head of a spy ring operating in this locality. - --General Keyes saw General Clark immediately after General Howard, at which time they discussed a new p:>sitiori for General Keyes , possibly the command of the Seventh Army. Following General Keyes , General Snavely was seen by General Clark and was followed by General Flory Colonel D'Orsa~ Colonel Warren and General Brann, who held a discussion on the ful e problem for Vienna . This is a most pressing question at the present time, and a woriing solution has to be reached immediately. Miss Elizabeth A. Riley was interviewed for JX)sition as General Clark' s secretary and was accepted for that position. After lunch General Clark conferred with Generals Collins, Reinhar t , and Brann on the problems concerning displaced persons and prisoners of war in the u.s. zone. Later in the afternoon General Clark interviewed Captain Mattox and Lieutenant Traugott with the possibility of using one of them as his aide. Captain Mattox was selected ·and will report Tuesday for duty with G~neral Clark as aide . After dinner , with Genera[ Brann, General Saltzman and General Howard; General Clark saw a movie 11The Merry Monagbans ". After the movie the four generals went for a walk, dropping in at the Kavellier House for a short time for a loo~- in at the dance being held there . The General returned to his Headquarters and retired for the night . General Clark sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Sta.ff , P- 7013, as follows: "l . As outlined in my P-1248 General McCreery declined to accept the invitation of Marshal Koniev to attend the Allied Council Meeting in Vienna on August 23 . General Be-thouart accepted. In response to an invitation from Marshal Koniev I proceeded to Byden on the afternoon 22 August for a discussion of the many urgent Austrian problems which conf'ront us. I was able to secure Koniev 1 s agreement to change the meeting from one of Allied Council to a meeting of the 4 Commanders- in-Chief . Thereupon General McCreary accepted the invitation and the conference took place in Vienna on the afternoon 23 August . 7 �"2 Conference was preceded by a ceremony in which approxima;t ely .1 Rifle Company from each of the 4 nations participated. An outstanding feature was the Combined Band which functioned with most gratifying results. Troops passed in review and I was very proud of the American Contingent from the 42nd Division. "3 t the Commanders Meeting General Mccreery outlined British position by stating that his Majesty' s Government is unwilling to have him attend a Meeting of the llied Council or to :p1rticipate in establishing of the Allied Commission for Austria until the problem of meeting the food deficit for Austria as a whole has been discussed with the other Allied Governments . As regards the immediate problem of feeding Vienna he stated that the British Government considers it a matter of such urgency that it is willing, as an interim measure, to contribute its p.ro:EX)rtionate share of food for Vienna commencing September 1st without prejudice to the final solution for Austria . This arrangement was agreed to with all nations participating from September 1st with the understanding that the food would be distributed by the existing Austrian machine under Russian control with Representatives of the 3 Allies functioning as observers. It was further agreed that not later than September 20 a new increased Ration Scale will be put into effect in Vienna . II ( "4• It was also agreed by the Commanders that a Quadri:p9.rtite Resources Committee should be established immediately in order to examine the method of utilization of the resources of Austria with immediate emJiiasis on food. "5. The British consider that the 4 Governments will find some solution) whereby food from the countries in the Danubian Bssin will be made available for the supply of Austria. It is possible that the Russians may be forced into that position, but I consider it an err~~ fo~e Br·tish to refuse to permit the Allied Commission to be set up prior to that conference . General McCreary told me that the matter would be referred to t pe Council of Foreign Ministers which meets in September. If that is true I foresee a delay of another month before the Allied Commission can be established . There are numerous urgent problems which require immediate so~ution and I consider that we are in a very vulnerable position in the eyes of the world if we continue to delay the assumption of our resp,nsibilities in Austria . As it stands now we are virtually guests of the ,Russians i~ Vienna, and we shall continue in that status for an indefinite period unless the British position changes . 6. Marshal Konev proposed that the Commanders consider the extension of the authoioity of the present Provisiibnal Government in Austria . After considerable disli•:ussion it was agreed to examine immediately the competence of the Departments of the present Central Austrian Administrative ma.chine and to make recommendations as to extent to which they could be used to assist the llied. in their task . 8 �Lf "7. s a result of my 48 hours contact with Marshal Konev I feel our relations have improved considerably, with indications that he V] will make some concessions from their hitherto difficult attitude .n * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST, 26, 1945-- General Clark conferred with General Saltzman and General Brann on displaced persons and prisoners~of-war in the American Zone of Austria . The purpose of the meeting was to see if a solution could be reached in order that the displaced persons may be disposed of as rapidly as possible. Comdr . M• . • Musmanno of Headquarters, USFA, conferred with General C~rk ·quite some time on a personal matter . At 1030 hours General Gruenther arrived by plane and immediately went into conference with General Clark and General Brann concerning the results of a Depity Commander meeting which had been held the day before . The conference lasted through lunch and until around 1500 hours, when General Gruenther left by plane for Vienna . After the conference General Clark and General Brann took a long walk through the woods and returned to Headquarters around 1700 hours . In the evening General Saltzman and General Brann accomµrnied by three other guests had dinner with General Clark. General Clark sent the following letter to General Eisenhower in regard to Enlisted Men travelling under their own supervision: "lam in wholehearted agreement with the spirit and purpose of the plan to allow groups of Enlisted Men to travel under their own supervision to points of their ovm choosing within our area, as outlined in your letter of August 20. "Accordil1gly,, I .am sending out ten such groups of Ehlisted Men on Wednesday, August ;;e . This number of groups, to be sent out each week, will be increased later. Each individual group will be com!X)sed of ten men, including a responsible non-commissioned officer . Each group is free to plan and to follow its own itinerary, will be provided its own transportation, gasoline and the necessary rations and camping equipment. It will be at liberty to travel for one week but shall avoid entry into the Russian Zone and, initially at least, will stay clear of our organized l eave areas . t'There is one further matter f*or consideration, which I want to mention at this ti.me . Many of our men have not visited Italy and strongly desire to do so. To enab e t hem to see the historic sights of Rome, Florene e, Bologna and Venice., and to visit the renown~d vacatio~ spots of Lake Como and Lake Garda, I shall · make the necessary arrangements v~ith MTOU A to permit them to travel in Italy, should they elect to do so. l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, July 1 - August 25, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from July 1 - August 25, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1669 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/d6f84571659ba042f22059106a7499b9.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=GaQAfRrRdTcu2AAu1aNBQbTt%7EOhHFzFfbTw65qEeiPA0Gu72a6hMKmLMUSWtK1a03w1KhZHfIpBfA7GSMKDG0VyOszoldj72vyf8O0gWDIDyJBFsVRnCLGxe%7ETsuNX%7E5EQm0Kni21MngjmRQU7yot3DuLQbOsMQYittI5rgJ4YPeEFGivPn9MAfr2cmH4vkM09iNhLzEH797FFYPYOICI73QAzYPbUrD2eK6zFPpnXOEgWLP8JFtgK5nIWQIp%7EzoFwZc-LLIAx-b7YzuOhcuAkHsmb8wLWBZK4B9jAahECTD2ulbdZUGc80bR2zoNQvYXavEVqHvLmdAE9v-8GPy3A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f24ef4e931cfe5b19ae671357c410c7a PDF Text Text 99 THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM the spot ,. nt5. I agree those of my units er· partisans with the m op"')rt:i.ting to the wec;t of that line will come under your command. 11 f 6. I agree and thank you for your suggestion thi:,t the closest contact is necessary between our and your troops as soon RS they meet in order to coordj nate their oJ'("'rRtions ag~:iinst the common ~nemy. 11 r7 . In Rll the above mentioned rireas of operritions of my troops our militar:r and civil authorities will naturally (queried) continue to function .' 11 • * * * FLORENCE--Tv1AY 3, 1945--The General arrived at his headqu."1rters at 0900 hours this morning and had his conference at 0930 . At 1000 hours this .morni'1f; Ha,j . Gen. Cherriere of Genernl Juin 1 s staff cane to F'Y his respects to G ,mms 1 ClRr}r . This morning Genernl Cl11r1, ma.de a rf'}cording for a broadcast in his conference hut for the XII Air .Fore~ on groundair cooperation . Th~ General spent th, entire afternoon in his office working on papers and conferrin~ 1ith hi s staff , retrirninr, to his villa for the night . ( General Clark today replied to President 'J'rumant s cable of congratulations as follows : Your message deeply appreciated . I am furnishing R. copy to every American soldier under my comMand. We stand ready to continue the fi~ht against Japan." 11 General Clark this afternoon dictated the following material for his diar y : "The Prime t,'inister , in his announcement of our victory befor~ the House of Commons, had the following to say : 111 This surrender :r:uts us into very close ·touch w.ith the rosition of the U. 'S . armies in the north . Not only ·has a VA.st area of territory, vital in its character, fallen into the hands of the Surreme Comriancler, Sir Farold Alexander , but the actual surrender '·" hich has tnken place , so far ns comprising numb~rs , constitutes , I believe , a record for the whole of' this wrr , ann it must be helpful to furthe-r events for which we have been looking. 11 t1J'his Army in Ital y , A!"leric11.n and British, coml"Wnded by our trusted general , and having uncll'!r him Gen~ra.1 M~:irk Clark, who is an efficient and daring American soldier, hns had a marvellous record since they fi1rst landed in the Peninsula - the landin,; at Sal'-'rno, and the tr ~mendous fip;hting at Jlnzio , vhcn we tried a turning movement to Rome . �too ( the en my aortlw ards h.., s placed an enormous effort upon thes troops, nnc1 has 1J en attended by v ry h B:vy losses , in stubborn fightin~ ., What has made it pPrticubrlv difficult c: nd cl pressing to this a.rmy is the tr P1endous im.. oads the t have be"n m!1de on it , in order to h,lp forward op .rations elscwher tt 1- Driving "Thus, in Jun and .Tuly, what very n~c rly amount d to :m arr11y was tak Jn from t 10s e in Italy, whil"' only a SMRll corr~ spondine withdravrn.l took place on th~~ e11~my' s side . Quite recently, a f w 1'\'Jonths c go , fe ..,l:i nr; t 1at :lt ·muld probably bo ~yond tbe strenrrth of this army to make a decisive attack, we mov . . d rmo_th ,r large a d1 tion of di visions to the T'"'stern Front, and som~ others ,·rent to Gre~ce .. Th s , this army was an Prmy stripp d of its str .,ngth., e.nd was facing c.n enemy fore hich, o all purnoses of ··1ar, must hP ve been cons id .,r d far stronger, .,ca.us it had th., duty of d ,f ndinF; mountain ranges :me , aft~J· ·rard s , plains flooded ;vith autumn and w:i.nter rains; v1hich c rtainly, in the number of divisions ., exc,ed~ tho e who w,r, left to attack him .. n ' Moreov .,r , this orce left to attack , as I pointed out in my m.,,ssage of congratulations to Al,xander, wer.., of so mnny diff rent nations that only some p r.ona.l::ty of commanding qualities could have held th ... m c 11, and voven t em together . n Look over the vrhoL liot of these men v.rho f'ought , ta.king our own contribu ion fir t !hich was the larg st - British r-md Britj sh Indian divisions of the hip;hcst quelity . n In addition to Briti_sh Inriian divisions w ,. had Pol foug t ,, j_th the r-;r ,atest loyal t.r; Ne-vr Z .,alamfors, uho hl ve the wa, from th" J1'ginning righ.t u , to tl e very sp t1rhce,d VP.nc th Sou"",h Africa . Armored Di vision, very f orwru: d in s who hav~ marched a.11 of th~ adthe fray ,:-re t forces of thu United States , / second Th re have 1J 1... n .;r~~zilian f orcP-s , .. rhich have made very steady advanc~s; a 1Tegro i vision of United St?.tes troops wh.c has also distinguish,d its,l; the Je1ish Brigadv which we f orm~d a year or so ago anrl which hr-- s fought j n t}1e frontline with com·age; ,Tap, nese of Am,.,ric~n birth •.rho .nt~r ,d rrurin; and finally, · Fr e Itc lians who hav ., plnycd th ,ir p::irt j n clearing th ,ir country from t e G~rman-fn.scist yoke . 11 Th re have b en th .in numbers only to our own n r All thes , forces , wea1renec as th :r hP d been, wer ~ not discouraged .. Divided n.s th ,y ~ ..,re h;.r rRci.-::i.l diff,,renc s, th,y were tmit.~d and resolved upon th.,ir purpose . And now th ir r ,11rard is cor11e , and J am v ,ry glad it h:~s come , t a tim~ wh,n it can be singl~d out, and st(nds out as bringinp: to the conclusion the vrork of as P-'allant an army as v ,r marched , and il'ings to th., itch of fa.m., and military reputat·on a comm nd r .·:rho ha.s nlvm,ys ., I may say, .:.nj o ~d the fullest confidence of t 1e House of Commons . t1 t Repl ing to ques.tions , Churchill said that th the surrender on his own r sponsibilitye Germa.n g ,nlff'ral made �lo\ n These discussions hr. v been of a highly rrivate nature for some t1me . At times, they hav appep,red mor~ hopeful than at oth~rs, but for the last two c.ays I hnve 1:nown vrhct rrms comin~, but one was not certain thnt it mii{ht not be sm~tched a~ay at h last mom ,nt . Th~refore, ~r ,at s.Jcr cy .vas n,c ssary . n 'In rn .ntionj_ng all na t·i on~_lities, I would point out that there is a tr m. ndousl, pow . . rful Am rican Air Force ·with a strong British Air Force; also a v ,ry large c ~tach:m ,nt of th ., British Navy, who hr>.v ., , tlu--ou :,hou-.,, .en th mainstay and sustenance and shi ,1 of the rho 1 of land operatj ons ., 11 0 General Frc . ½erg' s troops occupjed Trieste and accepted th surrender of the German garrison there at 1630 hours , May ?nd Do not have t ~ count, . ut a.priar ,ntly th., G r:r.ian ea.rrison is hrge There was not a single memb,r of Tito' s fores to be found in th town even tough Tito had announced to the vorln thc:>t his forces had captur,d 'Trieste . I put the conmunique out that vm had occupied the town ahd accepted the surrender o:e the G .. rmnn garrison . I omitted any ref nee to th absence of fito 1 s forces . 1/ 11 G.,neral rriruscott phon~d tht:'t in carrying out my instructions to send strong detach.ments to the Italian-Austrian frontier in order to block the ithdrawal of G rman troops under the terms of the surr~nder he was afraid vht1t t f 1~ht vmuld be resumed ., lem ,nts of th 1st German arachute Division v1ho hr .ve stopped fj ghting elt that th t stay put t order arr li ,d to Allied troo s as ,,.,. ... 11 as to German.. I directed Truscott not to advanc and under no cond:itions to cause a re. s1.1tnption of th., fight In my r ... port by phone to Alexanrler th:is norning on th, YuF;oslRv s··tuation ., J inform .,d him of my secision, in 'Ihich he concurred . I a.lso told Alexande1 today that the Eighth Army had picked up Field Marshal Tito ' s son in th~ Padua area . AppRr ntly he had Mn ightin~ wi_ th the Italian rartisans . Thinking that this Jrnowfodge might J a trump card in Alexande1 1.s hands in n ,gotiation with Tito I phoned him this infor .ntion r-rnc told him I "'l as sending Ti to r s son o Gas rta Alexander f ,lt the t this ,ould be v ry helpful . HAll j_nstructiorts n.re rrern.red 8.nd Rrrani:;ements P1rrli, to re.cei ve the (}.,rman delegn.tion whnn they com I hope to have Truscott and McCr er~r ncl Chidlaw with me if co 1ditions at th front :vill .rmi t . n j Quoted belovr .is the text of conv .,rsn.tion b t •,recn G ncral Clark and Fi ,ld f,,nrshal Alexander .t 2000 ours this ev~ning: "G.,neral Clark stAt d th2.t Ge n ,ral McCr .ry had reported that the situation in th Trieste area :1as generally unsatisf ctory because of an evid nt lack o un orstandirns betw~en the HiRh Comman.c1 of the Yugoslav rmd Allied forces ., The YuR"oslev forces r ,re surprised to s e c our troops ast of the I sonzo " Yugoslav :ore s ::r no ·.r nov::i n~ in to t e area i fairlJ lar e numbers , ~sp cially in Tri st and Gorizia . At ,tronfalcone ,. t e tom l''h r. G .,n rnl Hrrdinir' s he dqur-i.rt .rs is locat .,d , t Yuf;osl vs will hold om~ sort of .,lection on r · y 4. General I I ��lD2 ( Freyb ,rg is h:wing difficulty in the port of Trj ,ste Jecause he does not know exactly hat port faci l ities Rr, n~Lded . A senior officer from APHQ is n eded o in ica.t Bxactly what fR.cilities ;:ire n eded so that n ,gotiations can be conducted on the ground with th.., Yugoslnv commander . General McCreery will cLlRy hi. a.dvanc .. on Pola until trie situ Jton in the Trieste area has be n clarified Th advance of Eighth Army trnops to the north has met resistance in the nei~hborhood of Gemona . The enemy thJre refuses to surr..,nder G nerc.1 McCre ry has not een able to id ntify th troops , nor is he certaJn th.ct they arc under cornmrmd of C-in-C Southwest . ) General Clark nl. o informed the Field rfBrshal th0.t on tnc Fifth Army front the 1st Parachute Division and an lem.rmt of the 2-?r~th / ./ Division ad declin ,d to surrend Jr .,cRuse the surr ..,nd .,r order h8d not V yet r~ached th:.-m .. It ar ears thr-.t th~ commimder of the 1st Pn..rc Corps has not yet ran,.,mi tt d th., orders to his suborclinri t es . G.merf' 1 ClArk inforned Fi ,ld M::,,rshal Alexand r thB.t h~ has issued ord rs to t .I"! Commandinr.t G neral, Fifth Army and th., GOC , Eighth Army to move .orc-s northward as rapic;ly HS possible to ex cute pr .,viously assignr;d missions , but that c.rmed conPlict with Ger1rian units was to e a:·roided e:xce t in the event that he .,nemy commits an ov _,rt hostiL act . Genr-•re,l Clark xplainec1 that p ndini:; the Arrival of the G,rmPn ro rescntativ s consider ,d tht1.t he was CRrrying out the in~tructions of t 1e Field fliarshal by avoiding unnccessar;c 8 nAd con-':lict . - -11 I ( flThe Field TTarshal inform d G0w:,rnl t'la.rk thr-:.t 1e a.greGd vri th rw,,..rything thr-it G~neral C1a.rk hcd said; thPt he had full confidence in G...,n.,ral .. lrirk 1 s .stimate o.f th ., sitmition anct his nbility to take the roper action; th2t h cnncurrec=i' in th .., view that r>rrn~d coi flict should be avo:ic~ed at this tin~, especially 4 n view of th, f,- .c t that there wr-i.s bound vo be some delay in the c iss ,,mination of orders . He furth~r ) stated that ,:, ad received a mer·sage from iVk·=tr hal Tito w ic'.l indicAted th;:i.t the mi~under trindings had probably novr been a d justed , pnd thPt he felt confident that this inform8,tion v1ould soon gBt do m tc tl , forw~rd troop elements . The "'i ,lr.1 MR.rshal stated th..,t h., would scnc1 rrope p8rsonn,l to assist Ge n rn.l Hnrdinr; in th, selection of port facilities , an0 to advise General I _rding on politicA.l matt rs pe culiar to the Y1 : =;oslav problem . 11 * * * FLORE TCE--r1AY 4, 1945 At 1000 hours Generals ~1 ruscott, ncCrecry and (jhidlav-1 vJith their r e sp ,ctive Chiefs of ;3· aff, G.,ne'.rRl CPrlcton , Brigadier Floyc a.nd Colone l Boettig r ?rriv ,d at Gen . . rP.l CL- rk 1 s office . At 1030 hours assembled in Grmerttl ClP.rk' s office were · his Army Conmanckrs, the~ r Chi~fs of Staff , Gencrnls Gru ,nth ,r }3"rann, Tr>·L,e, ColonJl fonfort G- 5 and the following correspondent 0 : r atrick E-3mi th, BBC; i- 1" Fag ,nee , London Di: ,ily Herald; J .. Robinson, FHB; L::mdrw11 al.ling 0v ..,rseas ·r:.w•3 Serv:tce; 1':J. 1 v r ;;do:r Chicago Sun; A Fa mmonc , r cmsley 'Lwspap,~:rs; H G. 1: ing, Tit, L. 1.fl1i t ~, Chicago Daily ~rews; l . Lessin,o;, E .... )1an p-e 1 ,l ,gr, .ph; (korge ,ryia , AF; Desmond 'T'igh, R~ut rs; E .. C. Aquilar, Reuters; Rit~, ,.Iume, Hf'; Clet Robert s , Dlu, ;\f.etwork; r"L1s on urdd,t, CBS, Uilli:J.m Alexr:.nd ✓r, Oklahoma Tim . . s . �/ ' 0 · ~. ~ ,,, / ;~ r -i,, ~ / ~ (1, 1 ~ i- /. t . LY . 9(1 .~ o--tl ~ • ~ . l( ./ 9~·, . ~ e . . , . ~ ~ ~ . e , / . ..,/ ,,.- I ~Q/ �f Gener:=-.1 ion S n~ .,r who cornrrtrnd ,d xnr Panz .,r lforps at this time report .,d o Gen . .rn.l Cl"'r. s th, rcrres. ,nta.ti v ., o: t , , G0r"l11r-in Comman( erin·.. Chief, ~·outhuest for ord.__,rs from G .,n ·,ral lnrl.e.: for th s 1rr ,n-~ r of G rma.n land forces . Inmediat~ly aftor G n re.l Von ~,-ngt:..:r 1 ,ft G,.~n Jral Clar k t s off ice , th, G ,n ,:cal id goodbye to his Army CoT'l.nanders rm . held a bri fing in his Har Room for the above mentioned corr .,spondents . he G neral lune ed at his headquarters with · egul J." m mb rs of his mess and at 1430 oner on S .. ngcr was brought to G .,n rril Cla.:rk to confer . The text o wil l be quot d at the · sion of todayt s diary W , 9ii.-.. 1 ... ~ <;, _....~""'G+'\..n-.1. , At 1700 th G ,neral return .,d to his villa for th... V\'.:ning . At noon today G ,n .,ral Clro"'k dicta u d the follo rfing material for inclusion in.his diary. . "At ., ctly 1030 hours this morning, :ay 4th Gener 1 of PPnzer \ Troops Von Scnr:..,r reported to m. in my office at my cornn .nd i:o~t in \ Florene-- ns th, re Jr ,sentativ~, of Gon.,ral Von Lt i.nghoff fo_ order to r ..,cvive ray instructior1s~rovid~c. . or 111 1.e termd of th, uncondi tional sm-rencler which ·van Victin_'.)hoff ' s r . . pr ,s ,ntntive hr:..d signed nt .AFHq several da~rs ago . 11 I had with me on my r:i.ght Lieutenant Gen ,ral ?cCr ,ery, Command ing r~ .,n~ral of th , ";r:1 tish 1~i ,hth Army; on his righ v : :2 j or G nff..,Tr· l C lidlaw , Co1mnand1.ng n-cne~o.l of th XII Air Force; c nd on my l ,ft Lieut ,-r1ant G ,n Jral r;•ru ..,co-tt Cor:rn~nding Gtmi .ral of the Fifth American Army m m .,rs of the press , of-f'icial rhotogre.ph ,rs and s .,v.__ral stnff officvrs . . 'Gcnert1l 'on Sen~ ,r cane in , salute r.nd gnve me t r ✓ rort in die t d abov repli-.,d that 1 assumed that he had full a11t.1ori ty to imrlem..,nt tht., uncon itional surrende1· · terr1s . He r, lied h,, di<1 have . then handed him the instr 1.etions rind told him the t he muld th ,n go Tith th . . members of m..r stnff , includin cir r pres~ntativ s, to a conference which G, ~r[ll Gru nth~r would 1old in order to study th ... s, instructions nd iscuss them in rl ., nil. I told him thrt if th re w ~re any irr~concilnble orders th could not be S4'ttled in confer nee that he p .,rsonally .rnnlc~ ~ring them to my attention . 1 11 B ( v. _ lov, is son dn.ta on General Von S n:.;,er H is t~.11 a d tliin and ap )Mr ,d to ·:1 ~ gr .Jatly mov _,cl on this occasion . His attitucL appears n.t first glance 1.,0 b on of complete cooper8.tion G n . . rol Jon Sen~,"' wns born near Ko·n.stanz, aden in 1~91 . He s .. rved in World War J as a rcserv officer ., _n th ·✓ interval b tween wnrs , h, sa.w s1,rvice rith cavalry units A.nd complet ,d a G- ,n ral Staff course . In 1940 he was he:"1d of th Germnn del .Jgation at he ,._,rench Armistice Commission , and in 1941 and 1 42 Yas s .,nior Germrm liaison off i .c er ·vi th tll Its. lian Armistic f:omrnittee . In pril 1943 h, commanrl ,d the 17th F2.nze1-- Di vision a.nd rre.s cited in Octob r of the same year for th~ er .,ditable mann r in rvhich the ,,vacuation of Corsica uas cnrriea out . r~arly in 1944 hf~ was f'ppointed as comP1an ~cr o-f: :av Fanz~r Corps , r . . plncing I me , who left in ovember , 191+3 . Appar ,ntly a cosmopolitan t .,, h, studied - ��Eno;lish at Oxforrl from 1912 to 1914, and is m~rried to an Englishsp~akin<s vrife Scio to b, rmch intere t d in horses and horse ~hors, in ,{ cping with his bac)rground as a. cav.o lry officer . 0 He indicated the gr at di '"'ficulty his com111ander was having in transmittinr") ord,rs, du, to poor communications in th, mountains , :1.nd th, -Pnct that t cy Wt'}re b .5 nr; continually har as.--cd . partisa.ns . H , told G 11,,ral Grucnth ,r that only th ay be ore ;rest rda~r th pnrtisans attack ,d G<1n ro.l Von Vi tinghofft s h a qur-trtcrs at '3olsano ''here forty of hi people YTCrL killed . He hn.d great difficulty comin~ dmm t . e Br ,nner rond and would h:we be.,n kill d hy parLJisans had it not been for the int rv ntion of '"'~veral A!i1erican offie .,rs v1ho shi , ld d him 11 "I hnve r .-rorted these full d t,. ils to Fi ld Parshril ALxand r by phon 1 told Mm that I had issu.,d· instructions to these parti- . sans to c~ll off their offensiv , :mt I con w~ll i agin th dif±''iculty of rs tting word to all of th ·,ir b2nd s at isolat d plnces in the Alps . 'l'he G mans are now pP..ying for th..,ir rolicy of terror nnd destruction in Ital.r rt is w~ll unrlerstanr1;:1bl, ho ~r th..,,se p, ..rtisqns who h:w1' b 1 fir ,d to J1thusiasm by my instructions , thorou ,.b ly arm_..d and told to wait for their or,portunity for the kill He gav th ,m th, sj ~nal to go in for tho kill a short tim, ago , e,nd it is ett hR.rd to squ~lch all that ardor by radio rn ,ssages . The best way to hancll., it is to g_.. t A crican troops up in t ,.,re , and we ar , trying to do thr:i.t . t I ffHeavy motor and hose-drawn mov m.. nt north in e,he Br.,nn r disturbs me gr atl .. • T.he air reports 1,000 horse-drav- n .ve-,hicl ,s anc 500 mixerl with muc cjvilfan tr( +-'fie moving north in th., Dr .nner throur!,h Bolsano ~v ,n had I d ,cid .,d to bonb tb .. s. vehicles yesterday, Yreath r ''roulrl not hnve permitted Wee thor sti] 1 prev .,nts it toclrv ., orr-r~v .. r, _ do not de si e to attack nor to bring on aey mor c hostilities . I cant irnag:i.n., where these troops ar~ gojng unl,ss a last ditch sk.nd by so111.., fc nR.tical troops of the l;::it J a Corps at the Brenn ✓r . HI 'lPV told G ,n rHl mruscott to bend _,very vffort to get my liaison group h ,ad ,d for Von i L ti n~hoff 1 s headqtwrt rs , togeth ,r with the air and navFi.l partLs , as .ast as possjble; that he vdll use el .,ments of the 10th D~~v:ision to get th~M. throueh . I 111ust ,stablish my adio communication dir t ~ith · ietinghoff . The 85th Division, on the east , as· Pdvanc ,d almost to th Aus ·1 rian horner vi thout opposition . It is only in thn cent r 17h r, el - . m",nts of ..,h , farn'.ltic l<:;t ara Corps h_flv , preif nt _,d our novem nt . Th y appar .. ntly hrnre n .v ,r received th, instructions . This is . Jing worked out wf t GenerB 1 Von Sengur h r , • 11 The 75 Corris in the west is surrend~rinr; . '1cCr .,ery1 s situ... tion in Tri .st, r .,mains r, .,licrt .. . Alexander is sendi.ng a f;rn message co Tito . I have authorized nccr~-~ry to move th, 91•3t Division up west of th Isonza aNl old him th.qt a show of strength may help . r am 11 �j ( convinced that Pield Marshal Alexand.,rts visit to Tito resulted in m ny misunderstandings We must rr ,t a firm uriderst ndj_ng at the top to 8.Vo d dif ficulty . I have directed ·· oth McCreery and 7ruscott ·thc .t und r no conditi ons will t'1e, bring on a fight ~ithcr with tho G.rmans or u jth the Yugosla:vs l1cCreery s column advancing on Villach is making good progress against no opposition 11 Last night I sent Field Ih:1rshal Alexander the following telegram: UTQonf:irming my conversation with you this evening, th 1st Parachut Division has refused' to surrendAr, stating that no surrend ,r orders hav, been received from higher ·headquart rs. Part of ?7~ Division undJr 1st .}ara Gor . s has also receiv,d nq surre nder orders . It is probnble that Com mantling G_,neral 1st Para orps ·:ha·G not rassed surrender orders to su ordinate units . Th~re is also opposition on Gen ral :cCreery s front in the area. of G'P,PO TA but no irlentif1.cation of troops there has een· made ,. As I explained to you T have issued ord ... rs to oth Army Corrrnanders to send forces northward to xecute assiP-;ncd missions as rapidly as poRs ibl , but that armed conflict is to be avold .,d . ~ hav1' just been ad.vis .,d .that th., Germr-m representa.t:i.ve s :r om C in-C South1·. rest will arrive here on th ., morn..:. ir,i.g of 4 May and I ,x )Cct that w. .., ·hall e r>bli.., to rectify the situ.B.ttorr at that timc . 1 H After having seen General Von Seng rat 1400 hows this afternoon, GJneral Clark dictated th following: I have just had a long conversation with G...,nere.l on Senger. I am impressed wit his abil~ty and g~nu:i.ne desire to help solve this proble m., \ The principal point he has mn.de is t ho one th2.t his troops hate the Italians and disli '" e very rmch tho thouP,ht that they are to be dr .. gged out of the monnta:i ns back into the Po alley v:rh Jre th~y uill b~ subj ct d to the Italian j nsults He feels thr t ma.ny of th, sold :L ,rs 2.re deserting 1 n on ,ff ort to get to their homes Thri.t would 1Je c natural inclination for a ma.n as I see it, a.nd there is nothing to stop them excert the armies coming dovrn from the· north because my troops hnv not be ,n c ble to negotiate th mountain roRds north to get around behind them-at the pres nt time . Vfe are trying to do that 11 ur hav, just talked with rrruscott to speed him on to Balzano and to if he couldn -t effect the assembly o.. the units in the mounta:tns and gradually brinr; th .,m down into the foothills . :-C na n ... ral Von S nger assur d m , thet G n r nl Von VL tj nghoff is sinc0r .,, cooperativ and doing C\r ,ryt ing h, can to facilitc te thls surrender . urnciden ally I have r ceiv ,d rndj ofi,rams of congratulations :Crom all over th world . Th~y will b included in the diary later n Gen ral Clnr ,. talk d vJ"i th Gen ral PcCreery on t L phone this and dictated the following v:ith r..,f ronc to his conv:-rsation: "I vening ave just t ..,lephoned at 1820 to General rncCr ,ery adyising him of ) �\Db th ~xc ange of radios b ,tween Ti to and Alexander -1hich were getting us no place I am s nding this rad· o on to rqc reery. I told I.1cGreery that ) h must 1e strong in Trieste and in Gorizia nnd provide for his line of communication rom Trieste to GoriziA. and arvisio into Austria . He · told me that h, rras quite stron and was noving the 56th Division into Gor1zie. n General Clar:: today cab d G ., neral Truscott as fallows: "Confirming 01:ir conversation, I cannot cnphasize too strongly the importance of stopping gu rilla pPrtisan action again t the G,rman force~ . Urgent as quickest me thod thau v1.!f_thout engaging in arm~d conflict your troops advance into tho,::> areas ';1h . .,re parti an-> a.r'"' P cti ve against th~ G rmans pru.--·vicufarly to B0LZAH0 It iq most impor L-ant thnt your troops occupy that town at arliest tirrk, to insur., that G ,n ral 1 on Viet j nghoff can effectiv .,ly control and dir ct is forces in complying with surrend r t rms tr T e Army Group Comrriander this ._, vcning sent the follo1 Ying cable ··o General 1l1ruscott summing up the French sitl.18.tion: "l. In order o · assist 15th Army Grou spring o fensive 6 Army Group v re asked to simulate an attack on Franco-Italian fronti .,r by using _ec ption methods int..,nsive pe rollin~ in central sector and operations on coa~1.,al s ctor ya force of not more than one RCT . It was consicered that operational ben ..,fit ov~rcam all political o jections 2. i rly in April above r....,otrjctions w..,r, rcmov c1 and ranch started active opex·a ions along entir front with the following line as maximum limit of advance . Junction Italian Fr-nch and s~iss frontiers - Pr~ St Didier - G an Paradiso rnountain - C ,res - Bussoleno - F Jnastrelle Crissolo - r.uneo - Imp ,ria . 11 n3. On 27 April this hq informed 6 Arrriy Group that irn"' had ar rived wh..,n further advance b;v French troops could have no appr,ciabL ef fec , • 1 ext day ~ Army Group order d th Fr ,nch to halt and to 1 repare to withdraw o frontier .. 1 4. By .30 April it was clear above order was not ½ving ob y~d end further instructions were giv n to French . French Comnc.nder stated of,.. fensive action ceased. 2b Apr:il ut would not withdraw ,:i thout [ if.C r nLnt · of his governm~nt . 11 n5 Situ,. tion in Val D1 Aosta at present con"used . T is ar a most difficult from political an~le as it contains large separationj st party and arrival Fr nch troops m:ight cause serious conflict with partjsans who are w 11 armed t16 . AFHQ have now informed SHAEF thnt continued presence of Fr .. nc troops in Italy is non unn cessnry anc most und sira le . AF'H'1 furth r stat~ that reports indic[1t,e French making lu1reasonable d ,mr-,.n09 on Italians requisitionrn '-' food and using f1orocca.ns to ,nforc .. th r~by hoping to pro- �vok . . incident . SAC ED is determined to tah, matter up with Co:rib:in _d Chi f s of Sta '-"f for action b;r U. S and British Gov ..,rnm ,nts unless SHAEF can o t 1.n F'r . . nch compliance to ord r to withdraw. 7. Above gives brief outl:' n, rec ,nt develo m nts Franco-Italian orfier It is most important t ,_nt no .courag..,m nt is g-·ven to Fr nch and · hn.t ev ry effort be made to get th ... m to rrithdraw h~yond frontier 11 11 * * * FLOR ~NOE flf.A.Y 5 1945- Gr. . n :cal C ~rk, accompanied y 3:rigadier Hirsch, G- 2, 1 ,ft li lor, ,nee by tnr at a_Jproximately 1030 hours ., They ch2.nged into L- 5 s fro1;1 the C-47 at Udin and fl ~Jw to Ifonfalcon • Herc they w re met by Gc.neral FcCreery, Eighth .,u., my Gomnandcr, and. Lt . Gen . Iarclin~ , Command ing 13 Corps They drove to Gener~l Harding' s Headquarters and discussed the· situ,_q_tion whif"!h had a.risen in Trieste between the Few Z ,a.land troo s and r"'nrshal Tito t s partisans , vrho had both occupi~d the rort at approximat~ly the sam tirn; ':' e G ,nera.ls n d a ~antw5 c 1- Iuncheon in G .neral Ar<ingt" s caravan , n.nd General Clar!{ also SoJI br::i ~fly Air Vic Harshal Foster and Brigadier· Gener al Williamson, Assistant Division Commander of t e 91st Division o. · The 91st Infantry Di vision had newly come under the comr nd of th Eighth Army and nas at that time rr-ov:i ng up into this sector Generals Clark rmd He r ~ery then drove to G ncral Fr yb rg ' s Head quart ,rs which was situRt . . d in the Villa Uiramare halfvm.y betw.,en f,lonfn.1cone anct rr.ri ,st • 1. is ras the ville built _or nd occupied by the late Empr,, s of irr ,xico and was truly a 1 autiful spot . 1 G..,n . ral Clark was then taken by Generc 1 Freyb1:;r g into th.,., city of 7rieste itself Her, thin ~s vmr quite quiet , but th ,r P.T' r.i,~ r .,d to be a co:nsidcrabl und rcurr nt of unc,rtainty and unrest ., Ev __,ry cone iva. le t. pe of uniform vms to be s ,en on t str .ets Th__.re ~-r.,re mc-iny parti.sans on foot , and on bicycl~s , wavi n flags of all colors .. "ea.rly a.11 the popu lation was on the str , ts, and every oth ;r man had a wea.pon of some sort . G _,neral Clark vis-ited t e Headquarters of th, 9th New Zon.land Brigade which was occupying the town and · r1et Brigadier G ntry, th Brigade Commander He pRid a short visit to th, docks .. Th dock area was ,:x:trem~ly hetWJ.ly defended by VIir , anc pillboxes and hr-i.d een COY, siderp bly d strayed both b;r our bombing and German denoliM.o s . Aprirt from this, ho 1,.,ver , t :HJ t9vm appeared to be in good shape and quite , ttracti.ve . J ·Gen, --al Clark then IE.turn ,d to G ,n,.,ral Freyberg' s H., .dqu,...rt ;rs whe-re ho was photograp ,d with all the comn .ndin~ officers of th , ~nd 'Jew Z .,aland rd vision (¼{!;n__,rPl Clark then r tucn ,d to Tfionfc.lcone ~nd fl -r:r back to Flor~nc ., , arrivinP, at his conmand post at approx:i mntely 1700 hours . At 1: 00 hours Gen .,ral Clark hung t .. , Lep;ion of M,ri t , D ,gre e of CoP1mrmrter, I: .da.l around the nee] of Lieutent1nt G,n~rRl J L . K. He.w ~esworth . G~n,ral Hankesworth,. 1ho nor comnrmds the 10th __>rj ti h Corps, comr'lnnded th NSth British Infantr;r Div· sion, thvn in Fifth Arny, from Salerno to t L Garigliano . 'I'he Army Gr up Cor.unander d ictat d the following not s for inclusion in his diary : I �l03 ur flew in th., C-47 with BrigA.dier Hirsch mJ r-2,, n ar to Udinc and ·hen ·transferred to my cub and crossed tht- Isonza River , la·"ding n a.r 13 Corps ~ c,adqun.rters . Was rn .,t by Dick r1cCre ry and John m=ir ing . ~ent to th_; la.tter f s h adquar ters for orientation and a sanrlwi ch anrl th .,n on to Fre;vb rP, t s headquarters w· _ the four of us drov.., intq 'fri ste . The situation ther., is ,. s follo rrs: ( a) It is t .,nse . Both Brit j sh ~md Yu~oslav troops occupy_ tl e city of Trieste This morning the Itc..lians, ,1"'_ w·ho number ?00 , 000 in chc city ns againf3t 60,.000 Yugoslavs , stc: ged a ~ d monstration and were promptly dispersed by YugoslA.v soldi.,rs firing into ~ the air . 'rhe Yu oslavs occupy pnrt o tb~ cjty a.n 1 c r,ood deal of th_, port area . ur soldi . . rs g .,t alonr-; well tog ther The trouble com~s from the i[:;'h~r officors ; nam .. ly th, Yun;oslnv gen ,ral ~ who are roliticos . (b) I t ink there, will be no trouble in ~"'ri~ste , although •it is the usual story of II itting on the Bt=ilkan rowder kegtt . (c) 1 ursuant to my directions , we are show:h fore • A battalion of the 91st Divi""ion (US) is moving ( into r:iri'Jste , and a r ,giment into Gorizia . British troops mt1 e u:r an Allied combi:-10.tion .. The whole 56th Di visirm is rnov·Lng ea.st on t 1e _ Isonza (d) Tito is infiltrating companies ana . attalions across the Isonza ·to tho west wh~re clash~s with the Ita.linns may take plti.c 8nd uher , is rev1uisitioninf; rro:-ierty, su j'lL.s and conscript: ng manpoi/; ,r and in some pln.cei=:l holding elections .. 'rhis is • ell to the w :Jt of the zrestern "~neziB Giulia boundary ( ) I am convinced thPt ·we cannot occupy with _om" fo:r ces all of 'fon ,zia. Giulia \"1 7 thout bringing on hosti l ities , vrhich is the last thin ~ we should do (f) Tito is moving troops irito the dis 1_ 11t0d Area ' as fast as h~ can . (g) h...,re hnve been no disturbances .1et 1 cm our troops .,re !. J nrr , only v n:r to solv this d i f iculty is on th~ highest level I have so phoned , upon my return ., Fi(,ld MarshFll Alexander . IIe must m .,ct vit. Ti'L,o , t ell the latter he can occupy practically all of Ven ,zia Giulia, .1hic wHl g·· ve him a stron~ claim on this are& ~.t t e peace tabl ,, but that we must operat., the port of rrrLste and rrotect our line of communication through Gorj_zia , . Prvisio into Austrin and try to_ get 'i1ito to · help us protect this lim of corwmnication·. Tito must be told that he can not unc1 ,r any c.!rcumsta.nc , s , permit his troo s to infiltrate into 1 taly west o· th I sonza River . I Jelicve this can e work .,d out . Alcx!'.n der is going to trv it . 1 nrr Tito will not accept tM.s , t}v,r ar , just t•ro rer:rinine lterm tives . 1 irst , to taJq~ over the port of Tri ste by force if nee ssary and protect our long line of communications into Austria ·1hich rill r quire three or four divisions . This probably will bril g on hostil iti .s . If the Combined Chiefs of St a:rf are not willin-:, t o take th1.s chance , r>nd c rtainly they , hould not take the chance , t . e only r ,maining al tern.r.tive is , s cond ly, o p:et t e -h~ll out of ,nez ia Giulia , withdraw b~hind the IsonzR, pr ,vent Tito ' s forces f'rom movln~ to th~ ·,est and supply om" troops into Austria from some oth r port , perhaps Venice . 11 VcCreery, Ht:=trding and Frey erg all Ftgr~e to this . ii Foll owing is a st1r1m!U' Y of G~ner~l Cle k ' s telephone conv rsation wi t h Field 7arshal Alexander upon his r,turn from todayt s tour of the Trieste area : �lD9 ttG ,ncral ClRrk allmd to Fi ,ld Mar hal Alex nder Rt 0850 hours on the subject of th . . sitUB.tion in th Trieste are(_ • He told the FLld M~rshal thflt the s-it ation t 1er is un ctisf· ctor.r; the t th, Yup;osl{_vs ar moving larg , numh.,rs of troops into tlle nren, c nd are , ctually now advancine w st of th Isonza River . H, recoTnD nded to th., Fi -1~ r~rshal that we taJ<-~ a fJrm st1-1nd in the matter ., The Fi~ld a-1rshal ag:r.,ed thc:t such a stand was desirabi but the conv . . rsntion end.,d with nod fini t e line of action propos,d ~ 0 "General Clark c~.lled t ., F: eld H0rshn.l agai n at 910 c· nd sta · d that he VU3S ~oing to ta ~e o.ff by pfane for UDII at 10 0 1 cloc}.: to obtajn first-hand nowledge of the situ, tion confronting Gen,ral Hrrding ., He ask _,, d the Field '1arshal wh th r or not he was au ,horizr,d to take such acti n as he consider d necessary in the event h, found that the ·novement of he Yugoslavs west of t e Isonz(). River w3s hrimp~ring our L_ of C. Th Field /Jarshal advised G..neral Clark that we should do everythinf possible top .. rsuade the .YuF!oslavs not to advance west of th., Isonza, but thrt if the, insist it will b., necessary to ~llow th,m to continue . He was very specific in his instructions to G..,neral Clar}. that und .,r no conditions should the Allies fire th first shot . ;J / 1 -- ttG .,neral Cl? rk talked to :the F'ield J:arshal again at 1800 hours to report on his visit to rrr, est ., He stP_teo that he found the conditions int e area Y ✓r, not a.s bad as he had expected th~m to e ., Th men in tho forward units are fri . . ndly with each other , ancl t 1 re is evidenc t at th trouble stems from the higher command . Gen ,ral Clar j nformed 4 ie d Jarshal Al xander of the location of the Alli .d troop formations in th area He also stated that he considered that Generf-11s McCreery, Harding c: nd Freyberg had a thorough grasp o· the situation "'nd w re andl - ; ing it in a sup rior mannr,r He urge upon thv Field P rshal thPt an early agre ,ment be r _,ach d ,7·_th F~rshal Tito c..nc1 recommended -thr.t GenerPl MorgBn vis1t the nrieste area before his scheduled meeting w1th Tito on Monday Generpl Clark stc~.ted that, b[I ed upon th impressions which h receiv .,d today h, consid . r thE1t a satis a.ctory ~elution can rrobr ly / b r ach ..d with Tit o -rhcr by the Alli~s vlill be able to us the rort of Tries Je o the d sired amount , and vfill h<. ve full use of the L of C into Austria... Gen· rr-tl Cl::ir sugg .st d that it might be Hdvisabl~ to hav~ MRrshal Tito assist in th protection o_ the L of C 1 11 F:i. ,ld fhrshnl Al xand .,r VTc:..S very lad to get this report , • nd in) form d n-..,n ral Clark that h had rec ived a m ,ssnge from Tito todaJ which was quite fa.vorable in · tone A rroposed military agreement with Tito is c-"ng drafte at AFHQ nov1 and will disp0tch d to the Combined Chiefs of S"t,aff for arm:-oval, so that it may be pr ,sent d to Tito nt the con fer nee on !'onday 11 Upon is r turn to his coPlmand post today, Gen ro.l Cla.rk saw Signor Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime Itinist ,r of Italy, and following is a summary of t 1e Army Group Comma.nder 1 s conference with the Irime Minister of I· aly. "Mr . Bonomi stated t mt the purrosv of 1is call on G nerP.l Clark was to offer his congratula.tions for th.• most successful ce.mpaign which . ��l \D has just be n cornp~eted and vrhich has resultE::,d in the libor2tion of his countr . • v 11 Hr-. Bonomi nlso express d hJ s unea.sin ss ov ,r the V ,n__.zfo. Giulia si tuR.tion. Be sta ed that sine the d:i sposi tion of th is .~"ovince was a . matter of controversy, e ho . . d t1at the Allis would e able to occupy it pencfi ng a settl~ment at the y:-eace conf .rcnce .. 11 Generfll Clro-k gave a brief resume of the rrcscnt sjtuation in Venezia Giulia an, s--Pted th?.t he was taking every possi le ster to sec that conflict with the Yugoslavs is r.voiaed . The estnblishment of e. suit•ablc line of communications, into Austria is his rrirru ry miss:ion , 2nc he belLves that n arrangement will be rnri.de with Tito vr1H3r by that can be accomplish ,d . G ,neral Clark stated that h considers it most imrortant th8.t th V n zia Giuli problem. be hnn01 d in such a manner tl t there e no armed con lict -:- t v-reen th Allie~ and the Yu "oslavs . V...,n zia Giulia is not vorth another \'1ar . 11 * * * * FL RENCE-- MAY 6, 1945--The General pent th entire day at his ville . and lunched at 1100 hours vr th Pr . and Mrs . rtr.con Taylor at their villa in Florcncf-9 returning to his villa for dinnJr anr1 th~ night . ·General Clark this aftnrnoon sent th~ follo,ntlng rLssa.ge to Gen ral rTcCreery: urr fol mnn) message dispntch, May 5th by Fi ld F rshal Al xander is 1 ' 1cssa~e begins. 1 to Co:rnbin ,cl C iefs of 3taff on urnished or yotU.. informetion 11 vIt is quHe cert~in that I cannot carry out ·110 rolicy laid down in \, FA 1T 536 w5thout use of force . I rropose therefo1.. ~ to send my Chief of } Sta.ff to B lgra.de to negotiate a r-:urely miljtar~r agreement on th~ following lines • 11 t L Fi ld \,r. rshal Alexander r~,quires ro.iluay and ro.: as from t ~ ,1.. , to Villach via of t e lin 1 m2.rked on he r1c r u-il ;e un .,r wb.., her 15th Army Group or Yu:,oslov or PT orders at an agreed time . '.1 the port of Tries ·e and the Gorizfo. . The territory west ~is control. All forces isan, ';lill conL unc1 11r his 2 'Fielc firirshnl Al xnnc ..,r 1 s Allied Pilitary GovernrLYG rill c minister this "rea. li"ull us.,, r!'° 11 J-:1S : of rmy Yugosl v civil a ~ministrati.o alr..,ac~r sot up 2nd wor}rjn'J sr>tisf'rictorily n _0 facilita ~e the wor .in~ of onv and two gular "'orces should gradually ._) v ithdrc wn from t . . ., Ht J. 1 P. ov .J' Yuv,osl2..v re- a.:r~ a unc er Fi ,ld ~arshal Alexande:c t s con~rol and pri.rtisans will ·1c1.nd in th 5r arms and disband . I+ . This a '::r' -:emcmt is pur __.ly r.1ili"tinry e.nd in no way a fects longterm policy regA.rd." nr, these tei·I·itorie s . r n 11 t �Gen ral Clark received the followinR; cable today from Fild Ft1rshal Alexander with r,_.gard o he s:i u~tion in .,. cnezia Giulia: rruntil a military agr., ment is negotiated between Marshal Ti"to and Myself, your line of action in enc zia Giulia. should be as follows . 11 A You should hold he advanced areas we hover ach~d in-great strength displayin~ as many modern w apons , such as tanks , as pos~ibl . . . Srr,all detachm nts sllould b avoided . 3 . Troops should e r .,ad.,r a· all times to deftmd the mselves ½ut on no account WJ.11 th.,y tak action unl~ss attack . . d . 0 I 11 C. It should L impres ed on local comma ders thr .t a.ny arrange ments th,, make vri vh the Yugoslav autl1ori ties are only temporary and for the purpose of arrnngi_ng a modus vi r ndi pendin the conclusion of taU:s Jetwc n rr j to r.:..nd nyse 1.f . 11 D. . West of th--- :--sonza a stiff r att-'tud should be adopted owa.rrls Yugoslav trooJ.1B who. in.1.iltrn: ., They shonld _, asked to vrithdraw from the ar Al 8nci no friciliv:; cs such a.s rations , petrol A.nG. accommodation gi v _,n t -;em to encourage ,h ~m t.o stay .. H G~neral Clark passed th a ov ., instructions on to Gen . . ral I 1cCre ery imme ja ly upon thJir rccei:rt ~ * ..,-'- * TAY 7, 1945--1 t 1000 hours G .:n .ral Clar1,~ , 1/IJ'ith Brigfldi r P~ch'l"'d , Colon__,l Ricpo Colone Grognn, 1 ft ):f C-47 from Florence for I'1ilan, ( r riving r t 1115 hours . There G __,11 ral G_£rk was met -Y Generc,ls Cri ttemrger and Cran , Artillery Offic ✓r , IV Coq:-s . Togeth -r t 1 .y drov., into the c··t. of ~il n ·;rh re a gtl8rd of onor was hclc. for Genernl Clar 1 ,;: composed of American, British, 3outh J'-1.frican , .,razili2.n .nd ItrliM1 troors . G neral Cl8rk ins:rec d 1 , gucird, .sp~~ kin ) to sev .,ral of t .e of'ficers r.n nen t-1. h~, passed many Piln.n ... s, ci vilinns · 1 .,re pre ent at th _. guard of honor and nr:,laud d G ,n _,ral Clark heartily as he pe.ssed . General Cl r ( vrtth Gen ,rr 1 Cr~tt nb rg ,r , t 1~n .,rove to tr::.': ,.,ad qua: v~rs of JV Co:cps =n r~ilan wh r, h , fol _o;vj 11.g di v~.sional commflnd .,rs v er, \ aitin, to f:r .. et im • Gen ,rEJl :Co1tc, 34th Dj v::. s1 on; CLn ral Pool , , t . South African Ar or ,d Div-· ,. . ion, G ,n r 1 Th~ron, A :m-: 11.: s rat iv, fficer South Africc".n Forces; G,_,n .,rPl Almond 92nd Division; G ,nernl Tasc,r_.nh~s, .ra.zilian 1-i . :p~di· J.onRry -Fo:i.·ce; Gen,ral Danj_els, r . . presen-Vng G ,neral ritchard of th, 1st J\rmor e d Li vision; <} ,n .re 1 Utili, Commanding the · gnano G:roup . G~n rnl Clark addressed __,n,ch co1.1MPnc1cr individuall.y, giving a bri ,f r__,smne of th_., P ccomplishment of th .... ir command T e G ,n.,ral. then addr ssed G ,n~ral Crittenberg __,r , comm nding h.:..m on the me gnificcnt _job h., bad don~ as Corps Cornnandor ., G --neral Gritten) ,rg ,r th~n P_d dressed G ,n ,rf!.l Clark teJJ.i g him the grerit honor it hrs 0 ,en for IV Corps ,o ave s .,r :ed nnc, er his mar;nific_.nt corv1anG .. G ne:.rn.l Cri tten 1 ,rg r so.id thnt at ::10 , im , t h, mn.de any r qu - sts to Gm ,rRl Clark that r,r ,1", not at one-., Rranted , nncl it" WRS -through 1is _,..in., load ,rship thPt this .a;reat victorJ was mn_de rossible . �( Gen.,ral Clark with Cren,ral Cr~tt nb__.rg ,r an his divisionril commHnd rs , then drov, to the Continental Hotel h,re they vrer., qr eted b~r G n ral Cordona, Chief of the G n ral Comrnanrl of the Volnnt~ ,r orps of Liberty, and I."r . Lonc~hi , Fr~sident of th Cornnitte of National Liberation for 'Jorth Italy, a· _6 oth r 1:i.gh ranking partisan Lad~rs . G~neral Ratfa 1 Cordona ntortain ,cl G~n ..,rfll Clark for lunch rri th Allied Gen -.rp ls and patriot leaders . Gen,ral Cordona at lunch prorosed a toast to G~ne ral Clark and his All:i.ed troops hrit four;ht over th~ most difficult t r ra.in in Europe and expressed the pl ,asure of the pc'3.rtisans to hr-i.ve fought beside such excellent troops G1..,n ral Cl~u·k return ,d General Cordona' s toast , sayinr; hov .crenuin~ly proud h ., WP. s of th fine · , ork the p:-irtfaans in TJorth Italy ha.d don and how pl ,ased he wns of the ciscipline nd or ganization of these troops He also expressed his ~atitud and approc iation of the f · nc job 1:1hich the five Italian di vis ions lffhich serv~d under his coJ11mand had p_,rform,d . in closinF.;, Gen ral Clark proposed a toast to the Allied soldiers 1vJ:.o had fa.llen . r After lunch Generr l Clark, ,·dth G £Ural Critt ,nberg ,r and "'cn . . . ral Cordona , drove to G ., neral Cordona t s H .,ad '1ur.rt~r'J ·.,rhcre th , Army Group Comr,1ander , in G neral Cordon:'l ' s offic,, , was introduced to th 1 ading rartisan officials . Genral Clc.rk sroke briefl; to the.partisan o:fficinls ., t,11j ng them hov;r proud the;r sb011 ld .., of the important pc'~rt th :r hav~ r la:y~ ,d a l on,side of t .h e Alli s in the µtru .,gl ., to fr JtPly of G rma.n, Prmi-.;s . 'T'he r,laynr of f;ilan , Mayor Griepe arrived and b.,for'-, th, assembled . , oup presented G1 ,neral Clt:1.rk w; th th~ Flc: g of flil~n nnd also a sn'lll '':'-ronzc stA.tu" of St . Ambro~i.o the ratron saint of f·~ilan , carrying the torch of l iberty . Tlns sculpture was done by Castiglion, th.., femous Viilanese sculptor . General Clur}~ stated tht::it he accepted thes .. gjfts on behalf ·o. e very AllLd soldier , dead or aliv , ~rhos., brav .,ry in combat had brought liberty to the p ople of r Iilrm P d th rest of It?.ly. 1 Gem.,ra.1 Clark accompnnied by G ,neral Cr.~ttenbcrgcr and Lt . Col . Angleton , MIG ffic .,r of Milan, th ,n made a. sightseeine; tour of t½e c:lt~ , visitin:r th~ famou~: cathedral Pnc musoum of San Ambrogio where t c General saw th., famous Lconr-.rdo de Vinci cone rt ion of the last supp ,r . Th, Army Group Commander then drove tc th~ airfield and d parted for his command post in Florence General Clark today received th~ follov,::i ng cable from General Alexc nder : "At 0241 hours , 7 Ha , r pre~ ntativ of tbe Gerrnc1.n High Comwmd \ sign,d the unconditional surr ✓ nder of n.11 G,rmfln Land , Sea and Air Fores in Europ, to th Allied ~xpeditionary Force and s:Lmultr,n ously to the Sovi t High Com:r1a.nd . · n2 . All forc..;s nn .er Germ,m control P.r--, to ceR.se active op1'rations at 0001 B hours , 9 Lay (9 7ay) ." * * * FLORi:::::NCE--HAY e, 1945--The General nrrived 2.t his headquarters P.t 0930 ., At 1300 r1r . &.nd rirrs . Myron Taylor came to lunch with G ,nerc: 1 Clrirk at his l �ll3 headquarters . The Generl spent ·he aft rnoon and evening G .n •,ral Clark s nt the follo'Ting cabl ternoon this villa . to General McCreery this at·- ttThe obj~ct of your op.rations rema~ns ..-s given in this Hq 0-5529 of 5 T.Tay thAt is (a) to secur., th ar ,a Tarvisio - Klagcnfurt (b adv(_ nc ra:ridly tomrds firstly Graz to contnct Russians and secondly Lo.,ben Ra dstadt to cont ct 12 Army Group 11 2 ., In this connection it is mo~t desirc.ble as much ns possible of the Bri ti~3h zon in Au tria should e occupied befo " .,_' ther the Yugoslc1vs or Russians get th ,,r n 3. In vieVi however of the p; n . ra 1 unconditional surr nfler of the en my, your action on encounterin , en,my orposition must be moc;lified in order to PVoid as far ris possibfo incurrin~ any C8sualt::ics to our own troops throug ~recipit~te action . "L~. On encountering cnem~r your troops shoulrl. rarley "Tith th~m wit 1 a vi ,w to securini:s their imnedjat.., surr ,n er . If this is not fort cop1j ng and if the enemy resie!ts 2.ction Pgainst th . . m should b confined to c. rtil1 ry and a rial bombA.rdment Attacks b;'i,'" :i nfantr., vTill be avoided 11 Gcn~rP,l Clark sent General Trus cott the fo1 ovling radio r Jgar<ling tlie s t tuation on th :Blranco-I t alian ·frontier : n1 SH.AEF ar ., requ esting rench to instruct G.,n Doy n to coordinat his vri thdravtal into France with he e.rri val of your or ce s on the Italian order . SEAEF have stress~d 1.mportance of ennbling Fifth Lrmy to estabE_sh frontier· control on Ttnlian sid as nlready planned and Ag:r .• d v French SHARF consider R,rriYc: 1 Fifth Army troops with instructions to tac, ov .,r from Fr nch and establish frontier control best way of enuring French withdrawal. S ould Fr ,nch r .,ply be unsatisf P.ctory the matt .r i l l be rcferr~d to Combined Chiefs of Staff r12 In ~mticipc t ion of li'r .. nch ·Tithdrawal you ·•j J.l est Rblish AH} in forthwest Ital up to T◄1ranco -Ita1,ian fronti r s quickly HS possibfo . u3. You will avoid any armed clash with French at all costs . Should any comlict·c.p e .r likel, you will ord r yom; troops to ._,tand fast and refer to this headqu[-lrter s for c1 .. cision. n * * * 1945--The G ,n~ral arrived at his offic flt 0900 rnd spent a busy mornin., in his office rrnrking on pap ,rs . At l?.30 hours r.ir. Offie Political Adviser AFH w, Ftnd Er ,Rrhnrt , /\.mcric&n :Political Advisor on Austrian / ff airs , came to see Gvnerr-d Clar}· anrl r nr-i ined for lunch as Ins r,·1.1-..,sts . In the afternoon the G(>n ,ral remain ,d in his office and returned to his v:illa at 1830 for th v ning FLORENC --HAY 9 1 I �( Gen ral Clark today sent th~ following instructions to his Army Command~r s regarding the course to be pux su d ollov1ing the urrender . n1 . In order to provid c ntr~.lized control the resJ~onsibility for accepting and ~recessing surrender d Axis p.,rsonn .1,· transport dumps , <locum nts, etc .,, of PfC Southwest will b., assum ,d b~r t 1 . CoITir1nnding G1'n , ral, Fift h JU-my, by 0001 hours 13 r~.y. 11 2 Fifth Army will assm1., control of and respons1-bility for all surrendered Axis per onnel .dthin their pres nt Army zon and the.t pr>rt of the Eighth Army zon north of Highvray 13 and w st of th Riv r T ,gli~ m ,nto . Eighth rmy vill relinquish control of and responsibility for all such matters in th Rbov B.rea ., This r .,sponsibility is exclusive of the estimat d 40 , 000 Axis troops w 10 became pri. on rs of 'mr before t he S1Jl' render ,vas ordered R.nd were not evacuated prior to the s1.xrrend r and hr've since e.n classified as surrendered p rsonnel T ese remRin th~ responsibility of ~igh"l,h Army. u3 . Headque.rvers Gernnn l'•.rrny Group 1 C1 with its subordin,,. te head quarters ·rill r port direct \,o Fifth Army on all Axis matters ., Fifth Army will r lieve 15th Army rrroup Liaison d ~tachm nt t Bolzano by 13 : lay. German Liruson lTission now a.t Headquarters 15 Army Crroup is available for Fifth Army .. ?ersonn 1 not renu:ir Jd b. Fifth Army rill be rP-. ·,urn ,d to Bolsano by 13 i 1ay. tt 4 The intention of this direct iv~ is to charge 1, i.. th Army vnth the initiPl control disarning c,nd. recessing . Subsequently all Axis p ,rs onn ... l equipm .. nt and supplies will be nrocessed y Fifth Army back to the American and Brj tish f1.nal concentration areas under instructions to iRsu .,d lat r n5 . Eighth Ar ny will continue control 2nd proc.,ssin(s o. prison,rs of war sm~r~nd ,Jr d p .,rsonnel anrl captur ,d .quipmenv and stores whic fr,_ll ·within its zone less surr .. ndered Ax1s } ..,:rsonncl in thnt portion north of Hi~hvray 13 and r1est of River ma.glinmento . rr General Cfark this aft rnoon cabl.d General McCreery as follo1s: lfTh following is the taxt of a message from G .. ner~1 Horgr-in I'iarshal A ex .nd~r dat .. d m~ May. f1essagc begin 00 FLld n t Meetin? with r\-.r hal Tito lasted on nnd ha lf hours . After he had studied terns he immediat .. ly w.nde it clear that h could not accept th ,m ~ His main a r gument r•ms that as he had conqu~red the terrHory and as he h-d ev,ry intent~on of claiming this and further territory to ·h west under the peace treaty c co1sidercd that his country should b .. 2llorred ,o occupy this territor;v as a re TH.rd for all th .. ir ,fforts in th__, Al: ied c?..use and expenditur in blood rnd resources . Ifo th n ent on to say that RS he ·vr,s willinp to giv us full and unr-,strfotcd use of the port of Trieste nnd the rends anc' railTirays we required he consid rod th~.t t .is would amply meet our milj ta needs . At this stage it look .. cl. as if __urth ., r discussion -,ms useless . I asked him o•· tW _,r to ,xy:lain more C �ll5 fully what he meant by uru--estricted use he th .,n b gan to yi:ld a certain amount nd finall, :.-Volved after much questioning nnd d:iscussion a suggested plan for a joint militar.r command ='. n t L Prca . He e:;\!1lainPd that there would joint military corm'1anders of equal rr:ink 1ho 1 ould command th troo . . s of their mm nationality , administrc:ition o th., territory must however be cn.rri ;d out by the gov .J''nrnent of 'Thie 1 h hrd ~.lr ady es· Lbli shed underground three years ago P.no i'J -- ich has now ta1-<:en control. In r1atters p 1 ta:i.ning to military interests t 1 e joint cor'71T'lf'nrl 1; oulci have overridini=s powers over the cjvil authorities ., Th~ Allies would be in full control of the port a 11c ra~lways nnd could run them PS they wished using locRl la our c nd . mploy, .es as required., A11 ·. od troorA in the t.rec. v ould have extrrt t rr:i.torj nl rights unil r th ;ir o •m corm1andcrs Italir:m m tropoli ta.n lire would b~ th0 c1rrcnc~r., A further m ,t:ing h· s be n arrrmged for 1100 wurs tomorrow 1'vhen Tito vill confJ.rm above roints and \Till be as rnd for furth~r e:x:rhmations o.nd · or d tnils rogarding th, navnl aspect of the port control.. I m.._9.d , j t quite clear nnd end d th, neetin!; by so stat~ng his prorosals we3re quite beyond my po vcr to discuss r-m" I vroul·. ave to ref ~r to you an you almost certr:1.inly to tb , li.rLricc n and Br· tish Govc,rnm-,nts . ily fim~.l impr ,ssion is thnt Tito is in such c :position that ev ,,n if h, wished to h is unt1 )1, v1it 10ut :r"r ;judici ng his ow11 posidon to f;nrnt us the t ,rms n su mitted . Althou,h t e results vrer, most unsa:tis·:""a.ctory from oux· point of vi.xr thn rneeting ,nded on a fri ,ndly note with ctrinks all round . 11 Wi 1 reference to the .- bove quot cable , Fi ld Marshal A reply to Gen~ral Horgan is quot d elow: 11 1. Your UD 1 xander ' s 2 received . 11 2 For ,rour guidance in future discussions Ti th Marshc'cl Tlt6 I will not recede from terms of agreem ,n w}iich you lmve pres nted except for ro~sible sli ht adjustments in :ropos..,d bourn ury and in allo 7ing Marshal Tito to r~tain some regular Yuq;oslnv troops 1 est of the boundary. In the 1 tt r case, hovrever, any of his troops ,•rhich do rem'""' in in the area west of th, line must be p~a0ed under my cornmn.nd tt 3 Subj ,ct to th, above I ~-,ill not e.ccept anythi.ng less than the propos ;4 i)oundary Fhich runs east of ~rieste anc incluo.es 1.~ n,;cessr,ry \ port rnd depot facilitLs and th, rail nd roPd coml'lunications rmming. L om Trieste into Austria If rhrshrl ito insists in kecring some cf his troops w~st of that Jound1-1ry, I w~ 11 ag-.c ,c uO it only under conditions referrecJ, to in para two abo re . However, as . , ou v,ill appreciate he f .wer Yugoslav roops which· remain west of the o mdary the better . 0 11 1+ As indicated in e proposed agreement, I trill us , any Yugoslev civil acl.ministra:t,ion ·which is alrear:y stabl:! shjl and is wor cine sa uisf actorily in the. area , ut I insist t r,t it functions under mjr Alli cl l.Ulitar •.r Gow~rnn ent . ·othing less than tha.t is acceptable to me 11 s 5 I rrill not agrne to joint military command ns su:;g.✓ sted by IV1in.r - 1 Tito . t16. fa fere1i.ce ou.r -di scus 0 .... 1· OUR .~ b forn . .r:o·t,,... . d,epe.r t ure , you should '-' , ,!.,.L �( ( mak, i t cl ar to Ma-rshal Tito thnt if h fails to c~ccJ t the proposed agree ment , I s ·1 all be very disc ppoint d . Th~ ma ,ter 'i]) tli ,n be out of my ands n __ m st ref ---1"' it · o authoriti~s in Washington and Lom1on with v.-hom he mus deal in the fu ure .. ou should point out t rJ~ I _ av , Pl iBys b en a good r~_cnd of hj_s as hJ ill ay:precji:-te by th _. mi t Jrir·l ,_ nd milit ry aid vhic I have gi vcn him However } th::.s has only b~ n c1 chieved :;y th clos , pt!)rsonal contact. !Vhich we , ve had in th past ., If he cannot deal w1 th me directly along the line of th-.- proposed mili tar, a;"'., m ,nt , · hich you l1avo present d , I canno · go fartht.:r, < nd it "Till be n cessar::r for 1im in th, future to deal with th, Anerican and British Gov,rnments . y n7 . this cab .. leas inform British and A~nerican amba sadors of contents of (.., . ti Gen ,ral Clark- dictat ,d the not s quoted belov1 for inclusion in his diary : 11 For s me time i.t has _con i~<licnted th,St I might be the Amc.rican )) Commander of ro ops in Austria and c c csignated as the !'.riLrican High .,. Commj ssioncr nc;farnn:r, pursuant to my l'c.quest , rac1 io d G neral HarshP 11 th2.t -· Fould li :ch an c ssignmerit , provid ,a I was not lj ned up for a combB.t jo · in the Pacific . Later , 1'.1cHarnJ7 re dioed he ifar D _pP.,rtment , without notifying me , that h, Yroulcl like to be set up nominally as the Jii~h Comnti.ssion ·r w~i th Truscott as his Deputy; Fifth Al"'PW furnishing th staff . It then seem er, desirabl J to 1 t Fiftb Army h, nd le the red . . ploynen t in Italy for 1et ave the Bdministrative staff to do so , .nd I do not . Truricott did not want to go to Austri , pre um?.bly as a De1=uty, so HcNarney asked me 1r1hat I t _ought of i-t I tel ephoned c]'- rnAy - nd tol/ im that I r,as '.Jillin~ to do anytbinB )Ut that i I v, . . re sent into ·AustriP I could not agree that h, be arpointed the _igh Comnission rand me his Deputy wh ,re h would bo High Commissioner for n out one week ( nd then turn ov~r to me . WhoeV<:':r is High CommissioneJ· in Austrir._ will hav., one out st ndinG di ficul t7r - that will be th·, Russians .. W oever go ..,s in should f"O in as Hi,::,h Commission ,r initially m1.rl not be a second .light ma.n nnd th :..n get dc"l{ed up:gtairs . I asked ~c-rarn y ,,Jh'"'t possi le e"'~cus th.,r could be for designatinr; h::_m High C01'l:1ission r ,. hen , intvnded to tR.ke no active Ic rt in it ancl could not FsO into Austrfa.. H, could give no reasons ., Pi-·esumably, 1 e desired it for the honor wl-i ich ,~rould e nttachedto it J 1old him that if he were to 1ave it for a week and then I go in it '.vould hurt m, prestige with the Russians nnd oth r mit:~ ons v1ho "rill c my close associates . He agroed, but I do not nm~r 17hnt the outcom v.r:_11 e .. j 1ir . ~ai... hart who is to be my oliticel p_dvisor from the StR.te Department nnc1 vho ult m3,tely will Je th, AmbAssador, call!'JJd on n:c with Hr . Offi , t e J S . Political r1visor to the Thenter Comrr1r-i-11d ,r here in Itflly . The, believe thP-.t I am to be d signat . . d initially the High Cornr1issj_oner I ask ,d them to find out from the State Dc,prrtmn:nt th ir point of vi ,w . hey feel j t would be a e;raYe error for t 11e Tnited Stat ,s to set tvm four star ,ener£?1S up - 011-- as a stuff ,d shirt , R.nd th"' other , ~ tbe ·worker and t ) ,n pull ,he top man out a. few r1nys letc.r .. I hn:L to be rut in t is poshion, but I f .,,el i t is of sui'fiefont importnnc, to press t ~ point until a decision is 1 ~<le ., I f el I should insi t my vie 1s be sent 7 / �to the WFJ.r Dep~rtmi.mt . T ·1e tc-1.tn r~. resr:mtativcs concur and intend to raise tl19. qu stion through State Dcp2.i--trn ,nt channols ., I was gr atl imrr ss d with "r . Earhart and am sur · ·re rill hit it off . " Follovling is the text of General Clark' s , :_, Da.y broc cast which was air cl over the local station and to the States yesterday . ttThe vmr in Italy na.s be n a lon~ and bitt .rly · ought battle . It ms meA.nt the comp ete n ·1d close coop ,ration of all the Allied forces . The all- out and combined .f orts of lSth Al my Group' s Fifth and ?.:ight.h J. rmies on th~ ground of t ., I~dit rr9n ,an Allied T"lctical Air Force and 15th Air Fore in the skies , and the Allied nPvies on t1e sea nade it ·impossi l· for th -r-Jazi Armjes to remain intact . Time and tim., again v1hen lock d in attl,, the G rmans tried an ord rly r tr c: t only to fine the..t all a enu s of e s cap had be .,n bloc1'-ed by tactical ( nd str tegic bombing The aid given by th~ 'T'roop Carrier Cor.:uJ0nd i.n the delivery of suppli s to our troors and to the Far·'5sans of the 15th Army Group th, evricu;,,tion of the wounded , made tr.- nsport plrmes t, uly I ar plan s ' • The off n"'i ves of our FLth and gighth Armies wer n ver c:. single opcrrttion but the □ ight of air and ground coMbin~d f e aim of l)th Army Gr)up res to make th~ German stand and fight . Gen ,ral Chidlaw 1 s tn_ctical ,.. ir forces , and the strategic air fore s of General T dning , under the v r-a.11 corr1I1. nd of G n ,ral Cannon t s 1" di tcrra.n an Alli d Air Fore s mnde this po si )1 by loc dng his escape routes s well cS cutting his supply lines . Through close coord_" nD.tion and tearnwor <: of th r;round troops of 15th Army Group _nd t o c :i.r armies of the Ii ..dit .rr 1 ,an theater , ti. :.) eat victory hns een won 11 * * * * 10 1945--T 1 G ,n~ral r .. rnained in his villa oc7ay Pna ha.d impoJ:-tant pa.p~rs clelivero · to him via courier c:t intervals dur:ing the day. J "AY FLORENCE - HA.Y 11 945- General Cl8rk ccomptmied y G ,n0rcJl Gruenther , took 01 f at 1055 from Florence to att~zi,d a cor mony in V .nic·e .. There vrent along also nofficially, Gcn.ral Brann, G neral Jaynes , Colonel Miller , Colonel D1 0rsa and severrl oth .r staff o-f'ficers ., This part · ook no _ rt in th.,, off iciP 1 ceremonies throughout the day but -r•r .nt merely for t e rid • G~neral Clark arrived a.t the Lido airpor·t shortly )cfor t velve noon anc 'Vas m~t \ G.,nerP.l I,1cCr er th~ Eighth Army Cor:imander . H, trav ,lled into lenice in th., Arny Co:run.ander 1 launch, 2rriving at t ·)e Piti r:?:Za San Harco at 1214. H .re he wn, gr19et, .,d by a ~ll2rd of honor composerl of troo ,s from th, ~rp;yll nncl Suth ..,rland Hi~hlanc1ers and from the 12th Royal Frontier Force Rifles , also th p'ipe !'_nd of t e Argylls . Tho G .r.i.er( 1 S::~lute was pl y cl on the pipes and Gen r..-~l Cl .rk ins _.ect K. -,he t,i,ro honor guPrds . Immediately after :m.rc.:s G n rel Clark pr .,sonted the L .,gion o· Merit in the D·.gre., of Com1:12nder to six British G ner~l officers . rr here WAS • short t:..Xchange of speech ,s bet ween G neral Clark c.nd General McCreery, �I and the following GenJrals ca.me up , one c.fter the other, to be decorated : Gen~ral Freyberg, 2nd ;Jew Zealand Di vision; General ·Bohusz - Szyz. o, 2nd olish Corps; General Duch , ,rd Carpathian Division; General Sulik, 5th Kresowa Division; General Russell, 8th Indian Division; General '·lhitfield , 51Sth British Infantry Division .. G.,nerr-tl Clnrk met the ·!ayor of enice ri.nd the local Itc lian rr1.ili tary commander . He e,h ,,n vmlk . . d to the Grand Hotel whr re he ~ nd G ,ner,.,l Grucnther were guests of the ,N:'my Command r for luncheon .. Most of th.,, high r .nking officers taking part in or e.ttencang t 1e ceremony were also ~ests . Durjng the 1=1.ft rnoon G~n ,,ral Clar}·· was taken on a short tour of ·1hmice by Brigadier Ric1ards , Commanding i%th Army Area (British) . He visited th Doge t s Palace and .Saint Mark t s Gr-i thedral , and he· mc.rle fl quick tour of the shopping qua.rter in ,nice . He then spent Rbout one hour trnvell-ing by launch nround the cnna.ls , and especially the Grano Cr,.nal. HE. stopped off for a ft1w mjnut .,s at 86 Area Hq. General Clark r turn.d to the Lido a.irf"'ield and took off at about 1'730 hours, ar-riving in Florence at 1830 . At 1930 hours Under Secretary of War _ atterson, wjth Mr .. Amon Garter , Fu lishP-r of the Fort Worth Star- Telegram, and General T"-;.nscy of the Opera.tions Division of the Wn.r Depar1..,ment arrived ., G ,rn'H'r=i.l Clri.rk met Under Secretary Patterson at the Florence airfield and c1rove him to his headquarters where h, entertain,d his :iistinguishcd guests for dinner . After dinne.!r Gcmernl Cl~trk conferred with the Under Secrefa.ry in his of fice for two hours . Messrs . rPtterson , Gflrter nnd Gt~nnrnl Tans Jy then J."eturn .,d to the Hotel Kx:ct1lsior for th, night . General Clark today received the following letter from G~neral Trus cott rc~garding the French situation in 1forthvrest Italy: n1 . I am transmittinp; her .,vd th a r eport b;v my G-5 , Brigadier General · Hume , on a personal inspection durin~ the r,ast t ~ro or three days in th area in Northwest Italy at rres nt occupied by Fl"'ench troops I think it is obvious from this report that political m:.,gchinations are involved, looking toward the annexation of some of the corununes or .rovinces adjacent to the Franco-It:=ilian border . In my opin5on this rnatter should be rre "'." sented on the hi~hcst level with a view to attaining the withr'rawa.l of the Fr~nch forces in accordance with the SHAEF directives , if thnt is to be accomplished ., General Fume is 8VBilable for amplification of this report _ in p rson , if that is desired ~ "2 . ln my message, Ref . Fo . 1679, I reported the r .,sult of a visit from my lia:r-son of'ficcr, Golon.-1 Cpnway, to the Fr .. nch headquarters. u 3,, General 7'Jorbert, Chief of Staff to Gen ,ral Doyen, visit ,d Fifth Army Headquarters 1:J dn sda7,r 9 nay for a conference with G .neral Carle ton . In thi conf '"'rencJ he Rtrted that French troops had receivec1 orders to withdraw and were awaJting confirmetion b;" th~ir government 4> He proposed tha.t , since the Fifth Army rnj_ ss · on involved the occupation of northwest I ,aly., one of two solutions Je ~mployed: �~ W,, advance to t French forces . 1e lin no•.•1 occupied by 1 ,.ading elements of , r ,. complete +_,h ·occupRti on i;rithout regard to the fact thr-it French troops nre alrea.d,r in the flrea . J He favor d 'l,he linL occupj cd by leading el ments of th, French forces RS the 1 · ne of demflrcation Gen.,,ral Norb ,rt also :0roposed to Gvn ,:i."al arL,ton t :nt T· moot G ,.noral Do:11_,n in 7urin, vri h honor ards nnrl consj_derr.b le fan are Th_, rea on ad.vane d hy G rierPl ~Torhert 'fa the fact thr,t the French hnd 1ecm eomp(1ll~d to co11G to Turin to sign th , Cflpi~ulation of 1940 to the Gr,rmans r11d Itr_lians and thr..t such a m, tin') muld r .,mov the sting from th~ old wound . Gen~rPl Norb,rt en-.eavor ,d to .,mphasizc that this propos ,d mcet1 nr: in ':i'urin ·muld e a mMting of olch ..,rs or t e purpose ind:tcrted and would h~ve no .connection with politics . Obviously from our roint of vieY1 sucri a me .,ting muld be a grent mist _kt-, . I hRve lrected tha.t Generr-1-1 Do~,,-en 1e inforr1 d thnt I '~•j_ll be v ry hap y to ri ,et him · on the Franco - Italian order or at his om h adqur1r ers , or that I 1,ill e very lad to rec ,ive Mm at my head uarters . · It seems obvious to m., that any meeting und r any otht,r con itions vrnulc] be a s rious mistak on o Jr rnrt since it is quite evident th French er, endcavorinr{ to tac . a.dvantap;e of the rr ...,sence of Am ,rican forces to su Jport d vious political an~ terri torinl Pnbi tions ., 4., I am continuing ·"he occuration of l orthv1 · ItP..ly Gen ,rel Hume informs me that· he has already infiltrat__,d a numb r of AJIG officia.1s into the district aml t ~t more ar,. on the vra"' 11 11 Gen ral Clru."' c toda. r rerlied to Gen ral Trus co' t by th f ollovring ca 1 : Y u ·will follow th lin__, o.!'l action i ndic.•:ited in rnragraph J_ of _ ove nee letter, taking all practicable stv s o encourag French witha to tl1 F. anco-Italian orr er ut j n any ca.s , "'rou should esta lish frontier contro on the I talie.n side of th ., ' order Rs you h;- v, aJree.dy b""~n instruc ,d in m 111.-ssage O 5546. If {ollov in~ this cours., of r-i.ction brin~s you to t e point 1·1here hostiliti ,s ::tre thr ,,atened youx troops ,.ill stand f a st and immediate report ril b, mad, to thi he,dqu~r __.rs 11 11 I concur in your r .,fusal to m., t tbt"" French ,:e:neral et Turin. \Jh ,n and if you ~rranr:re o mJet , 1 ith G~n 1·\ 1 DoJ n I dcsir ou to P(1 Vis me in advance so th t ~- may ave a r .,pr •1 .ntativc '"'r m -Lh is h"'edquar·, rs pr ...,sent '"'or · ,he Meeting , 1 T L qu.,. st ion of th ., · i thdro.wP 1 of Frenci1 troo·1 s .oI, om Itnly h:_:i s ,on tak .,n up on th., hi~hest Lvc:1_s I 2 r s_.,nding another m,.,ssng~ top· ld 'b rsha.1 P.l ,xand,"' ~nd will cJo ev ,.rythi g ro0sible to assist : ou n r ,achin~ an early solution to a di ficul t ir'O bl .,m ., tt ·1 Ge eral Clar c r~ported to ~ ield i4.?rshal Al xander by situri. ion in Tforthwes Ital as follrnrrs: Cc 1 to e..y on "l ~h 1s +'~.r J hRVe: no -✓Videnc, thPt G ,.n ral :io~ ~n is ·1 ·:..th ·ravrini; . rench troops from ~ or h7__.st It--ly . H, :i.dvis r1 Fi· Army stf-l+>f o ficer on Pny 7 1 re .11: 1, d ... _., c iv d or ers .c>rom ,,Jth Arm, Group ·Jo rit dr8w to �Franco-Italian fron · i ,r hut wri ._, n;rnd ti·1g conf irm~tio 1 fron French Governm\.,n-L ..., f.'or complying Le pro os, nn ih.t rim solutio 1 thrt . . it er we a .Ve nee to line no .r occupied );T 1 ar in ~ ..,1 ,ments o Fr ,nch forces or that ~Jo advance to Franco-Ifali,:.n f'rontier passinp: t 1rough }'rcnch troops and allowing U 1 em o r .,majn ~:n place . IL r1.,comm~nded ,.,e halt on present line of Fr nch troops . Doyen i- s Chief of Sta·· f on !'/lay 9 proposed Alli ,cl c .:-rvmony i.n Turin .r:Lth Fr ncl1 participatio·;1. Ee stated Fr{')nch had be_,n oblig d to com., to Turin in 19/t0 to sign capiculr-1.tion and ceremony wuld r ,mov. that sting. . will not p ,rmit th0 c.,rcmony to t[->Jr~ place . 11 2 I av --- directed Truscot., to ndvanc as rapidly ·1s rossi )L to th. Franco·•"ft2.lian bord Jr trikinf~ all practicabl stel,o to ,ncourage th Fr ,nch to withdraw hut in any case to ,stP.hlish frontLr control · us . If hostiliti ,s nr thr -~.teiLd b .. ~1--iis act:i 0:1 b~ hes Y en instructed to he ve lns troops s cancl fast . nd to n::1- an i.1JJ ,diat., r~ _ort to his headqu~rter s. 1 J n 3 er ·-ve are a,- ,er1pting Jo move U .. S troops · nto border ar c • as dir..,ctcd in AFHQ ?.1C 7'222[ and FX 724"1 ·.nr~ to sta'tli~h A.I Gas rnpidly as poss·1 le . lhil . +,he •r Jnc troops on t:1e 0 round 11:r-. :xvr ,rLl. cor liPl to om· troops, the ..,rogress w are ma .inf~ is not sntisfq.ctorJ bec;:ius., of priss~ive in,,t'.,rfe:cence __ rom Fr.,nch h . y hav·, orge,niz rorc" hloc}rs on Jrey rout ·· and T'1R. fo it v .,r;.r di ,..ficuit for adv of om· tr o s . r,ruscott considers th!lt unfo tunc1. incid . nts rill if ou- ( dv...,nce is rush~d, arid I concur 1 J 1t i- _ n Cr'!'n:~ area Fr .. nch ,,Lm ,nts Dl" stimu'_Ptin1 op1L-r pro French c emonstrations l!'rencb flags ar., rromin ,ntly cd splayed am1 local Cammitt .,e ha. s order ~ct Itali'l n lags ta ~ n do1:v11.. Forms r-irc b ,ing d ·1str:tbut ;d 1/) for signature urging ann.,xatio.1 of nrea by France . Fr ,nch he v,__, or ''er, 1. It..-lie.n to accept trenc. currency In some instances one franc is given for one lir, to in.flu ntial civi1ians . Si UPtion in.AOSTA area is genern.11 tLe same . hny Itqlrn.n pn.rtisa he ve e.;(pr .,sse · their rem 1 iness ·co fight Fr nch if necessar, • s "5 I a 11 not 1mdul alarmed ov ,r this situntion )Ut it is rot .nt-'o..lly \ dangerous . I am confid, t t . 1.n,t th, Fr ,ncb ,vil_1 not . . ngagc in ar ..ci conflict with T • S .. troops. r:a.ny of th, loc2.l C01"1""1 ,nc1 ,rs s ,rv .,d un' ,r rn, • n t 1.., Fift 1 Army and r f ,,r w:l.+,h ·"'rid , to thn nssochtion vhcn our lJ Hison office,rs vi,·i.t French units. Howev,r I clo riot lvw-, complet, co trol ov ..r tie ItFtlian r2.rtisans e.n, ::.ncidcnts 1-et,,e n th n anc1 Fr ,,nch troops mR·r occur at r.ny time v1i h unfort,m: t., r .. sults . If th .re is . ny additional pressure i 1/h_· ch ca11 e brouc1 ht on th . French Gov rmr1 ,nt vO s ,,cur , a.n imm ,diate w1 thdrawA.l . urgent , r ,comm nd that such action h . tak~n . n 'S . r ,nc forvrrrd .,lemJnts no, occupy th ,· ✓ n .ral linu PP.E ST DIDIF,R , _)tr"' 10I1'~HO SAL3ERmRPi. AIGUILL c3 (FRAJCZ) 0RGO d DALi ffi XIO, ·m, ~s, ~, ~\ff1JfiJC'rLIA , with l .,ments approximately 10 1-:ilom ,ters east of th 'T ~~-7 I ·IGLIJ\ ROAD . 11 cmmo, 1 * * * FLORBNCE-- 1AY 12, 1945--G n Jral Clro. .1r rnet Under JcretPTJ att rson, r~r . Cart r, G, 1 ral 'T'Hnsey, G ,n .r2.l Chidla · r>nd Colon ~1 Groe;, n at th., Florence 1 �( ( ( �a1rfi ,ld wh re they took off in Seer ,tary Pc tter•--on' s C-47 for Fj lan et oqo Arrivin , t 1015 th ,:r wer~ met b,r G ,_n .ral Cr:.ttcnb ,rgcr The pc rty th , n ove to th,, cent ,r of ~ 1• L n vh .,r a guard of hon.a·· , ras h ..,ld for the tTnder S .er .,tro\f of , ar ,, 11 h guRrd consi, t .. d .of rin .,ric~ n ~)outh /.\.fricr.n, raz:i.lian Italirm and ·iritish troops .. Aft ,r th., honors had b ,_,n given, t 1 S ,cret~.ry r ,vfow ,d t., gun.rd Tr-i th G ,n ·:,.l ClPrk ., G .n ,n:i l Crittenbcrgl_.r th ,n took Lie rr·nder ecr ,tnr G ,nerR 1 Clf-lr: an,1 pc rt;v on t1 fort -five minut sight-st~ in:, tour of Nilrm r, At lM.5 th .,y arriv1,d IV Cor} s Heedqu,.._rt..,rs in Milan v.,rher.., G .,nera l ritt-nber :,er introduced t.., nd.,r S ,cr.,tHry to th following t ivisional comnn.nders: Gen___,ralAlmon , Gcner~l Bale, Gen.,r~l D.nL,ls G.,ncr:=il Ut:Ui, G .,ncral oo 1, at1t G-..,n..,ral JiaSCRrenhR s . rr 1., Under Secretnry spoke to ·he a . . sem' l..,rl g, .n ,rc 1 o .. ficers congrP.tulatin~ h m on their .,r~Rt accom lishment~ hvre in Italy and how proud the p opL int United StAtes 't er~ of th, gr at job the, 1ave don ., G n.,ral Critt nb~rg r th ✓ n Jnt rtained Under S ,cretnry of Hnr Fe.tt ,rson and G ✓ ..,rE'..l ClRrk at c lunch at th, Conti· ntal Hotel in d-"lan .. J'J~yor Grat ti of r'1ilA.n nnd s veral high ran:V.-ing partis n o c>ficiB ls v-r _,re rr ,s nt at th lunch. Irnmedfa.1.,ely ft .,r lunch G Jn.,ral lar1r and J:'GrtY drove to t r ilan B.ir ort rher ., th ,y took off in C-47" s for V~ llafrnncP_ •Th .,r th ,y · were met Pt t , f ~ , ld by G nerP.l Mruscott . Uith G ,nerPl Truscott th~y th .,n drove to the command po t o the Fifth Army , t Veron"' wher.., th Unr1er S er ,tPry r .3 met b a guard of honor ., G nerals K y , Liv say Coulter , la.ys, ? .ndall, Carl ton, _omrd, ullivr-m and staff o •"'f -~ c .. rs of Fifth Army Headquart .rs all as'7 mbLd in .,n .,ral Trw1cott t s conf ,r .,nc hut here they -wer , address .,d bri ,fly b;r the nder s~cr 1tary of War congrntulatinF; t m on the great n ccomplishra ,nt r1ade her , in Ital:r. Imm.,diat,l, ollo, in~ a shot cer,:mony, GJnerel Clnrk wit th Fnrl.er S er ,tary ~,rr . Crirt r , G ,n__,ral T:msey, Colon .1 Gro _ an ., G .,nernl Chidlavr took off _rom Villafranca for ~mice wh ..,re the7 land d at th~ Lido airport . rr ,re the. .,re met b,r _ igadLr Richards , Comma.nding th, -6th Are , who took the party b;-tr la11n ~h on a tour of 1 enice . The r-2..rty too1c off from V ..,nice at 1830 hours , arriving in Flo ence at 19'30 hours General Clnrk entertained th Und ,r S ,cretar~r, rr . Cart r and GcncrRl Tansey- for dinn r this Jvening Gen ral Clark toda:r s .,nt the f'ollovTing message to G~neral Mccreery: lfFi ,ld rnnrshr-i.l Ale.,~anrl"r tocla, sent th., follo ring mes. ag .., to TITO riress· ,g ., begins · HI have been order .,<l JY th" Br-i.tish · nd Unit d Stat ,s gov ,r 1111 ,nts to occur. and ~c1minister th ustrian rov· nces o_ S ·yr:i a and Cr rin-0hin . Py · rooJ s have occupi ,d VillA-ch ·and Klag ..,nfurt and hr v., nact ., junction ii th the .cus..,ian at oitsberg west of Graz . ITy Allied ITilitary Gov .rmnent has "-Jcen proclaim .d and esta. •li..,hed in tl,, c1rca ·rb ich I h~ ve occupi~d . I urn:i .,rstand that on ~qk ,d the alli d 3ov rnm ,,nt. for c zone in Au.., tria to bo allott ,,d to you or occupq.tion on ·1.,. : srm., asis s th0 oth~1 Pllfos . I nm as kin th., Allied Gov ,rnri1ents to tr.1{~ u this question urr ently. 't �( )JJt~' / . ' • ~~~ i ~ ' ' I ~ ' <1,j; ~ ·- ~ )~~ . ( �Meanwhile I ask you to for bid yo J.1"' t.roops o mov ov .,r the Austrian fronti r and to vd thdrau n.n who hav.,, rlr .,ady crossed rrhe pr~s nee of Yugoslav forces in St, ia and Ct1· 5nthia can· only confu;:) th., situntion and make my task mor ✓ difficult You may ely on m to administer th~ ar a impart-inlly and without pre.iudic to any clA.ims you may 'II ish to make lRt .,r to portions o AustriR.~ , I still get r, arts thPt Yugoslav orc_,s ~ r west of the Isonza an.cl ar P1aki g r~quisitions nMr Udin .. I trust thr-t you vdll ord~r the requ-tsitio-:1.in _, to cease im1n__ :1iately Dnd Yill rd thora r these forcJs ILssage ,,nds . " * * * * -NIAY 13 191{,5--At 0~30 th~ G neral drove to the Florence r ·irpqrt to . ay good ye to th_, T der Seer tary of'" Hnr who is leaving thi morning by nlano .or Paris FLORE~TC At 1000 hours the Gen.,rnl, accompanied by G nerc 1 Sa.ltzm:_m, left by C-47 for P.osignono rhere he -ras met b., hi jeep nd r·riven to his ville. in Castiglione ..,llo rhere h ~ sr ,nt the night .. * * *· * 14 , 1945- General Clnrk left Rosig ano y air at approxima In his party were BrigAdier P~chi.rd, G___,nerr:.l , altzmr-in, Lt . Col Short s nior Sout African officer on Gencr<-.1 Clnrk' sta.r-f, and Uss 'Theron dau., t r of Eaj . Gen h;ron, Arlmihi trative Officer of the Jnion Def ,nee 7o~es he pl?n L~nde<l at T,flilnn at about 1000 hour FLOF.ETJC ~-- ,¼Y 11 t .,ly 08.30 . Gen .,ral Clarkt s party was m~t by G~n ral Cri tten Jrg r " They drove through Hilan to the South African Division comm~nd r-o .... -1:, . Here Generr-1 Clark ta.lkc,,,d to Titr Stur:rock, South A''rican Hinister of Rnilwajr-=, nnd Transportation , and Acting Hinist,.r of Defense , and also Lt Gen . Sir 1-i rr . . Vf:n R;meveld, Chief of Staff, Uni n Defense ~ore s., ;sides other mcmb~rs of th ir pP.rt.r. General ;lark, aecompani d y G ;n rc.l I oole , Divisional Comnandcr, and th~ oth~r distinVJish ,c1 visitors th n drov.., to th, Autodromo, Milan s famvd race trac_.. . Here th ,r., ivas n. full-sized gc rd of honor , Pnd repres ntativ, detc chnLnts from all the units in the division. ,mre draun up on rprade . Som, our b~ 1 L --ron units of t 1e r ivision 1vcre 2 lso on parade . Aft .r r~n~r, 1 CL: rY Pnc Mr Sturrock hP.d in Sp ct ,a tr., guard of honor t.-1~,r -~ i'\T8S r>n imrrossiv~ decorction C ,r~mony in vhic some thir ·..-r or'd rri.,mb:.rs o-r> th, division receiv ,d m .ricr-m v;ards for gall[rntr.,r rtnd m~.,r:itorio 1s s ~rvic • Frincipc· 1 a I ong thes ... was th .• a ·irr>rcl .o f the 1~ ion 'Of 1 ri t , Degree of Gomaande . . , -Lo Gen. "'f . E . H. roole , Commander of th., hth South Afric;=m Armor ,rl Di vision . -Aft..,r the decoration c .. r ✓mony, the entire division drove past the , nlu ing · as This was a most impressive sight A.nd took some two hours in all . 0th ,r high rankin.e o·rficers P.t th, cer .. mony w__,r . G ncrE>.l mruscott, G ,nerril Th"'ron rind G .,n..,r" l Bolte . Follo~inp; thr-? c~r ,mony, G .. n ·r.., 1 Pool . ..,nt~rtained th .. ~u sts to '"n op .,n-air llmch ,on in the lovely grounds of thl'!! Ro. ml Palace . Aft . .r hmch (} ,n1,ra.l Clark d ov., back to the air i .. ld anr~ fl .w to Rosi~Rno , arrivine a ou-t 1700. �Duxinq · e coPl"'se of th, da,r G .n rnl Cl~rk a.loo r "t Colonel m.tteo , P· rtisan lertd.r ir IilF.n 1ho had r centl,"" bJ.,n ~ "ignrted C :iJ f of Staff to G~nerc: 1 Jrirdona 1 G ,n .r,., 1 Clr .r I c... toda~'" cr-1.bl .,d G n ,ral r"cGreer"; as fo11ows ~ "1 1 ressur on Tito is no'~ einc; transferred from th military to the gov r ·11:1 ,ntnl 1~ v , ., ' . . ndin.c ac io-1 y ow.~ gov .rnn nt s r-ipply no rnili tar; rr ,s .,ur · tn but con fin our r ef'.linP's vri th him r-md l i,... orces co11c rff11 ., ·· - ... ; "'. r RTrnnJi m nts incid ,nt ·e,o elev loping < d ,--::-------------.---;;;-:;----· i ,ste to A.ustr · a The R of ·y-u~osl v .1.. ore s in kt s·crL is covere . L c~. r I l, 11 2 You 'ihould t< le steps r.nc1 ma.k, arr "1gem~nts , o tl rt hofft,.: l i L.s involving . .,.our .. orces and thos of YugosJBv1 can only occur tbroup;h r "'Ult of c: t·jac on ym.ir forces b: th~ YuE;oc::<l2vs "3 In so far r n pr, ctic ble you qhould confine nl1x· troors in contact :ith :Cu ;oslav,3 to nritish d S 01 c s You Pr , ( uthoriz ,d to us 'Tew Z aL 1d cr·oops in contact wit Yw.,.osl[1vs .Y * * * FLOR ~rTCE- T'tA.Y * "'81 left his vill::i at Ca::n,ig ion} is h .,adqunr in lorenc , erriving t l.100. lar ~, ir~m ;diat ..,,ly upon 1is return cal . ,d meeting o an Brann , r--ate c 1r1 Colon 1 Smi t:r with r ,f ,r .,nee ,ost · o th vi.cin: ty of Bolsano ., ce'ilo and hours G nerP.ls nru.,n co m11 ving th., .At 1?30 J'fr Br:· vi h } olitical Advis r on Austr--t r n Affairs , cam_. . o c nd remain~d for lunch At 1 ~00 hours th., Gen rel a·ct ,nd d a w dd. n~ , tl,, _nglo. can Hot 1 of r1iss Ross i'o .,11 1 .'\.m ,ric n R ,d Cross to Lt Col Robert Ra , Ar ·illel";'l .. ction) Fi t} l\.rmy ~·he Gen . . rnl ;---ve th., 1)rid~ nw2c anrl d d t 1 r ,c.., tioa n.nf dinner " * * NfAY 16 1911-5,la1·k arriv d at is h ,::idqmn·t ,rs at 900 ·1d at 09~10 l 1iss 1, .,· , y,j tish :)hr-> ~ s .,r:i. n a ,tres--: 'ho as be ,n entsrtaining Souti1 Afriean troops h .,r, in H,qly,, cam Lo ay h r rsp ,ctA to G n :ral Cl?rk At 0930 G~nerql S .,vin, Fr nch R(i-;rres ntGtive to the Alli d Control o-·,mispim c, 11 to s e n- 1 ;r'"' 1 Cl k . t is r1or-nilw; c Au 1000 hours G ,n r 1 1-'ift 1 inp; th C P K n G~n Dis wi m "O ..,omP1r-ind 10 \, at 1111:: hours t Y (} 1nr~ls 1 , Hays, Liv . . say o.nc 1 n .. decor g , ,rvic nquiuh .,d r~ rmd ,rs 1 too of· "Y C-l1i-7 for the ny v Ls to 11 .... h ... ld, n. riv rivr-il nt the cor1r,1rnd Jost G,n,rr-il ~ y ,s , Critt ,nh,.,rp;er , Coult r, nor ·ras i1 d ich lRrr, i Oa L., ~ 1 LJ is 1 Clark c'ecoratc G . cott. ., G n · .:. r1..1scott t_ n is r;. .,n ral Crittenb rger ru cot gun.rd " �J divisional conr·k..nders - Gen ... rals Coult ,r , Hr-i.ys L:i.v~s~w , Kend 11 Pnd Bolte . A:."'ter th c ,r ,mon G ,n .,ral Truscott ntert~iru3. th, vn rRl o fie rs at a uffet lunch :i.n his conf~r ,nee ~1Ut 0 Immediatel. a t .,r "lunch th Gen .rP.l fl ,TT bP.ck -to his comw1nd rost in· Flor .,nee, nrr i vi ng Ht 1600 hours T e J ,n,...r!:' 1 sp .,nt th :ccmri ind ,r of th .• afternoon in his of·,...ice , r turning to his villa at 1830 At 19 O General Clark with G nernl Grwmth .,r , attenrl ed a cocktail partv given b,_ Briga.dier ac. '"nrd nnc th _, members of th,, "A 0 1 'Icss . G.meral Clark s citatlon for his Or-tk Leaf Cluster Service f.iI de.l reads as follows " o the Dist··_n 1ish d [/\,JlK W CLARK 05309 , G n ral H~nd .uart rs Fifte nth Arr:r Group , for xc~ptionall~y m ,r ~ ,or:i ous service in a dut:r of t1re t r sponsi iP ty in Nort-1 Africa and I P.ly ram 5 ,Januar;v 19/+3 to ~J · a.y 191+5 As Comm~ndi _n g G ,n ,rnl , ?ift 1 Arr1.y, from 5 Jnnuar, 1943 to lS Decemb..,r 19Li4, !"nr~ as Cor'!r.1 ndin, f1 ,n..,ral , Fift .,enth Arm~ Group rom l'S Dccemb :-r 19/+4 to 2 ~"Y 19/+S , G~n.,ral Cln.rk d~monstr .t ,d ,xtrf-lo dinary v ,rsatil..;ty a:'1.1. unif'orml sup rior [:',bili ty ann 1 ,ad rship as org!mizer , administr[l.tor , nd combat lea ,,r In Janunry 1943 h, organiz d th, Fifth Army in riorocco and imm dfa.t ly 1m("'e too. 71:th consp cuouu succ ss he mission of Pdministering the territories of Jforocco n,11(:1 w~st ,rn Algeriri , trr.ining mrny units for combat in Tmlisia and r;u sequent campAi~ns ,. and 1>rovidin-'s ef n iv m a surcs age.inst rt possibl.., t ,,rmnn invRsion o S anish Tiorocco . H,, com.mand d the Fifth rmy in t , invas10~1 of Ital~r at Sal rno on q Sept nber 1943 , nnd successfully achi ,,v ... c1 th .., limdings in spit, of strong and "et rmined German resistance , ·.rhich :> 'av ,ly thre ten~d th ,ir accomplishment Unc' r his insptrh1g LL cLr~hip his forc..,s quickl, seiz d th initintiv ' rov~ t ,rough t1, mounta· ns ~7ij ch fa.; 1:) we.:-n Sal ,rno an ··h ., vitally imr,ortant port of ~fo,ples anc captm---~d that c~: t;r within hr ✓ w eks of lan i g ., 1 7 en his ~urth ·.r 20..vanc _, nor -nm.rd was obst- uc:t .... ~ ~,. a cor~ ination of sev r, wint r cono ··tj_ons ancl heavily fortifi .,d moUt"1.tain d _ ,ns ,s , he planned and e:ccutcd n, . lan { amphi ious attack at Anzj o and pcrsonall, ciir ,cter t e de ~nse of thai., eac h ,ad aga: nst de err:1in d nemy attacks in large force to dislodge it .. In th" o-ffensiv-.., of MRy 1943 , h, eYhi i ed ext aordj nary tactical g nius in th planning and d., fo.·i L-d d5.!' ,ction of coordinat:~d attac-s from th, Garigliano and Anzio fronts uhich r ,sulted in a major def . . At of the opposin~ German ·"'orces v ho \~ ere driv ,l1 from Rome and fore d to r .,treat nor-th of 1e Arno River . IL l~d the Fift Army north o~ th., Arn in an off .,nsi v which hro ., the.: G ,rmans 1 strong ,st Italian def~nso positions , th., Gothic Line in the Appennine Range . rpon assuming command of th0 Fifteenth Arm~r Group, c coordinat ,c so thoroue:hly t e Allied cnmpon . . nts , consisting of AY! ,ricr-m, '3ritish , Canadian, South Africans ~T~n Z ,a.landers , Indir-m Arm:r mroop, , Fr1'nch en , Pol~s , rnzilians ., Palestinians a.nd Itr, lfans, that in he spring o.ffensi v..,, "ll• ich b gan on April 9 1941> the Fifth rind ~i "htb A.rmies under his corrmand achL,ved in thr t, 'leeks th . cles.1-ruction of' th . . G ,rman : orces in It-:i 1.. and forced t 1e ir unconditional surrender General Clark t s foresight , tacticr 1 an( r-i.c ministrative abili t: leade~rship c .ncl p~rsonal courrv,, hr vc throur;hout this ntire perj od be .,n so con.::,pi cuous thn. t th... hav p:r·ovider a cont ·i i1uous inspiration to all his su1 ordinc.Ls an rssociaLs . oth as Co me.nder of 11 1 �i ") -- l II J the 1 ifth Army and of th, Fifte .nth Army Graul hL , cl-:i ,v Jd r markf-1,bl _. success · n producinc; hnrnonious toa war { ,_.m n ~ th c iv ..,rs AllLd troops un er is command uho were at all tim-.-s imp,11,d to follow his l,adership and to work tog th,,r coop ,ra ti v -.-l;r vowe.xd t, com11on goc: 1 upon rhic}, ·1., k ,pt theil attention 1 nsw~rvin ,1:.. • fixed H-i,... ?.Ccomplishments hf)Ve reflecL,d g-rea t er c it upon his country ancl hnve eon o 1ne stimable value to t 1 ___ United. TJations in th-, complet defeat of G .,rmany F~ntered th United States I ~ili tar,'" Academy from J,~w York If · G Jneral Clark today ca l~d G ,n ,r 1 r,ruscott as . ollovJs: /~ ( 11 This headquarters has · '!en inform d by SACI!..i:D tlmt it mr-~ _..come necessary ih the imrnediat f'uture o carr.r out op ,rations to ~j ct nar shal Ti o r s forces from Southern Austrrn and all or portions of Horthvast Ttal:,r.. These opnrat~· ons will b conduct d by both r ., .' . and British orces under op .,rationa c01'?Pl~.:t1<l of ,ighth rmy., :!:.t will be ncce,ssary for ◄ ive Army to furnish a r.,inforccd corps of t~:ro poss·ibly three, U .. S divisions including th, 91st Division It is f:ir ✓ ct~d th, t the 10th U .. S i~ountain Di vision be al ,rted for mov nent to th, Udin, , re,a on or after 17 Hay. If r ,quir ✓ d , -:,he '3rd TJ . S Division is not exp cted to be cL.lled forward prior to 1 Sun ., • s:' .• U S. II Corrs ·hicJ.1 :· ill omrnan<l -the U. S . troops in. +,hi o ration ,,fill s nd a plannin~ staff to iiain Eir,hth Ari.y Headqnn.r ers without delay Fi th rrriy ;ill er sponsibl for th, supply of the J. s . troops engPg d in tris op'-'ratio1 . 11 G neral ruscot sent General Clar c the f ollouing letter co day 1ith regard to h.,_s confer nc., with G ,n ral Do, en ;OJrunander of French Troops in i'To thw , t Italy. n 1. Gen ,ral Do~ ,n CoT1Y1Md ,r of th , French Arrny of the Alps , visited my command post at noon , 15 fiia., 194S 4' I r,c ived him with a guard of · honor . Ho was accompani d b:r his D~ --ut:r Chief of .Stnff, a Lia.ison Officer with Cr n0.rnl Doy...,n from 6t Arrtr Group , and an Aid.., de Crimp .. n2 . Tn our conference , I -,gn.n . y pointin., out the t th ., Fr nchItalian ord .,r he.d br:, n d f" n ,d b~ the Cor-ibined C.1:ie fs of Staff as the oundBry between t_1e I e,dite ranean and ~urop .,an Theat rs of Or,~ration; that is to sa:r, · . lin of the former French-ItP...... :L,.,n j, 3i.ris~-Itril:iRn, [l.nd Austrian-Ifo.lian fronti~rs , a 11d had J xn so 0ccept .,d ½;f P.11 Allies concern( d . T 1 , mission of th, Supr ,m~ Alli~d Gommand..,r of the M.,diterrnn ,an mh..,~ter ,. 2.fter defeating th, cn,emy in . is .,a1., ,r of OJ ,r~tions, is to occupy the ·'-.erritor,, ov~r-run :l is ...,rmi s, r'"'-estn.blish la r and ord ,r, 1"lith a vi ,w to return such areas to stR Jlished gove nm ..,nts ?.t th., appropria.t , time . So fa as ·,ror hwest Italy is cone .,rn d , · is mission h, s been P ssigned to Fifth ArIT1, und r 15th Arrn.y Grou '11her .,.for, , n:v· ~.ssign~d mj ssion r .. quires me ~o occupy all of forth 11est Itnly and establish mil:tnry gov rnment in all th ., area b ,tw ,en t prese 11t 1oundary J w en th~ Fift ~ and Ei.~hth rmi s nnd those int _.rm.tional boundaries prev.; ously r ferr ,d to . I remr1rked that G~n ...ra.l Do~ n ou _d understand the t , since th,_, area qu stioncd w s part of the zone of action a llocat d to th, Vi ,diterranl")P.n Thea· --..r of Op ra.tions T could erm· t no intorf . . renc .... dth the fr e r-iovc m ,nt of my troops uithin t , area . n 3. !3. • Gen~ral Doyen r pli .d that , for his part , htj hnd complied l �I with all mil ,tary orders he hn.d t, us far received . H, had been as ed t o at ta.cl,. on thv 9th of Apri from is xistin(l' front Hn,, \· ic }, , hAd don • H.., hnd defeat cl t,r e fore'"' oppo'""-l.ng him c~d had pu1:sued th ,m into Italy. Subsequ ,ntly, h h( d b n orderec1 to st op , B.n<l h hPd coripl:i.ed wit .. that order . Fin~.lly, h, hrd ) , .,n ora ..,r .,a by the ?th Army Group to vith raw his forces 1 om Italy to the French- Italirin fron t ier .. IL hfld not complLd with th t ord r inasmuch P..s h b lived it imno~sibl, , under th circ1.: m tances , for an ii'rench G--n . . rRl to con ly Ti th such an order without reference to his Gov ,rnm,,,nt . Gfl')ner~l Doyen , th ,,r.efor e , ,;as awai tin~ confirmP.t1.on by his Gov rnm ..nt b ,fore is suing any ord~rs for th,.., withdrawal of his troops from Italy. / \ _ Gtm~rc1l Doyen w nt on to say h, felt he should explFiin th~· reasons b ..,hind t he .i: r~nch occupat: on of It_ 1 His troor:J Y.,re comros d of nativ ,s of 0avoie , D;:iuphin ... , , nd th, Pnri time Alp-s .,se p .,opL h.Pd b cm subj .,cte-d to the hur1iliation of the It lfan rirr:iisticc t ,rms of 1940 and to the subsequent occu1a.tion by Italian troops . Th'"" unpleasant m,mori evok .d in French m:nds by · h, Itn.li:r>n o cu_ Rtion stj 11 surviv s Consequently, :.n th., minds of th ,)ord ,r peopl , , it is but simpL justice for French t r o ops to occupy ItP.1 · en territory in tb ., sam.. c.. nner th "t Italj n.ns had occupied Fr ..,nch territory und .r s:Lmil.'1.r circumstanc s . Gr,neral Doyen also stat .,d t lPt all Frenchm n consider d that Frc nee ,,as ':ntitl d to r .., :ara :,ions from Italy- for damage done . H, hast .n d to point out trc t al though t e Italian occupation h;_::i_d res lilted in som , unpleasant inci6ents bet-rrecn Itoli, n soldi rs ~md th,, F'r,,nch populat~on, the conduct of his m n troops ~n tal, had b ~n entirel,r correct -in all r sp cts an<.:; it vras m tt .,r of consid .rabL ·rride to him thf't this h, d be n ~o 0 • tt4 . I stat..,d thr-it J couln. not di cuss or settl., any ri_u,,stion of as it ,.,ras obv·i ous y 2-. m tt~r to Je trcP.,t ,d ".t tl1-- p ace tabl~ , in conferenc, with all the AllL:il nations . How,,ver, my militPry miss~on r majned cl ar and I emphasized that this mission obliged me to occup, the entire ar ,a to th , 1 ormer Frenc - I tP.lian frontier; th~t :in vi .. w of G ,nerrl Doy n t s stateP1ent r -la.tiv., to withdrc. in~ this would n ,c s sitate my pl cing deta0hm,nts Ghroufsh an 1 even Jn rear of Fr,nch troops disposed in Italy, thnt my mis ion r~quir, m to set up Alli ,d mili tP.ry gov rnm.,nt throur;hout this ar~a of resrons,bilit.y_ including those ar as in taly no._r.r occupied y F'r nch militar. p .. rsonneL I request"'d G..,ncral Doy .,n to coop .. rAt., with m so thPt I mi~ht f'ully C<. rr, out my assign ,d mission s o that no unt oward incidents rn~i gh affec in the lea.st 1 ,grM th , tradit."..oMl French- Arn~ric.:1n frien hip of long st~nding . r rarat::" ons 1 , 5 G~n .ral Dob ,n r~pli ..,d that hf!! could assure m, there 7ould be no int .,rfercnce whntever lrr Fr .,nch troons to the eyccut · on of t his mission . ' H,~ saict it uas o½viously irn.possi )1 . . for him to acv ·1it ·1out furthr-:r guidance fron his Gov .,rnmvnt ut · hRt h, exp ,cted to see G n~rr.l .Tuin shortl., and would discugs th., ntire matter with him . He h::-id ev ry hope that G.,n ,r2.l Juin would b., abL to obtain a solution to the probl .m on a government al leve L. In th , meantir , he request ,d thnt I t:-:ike cognizance of the actual cHsposition of his troops on ItrdiPn soil n.nr p .n'm:it th ,ir freedom of clrcnlati on and administration . 11 ; n 6. of J:t rench I r ,plied that my troops '.rnuld not int rf ..,re with the movem .,nt troops nor rmy Alli ,d troop;; • thin tl , nree so long s such I �rnoil1 ment~ did not im.,erfere with the full accomplishment of my mission and that it nould be necessar for G., ern.l Doyen to insure t:be.t French t roops · interfere in no wa:r ~lfith th:,, fr .c rnoVE,men of my p ,ople .. Gene r .al Doyen :replied t c..t he hr1 d alreR.d, issued orders to ·1., is .ffect and wmJld personally insure th;:;rt th y w re carried out . I ..,mphri.siz d ae::,in that it was my responsibilit, to estB.blish milit;tr·r gov ,rnm .nt in th area and - [It my M-:G personnel must be , .llowed free access o c 11 places ,..rh re th ;, were r quired to go . 11 7 1◄ inally Gen_.rnl Doyen ask .,d m to co:i1sider th., que!3tion of passage rights for c rtain French p,nm nts in tl t, l font Genis area to graz., their cattL in w. iat is now Itr-il · an t rritory r.rhc history of this particular r gion is described bri ,fly as follows : On tlD ann --cation of Savoie by th Fr ,nch in 1P-6o the . pres ,nt Fr nch - ItR.lic .n fronti r W8.s established However , the Sllvoirird Hho inhP.hit . . o the Ta.n slebourg (Riv~r Arc) A.11 y wer, in the habit of ~razing th ,ir cattl on t 1.c plate2u sou.th of Hount C ,nis aD.d this tr ..,y .md continu ,d' to do , b ine e;t."'anted full passage righlts across t 1~, 1-)ord ,r . This pr~ctice continu0d until 1937 1hen · those peRsants holdin~3 property in t 1 r gion l1ad tho· r lands , expropriated y the ItBliPn deer . . s of 1937-1939 Il1fl smuch P.S none of tl 1 is ..,xpropriated pror~rt:r hti.s ever be n p::iid for by the Ital:irm Gov . . . rnmen , ·he Frenc{l Gov ,rrun nt has never r cogn~1 z ~d the legality of the -two deer . ,s and has dcclar c. them null and vo:_ · r14e pcasPll"Gs involved hav v ry little n..,ans of livelihood ano. ar b::i:ncaJly deT'endent on their fe.rms and cattle for their 1,x:tstenc • (} ,n ,r'"'l Do:ren then rropos ..d two solutions to th"' problem . 11 irst , that the frontLr out osts (Am"rican) be rrainta~.n as at pr ,mmt )Ut thP.t som, form of laissez - pass .. r ½e re cogniz .,d P..nd issued to t e ffl.T 1 rs , form,r o,•rners of pasturi:, land in Ital.. for the pm·pos., of o.llov ing t .. m to introduce ca.ttL on their forme1 holdinps to graze th .,reon; or, s~cond to i thclrc w our . rontLr gu.R.rr1 s to the south ast .,rn ,nd of th., -rlateau in qu~stion ?nd allovr the farmers free circulation w1 th thc1r flock in thnt . - roa . 1 rr s. I r .,plL. d thAt I could not nndor a d cj sion on a point of jurisdiction involving Pn intnrnation 1 ,J01m.dnr,_r tbnt it •·.-,s plain thPt the F ..diterrrmean Theater of Op"ratim s limits , as n1reafiy rl fin , could not be alt r _.a 7 oca1ly nor could J nsvr ... r th ")roposal . nde y G~n0rR . Doyen . ov,~ver , I agreed to t ri. ~1smi t Gener c 1 Doy.., n' s rropo a l and ace mp .. ny:ing man t roug t 1c Cor1manding ,n ,rRl., 15th Army Group to th~ Supr mJ Alli ,d Cor-1rnander of the r1 ,di• err~n~n.n ':'}i~( ter wtth a request fo_,. o. c-cis:i on on his ,conomic cri•"'is in that rec • "9 .. Since the attitude of th, Fr .. nch rrulitary hns be .. n to disclaim conn .,ctj on i-vith the political Rcti vi ti ,S fo'lrinf plac in hat ar .. A, I did · not rais ,. th:i. .q question with GenerP.l Doy,_.n I Pm of th,, oriinion th. ,t w can bes· control thnt by cstahl i shmng olU" mm A.PG p~rsonncl throughout the area ., rr General Clr1rk today cabled G ,ner .1 f/cNarn y B. '"'ol lows: Bascd UJon unconfirmed information thPt J.at,1r al communicntions in the Innsbruck ·area LIO t e Jalzburg ::1rea e;,ist Pnc resent plPn to com~ lete communications tueen "(l _rona and lnnsbruc ~- by Juno 1 , it is now cstimr,te·d th t 15t Arri Group can ssume op~r~tiorKll control :mt not administrati v, control TJ .. S., and French forces in Austrir:_ on or , 1out June 1 . 11 ;f I �:, +"'irm dat can be giv n . Additional j 11 ormntion is ... sired efor., mission is requ t .,d to r vi- 'VT this .stima:t. on 21 Th., . 11 C, ·>E- ~.t * Per- * FLOR.E JC"'1'--T1A.Y 17, 1911.5--Gcm..-ral Cur··,. arri v c1 at his headquarters at 0900 hours this norning . At 1100 hours th Gen .,rP.l took off for Ros." gnano by L- 5 wit his aide and c~rov .. cir . . ct to his villa at Gastiglioncello . In the R. · ,rnoon Gener 1 Grucnther anrl Colonel Porter ar.dved for a s ·rim and for dinner Today G ,1LrR.l CJErk recJiv .,d 8 rn ssagc from the 'fr.ir D_,prirtment ord ring him to r~turn to the ·rni ted Stat s to c:1.rri vc in Chicago on Hay 29th rh,.,r., a celebration would ., lLld in his honor Grmi..,ral Clr:rk caol d Gener J1cC. e .,ry as follows today. HAmplL, in;;; instructions con-·ained in my SGS 3qq and SGS 399. 1- .nd;.. of rres--.-nt _overnm .,ntal n got;j: tions w~th Yu:,oslnvs, you rill avoid entc.ring into an._ si~1..,d B.fs!'e r1e1t with Yua-oslav corm,. nrl rs . You vnll continu., vr:i.th the occupation of areas in V~nezia. Giulia whic you now hol , And ,,hie 1 ar ., necessary for the dev _..lopm_.,.nt ond op~rri.tion of your 1 of C from Tr-i. ste o Aus ria The port of Trieste will 1J used to ma.int, in yom· forces ·o hv ext ,nt vr" ich locr1 situ, tion ,(\:rnits . ing outcor:, 11 In Austria you "ill continu.., to occupy ~tour assigned zone subj c to sue _ local ag::i... . G'"'m---nts ul ic~ you n1-:: ,, wi t . , 0 ov :· t;) 11 ( * * ...,f:t * FLOR'::} CE-- ~:A~[ le-, 1945--A 0' ·15 th.., Gon .. rnl his vil. a nrrivL1g 2t --he Rosi1no.rw 3Jrrort at 0 30 wh,,r 11 vas mJt J, his C- /{,7 . G ,nera Tc. wj uh Colon ,1 nt T\.,il, G-4 Fifth ArE1,_r, ·rcr., ·.aiV n for G n ,r;-i ClRr c a ., t 1e f5 _,ld rnc ·o ,et _ r they too.<: off' for C, s,..,rta for a SAC Poli ticc 1 a. i ta:r•y conf ere nee ~n , Gvnvr, 1 P rriv ,d r.t Gas ,rtR at 1015 . Go 1 • lPT' :e conf .T:red uith G .,n..,rr 1 ·1c1fa:rney u·n tll 1030 an0 th ,n att ..-nd _,c 1JL conf r .,r1c until 1230 . A-..,t .. r thP. conf· rc..ncf, G,.,ner: 1 n1ark tPl.< _d wi . Gr-me r .1 rrcm,r-1. .,y un· il l?.4.5 n.m t 1 .,n lune 1.,d ~ s G..,n .,rnl rTcNarn0y 1 s guest Jir .. rn"ry .r;flor Scripps-Ihm.rd; I Hjor G n .rnl ~'1' .,lson, "'h ,jo G n ,r0.l I .,nc.:.. , 13ri[_;ac.ier G,. n ,r~.l PacGrudcr ~mr ., al ':30 gu., sts of Gen .. ral T1c 1'Ia.rn _,y for lunch 4 J., l\.fJ:,er lunch G neral '"'lar< m.,·J r11r . nffie a.11d Lt . Col. Charles ThBy.,r , ex b ..,ad of O":S in Yur;oslavia anc, to :Ji:, h~ad of ffiS i.n Austria . They drove with him to ·} te airport wh r , they bade him gooclbye . G .ncral Clark fL\v ack to osit;nano arid drov to his illa at Castiglione llo , arriving 8t his villa at 1630. G_mcrrtls .orann , McI7ahon n.nd Colonel Grogc:m cane for the aft rnoon ru1d v •ning ., * * FL RB .. J , - IJAY 19 1911-5--At 0900 ours General :7tosig.:1ano to Florence . The GunEffPl srent the ferring with P1err1 ~rs of hi ~,tr._::.:·r and wrking At 1?30 Gen rn.l Doy m, o~ 1ri-andint?; French troo1 * Clark fl .,w in Ins L 5 fro1 norninf:; in his office conon accumulPt d p:i,rers s in Jorth,1 .,c:•t It, 1 ", and �1.· s Ghi~f of Staff , Gen :. cal l,or crt cnm ·o p.qy th...,ir resp cts to G ne~. al Clark and o discuss th . . militai--y situa.tion A ;) iard of honor \ s h ,ld for Gt;n ,:r[11 Do,y-en aft .r which G .n .,:cal Clark ,o :lferr d 7i -h him in 1is a · fie for h, .lf an horn.~ ,1ef ore lunch . r he 1} ~ner&.l t,h~n ent ,rtaine GenLrB 1 Doy .,n anc"1 his Chii.,f of :)t;iff for lu:1c • G n ,r,, 1 Loyem 1 ft ir m,__,dia t . . ly after lunch , and G~no:r-. ___ (; lar1r too1: off by L-:3 for Cr stiglionc lo At 170 ours Gen Jral Caul t ~ arrivud at Ccistiglionc~llo to spvnd. the nig it ith G ,n~rel Cla:r-k Lt Col 1;ygaarc1, .·ajor Qc-iw..-.ld , th G n n,l s L 5 pilot and Lt Essri.r~r vLr, c: lso r;uests at -1~1 villa for th, night . Th, Gen.,ral saw· t½,.., film urrwo Dovrn and · n To Go 11 and T·etired earlJ .. G JLr~.l la.rk cnbl~d FL,,ld l1nrshal Alexa: c,er ns confer nee 'lith G .n "o.l Doy n .. ollaws ollo"ing his 11 R .fercnc.., Frvnch situation in i'Jorthwest It, .ly. I compLtcly cone lI' in : our vj_eus as :cp. ·ess . esterd'"'.: 1.,hn t t." , Allied gov ,rnr1ents should mak~ strong r ,pres .nta ,io1ls to th Freme Governm ,nt · 1th -. vie,.,.-, to r.i.vlng Fr,..,nch troops 'I:i.thdrawn · rom t 1~~ at t----- earliest rosc•ibl dnt "Cr era.l Doy n , Conmanding Frnncl). Arni of Alrs , visit d He eXJll~in ,,d th< t "i"'rcnch ~roo:r.1s VI --~' s ..,riousl.r c ~ ,aVi·o.:.nt d to stop ad vane , in ::. al Just , s vb ~Y uer , , . Jout -r:,o .,~4 loi s · atec ·t,J. at rrestiie, and honor of 7 r r1.ch ArrQJ r -1.uir ,s thr-it re u:ir .d to vri ,hc1:caw from I ,aly at tl ~s ti nc . I~ said thr,t ( me 1e:r, todr.y. '.·Jh ,n r ,qu1r .d victory. He Fr ..,nch not e h., f .lt quit, certain t at no qu.,stion of ann ,xation of It,,linn t ,r::eitory was involv d . At on stPo;e h sugg,st,d th2t instead of hPvfog Fr-.,nch troops ui thdra,-r h f Jl1., thPt American troops sl1oulo .crJ.v., rrn.y -.,o .,rmi1., ~'rench to occurv 1ro-ger area I to d hin I ras c ,rtain t _is ould nev :.r be a~ e1cd to . "It is p rf ctly s.ppa.r nt to m~ th t F'r ncl troops ill rem2 in g ,,ne rr lly in th~ir pr s ,,nt rosi d.ons :i.n I n.l~r f'or som · i 11., ·rhiL th~ situa tion is being discus'3 ,d on , ·overnmentnl levels . J k.. flrn,rhile vrith tv:o cor:1J'1' n- · d~rs in th.., ;:,ame ar .n and troors thoroughl:r mixed the s t up is unsatisfactor:r . In spite of drastic ord ,rs issued bf all corunr .nc crs cone .. rn .d to prevent incidents , ,...ome arc li2bl.., to ta1'"e pJFc"" , f'[irt~ cul,:,rly in vi w of r,,. im':'lrnnr1abl., :'rn.nco-Italian r •lr-i.t:i onship HTJntil th ,roblern is ~ ttl ,,cl by th, governn,,,nts I r . . corin..,nd thrt you consjd~ t~J,.in~ st., 1;:J to hcve F'r..,nc1 trooJ,s nm'"" J_n tal.., plr.ced und1'r op·,rationPl control of 15th Army Group . I in turn 1Tould attach th 1n to Fifth Army. his oulcl t .nd to bring order to th.., rrc~ent unsatisfactory s·tu.ation houlrl French troops pnss to my comm nd , it is ny plrm to a~sign t nem a definit., sect or of r sponsibilit .. - v hich .rill avoir th-✓ rresent vrbolesal.. mix~ng of r . S . and Fr .,nch roops AfG activiti throughout \ the whol.., c.r a 1·1ould continue to ·,.. m.,tion unc~er comn:"'nd of Fifth Ar y as the:r rre no1;r . Gen re.l Do? ,n c nsid rs my suo;gestion ,. lo1ic.n 1 on4' , though ho was v .ry car ful to avoid committing his s nior commrmder I in turn made it clear to hi'l1 that the proposal hrid not yet been ref rred· to you I d:i_d not dis cuss the AHG angl ., vrith him . n . I I �l3 . FLORENC --MPY 20 1945--The Gent,rP.l s .,nt th, ..,ntire day at his vj_lla a.t CRstj.glio 1cello G n rr'l Coulter left c1t 0930 in th, morning . At lB00 lOlll', n~neral Clary fl~w h .: ck to th Hcadriu.nrters i his 1-5 a.nd dined out with Gen rnl Gruenth,,r in th, ev ,ning. 0 0p.,,rations Instruction //.9 ms issu..,d oda.r P-_nd reads as follows: 11 1 It r1e.:y becom necesoar;v in th irun dj nte ·"uture to cr>i--ry out opera.ti ons to ,1ject the Yurroslav forces from South.,,rn Austr:t::1. and rom all or a portion of N. i-: . Italy Tht: @b.ject of taking such a.ct/.on .,.ould be to mak 7o.rshal Tito rcclis thrt his a.tt,mpts to establish by force anrl militnr ,r occu a tion is claims to c rtain t ..,:rrj torv e ond th , present fro~nt~- r of Yugoslavia. will not be tol rat d ' · · (I The initial policy on vrh: ch the con:1uct of nrval, 1~_nd and A.ir op, at:i.ons y·:j 11 e bns d i thnt off nsi ve actio .. , i ll b r Jsfa•ict ,d , as f'£1: r: s possihle to th.,. areas in qu~stion. 11 2., u3 From ?_? Ma.l Eighth Army wil l)e rit 9t) hours notic out th~ tasks num ..rated in para 4 b lmr . to cr.rry TAS_(S t1 i!~igh t 4 Army will S ,iz a. Triest b ccupy and ej _.ct th., Yugoslav fore s from such areas in H., 1'; . Ital~r as is necess~r.,. to secure Pnd nrot · ct r,,rivst, , rn 1 th L f C from ri ,ste into Au0tria vie Gorizia Capor tto and o.rvisio c. Es· ablish Anglo-American A ~G in the above areas . d. Ej ct iugoslav fore s from the area occupied by Eighth Army in Austria . 5 a :-~ighth Army rlr.ns ill e based on thi, assumption th:-t there 1ill b . no wi thdrn:vml from Trie (!<te 11 lf6 6 It may subsermentl:r be n ... ces~a.ry to e~~tend the o cupf'tion b Eighth Army over the 1l"ole of V ,nezia Giulia , and in particuJJ r to he port of r oln. .. Thi will e th•·J su .i .ct of a separ te instruction 7 The t king av r of the Tforthcrn '"'ortion of the present 5 Corps , ctor by fol"ces from SIW~F dll be dealt ui th sepri.ra.t~ly. 11 "8 . G O. C Eighth Army will continu., to hnv ~.t hi .1isposal all form .tions and units no,..r unckr his comn['..nd , vith th. addition of the following combat troops : a. S .. Corps Hq vnth n Jcessar;;r Corps troops ntn Div 2 U _o ��3l 2 H. L I. and Lovr1· ) ., ,couts ., requir .cl ~5 T • S Div 0nd MJ\.:·7 'i'O'J" .rRU1. 0 1~ ill b~ mr.>de tWPilable . All troops may be used n.s o., r?.tion~.lly r . . quir d e::,.c .. pt thnt Itr lian G:i:-uppi uill not e m loycd East of the TAGLIAlIC.1 ITO o in AUSTRIA . 1f n9 . Naval support Till be obtained on r ,quest to FC!rALI 11 10 f,1A.TAJ? is nv2 ~ lBbl~ to provide air op .,rations in conjunction with thu a ove op,rations ., "11 . TlL supply Pnd administration of Am ,rican troops und ,r comrIPnd °H~ighth Ar r1-;,r r Jrra.ins a r sponsi_biHty of Fifth Arm • On damand by 2 TJ . S. Corps POL and common us ,,r engin~ .,r stores ·rill be provided by Eighth Army. 11 * * * FLOREHC - fJ Y 21 1945--The Gen,r2l spent the ent:ir c!Py toriry in his office 1'rorking on pa .rs, r-m in the ev Jning r ,t,red to his villa or 'the _ ni~ht . * * * FLOR'""'HCE --. 'J.AY 22 , 1945- GJneral Clark 1 ft Florence b ir !"lt 0800 , accompanied by G ,n .rr-i.l Grucnth . . r lrncled et Campo Formirlo field near uo~n c1t 0915 vher he vra.s met by G. . n,,.rn.l f,qcCrue:cy The pRrty drove to the II Corps conronnd post wh..,re they conf rred w· th Gen .,rP.l K Jyes , the Corps Command r , and G ,nerRl TTill ,ms , Chief of StPff . They th .,n drove throut;h Gorizfa. and ins ected actU? 1 [' nd potential rosi t:to 1s east of the . to-m . G . .nerfl1 C -~k m.,.t (1 ,.ncral Liv .,sP.;c-t , Commanding th 91st Division, ✓4f end Colon 1 B oedlow,. Connandinp.; the ~(\1st Infantry during this tmn: . . j)He ,ms net on t he road by G ,.n ,,rnl John Harding, Connending 13 Corps , and "V/ )rigadier Archibald , his Brigadi ,.r G neral Stn.ff , and with th :r.i coninued his tour a.round the 13 Corps r a The pP.rty lunched at G ,n.,ral : Ha:rdino-1 s headquarters sitw-"")t d in a b nutiful villa. near Monfrilcone . ) / 1 r 'J. / / /ilY <, • 1 4./g O' p' - ~ Aft ,r lunch ,on th , J"' .rty rlrov into 'l'rie ste and made r . quick in ~ , , , spection of th~ port f~cilities . Th.., rort , A.t this time , v1<1s unlo'- ding some 2 , 000 tons dailJ ,:)nd the tensioh in the torn apreared to h•::tve ,Psed "~oft sorn. what , although troops of all nationalities w r, conspicuously armed . <J'~ During his inspect ion Gen .rnl ClB.rk mot and talked wit 1 sev ral of the naval o ficers in C18Xg, of port o:r;era ions . ~ ,y1" : / O_ •• t /J/1 fY" ~ ~JJ? G ncral Cl:'1..rk clrov bf! ck to Cr-mpo Fonnido rind flew to Florence , arriving tit the c_ommR.nd post at 1830 . Upon his arri vr 1 bHck P.t the comrnRnd post. G~n ~r:::>J_ Clark emu rr d brL fly rith G n .rP.l Gru.Jnt-:...,r b .for~ r ,tirj ng to hJ_ s -n.lla ., * ~- * * FLOR.:.i JCE--rru\Y 23 1945--G ,n ,rrl Clrirk sr .,nt ::i.11 of th orni;1,r and the a.rly rif:; .,rnoon in 1is office conf vrrinr; 11' :i.th VB.rious stc ff officers c nd �J ( �buttoning up ma.n.r d()tail rr-i_or to his d po.rture for the United States . n the afLrnoon th .. Arm~r Group Command ,r r turn .,d to his villa for· the night . General Clark today sent the follovnng cable to Fi,_,,ld 1·1a:cshal ALxanff 1. G n ,rrtl r1c r .. r~r r ,ro. ted by telephone this nfternoon thPt the Cor111nnder 13th Yu .oslav Division told Colonel . ro .... dlovr, Cor'lmr nding the T. s. 361st Infantry R .,gi 10nt , that h must wi.thdravr 91st Division troops from rr ARTTOVA illr-:i.ge . Bro dlovr repli .,d thri.t he h, d ord ,rs to r ,main in. this locality, whereupon th Yur;oslav commrmder stated thrt if th, 1'merican troops do not nithdraw h~ will be obl:5.g•d to force thr:')rn out General I'i,icCreer, risk d or instructions . - --- J issued th, f ollo1•1in1-; instructions to· Gen ,ral 1cCrocry, which were lat r concurr ,d in );T you . £1• 'rake m cessary dteps to nold th TA.tl.1'-JOVA .. osi tion r ,inforci1 g it to the exten· necessary . b . Have a seniot' U S. com.mt:mder and a sen~ or British conmander inform the Yugoslav cormnand ,,r th2.t our troops lv1ve een ord red not to Yithdrmnr fl om pres nt positions ·rhil,, points of is su a.re bei_nb discuss d by our gov rnment '"' You will also advise th, Yugo 1 v command r thnt if he attacks A lied troops he i:lill ,, held strictly accounta L b~ P'1rshal 1 ?. Ti to for ta.kin:, such aggressive action uhiL n~ :;:,otia.tions r:.r , in progress . n Follov1ing is a summP...ry of the Yugoslav situa ion a.s of this evening . G nertl Gruenth,r HQ n ..,rt .l Mc Creer" telcpho d · / 'lt 1730 hours to give the follm:ing r,port: 0 The local Yugoslav commander , t Gorizia - pro abl:r the 13th Division cor1mander - told Colonel Bro ,dlo r today th1:1t he must , ith raw U. S . roops from 1PAKTOVA villag., Colon 1 Bro .. dlow stnt ,d thr t he hPr:1 orders from his division commP..ndcr to rema1-n in 7AR1 OVA V.Lllage . · The YugoslPV cornnand Jr stc1t ,a thr-,_t if the F . S . troo ar not wi thdrmm he will :f' orce h r1 out . G ,n ral lfoCreer. further stated t at th "'w:;oslt1.v2 rlislik~d a broa<ic~ st which v as he2:n"d over _]5,C_ toda: . hich stn.t d thP-t TT . S •. troops occupi ,d ""AR VA without opposi ion. G n Jr,.-,1 r'lcCr, ,r.r tntod th: t the _ugoslrws were offended , -~3 peciall,_ , y the t ,rm t without op. osition1 , becaus it in rred thnt · i .,hting m.s in progr ss . Gem ,ral IdcCr .ry stated th0t he does not think hat t , ugoslPvs 1.d 11 use force , although ho could not ., c rtain of th2.t poi t . Re recommend d that th re ,.ould b,, no dhovr- do·.11 ovt~r this qu stion o.nd th--,t our ·,,roops b"' \ ithdravm from T""~P:iOVA rcnc in" ·h co c lusion o ne~o£1atio s y t t gov~,rn 1e--ts: Re furthermore stP.t d th7.-t :i.f h,, is g·ven ord .rs to holcl TAR ho.t :r,robnblw v ould be necessriry to str n· ·t 1 ,n th, •a 1 it 4 11 / , ,· . - . . . _., ,.._._ .~ lf Gen ral Gru . . . nth ,r told Gener."l •icCr er that h) ,;rould get d .,cision for him promptly, but tha · h re2:s0;1 .bly c.,rtf'in th"'t Gen rr..l Clar. would dir · ct him to hold the T.ARTTOVA position, :=ind und r no cir cumstn.nces ~. ithdra ·1. F , lso told him thPt h ✓ ·va.s c .,rtain thc.t if G ne rn.l Cln.rk gave that decision he oulc1 also r.nthorize G__,n rn.l _,rcCr r u to reinforc,, it to th r~quired c gree ~ I 17\IJ'f,/, .(. t �( ttG nerc 1 Clrrk was not in the CP at th, time , so G,nerLl Gru nther call~d Gen rnl Lcrnnitz ... r and told fri_m of G\JmrPl McCr er.r' s conversation. He also t0ld him thnt he t 011£'.l;l-tt thr t he :\.,lt quite certnin thf-l.t G0n ... rnl Olar c' s r coru~1!mdation would be to retain t 1e '"PAR TOVA position . Gen ... r.al L,,mnitzcr replied that he 1,as quite sure t at t 1 is d cision would b, in . ccordance wjth th, Fi ,l d rirRrshal 1 s d ,sires . He said , honever , that he i::iould consult t o Field . Tnr~hal imm .,diatnly Pnd rould call back soon . Gen . .rc1l Gruenth ,r told G .,n ,ral L .,mn5_tz ,r of thn Y1.gosla.v d:i.spl .,e.sur , over the :me broadcast , ut Gem .,r 1 L rmitz r stated that th., r,:-L .se 11as quite satisfactory 11n<l m~t th, dcsir ., s of. AFHQ . 1 HG ,neral L ,nnitz r call,,rl_ at 1830 hours anil s n.t ,d thnt th FLld Hrrshnl a~.re,_d thrit th re should b0 no w·it,h rar9.l from the T.A.P.I:OVA rosit j on, and thr1.t lt should )e re~ nforc d as yre consi rlor n ✓ C sst:1ry. The Fi 1 '"n.rshal consider ,d . t r.dv, s~ble to inform th~ Yugoslav co:r:unanccr · he.t our troops have been ordcr- ✓d not to w · thdrdv from their rresent positions nrhile negotiation_s a.r, in pro_,,ress . He ,: lso d ,sir s that the ~[ugoslav commanoer b~ 11p_rn0 that if h . nttac. ~ A li ✓d troops h__, TilJ e hel· strictly accounta~>L y i1'Ta1·shal Tito, for ta dng such aggr s s ive .ction vhil~ n.,gotiations arc in rrogr,us . 11 G ,neral C nrk talked to G ,n ral i1cCrce:r;:r at 1~11,5 hour, anc1 issued orders ns j_ndica ed in th , nr v.!, on.s Jar graph . He also placed th, 85th \ Di vision on c lcrt so uhnt i t would l prep:-,r ,rl t,o send a r .,gim---ntal cori1:fa. s-:Eca.m to the II orps ar~a on twenty- four . 1otirs notice nnd one addi tional regimental combe.v .,f.l.m r cpnr c to mov each t"Tenty- four hours e,1er af r . 11 J Fi ld a rs. al Alexander C8 lud G... n .ral Clark as follows today : .Agr ec thr:.t ;\rour suggcst~Lon o h2. ve French troops in tr. l~ put 1.mder opera iori~.l cnm. an 15 Arny Group mi '.>ht frcilitn ·e Ar'G .nd proc1uce mor ord .,rly nil=i Pry stat of c -rfairs . 0 11 It is h ,~e~ r not ap_,rov d for res.sons given in follo"ing p,-·xr . grr1ph . nsuc -1 action is Ltabl to convey impression to Frenc 1 [.U)d that · nch occupation of .,.o,rthnest -.-tal, is coY1.doned y U.. s .. It m::: ght a l so prejudice strcF1g qction no b ,in1 fo. 1cen )Y U. S., gove1 rnnents to s c rre imrn,..,dirtc tote 1 w·thdrawal of rrench ro Ital • 11 ,T * Itf-lli~ns an T F . rnd U.. K. . Northwest * :!fLOin: c~~ --;:A.Y 24 1945--Th., G .. n . ral . arri vo at his co ,mand r ost t is rior11-nr, at 0930 1ours cnrl s-oent nost o-f t 1e T1ornin conferring \ ----h Generals Gruentbr,r Bml T3rann . At 1;?00 .ours a ceremo~w was ,le~ in the com~ mand post at "'nich Ge,Lrr.l Cl2.1'1 decorated Hnrl promoted 90 o d o ,..f~.c . . rs and nli s t d men of h i s h adquart rs and one WAC, S .,rge ant G rald ine Horn of Lucedale , 11,1i ssi s sippi who has een on duty :i.n G(m.,ral Clarkt s office for the past t~o years A ter lunch the Gene:c2.l departed ·a ,, 141~5 hours for the rr..lazzo I �Vecchio w. er, at an impressive Florence and sign~d the Golden · ies , t c Arm,f Group Comrnf"'nd ..,1• r mo.incl ,r of tl o -:'t-,rnoon and i:::; c,_,remony 1e was made an honorPry citizen of ') 11ook of h., Cit,r . Follovring these £'....,µtivi - / c part ..,d for his villa Yrh r., he sp nt the evening . * -- r'.AY 25 hours 1945--General lark arriv, - Pt his command post at 0830 is morning and af·or cl aring_ his desk of all irnporknt par-:rs d\.:;par er at 0930 for the air1 Lld 11 h ~re he 7as gr ,et ,d by a gtk r of honor and a brg•~ nurnb~.r of p . . rsormcl of 1j s hcadquert .,rs . At 1000 10urs tht:.! rmy Group Cornw=mder took o _f by C-47 on t h . . first leg of his journe.r to the Jnit~d States wh,re he vill participate in .I.!., ceremonies in Chicago on Hay 30th * * MAY 25, 1945 - MAY * * * JO, 1945 - ENROUTE TO U. S. * * WASHINGTON-•MA.Y 31, 1945 - General Cle.rk arrived at 1810 at the Air Transport Hangar , National Airport, Washington from Chicago in a C- 54. He was accompanied by Mrs . Clark, his daughter Ann, Captain Berenson and Sgt . Chaney. General Clark was met at the airpor t by his mothAr and Mr' . and Mrs . Tom Griffiths , old friends from Seattle. There were about fift een photographers and reporters at the airport and the only thing General Clark told them was that he was glad to be home . He went directly from the airport to the Kennedy-Warren . With regard to the Yugoslav sit uation, General Gruenther sent the following cable t o General rtcCreery today: "Following message reference number F 84941 was received from Gener al Lemnitzer AFHQ signed SACMED . Message begins : " ' 1 . For your information , following paraphrase of message re ceived here from US State Department: "US government continues to maintain that '\ Pola must be included in any approach made to Marshal Tito e.nd that Supreme \ Allied Commander ill receive instructions to that effect from COS . American ambassador in Belgrade is ~eing instructed to present note and draft agreement on Venezia Giulia question which US and British governments have \ agreed up6n as soon as word is received from SAC that he has no objection to this procedure" . n t 2. For your further inform tion we have sent maps to US and British( ambassadors in Belgrade showing area to be occup ed in vicinity of Pola if our governments require ooaupatio that port . Area is defined Els coastal a.rea surrounding Port Di Pola to depth of approximately 2 miles from coast and including pr omontory P Cresto as northern limit and promontory P San \ Giovanni as souther n limit. Exact perimeter follows coast and tracks . 1Will send you ·large scale map showing exact area. I wish to emphasize that above area i s applicable for peaceful occupation only. If area uru.st be \ �l35 taken and held by force it will be much larger. Suggest you have study made earliest to determine limits of t actical area r equired to secure Pola under such circumstances.ttt * * * WASHINGTON--JUNE 1, 1945--Genera.1 Clark established his temporary office in the Operations Division of the War Derartment. At 0900 he went to General Marshall 's office where he attended the Chie:fls of Staffs' regular morni.ng operations conference. He also tallted over va_rious matters with General ffarshall, including the establishment of his Headquarters in Austria. General Mu-shall suggested General Keyes for a new assignment, rut General Keyes requested that he be permitted to stay with General Clark. II Corps is going to be the Corps operating with General Clark in Austria. After dictating telegrams to General Gruenther and taking care of other correspondence, General Clark returned to the Kennedyl I ~L In the afternoon he went to .the White House for a conference with President Truman and during the conference President Truman autographed General Clark's autograph book as follows: nTo a great American -General M-u-k W. Clark. Best vdshes from C-in-C Harry S. Truman, 6-1-45". After the White House conference General Clark returned to the KennedyWarren. General Clark today sent the follov-tlng cable to General McNarney: nHave just talked with Hull. He thinks it would be a good idea if II Corps HeadqURrters be employed in the Austrian occupation. ~isenhower when I saw him a few days ago concurred or would provide another corps headquarters . I would like to employ II Corps with probably another commanner as Keyes being considered for another job here. Talked with Gene- / ral Marshall this morning and unless you have other requirements he concurs in my remaining here until approximately June 15th. If II Corps Headquarters not available any other one O.K. with me." General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follovts today: trJust arrived Washington . Chicago ceremony tremendous success. concur in Serge,:tnt Hornets return . I "What decision has been made if any on the Corps Headquarters and its commander to go vdth me into Austria? Keyes being considered here for other assignment. His acceptance rvill depend on t4e Austrian set up . Going to West Point tomorrow." * * * * WASHINGTON--JU lE 2, 1945--General Clark went to 1ar jorie Webster Junior College at 1030 to attend the graduation of his daughter. He ms.de a short talk to t he gradua.tes and presented each with her diploma. He was accompanied to the Marjorie Webster Junior College by Mrs . Clark :-:md his \ �mother . At 1530 General Clark went t o the ATC hangar at National Airport and departed at 1550 for West Point. He went up to be present at the ,graduation of his son, Bill . He was accompanied by Mrs. Clark and his mother and Sergeant Chaney. } General Clark arrived at Stewart Field, New York at 1720, accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Mrs . Charles Clark, Ann Clerk and General and Mrs . F . A. Irving. The party was met by General Wilby, Superintendent of USMA and Captain Luther, temporary aide -de- camp to General Clark. At 1800 they arr:tved at the u. s. Thayer Hotel where they were to stay while on the reservation. They had dinner together with Cadet Bill Clark in the grille of the hotel. General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follows: "Decision postponed General McNarney reference corps headqua.rters until Nelson party returns from SHAEF . II Corps scheduled for demobilization in December, but McJarney believes your wishes can probably be met . Will advise you. British and U. s. parties ~ill proceed to Vienna Sunday to inspect facilities and recommend divisions of city into zones . Flory, Lewis, Smith will be included in our group . Note to Tito now in final form and will be delivered as soon as he returns from inspection trip . Situation quiet entire front . Coffey goes to Pacific. MI'OUSA takes Niblo . We will have Jaynes as Ordnance Officer . ( General Clark today received the following cable regardi ng a trip to Rio de Janeiro: nTogether: Generals Crittenberger and Clark. Altern tes: rately, in order indicated) Generals Truscott or McNarney. (sepa- nrt is ur:rlerstood here that the Foreign Office has been requested by the Brazilian War Minister to invite the aoove named officers for BEF celebration . They should arrive a few days before the first group . of BEF and stay for the celebration. I "Also invited is a platoon of US Infantry from 5th Army which would consist of one officer and 30 enlisted men who would be representatives of the AGF who fought alongside the Brazilian Forces. They will participate in the p xades in BRAZIL and will ride on the USS MEIGS . The USS JlEIGS, with the first group of BEF is expected to arrive in Brazil about. the end o July by the Brazilians . ''Particularly requested by the Minister is the return of Major VERNON WALTERS with General MA.SCARE NH.AS . "Furnished later will be information concerning invitations to the AAF officers . \ °For information and planning alone is this message . n �WEST POINI'--JU lE 3, 1945--General Cle..rk, accompanied by Mrs. M. W. Clark and Ann, attended baccalaureate exercises for the first regiment of the graduating class in the Cadet Chapel. Chaplain Jack Walthour delivered the address. After the address, General Cl.ark went to the Alumni Headquarters in the Cadet Barracks and registered as a member of the Class of '17. With his family General Clark had lunch with ·B rigadier Genera..l and Mrs . George Honnen, Commanda.nt of Cadets, USMA . Among others present were Brig. Gen. and Mrs . l~cManis . At 1500 General nd Mrs. Clark, Mrs. Charles Clark and Ann left for the Superintendent's reception for the family and friends of the graduating class . At 1730 General Clark presented the academic awards to dis- , tingt.lished cadets of the graduating class. Following the reception General Clark returned to his suite at the hotel ,here he had dinner . General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brann, Tate, Nelson returned from SHAEF today. Rooks conducted conference troop list and will submit recommendations to Eisenhower soon. Our requirements appear general ly to be concurred in although there is some likelihood that some of our combat elements especially artillery and tank units may be cut down, and this reduction may cause corresponding out in service units . It seems probable that we shall receive n Corps. Y3 Corps is nov, in the area but must be moved later . It is hoped that time of its relief will coincide with dat~ when I I Corps can be spared from present assignment . Final decision on II Corps will be made by General McNarney as soon as he hears from General Eisenhower. Present esti- ] mate is that &1HAEF will' turn over command of u. S. zone in Austria to AFHQ in about three or four weeks and not on 5 June as previously suggested . That arrangement is sound in view of present complications in removing prisoners and displaced persons from area and reorganizing divisions depleted by re-deployment of personnel. "Doyen sent letter to Crittenberger on 30 May indicating that French intend to administer certain parts Northwest Ita.ly and that they find it undesirable to have Allied Military Government in same region. In one area in west Imperia French Local Commander refused to allow our officers to post proclamations. Matter has been referred by us to .AFHQ for high- A' level decision as to policy to be follovred in view of apparent changed att1.tude on pa.rt of French. It is not alarming, but it is most annoying in view of Doyen assurance to you that French would not interfere with our AMG . No other incidents either in Northwest or Northeast Italy. rote to Tito has not yet been delivered . r "Kildore committee visited our headquarters today and expressed pleasure over reception . " General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today: "Saw Grace at noon. When I talked with General Marshall he asked me to ~iscuss with Keyes an assignment in the US . Have done so and Keyes prefers to go into Austria with me . �"Your msg as received. I am glad that everything is being done to get us II Corps for that assignment . Make it plain that I want Keyes as Commanding General provided that War Department does not overrule his decision, and I am sure that they will not do so. War Department has same views as mine on Austrian set-up . n General Gruenther briefed General Clark on the current situation in Italy today in the following cable: ( "Doyen sent radio to Crittenberger last night stating that French Government approves his posit.ion in resisting establishment of AMG . La.st ) sentence his message reads ' General DeGa.ulle has instructed _me to make a.s clear as possible to Allied Command that I have received the order to pr~vent setting up of Ar/Gin territories occupied by our troops and administered by us by all means without exception'. Alexander will present mat~ ter to Combined Chiefs of Staff for action . We now have A1\G well established northwest Italy but in provinces of I mperia and Cuneo not complete because of dif'ficulties road communica.tions and shortage A1lG personnel . Fifth Army appreciates importance of time and has made every effort to work rapidly. French have not tried to eject our officials in areas "here we have already established ANG. New note to Tito delivered to Vice Premier yesterday in Tito' s absence . He gave no indication Tito 1 s reaction. Ambassadors took a firm line and indicated Allied pr oposals were not subject to further negotiations . Tobruki n sent message last night cutting size of U. s . .and British missions r om 7~ to 40 in each party. However , full size missions left Klagenfurt this A. M. Message received few min~tes ago indicates re ceived with elaborate ceremony when entering Russian zone . Apparently none to be sent back. Alexander still visiting Eighth Army area. MI'OUSA has recommended to Wa:r Department that II Corps Hq. be -changed from Category 4 to Category 1 so that it may be used as Corps Hq . in Austria . Everyt hing proceeding smoothly. Hope you will be able to enjoy a long well de served rest . You must not feel that there is any reason for you to hurry back. " * * * * WESI1 POINI'- -JUNE·4, 1945- At 1000 hours General Clark talked to the members of the Tactical fupartrnent or USM upon the invitation of General Honnen, Commandant . He dis cussed briefly the Italian campaign, the French situation in Northern Italy and the Yugoslav situation in Trieste . At 1100 hours General Clark joined other members of the Class of 1 17 for the Alumni Exercises and along with the rest of the Alumni, reviewed the Corps of Cadets at the review for the r eturned Alumni •. Mr . & Mrs . Tom Griffiths , friends from Seattle, arrived at 1200 hours . At 1245 General Clark attended the Alumni Luncheon in Cullum Hall where he spoke to the assembled Alumni . General and Mrs . Clark attended a Class of ' 17 reunion at Colonel Hayden's quarters in the afternoon. Graduation parade was held. on the Plain at 1730 hours where General Clark reviewed the Corps . In the evening General and Mrs . Clark, with Ann , h d dinner in the \ �l39 .( Cadet Mess Hop in the Clark were later with Hall with Bill, after which the party attended the Graduation Gym. For the first part of the evening the General and Mrs. in the receiving line with General and J\Jfrs. Wilby and then General and Mrs. Honnen. General Clark today received the following cable from General McNarney• nconcur in use of II Corps Headquarters in Austria with the urrlerstanding that it cannot ·be made available until the Jugoslav situation is settled. SHAEF understands this and has indicated the feasibility of providing a Corps Headquarters for the initial few months, if necessary. "Desire you arrive Caserta early 18 June to complete reports on general officers as I will probably depart for United States about 21 June . " General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follovrn: ttus, ( British and French missions reached Vienna last night and were given warm reception and excellent accommodations by Russians . General McNarney said he radioed you today that II Corps Headquarters assignment to you is practically certain. Alexandert s Headquarters Commandant has requested villa. for field ma.rshal on Lake Garda. Smith recommends tfussolini villa since it is not suitable for individual to whom it is now a.ssigned. Smith has more appropriate one lined up for him. If you approve P- 11 make Mussolini offer to Alexander in your name . No new developments · in French or Tito situation. Everything quiet . Bradshaw, Colbern, Crane ordered to US for assignment . Duff goes to P~cific. Bill Donovan will be here today. " General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today. nMessage concerning French si·tuation received. fic assignment .n * * Kno11 nothing of Paci- * WEST POINT-J1JN'E 5, 1945--General Clark and party attended graduation exercises in the Field House at 1000 hours where General Clark presented his son Bill with his diploma. General Omar Bradley delivered the Graduation Address . After the graduation, General Clark talked with Congressman Jackson .from Washington State in his su:l'te in the hotel. He also saw Mayor La.Guardia of New York City. The mayor invited General Clark to visit him at the City Hall in New York City. 2nd Lt . Clark arrived at the General's suite at about 1230 hours, and General Clark proudly pinned gold bars on his son's shirt. Mr. Beck of UP interviewed General Clark shortly after lunch concerning the trip to Braz1_l . The General Jmew nothing of any plans for such a trip . About 20 or 25 photographers assembled at the hotel for pictures of General Clark pinning lieutenant~s bars on his son. The party left West Point at 1400 hours for New York City by motor . 1 ) �l 'iO General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows tcrlay: "Alexs:r1der has sent strong note to CCS reference French situation. Meanwhile Allied attitude toward French in Italy is stiffening in such matters as requests to send French missions to various places in Italy. "Tito returned to Belgrade yesterday. No action from him yet . Donovan and party spent night with us. Two Russian genera.l s here today. Situation all areas quiet. "In previ ous message I indicated command of US Zone would pass to you in about three or four weeks . That estimate is poor one . Co~mand will pass when French occupy their Zone and that time is still a wild guess . nMcNarney thinks it may not be for two months yet . e.xtreme courtesy by Russians . Damage to city is great . transacted yet . " Flory reports Little business General Cle,rk today received the following cable from Mr- . Fernando Lobo, Charge D1 Affaires of Brazil: "On behalf of the Minister of War I have the honor and the pleasure to i nvite you to go to Brazil to attend the ·o fficial ceremonies planned for the arri'val of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force which fought in Europe . Through this invitation to you my government wishes to demonstrate its appreciation and recognition." General Clark today received the following letter from General McNarney ith regard to or ganization and staffing of the Austrian Higher .Headquarters : "1. The various MrOUSA staff sections have studied carefully the statement of requirements for the Austrian Higher Headquarters which has been prepared by members of your staff . It is not necessary, I know, for me to tell you that to the extent of our capabilities I am most anxious to provide you with the personnel which you consider to be necessary for your headquarters . Unfortunately the only allocations of personnel which I can give you are those which ca..~ be withdrawn from troops serving the Allied Commission, .from the Replacement and Training Com1ru;md , and from other miscellaneous pro jects which nmv require personnel allocations from .the authorization for overhead. "2. It rill not be possible to give you the total personnel which the Fifteenth Army Group's staff study indicates as being the minimum essential required . Accordingly, you must plan to use initially in your headquarters personnel detailed on special duty from your operationa.l forces . This is desirable in that the initial personnel requirements will be larger than the requ." .rements after your headquarters operates on a routine ½asis . It is believed that certain other personnel economies can be effected, such as the utilization of stenogra hie typing pools, consolidation of functions in one section instead of in several, and by havin the same personnel in the supply sections per-form military govern- I �ment as well as their routine military functions . The Eastern District will undoubtedly be willing to assume certain additional supply and evacuation functions which should diminish the personnel requirements of certain staff sections. -"3 . The Austrian Headquarters has been authorized 531 officers , 20 warrant officers and 1305 enlisted men, as against 971 officers , 56 warrant officers and 2895 enlisted men indicated by you as necessary. By surveying all existing allocations of overhe d a.uthorizations, it has been possible to make cuts in OUSA Headquarters and other installations to provide additional grades +.ota.lling 150 o~ficers, 15 warrant officers and 159 ~nlisted men. The authorization for the_Austria.n Headquarters is hereby raised to 681 officers , 35 warrant officers and 1464 enlisted men. " * * * NEW YORK CTI'Y- -JUNE 6, 1945- -General CL,rk departed New York City by an Army C-47 and arrived in Washington at 1815 hours . He went from the airport to his home . General Gruenther sent the following cable to General Clark today: ' .Headquarters Fifth Army now declared category 2 unit and will not be demobilized . This change h s already resulted in slight stiffening t oward our personnel requests . · ''Our missions in Vienna have not accomplished much yet . Russians are asking when they will depart . Tolbohkin has suggested June 9 as good departure· date . "Alexander referring matter to Combined Chiefs of Staff. * * * All quiet . u * WASHINGTON- -JUNE 7, 1945-General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 0930 and disposed of cables and correspondence which were waiting. His first conference was wi~h Major General Henry, War Department G-1. He discussed certain personnel problems and made arrangements for Captain John J . Luther, Jr . no with the Tactical Department at West Point , to be issued orders to report to him in Washington on 14th June . Captain Luther is to become General Clark' s new aide . The General next saw Major General James A. Code , Jr . , who had certai n Signal Corps personnel problems which he wanted to discuss with General Clark. The General was next called in to see General Marshall , and after a half hour visit with him he met w:i.th Secretary of War Stimson, and Assistant secretary of War McCloy. The main topic under discussion at that conference was the attitude of the French Government toward Allied Military Government in Northvestern Italy. The possibility of General Clark visiting Brazil was next taken up with Major General Hull of .OPD. The Brazilian Government invited General Clark yesterday in a telegram delivered to him at the Hotel Astor, New York, to make a trip to Brazil coincident with the arrival of the first echelon of Brazilian troops who fought in Italy. Generals Clark and Hull agreed �( that it would be a fine diplomatic gesture and General Clark is going to go to Brazil during late July, if conditions permit. The troops are scheduled to sail from Italy on the 10th of July and will arrive in Rio either the 24th or 25th. General Clark then went across the river to an OSS luncheon at which he was the guest of honor . During the afternoon he held brief conferences with the following people: General Farenbaugh, just home from duty as Assistant Division Commander of the 83rd Infantry Division. He was General Clark' s G- 3 when he commanded the II Corps in England. Genera.l North, head of the Current Group, War Department, OPD . Major General John Hildring, head of the Civil Affairs Division of the War Department . General Clark discussed at length wi.th General Hildring problems which would face him as U. s. Military Governor in Austria . General Hildring pointed out that ·the Austrian policy paper being prepared by the Civil Affairs Division was finally complete and General Clark asked to be kept abreast of developments . Colonel Robert J . Wood, Strategy Section of OPD . Colonel Wood was formerly Assistant G- 3 of the Fifth Army under General Brann. Ci ✓--- Mr; erb~ :Matthew and Mr . Sam Reber, both career men with the State Department . · -· Mr . Matthew was attached to AFHQ during the time that General Clark was Deputy Commander under General Eisenhower. Reber was the State Department representative then with SHAEF. They discussed political problems in Europe and the Near East . Brigadier General Frank Caffey, who was Assistant Division Commander of the 34th Division in Africa- Italy and who now is President of the War Department Returnees Advisory Board. Major Ge?'}.eral James G. Ord, Senior U. s. Arrrzyr Member; Joint BrazilUnited States Defense Commission. General Ord said that he thought it would be of great benefit to relationships between the Military of the United States and Brazi lian Governments if General Clark could be in Brazil when the Brazilian troops which had been under his command came home from Italy. At 1615 hours General Clark went to ATC airport and took-off for 1lhite Sulphur Springs at 1650 hours . He was accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Ann and Bill. General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today: naeneral MacArthur's Headquarters have made inquiry ·as to the availability of Saltzman as Deputy to his Chief Signal Officer . Is Charlie interested? Will abide by his wishes . "Reference Headquarters 5th Army being placed in ca.tegory 2, this is no tactical implication merely a desire to perpetua.te 5th Army Headquarters . �I have discussed this whole matter with Hull. Go right ahea.d with your personnel requirements. To White Sulphur Springs tonight for 6 days ." General Clark formally accepted the invitation to attend the official ceremonies for the arrival of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in Rio de Janeiro today in the follov,ing letter to Dr. Lobo, Charge D'Affaires ·of the Brazilian Embassy in Washington : "Your telegram inviting me to attend the official ceremonies planned for the arrival of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in Rio de Janeiro has been received with profound appreciation "I take great pleasure in accepting the invitation of the Minister of ar to visit your great country at the time of the arrival of the Brazilian troops who so gallantly fought side by side with their North American comrades in Italy. I am returning to my as signment abroad in the very near future, and sincerely hope that nothing will arise in my command respons bilities overseas which would prevent my being in Rio at the time the first contingent arrives . "Please convey my deep gratitude nnd appreci .tion to General Dutr , fc,r this signal honor which has been accorded me , nd assure him that I am looking forward with a great deal of pleasure toward seeing him again personally in Brazil." ·* JUNE 8, * 1945 - JUNE ll, 1945 - General Clark * & * family at White Sulphur Springs. * * * * WASHI mT0M--J1UE 12, 1945--Because of the illness of l1rs. Doran, who is at Walter Reed Hospital, General Clark and his family returned to Washington unexpectedly by air, arriving at -rational Airport at 1030 hours. During the entire time they were in White Sulphur Springs the weather was bad. The General went directly from the airport to his home, visited Mrs . Doran at Walter Reed but did not come down to his office. General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follows: ttFrench meetin at JtFHQ yesterday resulted in satisfa.ctory arrangements. French ill start moving qut at, once and will complete withdrawal by July 10th. Carpentier headed French group. Sent you his best regBrds . Meeting with Jugs on ~ednesday. No news from Flory. · "War Department has not yet g·ven decision reference II Corps . It would also be of assistance if ar Department can clarify status of Fifth Army Headquarters . np lease phone McKenney. " �( WASHINGTON--JUNE 13, 1945--Before coming to his Pentagon office General Clark went to his mother's home on Kalorama .Road and spent half an hour with her . His first caller was Brig. Gen . Ralph S . Tate, his G- 4 who had just returned from Italy. General Tate made a report on things that had developed since General Clark left his headquarters , and told him that Genera.l Gruenther was eager to meet him at Caserta when he flew back into Italy. General Clark sent a cable to General Gruenther saying that he did want to meet him in Casert and telling him that his estimated time of arrival was 0900 on 18 June . The General and his party of 11 are scheduled to depart from the ATC hangar at ational Airport at 0900 on 16 June. General Clark then had a number of callers, including General Carter Clarke of the MIS; General Code, Deputy Signal Officer who dis cussed with General Cle..rk the decision on General Saltzman; Major General Hull who came in to talk to General Clark a.bout the Austrian ComnM .nd directive; Major Genera.I Dan roce and Major General Tompkins, Director Special Planning Division, War Department Special Planning Division, War Department Special Sta.ff. General Tompkins and three of his officers questioned General Clark concerning his convictions of the use of antiaircraft troops , colored troops and similar matters . They also discussed how Jational Guard Divisions should be led in peacetime , and it was Gene ral Clark's conviction that Regular Army officers should hold top commands in Guard Divisions since this war has shown that the politically appointed Generals of National Guard Divisions had to be removed after the Guard D~visions were called into the Federal service . General Clark then went to a luncheon wi th a number of StA.te Department officials including General Julius Holmes and Mr. Herbert (Doc) Matthews, Head of the European Division of the State Department . The luncheon ,vas held in Blair House across the street .from the State Department . This house is the one that is used by American Presidents during the time that the White House is being refurnished . Upon leaving the ~1ncheon, General Clark visited Lt . General DeWitt, under whom he served overseas -in the last war . General DeWitt is currently Head of the ArmyNavy Staff College . General Clark then returned to the War Department and cleaned up what work was pending and went home at 1530 hours . In the evening he went to dinner at the Army- ~avy Club with Mrs. Clark. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: ''Vienna ~ission will return here late tonight . cessful. Trip generally suc- "Tolbukhin was sick on last day and did not see them. Have you seen Tate? I estimate you will reach Caserta Swrlay or Monday. Consider that I should meet you there to assist in preparation yotu:- reports . Will bring Beach with me . "Please confirm that you vmnt me to come . day will now begin. " Work ha.s eased up and holi- General Clark cabled General Gruenther as quoted below: �''Back in Washington. Take off 9 AM 16th for Caserta. Keyes , Coulter, Earnest, Honnen, Lieutenants Clark and Keyes and my aide Captain Luther coming with me . Honnen and young Clark and Keyes for two weeks visit . Tate tells me of your proposal to meet me Caserta. I i:muld like you to do this. My scheduled arrival at Caserta 900 hours 18th in C54. Your telegram reference Brigadier Maconochie received . He will be ordered here . " General McNarney today sent the following cable to General Grittenberger regarding General Clarkts proposed trip to Brazil: nThrough Brazilian Embassy, Washington by _Dutra a formal invitation to WD has been extended for Generals Clark and Crittenberger to att end national celebration. Requested by return radio is Crittenberger's ?-Vailability. Regardless of whether Crittenberger will attend or not, an appror~iate personal note is suggested from Crittenberger to Dutra. General Clark will attend unless unforeseen circumstances prevent. Wooten will furnish exact date US party to arrive Brazil." * * * * WASHINGTON- JUNE 14, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours , accompanied by Lt . Cl~k. During the remainder of the morning he conferred with General Mci.rshall and with the Assistant Secretary of War , Mr . McCloy. With both officials he discussed his coming assignment in Austria and got final advice from both the Chief of Staff and Mr . McCloy. General Clarks new aide , Captain Jack Luther, reported in for duty. Genernl Clark left the office early and returned to his apartment at the Kennedy-Warren . 0 General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: nerders for Pence have not yet arrivetl . nrt is improbable that Charlie will depart on Friday. " General Gruenther also sent the following cable to General Clark: "Command set up for Austria contained in SHAEF messa.ge number SCAF 433 was dispatched 8 days ago but has not yet been approved by Combined Chiefs . "You ma.y desire to follow up . nTito representatives very disagreeable at initir-il meeting yesterday \ squirming for every possible advantage . Tough li.ne toward them being fol- } lowed in toda.yl's meeting. Flory returned ea.rly this morning . Reports Russians very cooperative in .all matters except inspection of air fields on north side of Danube . This we were not permitted to do . Russians consider that re should have only one air field Tulln. 11 I. 0 After jnspection of accommodations on ground Flory considers that �C Russian proposal for division of city submitted to EAC in April is much more favorable to us than United States proposal. His recommendations will be submitted promptly. "It aP})ears that we may have more horsetrading to conduct with British and French than with Russians . We have large contingent from our Headquarters on duty with X:V Corps at Salzburg who are actua.lly performing certain functions in US zone . We are receiving excellent cooperation from General Robertson . npassage of command to you will n9w ·be reasonably simple procedure but we do not know when it will take place. "Estimate that 15th Arnry Group Headquarters will di ssolve about July 1st. "We have examined question of moving our new Headquarters to Salzburg area shortly after July 1st but my present thought is that such a move is unwise. e should move into Vienna as soon as settlement of Vienna problem is obtai ned. The sooner the better . "Bea.ch and I will meet you Caserta Monday. "Charlie received invitation last night to take quick trip to States with Pence and White . I approved and he leaves today or Friday. tt I * * * * WASHINGTON--.TTJIB 15, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours and disposed of paper work. He then went down to the Pictorial Branch of the Bureau of Public Relations and was photographed in color . Pictures will be distributed to all publications in the United States who use 3 or 4 plate color job. He then met various callers , including .Mr . Tyrell, who had served in the last war wi th him in the First Army. At 1145 hours General Clark ent to the Capitol where he was the guest of honor at a luncheon given by Congressman Henry Jackson of Washingt on State. Among those attending the luncheon were leading mambo.rs of the House of Representatives, including Speaker Sam Rayburn of TeY..a.s. After lunch Senators Mitchell and Jackson of Washington State escorted General Clark to the Senate's private dining room where a group of Senators, including Majority Leader Barkley, were having lunch. General Clark spoke to the senators for a short time on the Trieste situation, after which Senator Barkley asked for a recess of ten minutes, during which General Clark was taken upon the floor of the Senate, and each Senator was presented to General Clark. The General was the first officer of this war to be given this distinct honor. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brig. Gen. Jeffe , no't'r in Somervell' s office , will be assigned to our Austria Hq . for {ey position in Flory' s Section by reason of his business background. He is Vice-President of the Consolidated Gas Company. Perhaps you can bring him along Saturday. �Russian proposal for division of city submitted to EAC in April is much more favorable to us than United States proposal. His recommendations will be submitted promptly. "It appears that we may have more horsetrading to conduct with British and French than with Russians . We have large contingent from our Headquarters on duty with XV Corps at Salzburg who are actually performing certain functions in US zone . We are receiving excellent cooperation from General Robertson . upassage of command to you will n9w ·be reasonably simple procedure but we do not know when it will take place. "Estimate that 15th Arnry Group Headquarters will dissolve about July 1st. nwe have examined question of moving our new Headquarters to Salzburg area shortly after July 1st but my present thought is that such a move is unwise • . e should move into Vienna as soon as settlement of Vienna problem is obtai ned. The sooner the better . "Beach and I will meet you Caserta Monday. "Charlie received invitation last night to take quick trip to States with Pence and White . I approved and he leaves today or Friday. tt I. * * * * WASHINGT0N- -JU~ 15, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours and disposed of paper work . He then went down to the Pictorial Branch of the Bureau of Public Relations and was photographed in color . Pictures will be distributed to all publications in the United States who use 3 or 4 plate color job. He then met various callers, including Mr . Tyrell, who had served in the last war wj_th him in the First Army. At 1145 hours General Clark ent to the Capitol where he was the guest of honor at a luncheon given by Congressman Henry Jackson of Washingt on State. Among those attending the luncheon were leading memb9rs of the House of Representatives, including Speaker Sam Rayburn of Tey,.as . After lunch Senators Mitchell and Jackson of Washington State escorted General Clark to the Senate's private dining room where a group of Senators, including M:tjority Leader Barkley, were having lunch. General Clark spoke to the senators for a short time on the Trieste situation, after which Senator Barkley asked for a recess of ten minutes, during which General Clark was taken upon the floor of the Senate, and each Senator was presented to General Clark. The General was the first officer of t his war to be given this distinct honor. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brig. Gen. Jeffe , no • r in Somervell' s office , will be assigned to our Austria Hq . for <ey position in Flory' s Section by reason of his business background . He is Vice-President of the Consolidated Gas Company. Perhaps you can bring him along Saturday. 1 �"We are busy today in connection with the Vienna Project, prospects for which are good . City is in bad condition and the Russians are eager for us to enter . Hovvever they are not so eager that they would weaken on the airfield situation. They have thr8e a:irfields all believed to be good , and I consider we are taking a bad trimming on this point . Will be glad to see you Monda,y. " * * * * ENROUTE TO ITALY--JUNE 16, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Keyes , General Coulter, General Earnest , General Honnen, Lt . Col. Booth, Major Pearce, Captain Kibler, Ca.ptain ,Lut her, Lt . Clark, Lt . Keyes and Sgt . Chaney left the National Airport, Washington, D. c., by C-54 at 1245 hours GM:r. The plane landed at 1820 hours Grm.1 at Stevensville, Newfoundland where General Clark talked with General Bill Collier. At 2005 GMI' the plane departed for Paris . and the trip was very smooth. * * * The weather was clear , * CASERTA- JUNE 17, 1945- At 0810 GMI' General Clark's plane landed at Paris where the party had breakfast . General Earnest and Lt. Col. Booth remained at Paris , and the remainder of the party departed at 0930 GMr for Caserta and arrived there at 1410 Gtfr . General Keyes and son, Lieutenant Keyes , General Coulter, Jajor Pearce and Captain Kibler left Caserta by plane at 1440 mm.1 . General Clark, his son, Lieutenant Clark, General Honnen and Captain Luther went immediately to Villa Content at Caserta where he saw General Lemnitzer and Colonel King . Later he had dinner with his party and Mr . Offie. After dinner General Gruenther arrived and conferred with General Clark for the rest of the evening . * * * * RO:ti'IE--JUNE 18, 1945- -Gener al Clark had breakfast with General McNarney, General Gruenther and General felson, after which he accompanied General McNarney to his office for a conference concerning the promotion to permanent grade of colonels and general officers of ~fro. General McNarney, rxeneral Clark and General Bevins attended the conference . General Honnen and Lieutenant Bill Clark left for Salerno by motor at 0800 and ret urned at 1600 hours . At 1630 hours General Clark, with General Gruenther, General Honnen, Captain Luther and Lieutenant Clark, left Caserta b y plane for Rome, where he landed at 1745. The party proceeded to the Hasler Hotel where they stayed for the night . After a short tour through the city they had dim1er at the Excelsior Hotel and later met several new 2nd Lieutenants just graduated from OCS . GenerA.1 Clark arrived at his hotel at about 2330. * * * * FLORENCE-J1JNE 19, 1945-General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther, �fn �General Honnen, Captain Luther and ~Lieutenant Clark had an audj_ence with the Pope at 1000 hours , arranged by Mr . Gowan of the American Embassy at the Vatican. After a short tour of the Vatican, the Genera l' s party returned to the hotel where they met Colonel Wedemeyer who arranged a meet ing with Prince Umberto at 1130 hours. The General discussed briefly the ItaHan situation with the Prince and later presented his party to His Highness . At 1300 the pa.rty arrived at the American Embassy and had lunch with Ambassador Kirk . After lunch General Clark and General Gruenther left by plane for Florence, arriving at 1615 hours . The General stayed at his villa tonight . · * * * VERONA--JUNE 20, 1945--General Clark, accompe.nied by Genera.I Gruenther , left Florence by plane at 1000 hours and arrived at Verona at 1100 hours . He went immediately to 15th .Army Group Headquarters where he spoke to the assembled officers and men of his headquarters . He then met his staff in the conference room and spoke briefly to them. After lunch General Clark left for his villa on Lake Garda where he relaxed and went in swimming with General Saltzman and Lieutenant Clark . G.e neral Gruenther joined General Clark for dinner this evening at the Lake Garda villa. * * * VERONA- JUNE 21, 1945- -General Clark spent the day at his villa on Lake Garda, relaxing , fishing and swimming. He had dinner in the evening with General Br ann and Lieutenant Clark . * * * * VERONA--JUJE 22 , 1945--General Clark spent the morning at his villa at Sirmione . At 1230 General Mascarenhas , accompanied by Lieutenant Gra.ell, arrived at the Villa for presentation of the War Medal to Generals Brann, McMahbn, Moran and Colonel Porter . General Mascarenhas also presented General Clark with a beautiful coffee set reminiscent of the empire days of Brazil. After lunch General Clark, with General Gruenther and General Br~mn, motored to Riva to inspect under ground factories located there and returned from Riva by boat to the villa. Colonel Sutherland conducted the tour . The General had dinner with General Gruenther, General Brann, Colonel Sutherland and Lieutenant Clark. * * * * VERONA --J1J:NE 23 , 1945- -The General left the cub strip on the spit at 0930 ( and arrived at his headquarters at approximately 0990 . He saw Colonel Porter and was brought up to date on all correspondence . At 1030 Genera l Anders, Commander of Polish Forces in Italy, arrived and after a short conference with General Clark presented General Brann, Colonel D' Orsa and Colonel Burrill with the Polish Gold Cros s of Merit with Swords . After the �presentation General Clark saw Colonel Mills , Commanding Officer of "Phantom" in Ita.ly. General Clark left the headquarters for his villA. at 1300 and spent the afternoon at his villa . In the evening he had dinner with General Brann at General Brann 1 s villa . * * * VERONA--JUNE 24, 1945--Genera.l Clark spent the day at his villa at Sirmione and in the evening had General Gruenther, Genera.I Brann, General Howard , General Lewis, Colonel Smith, Colonel Porter, Mr. Earhart and four State Department girls for dinner . * * * * VERONA--JUNE 25, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by Lieutenant Cla.rk , Captain Luther and Captain Lampson, departed Villafranca. airport at 0930 and arrived at the 91st Division cub strip at 1050 where he was met by General Keyes , General Livesay, General Honnen, General Harding and Colonel Magill, Commanding Officer of the 363rd Infantry. After reviewing Compe.ny D rof the 361st Infantry Regiment which acted as a guard of honor , the General proceeded to the reviewing stand where he spoke to the assembled t r oops of the 363r_d ;J:nfantry Regiment . Foll owing this , the General presented the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Oscar G. Johnson of Company B of the 363rd Infantry Regiment . Immediately after the presentation, the 363rd Regiment passed in review for General Clark and Sergeant Johnson. Arter the review, General Hr-u-ding drove General Clark to 13 Corps Headquarters where the party had lunch . After lunch General Harding conducted a tour through Trieste and surrounding territory for General Clark's party. At 1500 hours General Clark and party took off by cub from Ronchi airfield and landed at Venice at 1545 where they were met by Brigadier Richards and escorted to the Grande Hotel . General Clark bad dinner with General Honnen, Lieutenant Clark, Captain Lampson and Captain Luther and spent the evening with his son . * * * * VERONA - -JTJIE 26, 1945- -General Clark departed from the Lido by cub at 1000 hours and landed at the cub strip at 15th Army Group Headquarters at 1100 hours . He proceeded to his headquarters where he caught up on administrative matters which had accumulated during his absence. General Honnen and Lieutenant Clark left by motor for Balsano at 1500 hours . Lieutenant Clark will visit Paris and depart for the United. States on 2 July 19/f-5 • General Clark left for his villa a.t 1600 hours . ( * * * * VERONA- -JlJNE 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 �l50 hours . He worked on important papers during the bala.nce of the morning and at 1200 hours met Mr . Brunner, CINC, VFW; Mr . Kimball, Director of OC Bureau of VFW; and Colonel Heard , GSC , Washington, and had them as his guests for luncheon. * * * * VEROWA- JUNE 28 , 1945--General Clark spent the day at his villa, having luncheon with Brig Gen . Brann. * * * VERONA-JUNE 29, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther and Brigadier Ritchie , left his villa at 0845 by cub and flew to Bologna for the purpose of decorating Polish officers and men . After inspecting the assembled Polish troops in the public square of Bologna, General Clerk presented twenty-eight officers and men of folcorps with American decorations , after which General Anders decor~ted two American officers . Immediately after the decoration ceremony General Clark delivered a short address to Polish troops and was answered by General Anders . The assembled troops then passed in review to General Clark. Immediately after the review the General returned to his headquarters by cub where he worked on important papers prior to lunch . In the afternoon General Clark proudly presented General Brann with his second star before an assembled group of staff members . After pinning General Brann•s star on, General Clark entertained the assembled staff officers in his conference room for a drink. The General spent the rest of the day at his villa at Sirmione. General Clark's speech to General Anders and the officers and men of Polcorps is quoted below: ffGeneral Anders, Officers and Men of the 2nd Polish Gorps: "This has been a happy occasion this morning in presenting to members of your command, in the name of the Government of the United States, American decorations for heroic achievement on the field of battle . "It is the valorous action that you and many other individuals and units have performed which made possible om~ great victory after our long and difficult Italian campaign. "The acts of heroism for which you are being decorated this morning are characteristic of the valorous conduct of the entire 2nd Polish Corps . ''I recently re-t?urned from a visit to the United States. _ I can assure you that the people of our country are fully cognizant and appreciative of the great part you and the other troops in Italy have played in bringL!g about the final peace in Europe . At Chicago where I took a group of officers and men from Italy for a homecoming , celebration, I hRd the privilege of talking to thousands of civilians, among whom were a. large �l5 l audience of Polish-AmeriCRn citizens. They were particularly proud of the magnificent victories of the 2nd Polish Corps. They know the unselfish manner in which you flung your entire vveight into the final battle in spite of the worries and uncertainties which faced you at that time. rtGeneral Anders , the time has come when our paths will part . It has been a great honor for me to have your magnificent command serve with me. I want to thank you for yom" loyalty, devotion to duty, energy 8.nd, above all, the magnificent leadership you have given this cause. _I do not know what the future may hold for you and your men during the bala.nce of this war, but I do know that whatever t ask may be assigned to you, you will conduct it in the same glorious manner in which you have carried on here in Italy. I will now say goodbye and wish you and your men all the luck in the world , and may God watch over you wherever you go .n * * * * VERONA--J1JNE JO, 1945--General Clark spent a quiet morning at his villa. At 1400 hours he took ·off from Villafranca airfield, accompanied by General Gruenther. This was the first trip he had made in his new C-47 plane. He landed at Ca.mpo Forrnido airfield near Udine just before 1500 hours and transferred to General McCreery's C-45 plane , in which he flew to a strip near General McCreery' s schloss in Austria. General Clark and General Gruenther dis_cussed the situation in Austria and the forthcoming move to Vienna with General McCreary and also wi-th Tub:- . Ma.ck , British Ambassador designate to Austria and Major General Winterton. At 1930 hours there v1as a colossal dinner party for members of the Eighth Army. About 6oO guests were present : Practically all commanders in the Eighth ~rmy down to battalion commanders were invited, and there were a few nurses, FANYS, Red Cross personnel, etc . The schloss was beautifully situated in a lovely valley which was floodlighted by searchlights for some twenty miles around. During the course of the evening General Clark met the following ranking commanders - General Anders, Commanding Polish Corps; General Harding, Commanding British 13 Corps; General Freyberg, Commanding New Zealand Expeditionary Force; General Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army; General Livesay, Commanding u. s. 91st Division; General Hays, Commanding U. s. lOtb Mountain Division, and many others. He also met a Major Braithwaite, presently commanding a battalion in the 78th British Infantry Division, who was the officer who met General Clark on M:lison Blanche airfield on November 10, 1942 and drove him in an armored carrier to the St . George Hotel for his first meeting with Admiral Darlan, and also Miss Whittington, who was the lady in charge of the British Red Cross Rest Center on the Wortersee and whom Ger1era.l Clark ·had met in Sorrento more than a year ago and to whom he had given an American jeep and trailer. General Clark spent the night Rt General McCreery1 s schloss. * * * * VERONA--JULY 1, 1945--General Gruenther left early in the morning to return to 15th Army Group Headq~a.rters. General Clark and General Mccreery left the schloss at about 0900 hours by road and drove into Klagenfurt. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, May 3 - July 1, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from May 3 - July 1, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1668 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/ef6c86e805782fd284a3979f3c1ef497.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=PwnbpeZ0fPeUDA1S2Sgyssi8EYBBSuxbDhVIUegNshriuKoq3PNsbzf9zq2cBP3yaSXilBGA3X5JlFjRAuUw2JA0bd0ZI9tD1bb5KGZswoXENFmMIs8lTJLMrUmabBa%7E%7Ethlo52oVqtMLZ0aX4-EBRPAvlQtk85lPUcssTgDJvfgZWOXJxLw6RVw7KekWdIiuawRzSO%7EVVg07P9P5a1q0eY7JNnBMCMOZaVnfPEcvCs8qBMZSIA2ZD0EmhKLV8if3CWTRyvxmYjABMeTNWK23YEy-K%7EuJ8znye6HKypvcjebnr%7Et21IqHZUAIcN3RwFPWWKORlEtRyQW70rUn7bhqg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2f9ddaf6a4fe8d90bd2c1ae843810945 PDF Text Text 41 THE CITADEL, ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM at 1630, at which tjme he gave a cocktail birthday party in honor of General Gruenther . Sixty officers were pr e sent at the party. This evening Genere.l Clerk gave a small dinnAr party for General Gruenther at his villa . * * * FLORENCE- -MARCH 4, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. In the evenjng General Clark entertained Colonels Smith , Sutherland and Major Houston for dinner at the villa. General Clark today sent the following cable to GenerHl Keightley: RN SGS146 . 11Please convey to General Prjmiera my oongrA.tulations upon the successful recent offensive operation by the Cremona Group . clearing of the coast81 area .south of Po di Prjmaro, as well as the casualties inf licte<l upon the enemy and the number of prisoners taken, fort:ifj es the confidence in which these Italian troops are held as a result of earlier favorable actions . I shall look forward to further achievements of your group with keen acticipation." * * FLORENCE--MARCH 5, 1945- -The Gereral arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours and worked on pe.pers and conferred with w-irious JTBmbers of his stciff until 1100 hours , at which time he decorated Capti:iin Bachhuber, hj s Radio Qffjcer, with the Bronze Star arrl offered the CaptRin his best wishes, as today is his birthday. The General had a slight chest cold today. He returned to his villa after lunch and rema5ned there for the afternoon and evening . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 6 , 1945--Air Marshal Slessor, Deputy Commander of MedHerrrmean Air Forces, called to see Gener:,l Clark at 0930 this morning. The General spent the reroo inder of the morning in his office working on important adninistrative matter s and conferring with various staff officers . In the afternoon the Anny Group Commander retired to Ms villa where he spent the night . * * * FLORENCE- -MA.RCH 7, 1945--At 0930 hours this morning General Clark saw Brigadier Irwin who has just cone from Indfa where he has been serving with the 14th P.rmy. The Brigadier has recently been appointed to command the Staff College at Quetta , India . \ At 1030 hours General Clarlc bti.de goodbye and presented a Bronze Star Medal to Colonel Warren, Graves Registratfon Officer of Fifth Anny. Colonel Warren is returning to the United States for a new ass:ivinent. �At 1215 hours General Mccreery, who had just returned from leave in the UK, called on General ClRrk Pnd conferred for an hour. After lunch in his rress the General returned to his villa for the afternoon . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 8, 1945--Crenera.l Clark was interviewed by Mr . Smith, Head of the New York Herald -Trib1 ne Bureau in JtPly. After the intervie v General Clark conferred with General Gruenther and otr er rre ribnrs of his stRff fol'. an hour. The Gener 1 lunched in his mess, a:rrl after llli"lCh left for Rome in his C-47, accompanied by General Brann ~md General Saltzman. General Clark today dictated .the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: "I have sent the following lett :~r to Army Commanders in order th( .t they may be prepared to take advantage of an 9pportunity which would be mi~sed jf we were not ready: "l. The following factors clearly indicnte tba t the day is rapidly approaching when 15th Army Group must rontribute its full smrA to the final offensive tmt will crush the German armed forces . g . On the Eastern and Western fronts , Allied Armies continue their successes against weakening enemy resistP.nce . ( ]2 . For many days the weather has :i:ermi t ted Allied Air Forces to pound Germany with devastnting effect . £• The fact .that the enemy resjstance to our recont limited objective attRcks is not so clesperate as in rrevious attacks mA.y indicate that h:i s morRle is lower j_n some infantry uni ts . g. The enemy' s reserves of war m11.terials in this theater are gradually decreasing and his lines of communication are so bP.dly interrupted by our air forces that additional supplies are brought in with great djfficulty. ~• The enemy continues, under great difficulties , to withdra divisions from our front . 2 . It has been impossible, thus far , to indicate a D- Day for our offensB . Consequently, under current instruction("'! , Army Commanders have been directed to prepare plans to attack as follows: g. As soon as possible in the event of a major enemy wjthdrawal from Jtaly. Q. About 10 April . £• 3. ~- About 1 May. It is now directed thet plans be completed, moverrents rrede a:nd preliminary operations executed to permit the main a.ttPck to be launched �on 10 April, shoulrl conditions varran~. he.situation. · 11 be revie~ed and d9cisions made firm 1 April. It is realized tht=i.t if the attack 1.s launched on 10 April, the proposed operation on VALLI di COMACCHIO will be limited to the personnel that can be transported in approximately forty· (40) Fanta.ils available :in tre ore ration area on tha.t date . b. If on 1 April it is decided that the rre.in attrck should not be laun~hed on 10 April a new t~rget date will be prescribed by me . Eighth Army will increase the size of the operation in the VALLI di GOMACCHIO as additional resources become avaj lnble. 4. Based on present plans tha.t Eighth Army1 s attc-'1.ck vd 11 precede Fifth Army' s attack by an estimated three to fj ve days , it is desjred that Arm~es prepare plans for employrrent of the air forces on all suitable targets withi.n their zones of action. Plans for employment of air forces will be submitted to this headquarters hy 25 fl1arch for fjnal coordination between Armies . u ttI have discussed this rm.tter with Field Marshal Alexander, for I feel that on the British s i de there js certAin reluctanoy to an attack in April - preferring to wait until May. I djscussed the rretter with Generals McCreery and Truscott. The latter is in hea.rty agreement. I made it plain to ~1cCreery that I wouJrl im.ke the decision on the 1st of Apr i l; that the attack might hav A to go without the VALLI di COMA.CCHIO. All the way through the feeling in the Eighth Army is: 'Let's wajt and the job may be easier' • My feelin~ is that when the Boche crumble on all sides we must hit him soon with everything we bB ve . Many conferences have been held and drafts of instructions prepared on the Allied occupation of Austria. Gereral McNarney came to see rre to discuss the subject. I indicated that 15th Army Group should be the agency to plan its occupation but that I, as its commander, had no desire to nsit on my t.R.il" while fighting was going on in the Facific and be a commande...,. of Anerican troops in Austria. As these drafts of instructions CPme to my heR_dquarters for comment, they were not clear as to 15th Army Group's part:1 cipation . In fact, :it WRs rather delega:te<l to the Armies . I r8peatedly protested , indicating to AFHQ that there wa,s no other agency than 15th f!..rmy Group to coordinate the movement of British and Anerican troop s in their initial positions in Austria; that my re8ponsibilities in connection vlith the occupation of i ndu.strial Northwest Italy R.nd Northeast It!:'.l ly o t its proximj ty to Tito 1 s "tinder:. boxn and my re'"'ponsibilities for possibly handling a large number of Germen prisoner:=: in the Po Valley wa.s too intimA.tely associated with the moV9ID8nt of troops into Austria; that it could not be divorced from my responsibilities . I have had a :p9.per prepared as follows , with AFHQ 1 s approval: Pro. I understR.nr it neets 1 n1. In compliance with paragraph 3, cover letter Allied Force Headquarters, subject, Operation FREEBCRN, dated 22 February 1945, the following comments nre submitted. �( / 2 . 15th Army Gr oup has been charged w-ith the rP-sponsibilities of clearin~ Northern ITALY, of the primary disarmRment of enemy troop~ , and of the control and admi nistr~.tion of German forces j n ITALY. Tasks assigned by Operation FREEBORN further charge 15th Army Group wit h re leaqing troops for the initiation of that or-er~.tion . Perforce , frori the units ;equired for the operations in Nco:-thern ITALY must come the units to be initially involved in Operation FREEBORN . 3 . It is agreed that the tasks ass5_gned are so related that definite plans at this t:ime can not be drawn for the coord~nated movement of initial uni ts into AUSTRIA . For this reason , arrl because j t is impracticable to forecast the nnnner in which Oyeration FREEBORN may be executed , i t is essential tha.t simplicity and flexibility of plan be preserved . 4. To the end that simplicity be rre.intained and control rass Ydthout break of continuity a.t thH logical time, it is recommended th=tt one head quarters control the movement8 of uni.ts from tMs theater dest ·ned for AUSTRIA . Inasmuch as 15th Army Group will be in control when the occupation of ATTSTRLI\. is started , :it is recorrnnended tha t this headqu::~rters be charged with the movement to and o ccura tion of initi a.l positions in AUSTRIA by Eighth and Fifth Armj es . 15th Army Group shoulrl be relieved of its responsibilities in AUSTRIA at a date to be determined by SAC . n * * * FLORE rcE --MAROH 9 , 191,.5--The Army Group Commander was still in Rome toda.y, nnd there was no thin5; of importance going on in the comrnand post . General Clark today received th8 follow:ixl1s letter from General UcCreery regarding Armoured Infantry Carriers (KANGAROOS): " I have now to use 27 Lancers , who were going to man KANGAROOS , to man sixty extra LVTs for which American crews are not a.vaila. ble . This has nA cess:i tated my using J/4/20 HussP.rs, . the armoured rAgiment at present supporting 13 Corps , to man sixty KANGi\.ROOi", to enable me to complete enough KAT\JGAROOS to carry thre e complete inf,mtry ba.ttalions . I cons::_der thnt the provision of these KANGl\ROOS is of great importnnce to emtble the leading infantry to keep up with the tanks when exploitation takes place from my brjdgeheads over the rivers S'Ki'-ITO 8.nd SA JTER 11JO . Therefore, I am most anxious that I should be able to carry at least three Ba.tt?lions in this way. I selected 14/20 Hus ars because they are the only regirrent RVa:i lable wh:i. ch is not already in an ,li.rmoured Brigade . · he selection of any other regj 111ent for this purpose would involve breaking- up an l\rmoured Brigr>de , which I can not afford to do now that I have lost two Armoured Brigades wi t h Camldian Corps; and another reason is that 14/20 HussP...rs would not be fully employed wj th 13 Corps in the hilly country. On the other hand, 10 Indj an Di vision may hP ve limited opport,mi ties for the employment of a fe•v troops of tanks whAn the tiT'le oomes for them to undertake limited offensive operations , to help the general plan . Would it b.-., possible , as the sc~ctor is on the imm~3diate right of Fifth Army, to plac8 1.mder commanii 13 Corps one or tr.ro sq1.1.Rdrons of American tanks for this p11rpose? I would be most grBteful if this could be considered . tt �l 51 FL0R...:iHCF,--MARCH 10 , 1945- -In the absence of General Clark ! Gene~a.l . Gruenther this afternoon greeted Genern 1 Mayne of the IndJ_a 0ff1.c 8 1.n I~ondon . The Chjef of Staff oriented General Mnyne on the. situation ~n It9 l:r in G ,ner~l Clark's rvro- Room ann t}•en entertainod hJ m for tea in the conf~rence hut . * * * FLOR"8 CE--MA.RCH 11 , 1945--General Gruenther today entertained GonerP._l Anders, Commander of the Polish Corps , for lunch in thA absenc9 of Generr-1 Clark. G8neral Anders ha -3 .just returned from London where he has been in conference 'Ni th lead1_ng Polish of-f:i c -i al s anc high British mili tA.ry and cj vil officials . * * * FLORE JCE- -MARCH l?. , 1945--General Clark is still in Rome 1Yith Gener::i.l Brann and GenerPl Saltzman, and therA f:rerA no importr>nt co forences or visitors to the commann post today. * * * FLOib\CE'- -MARCH 13, 1945- -GenerBl Gruenther today jnterv~ewed Pat F'r;:ink, War Correspondent, who had cone to 15th Army ..rroup HeP r 1 quarters to see Genernl Clark . The Army Group Chief o Staff ri.lso had as h~ s guests Mr . Patterson, United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia, and Mr~ CochrR-n of the U'NRFA for tea. in the conference hut after orient-tng his guests in General Clark' s War Room . * * r,- * /FLOREJ, cE--rnL1i:CH 14, 1945--General CJ1...rk arrived from Rome by B-25 at 1630 rours with Generals Saltzman, Bran"1. nnd I:ewis . He drov0 d5rectly to his ,,nv'{~ / headquarters where he conferred vith GenerPl. nruenther untjl 1300 hours v _-i. after i•1hich he went to Ms v-nla for the night . General Gruenther anc1 pr~Jr J Colo~1ol Porter dined wj th General ClH_rk at the ,,-,. 1/ r.A.... V 1 .;, ~ /~ N~ ✓ pr'- Cl · -~ * ~? ~({---V-~~ ~ t\ (/ ~¥ ,. C r ..e.. ~ I * FLORE11!., --MARCH 1(, 1945--'T'he Gen8rnl arr 'voc1 at his headquarters at 1000 hours , worked on accumulated papers anrl conferred 'U th rrembers of his staff . Colonel Donaldson , Army Ground Forces Board , called on Gener al CJ1:1 rk to congratulate him per sonally on his nomination to full general. At 1200 hours Mrs . Clare Booth Luce a:rr-i ved an( conferred with the Army Group Commancer un irt'23o. t-fovlly· appointed ambassador to Yugoslavia Patterson, Governor Cochrr-m of the Ul'.JRRA , and Ma,jor GR.tes, , Vfilitary Att.-,che to Yugoslavia, arr ·i ved at 1230. At 1_300 General entertn inetj_JJrs . Luce~- - Ambassa(ior Patterson, Governor Cochran and Lajor Gntes at H buffet lunch . The following women's organizations were represented at tre buffet lunch: Women I s Auxiliar~r Corps , AmericP.n Army 1Jurse Corps, Brazilian ExpPdi t j onary Force Nurse Corps, Arerica.n Hed Cross, Psychological ':";p rfr,re Brr-inch , Royal Air Force hrr-sinr; Sisters, Italia.n R.ed Cross, Queen Alexandr-ta Imperial Military Hur sin.., Service , British R.ed Cross Servi_ce, South _/\frican Nursing �( Service , Army Territorial Service , .Soldiers, '"3ailors & AirmP.n"· Families Ji ssociation Imper·1 al 1flilitary Nursing •~erv:i ce, l\fow Zealand Nurse Corps , Roval Canad1.A.n Army Viedic~l Corps , ENSA , Council of 1 Tolunteer Women \for}:ers, Sa1vf'tion Army an0,· F~men Volunteer Servicn . After lucnh the General le ft for h5_s vj 11.a for the remainder of the afternoon and evening. The Army Group Commander t oday sent the following message to General ,~c"farney with r Jgarrl. to promotion of Gener8.l Brann : R 'T SGS166 . urny only nomination for pror1oti on this month is Brieadier GenerP.1 Donf'llr1 W. Brann whosq qualifications h2VR already been outlined in previous letters +o you . He has been G-3 of }t'ifth Army c nr1 15th Army Group sincf; June , 1943 under most d-ifficult combat cond~ tions . He h~s demonstrated outstanding ability anc1 richly deserves promotion to i'1aJor Generr>.l. I urgently recornrr1end that he be included on next 1:i.st which you submj t to War Department . TT * * :F'L0REHCE--MARCH 1 1) , 1945--r;,he General arrived at his headnuarters at 1000 hours . At 1100 he held a. small decorRtion an< 1 promoti.on cerHmony at which he decorated A_r:il promoted thr➔ f ollovrin~ officers anrl enlisted men froJ'l1 15th Army Group Headqmrters: Colonel Jos.eph R .. Burrill, 1st Lieut0nHnt Louis J . Sir kin , S/Sgt . "8lwin L. Carpenter , T//4- Robert n. Blosser r-i.nct Pfc . Bernard J . H. Nelson were awardGd the Bronze Star med2.l; Mr . r'hite , M/Sgt .. Holly , 1st Sgt . Davis and T/ Sgt . Freedman were promoted to second lieutenants. The General lunched at his mess at th0 heP-.dquarters and after lunch r~turned to his villa. for the rest of the a ternoon ann night. * * * FLORE"'T ' --MARCH 17, 1945--rr'he General arrived at h:.~ headrrnarters at 1030 hours ::i.nr . rret w:ith member. of his staff anc·1 1:mrked on pap~rs . At 1230 he went to the Florence airport with General Lew:s to meet Mrs . Mc1Jair . He returned to his headquarters for lunch with lVlrs . McNair and GenerHl Lewis .. General Bolte called General C1Brk to tell him of tho death of Generel Gus Braun, I1 sqistant Divisional Commander , 34th Infantry Division. GenerPl Braun was shot down by enemy rmti-aircraft fjre while inspecting the front line in an L-L:i., In thA even-~ng at 1930 the GenerP.l attended the West Point annual dinner at the Hate 1 t~xcelsior , Ai'ter vhich he returned to his villa for the rest of the evenim; . 1 * * * FL0RENCE --r.i1ARCH 18 , 191+5--ri:ihe General arrived at hi.s rer,dquarters at 1030 hours . GAnera.l 1cCreery arriv9d at 1100 an0 conferred vr:ith the A my Group Commander on future oper at:ions . At 1130 General Truscott arrived and thA Generals all conferred togethP-r until 1230 . General Clark lunched ri.t h:i s :beadquarters anr1 after 1 mch played r.solf with GenerR 1 Brann, then returned to his villa . �53 I In a conference todny vi th Fifth Army and Eight 1 Army Commanders, t}-e followino: dAcisions v,mr0 rePch,Jd: nrt ~as dec:ided that the Fifth Army vmuld make the mA.in effort in the forthcoming attack in April. General McCreery ~greed thPt it is impossible for the lSth ftrmy Group to be strong in two places simultaneously. General r"cCreery inf or med G-ener al Clarr: that the gighth Army ,..,ould attPck with three divisions, all attackiYlg simultaneously to breA.ch the SANTPER.l\JO . An additional di.vision ( the 78th D:tvision) w:i.11 be in the corps reserve and ~iv-ill rroceed to the ARGElITA gap, passing through the 8th Ind-i_an Division. GAneral Mccreery expects to do the spit operntfon east of VALLI d'.i COMACCHIO on the night of March '30th. He cannot use crash boats but wi 11 use some LVT s. He will not drop the par10,chut:i st~ of the 2nd Fa.rachute Bri gR.de in the BASTIA br-1dge area. He will set up the 5r)th Di vision or re.rt thereof with a view to its ma.king an amphibious operation combined w:ith a re,rachute drop in the PORTO T·¼.GGIORE area. The determination of whether or not this operation is to bA carr ·i ed out will be rode by &ereral Mc Creery in consultation with General c1:~.rk. mhe 2nd Parachute Brigade wag e.ttr, ched to the Eighth Army on the di::i_y of the conference, 18 r~arch . In the event this unit is not us0d in the PORTO MAGG IORF, area, pl~ns viJ.l be rrade for its 1R ter usA elsGwhere. General Mccreery expres "oed himself as being satisfied with his relations with the Navy respectinC; plans for forthcoming operations. 0 General Mccreery understood that his attRck was to b9 I118.de first, and understood thoroughly the cover plan, which is to the effect thRt U. S . troops a.re to be employed in the PO valley to rei!'tf cr en the Eighth Army. He preferred tb.r1t the cover plan indj crite th=i t the attack would be made south of Route 9. General McCreery rill ITIRke more and morA uso of the 13 Corps .. Gt=meral Clrtr1 told General HcCreery that once a bridgehead over the SA\lTER.110 has been established, a small LVI' · effort may be des:irable to assist in the capture of the BASTIA br:Idr;e. G~neral Mccreery bt:1 the main ob.jective until the ~ighth Army d~rected on FRRRARA a understood that Generf-11 Cl.ark desired that FERRARA of the •ighth Army att;.,ck, but cannot become so opens up thA ARGENrA g:::ip. Once the main effort ~-s strong secondary effort r1ill be continued on BUDRIO . In the Fifth Army the main attack w:i 11 be rm.de with the II Corps, with the 3li-th Division attacking Hill 407 with one combat team, the 91st Division attacking rrr . ADO'Tg wHh two regirrents, the 8 ,°ith Division attacking Mr . RUl'UCI wHh one RCT, ancl the 6th South Afr:i can Armored Divisi.on attacking L . SOLE. On the left the IV Corps will i11cL1de the 10th Mount ain and 1st Armored Divis1.ons, the Brazi Hans holding the left flank and t:vo colored regiments bAini:s in the area. The att,-,ck of the IV Corp~ will probPbly "he launched 48 hours before the II Corps attack begins . �54 Fift h Army D-Da.y will probably be the third or f ourth dn.y After Ej ghth fl_rmy D- Day. General CJ.Ark ,~oulrl yr efer to hP ve th A Fifth Army · attack on D plus 4 of the r.::ighth Army if ocndJtions are suita.ble .. The employment later of the 85th Division V[ill be dictE ted by conThe 92nd Division , as reconstituted , will jump off on D minus 5 for the 15th Army Group in an a t tack on MASSA. ditions at the time. Both Army Commanders had mcpressed thP-mselves as being sat:1sf:i..ed concernjng air cooperation . It was agreed that attacks may be postponed on '?!+ hours ' n.otice . n_ * * * FLORENCE- -MARCH 19 , 1945 --General Clnr1< arrived Pt his headquarters at 1000 . He spent the morning working on B.ccurmilated rapers and conferring w~ th members of his stP.ff. After lunch he returned to his villa for the aften1oon and evening . FL0RKJCE--TV'i.RCH 20 , 1945 --Genera Cle.rk arrived at his hendquarters Pt . 0900 hours . •1a,jor General CursAtjee of the Indian ~.lfed ·i cal S9rvice called on Genera.l Clark . At 1130 the Gene,,.Rl had his picture tHken with General Gannon by Miss Toni Fris3ell, lBarling AITBricPn woman photogrnpher. At 1230 General .Tye , Vice ChiPf of ImperiPl Staff, War Office, arrived .. Gener~l Cfark briefed him in his /far Room ,. fter 1hich he entertained him for lunch. Brigadiers Hirsch and nckarr were also nrAsent for lunch. • GenerPl tTye left directly After lunch . At H.15 I 'Iajor Q9ner~.1 Birks , RAC , AFHQ , came to call on Gener al Clark and conferred f"or half an hour. The General left for his villa and spent the rest of the afternoon and evening there . 1 General ClRrk todpy receive<i the following nemorandurn from Rome Area Allied Command: HThe followi ng infornw.tion your GSI(b): j s submitted pursuant to a request from 1. Since NovAmber, 1941.1,, a group of persons in ROME had been under investif.;ation because of tbeir avowed intention to ke ep alive the Fascist Fart;r jn Liberated It::,ly. 'rhey planned to ac8omplish this by T.'.B1=lns of periodic meetings , recrui tinf.; ne v rre mber , publish-i ng clandestine leaf le ts a.nd newspapers , and finally by orgPnizing :md arming nr-1.ction squnds" :.rM ch would bG ready to create disturbmces or ex9cute whatever orders vrnre given them . 2 . The number of " Action squa.dsn really in existence is not known , but one has been discovered and all members of it are now under arrest . "rhis group ·ms responsible about ;:?? January 1945 for the rnurder of an individual in SIEl\JA. cihortly thereafter certr-i in membei"S of tb8 group were arrested by CC . RR and are no·,'? held A.t Reaina Coel:i ,fail in ROME . �55 } On 24 Feb 45 an explosion , thought to be sabotage , occurred on an on pipe - line in ROME . The follrn.ving day an informant who hAd penetrated the group, rAportP.d to our CIC 0etRchment tb~ t th('.~ grour had a ~~clared th0.msr-;lves responsible for the explosion nnd wern enthusiastic about their succes"'. 'rhe informant further stRted thn.t rembers of the group declared their :intention to 11 kill General Clark when he comes to ROME on 1 Mr-i.rch" . Yonr headquarterq was notified on 26 Feb 45 by telegram' of this threat . Meanwhile, instructions rere g,v rm by th:i s headquarters that all rerw in:i ng members of this group were to be arrested as soon As located . Action was taken with the result that all merbers of the group were under arrest And i n prison on 5 Parch . 3. Plans had also be0n TTB.de for the arrest of the principal figures of the clandestine Fasc5 st Party. This acM on was taken on 8 March, 28 arrests being Affected . Invest5 gat d..on still continues ano the case rm :v not yet be considered coriplete . However, these points TIFY be stated : a . No AVidence j s on hadn to indicate t!-F t the main Fasci.st group gave orc1ers to ma'l;;:8 an Pttemnt on the life of General Clark . rrhe threat appears to rnve originate,1 within th9 riction squad jts~lf. As stnted before, this squad is "1oW entirely ~ccounted for ann in prison. b . No 9Vidence is on hand to verify tl1e existenc,3 of other action squads working for the clandestine Fascist Group . If there Are nore squads in existence the7 hAve done nothing ovArt . c . As a result of the recent arrests , all persons in ROME of Fascist background are extremely uneasy about their future t=ind appear eager to avoid any Ftet5.ons wh~ ch would brjng them to the notice of the Allied security author·ties . /+. The tbreat upon the life of General Clark has had no publicity whatsoBver and ::is knmm only to a few mef'lbers of this headqurirters . * * FL(1-qEJCE-- MARCH 21 , 1945--Generrtl CJ.ark , accompvnied by Br~ gadier FPckard , left Florence by roarl at abo1J.t 0715 hours . He reached Forli At 0945 where he was rnt by an of:ricer from the ls t Polish LAncers. From there he drove , preceded by the officer guide , in an armored cA,r , pennants flying, to Faenza whj ch he reached 2.t 1000 hours . Here there was a srna 11 ceremony. Gener2l Anders was presenting dr-~corations to officers anr' men of the 2nd rolish Armored Brigade at the comm;:inr post of t 1e 1st Polish Lancers. The ceremony fllas in the courtyard of a small CAstlP. in FP.enza . The bimd and honor guard were drawn up ac1nr; t . e decorn,es anr! sp s ctators were dram up on the other two sides of the s quare. Grmerr>l CJr rk was received by General Anders and was an interest d spectator of ·she cerenony. After vards the troops taking part marched past General c1, rk anrl the decorees . ri7he ceremony was followed by a Ahart rPception and luncheon in neigh rinF; hotel tA.ken over for the occasion . General ClPrk met Genernl Bohusz- Szyszko who was tr>king over �5G command of the Polish Corps from GenerPl Anders, ,rener~J. Duch , Com.m?nding Jrn Ca.rpnthian Division, Genernl Snlik , Commandjn~ 5th KresoV'P Division, and manv other Polish officers . Dvr ing thr; r0ception Generr-i l A Y1ders pro moted a•· ;vo1mri; tc"P1k_ front gunner from the Armored "8 rigade to th8 rnnk of lr-mce corpornl. This ooy, vho h?d enlisted und .,r a fnlsA age r1hen he WP s onl;,r 16, w~.s the sole mrrvivini:,; membAr of the ere r of a tPnk knocked out by a German gun and he had k~ llBd some tvrnlve Qqrrn.n infrmtrymen for wh ~ch_ exploj t he he 0 been decorated.. (},:meral C]p rk made a short sr1eech ancl GGnerPl Anders repl:ied . After lunch GenerP.l ClRrk, Gener 1 J\nders Pnd other officers droV9 to the headq1i;=irters of the 1st c~.rpnthi1v1 Brigade . Generril ClBrk discussed thP- local ta~tical si tnation ri th tho Brigade comrnP :nder .. He then drove to the 1st battalion of the same bri gr1de wherB the troops were dravm up in his hoYJ.or in a small f orrr:e tion. A ye unq; Fol~. . sh 1P nee corporal WHS called out from format.;on and :introduced to Generril Clark . He h· d a few da.ys efore faken r2rt in an offensive rntrol ana hnd yersonall;-r a.ccoimted for '-,0me f01-ir or five G9rrnrm:'. Gene.r[-11 Clr_rk decided on thP✓ spot to awar' th: s 1.R.nce corporal tho Arre ricPn Bronze JtPr. From there he drove to the comm~nd post of the 5th Wilenska Brigade , p-:irt of the Sth KresovP Division . From -shere he r1 rove to the hePdquarters of the D-ivisj on 17here he took tea with Generr-tl Anders , ,orps Cor11ITJP.nder, GenerRl Sulik , Division2.l CommRnder , an,1 other senior officers of the Corps . Al so present at the tea · party vere rrember s of the An~lo- P ol i sh Ballet , who under the spon s brship of E2'JSA werr3 playing to the Polish Corps Rt this t.! me . Genernl Clark pa.:i c a short visit at the Army Group Polish Artille ry ano. drove to Forlj airfield . He to0k off in his ovrn pb.ne at 1515 and arr:ived back at his command p os t at 1600 . ( J * * * FLORENCE-- itA.RCH 22, 1945--General CJE.rk with General Gruenther left at 0845 hours by B-25 for CasertA to attend the Supreme Allied Comma,nder 1 s conference. Following are the mintrte s of this conference: ttAllied officers attending the conference were Field Marshal Alexander, Lt . General Mc!farney, Vice Admiral Hamilton, Lt. General Eaker, Rear Admiral Lewls, Air Marshal Garrod, Lt. General Clark, Lt. General Morgan, Brig. General .~agruder, Honorable Alexander Kirk, Rt. Honorable H. Macmillan, Rear Admiral Stone , Colonel Smith, Major General Noce, Brig . GenerBl Spofford, Rear Admiral Packer, rJfajor Gener,·:11 Gruenther, Brig. GenerRl 1:berle, Brig. General Cabell, Brigadier Nicholson, Mr. Offie, Colonel Hobson, Mr. Barnes, Brj gad .".er Jeffries and Colonel _Bastion. 1. -- ]ID!UTES OF PR"EVIOUS MEETI ~ G (SAC (P) (4$) 3rd Meeting) THE CONFERENCE approved the minutes of their meeting held on 15th lm-9h 1945. 2. JUGOSLAV ORGANIZA'!.'Io ,rs AI'ID MISSIONS IN I ALY (previous reference SAC (P) (4~) 3rd Meet ing, Minute 3) I �51 ( "MR. MACMILLAN, referring to the Supreme Allied Comm:mder' s invitation to the British Resj_dent ·1inister an0 U.S. Political Adviser to obtain the formal approval of the new Jugosla.v governement to the closure of the Royalist Missions in ROME, NAPL-~S a.,.~d BARI, reported that re had forwarded a communication on this roo tter to the Br i tish Ambasiador · to the Jugosla.v government; no action had, however, been taken to raise with the ,Jugoslt:lV government the questions of the disposition of the Jugoslav · personnel of these mis•3ions or the enlistment of Jugoslavs in Allied Porces. He was of the opinion that this matter shouu.d be tak"m up jointly by t..½e British and United States Ambassadors to JTJGOSLAVIA after the latter had assuned office. MR. OFFlE stated that no diploma.tic action j n · rega rd to the closure of the missj_ons had ,et been ta.ken by the United States. The matter would, however, be raised whe n the Un:ited States Ambassacfor had arrived in BELGRADE. He agreed with rtr. Macmillan's proposal :i.n reg,:ird to the question of the disposition of Jugoslav personnel. THE SUPREME AU,IED COMMANDER: 3. (a) Directed that the reference to the disposition of the Jugoslav personnel, oontained in Minute 3(a) of SAC (P) (45) 3rd Meeting, be regarded as cancelled. (b) Invi ted the British Res 5d ent ~inister and the U. S. Political Ad,,iser to arrange for joint representa tions to be W1de to the Jugoslav government, ·n accordance with Mr. Jiacmillan 1 s proposal at 'X' above, when the United States Ambassanor to JUGOSLAVIA had arrived in BELGF.ADE. LOCAL GERflIAN STTRRENDER IJLIT.!1! (Paper No. SAG (P) (4t;) 'i5 and Addendum) THE CONFEIDJNCE had before them a rev1.sed drR.ft djrecti ve to Commanding General, 15th Army Group, Commander-in-Ch~e f, F,edi terranean, and Air Comm~..nder-111-Chief, Mediterranean, giving the t· .Rks of the land, sea and air forc e s in the event of local German surrender in ITALY a.nd attHching drafts of the instrument of local surrender arrl initial orders to be -~ssued, in accordance with it, to enemy land, naval and air forces. THE OONFERENCE, in discussion, agreed tha.t detailed amendments as set forth in:.Appendix I A' should be made to the draft documents circulated under paper To. SAC (P) (45) 15. VICE AmITRAL HA.MILTON requested that final approval to the Naval Appendix should be deferred unti 1 it harl been examined by the Commander-inChi ef, Medi terranean, ho was returning from LONTX)N on 22nd March. MR. MACM[LLAN, referring to the Supre:rre Allied CommFmder 1 s right under the draft instrument of surrender to refra:i.n from accorc1ing to disar:rred German personnel the privilege of prisoner of war status, suggested that an examination should be rr:Rde a~ to the status of Italian r,ersonnel of the l~a.scist divisions who may be expected to surrender at the same time. He b ~~lieved there was in existence an instruction from the Combined Chiefs of �53 Staff that such personnel should be +,reated as prisoners of war. ( REAR ADMIRAL STONE confirred that it· ·had been directed that captured personnel of Italian Fa s cist divisions should be treated as prisoners of war and considered tba t if any var:ta. tions from this instruction were to be mde, the natter should be referred to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. LIEUTENANT GENE,1lAL McNAl'lNEY believed that these Italian rersonnel should be treated in a mnner precisRly s imilar to Germans who surrendered at the same time. BRIGADIER NICHOLSON cons1.dered that the instruoM.on from the Combined Chiefs of Staff was only intended_ to cover Italian r,ersonllel cartur-ed during normal combat under present conditions. He presumed that in the e vent of' local surrender there would not be any objection to treating such Italians similarly to surrendered Germans . MR. OFFIE said that . the dispositi on of Fascist and Nazi surrendered personnel, {including prisoner s of war) after the termination of hostilities, was now under discuss1- on by the E)Eopean Advisory Council in LONDON. THE .SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER: Directed the Chief of' Staff: (a) To redraft the directive, draft instrument of surrender, an:1 initial orders to enemy land, naval and air forces, circulated urder paper No. SAC (p) (45) 15 a11d to submit the revised drafts for his approval. (b) To appoint a suitable committee, to ·e xami.ne the status, to be accorded in the event of local enemy s,~render in ITALY, to 1_:ersonnel of the Italian Fascist divisions and to repo~t to him in regard to the policy which should be adopted and the connnunications, if any, vfuich should be made on this subject to the Itiuian government and to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. · 4. JUGOSLAV NATrONALS IN _ITALY (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 17) THE CONFERENCE had before them a revised pa.per setting out policy to be adopted in connection with Jugoslav claims to jurisdiction of the:i.r nationals in ITALY, together with a draft letter to Headquarters Allied Comtnission, giving directions on the communication to be a.ddress;d to the dele~ate to JUGOSLAVIA on the Advisory Cou~cil, concerning the sta.tus of such Jugoslav nationals in ITALY. BRIGADIER GENERAL SPOFFORD said that a previous letter , approved . by the Supreme Al lied Comma.nder, had not been forwarded by the Allied Commies.i on to the Jugosla.v delegate, as it had been forestalled by a note from the J.a.tter setting out certain claims in regard to Jugoslav nationals. The letter circulated under paper No . SAC (P) (45) 17 was designed to cover the pro cedure �r to be foll.owed in connection w:i th the apprehension ,of deserters from Jugosle.v units, and to set out the Allied policy in conw~ction i.-vith th8 treatment of Jugoslav nationals. In regard to alleged deserters the proc'.~ dure suggested fol lmved that which was informally- in operation as between Allied forces but added two safeguards, by requ: ring notification ·of the alleged desertion within ninety days and a sta.teoont of the date of' enlistment of the person concerned. The object of these provisions was to µ:-otect Jugoslav nationals whom the Jugoslav partisan elements might seek to have declared deserters on political grounds. REAR ADMIRAL STONE considered that paragraph 3 of the draft letter should be amended, as the Allied Commission could not, of itself, take the action suggested. He agreed w·"th Mr. MRcmillan that the wording nprior to initiating any action towards the apprehension of deserters you will require the competent Jugoslav authority to s~cure in writing the following particulars", would be suitable. LIEUmENANT GENERAL EAKER, referring to his statement at the ."' previous meeting concerning Jugoslav nationals now sGrving with the United States Army Air Forces, suggested that paragraph 6 should be re-worded to read, "that the Jugoslav nationals who a.re now serving in or with the Allied forces will not be classified as deserters and are not subject to · call-upn. THE SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER: ( Directed the Chief of Staff to revise the letter circulated under par:er No . SAC (P) (45) 17, in accordance with the above discussion a.~d subsequently to despatch it as amended. 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE ACTIVITIES DIRECTED TOWARDS THE BALKANS (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 16) THE CONFERENCE had before th em a paper setting out the need for the reorganization of Psychological Warfare .activities directed towards the Balkans a.nd requestin~ the approval of the Supreme Allied Comm-:i.nder to the arrang,e ments which had been rmde and to the despatch of a cable to the Combined Chi efs of Staff, informing · them of the reorganization and requesting that they should make such representations to the British and United States governments as might be necessary t~ ensure that this policy be carried out. MR. KIRK said that the cable should be re-worded so as to describe the functions of the separate British and United States organizations as being the prov·sion of inf.ormtion rather than the dissemination of propaganda. THE SUPREiE ALLIED COMMANDER: Directed the Chief of Staff to revise the cable circulated under Paper To. SAC (P) (45) 16, in accordance with Mr. Ki.rk' s remarks and subsequently to despatch it. �6. CURRENCY RESPONSIBILITIES OF 'IRE ITALIAN GOVER~ (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 6 a:nd Addendum) THE CONFERENCE had before them a paper suggesting that though the ItRlians n())V recognized their responsibilities for Allied Military currency, the matter was one which must be discussed at governmental level and the Supreme AlHed Commander should refrain from further comment. The paper att~ched a draft cable to the Combined Chiefs of Staff giving effect to these recommendations. THE SUPREME ALLIED cm11MANl}ffi. : Approved the draft cable circulated under SAC (P) (45) 9 Addendum and instructed the Chief of Staff to despatch it." After lunch, ield Marsh~l Alexa.mer conferred with Generals Clark, Gruenther, Morgan and Airay i:h the G-2 War Room. After the conference, General Clark was net by Mr. Offie, Political Adviser to AFHQ, who drove with him to the airport. The General took of from Caserta at 1430 hours, arriving at his headquarters at 1645. He dined at his headquarters with regular members of his mess and after dinner returned to his villa for the night. 1 * ( * * FLORENCE--MA.RCH 23, 1945--Gereral Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours. At 1030 Major General Ullman, Deputy Engineer in Chief, ~ar Office, with General Coxwell-Rogers , Engineer 15th Army Group, ca.lled on the General. At 1045 Mr. Tighe, Head of Reuters Bureau in Italy, called for an interview with General Clark. At 1100 hours Pat Frank of the Overseas News Agency called to see General Clark with regard to the Jewish Brigade. At 1130 Mary Ha.stings Bradley of Collier• s M&,gazine who is here in Ifa.ly to 'VITrite a story on WACS in the Italian theater called for a short interview with General Clark. At 1230 General Kuo who he ads the Chinese Military Mission to Moscow arrived to s ee General Clark. The General oriented him on the s ituation in Ita ly. At 1300 hours General Anders, C-in-C Polish Armed Forces, who had just returned from London, a.rrived ·with Brigadier Frith, British Liaison Officer with the Polish Corps, and they were guests of General CJ.ark with Generfl l Kuo for lunch. Before lunch, General Clark de corated L/C vVaclaw Ryszewski with the Bronze Star. Immediately after lunch the General returned to his villa for ) the afternoon and evening. Genera l Gruenther left today for the United Kingdom on a mission for General Clark. ----- - ~-- * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 24, 1945--The Army Group ConmR rrl er arrived a t hi s office a t 1030 hours and conferr ~d with General Bra nn and Brigadier H:ir s ch. At 1230 Genera l Clark entertained Ars. CJ.B.re Boothe Luce, Lt. Genera l Hartkesworth, Comma nd ing 10 British Corps, Colone l Blanchfi eld, Chief Nurse V-fri.r Department, ajor Wharton, Head Nurse Fifth Army, Miss Theron, daughter of Gener 1 Theron, Chief Administra t i ve Officer with the South Africr-m Forces in Italy, and Lieutemmt Heyl, Acting A. D.C. to Mr s . Luce, for lunch. Directly a fter lunch the Gener~l left for his v i lla for the a fterno on a n...:iu even· , ing. �61 Operations instruction #4 was is sued today and re~ds as follows : 1. The offensive directed by this operations instruction should result in a major disaster to the enemy, and consequently have an important effect on the prompt ter mination of hostilities . If fully successful, it should be of so crushini:t. and thorough a nature th:"Jt i t will be the JE st coordinated offensive against German forces which the 15th Army Group will make. The attent ·on of all ranks within the 15th Army Group should be ca.lled to the unprecedented opportunities which are provided a.t this t ·.me for dealing a mortal blow to the enemy and acceleratjng the day of victory. It is of vitril import nee thP t each indi vjdna.l who contributes to the offensive shall devote fully his energy and abilities to dr:iv:ing the a:ttn ck home to the enemy \vherever he ma y be found , so that the m xJmum number of Germ1:m troops will be destroyed or captured . To this end it is directed that all cornManders use every effective means to acquaint thoroughly the troops under their command with the opportunities that lie before them a.t this tirre, and that leadership be active throughout the operations to exploit fully every phase of the situation as it develops . 2 . a . 15th Army Group will launch an all out attack 10 April 1945 to destroy maximum number enemy forces South of the PO, for ce cros s ings of the PO River a.nd capture VERONA . (Note: 15th Army Group D Day v'lill be the day on which Eighth P..rmy launches its attack to cross the SENIO River ). b. 15th Army Group' s . operation will be divided into phases as follows: (1) ( (2) (3) a. Phase I - The breaching of the SANTERNO River by Eighth Army a nd the debouchment of Fifth Army into the PO Valley• to include the capture or the i solation of the City of ' BOLOGNA . Fhase II - The breaktbrough by either or both Armies to encircle German forces South of the PO R1ver . Phase III- The cros s ing of the PO Riw~r a.nd t he capture of VERONA . Eighth Army will : (1) Breach the SENIO and SAN.PERNO Rivers. (2) Attack immediately after a bridgehead is established over the SM-r:!:ERNO: (3) (a) In the direction of BASTIA. (b) In the direction of BUDRIO . If the situation 1s favorable, launch an amphibious operation , combined with a rarachute drop , to assist the ground forces to break through the ARGENl'A Gap. (Note: Depending upon the s uccess of operations to secnre the ARGENTA Gap , the CommRndfag Gen j'.:> ral, 15th Ji nny Group, j n �consultation with Gene...,al Officer Cornrranding, Eighth Army, w j 11 rnake the decision that an attack on FERRARA is to be +11e main attP.ck of Eighth Army with a second ry attack on BUDRIO). ( b. Fifth Army will: (1) Launch the ma.in effort of 15th /i_ rmy Group and attack wj th the mission of debouching into the PO Valley with a secondary mission of capt1Jring or isolating the City of BOLCGNA. Fifth Army will be prepared to launch the first phase of :tts main attack on 24 hours notice after Df-2 . (2) Launch a preliminary attack to capture MASSA (P 9101) on D - 5. Be prepared on capture of MASSA to exploi t toward LA SPEZIA . c . Priority for air support will be given initially to Eighth Army. When Fifth .Army' s main attack is launched , priority for air will be given to that attack. Air plans for support of these operations wjll be issued by MAT.AF . d. Jotification of postponement of Eighth Army1 s D Day attack , due to unfavorable weather, will be given by this Headquarters 24 hours in advance of H Hour . e. Inter -Army boundary: fo change . 4 . Phase II . a. b. Eighth Army w· 11 : (1) Prevent enemy forces escaping Northwards by siezing and holdi ng key road centers whfoh dominate the main crossing areas at FERRARA and BONDENO . (2) Make earliest p ossible contact with exploiting columns of Fifth Army in the BONDENO - FEF.RARA area . (3) Send strong mobile columns of armor and infantry for this purpose directed on FERRARA and BONDENO , with intermediate objectives PORTO!f'.AGGICRE (M 2669) and S . NICOLO FERRARESE (M 1871) , by way of the ARGENTA Gap. Fifth Army will : (1) Explojt with armor and infantry in the corridor between the RENO and PANARO Rivers, with a view to joining Eighth Army a.t the earliest poss 5. ble time in the BONDENO or FERRARA area, thereby completing the encirclement of enemy forces South of the PO River . (2) Seize S. GIOVAtTIJI (L 7765) . Thence direct the rrnin effort on CEtf'10 (L 8574) - S. AGOSTINO (L 9381) - BONDK'1'0, denying to the enemy cross ::i.ngs of the RENO River . �(3) Launch a seconda.r:r effort Narthwest from the S. GIOVANNI a.rea to seize crossings of the PANARO River near BOMPORTO and COMPOSANTO, thence to turn Northward in the corridor between the PANARO and SECCHIA River, movi.n g on OSTIGLIA . c . Inter-Army botmdary: Present boundary thence CASTENASO (L 9949) CASTEL :MAGGIORE (9057) - ARGELATO (8964) - CASTELLO D' ARGILE (8669) - CENTO (8574) all inclusive to Eighth Army, thence exclusive to Eighth Army FINALE (8685) - CE ·JESF.IJJI (F q205) . 5. Phase III . a . It is vitally important that both Armies be prepared to seize any opportunity to capture existing bridging and ferrying equipment useful in a crossi ng of the PO River. It is probable that sueh opportunities may occur du.r:ing Phase II operatj_ons . In the event that ~my means of crossing a.re secured by force of either Army, every effor t will be rrade to establish a bridgehead over the river and to initiate the move through this bridgehead of all ava.ilable forces for exploitation on VERONA . f b . If , upon reaching the FO River , suitable Irea.ns of crossing a r e avai l able , reconnaissance of crossing · r-dtes will be begun arrl bridging equj_pment moved up a s rapidly as possible . ~ c . In the event that bridging equipment must be brought forward and crossings over the Po River made age.inst enemy opposit1.on , additional instructions will be issued covering these operations . d . OperaMons Instruction Number J , this Headqm.r t ers, dated 12 February 1945, states trm.t as our a ttack progresses toward VERONA , and when enemy resistance in Northwest Italy bas lessened to a degree permitting , IV U. S. Corps will be detached from Fifth Anny far independent operations in Northwest Italy. The instructions in Orer at i ons Instruction Number 3 remain current but are in no way intended to i nterfere with the employment of rv Corps in the main battle . e . Separ ate instr uctions covering the occupation of Jorthwest Italy will be issued shortly. f. 6. Inter- Army boundary: La.ter . Naval Supper t : a . The following measures a.re being taken by Ro~ 1 Navy to assist 15th 'lrmy Group's offensive: (1) ( I• On East coast: (a) Prio1· to D Day, naval a.ctivj t y designed to sj_mulate the preparation of an amphibious operation in the arel1 of PORTO GARIBALDI . (b) At a date to be selected by Eighth Army after D Day, a demonstration be landing craft and light supporting �units off PORTO GARIBALDI to support the cover plan. A sim.11 Commando will also be landed North of PORTO GARIBALDI if practicable . ( (2) On West coast: Naval bombardment in support of Fifth Army's attack along West coast. A demonstration by light naval craft off CHI.AV.ARI to simulate a landing at a time to be selected by 15th Army Group. b. Plans for Royal Pavy operations will be issued separately. 7. Present enemy strength and probable reaction to this operation issue separately. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 25, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 26,-.. 1945--General Clark arri.ved at his heAdquarters at 1030 hours. At 1230 Mr . Edward Flynn, former President of the Democrntic Party, called to see the General. Mr. Flynn had just returned from Moscow as Preside:ht Roosevelt 1 s personal representative on a special mission. After a short orientation in the Commanding General's War Room, General Clark enterbdned Mr . Flynn far lunch. ~ ~~- 0 ~ ~Al" , ,_;1~y- (). -6,-v' ~ General Clark today received the following rre ssage from Generrtl Gruenther on a mission to the United Kingdom: RR 16880. "Arrived London 1030 after hectj_c trip due to foul weather . GIG., will not return until Tuesday. He advised his office today that he personally will deal with conference. His subordinates believe we have excellent chance for favorable decision especially in vie , of sympathetic Eisenhower attitude. However, Churchill, Brooke and Monty have been together for past t wo days and that may prove disadvan~e .. Inform Alexander .n * * FLORENCE--MARCH 27, 1945--Tb.e General arrived at his office at 100 hom. . s. At 1130 Admiral Cun..ningham, C-in-C Mediterranean , with Admir~tl Morse, Flag Officer Western Italy, Captain Besant, RNLO 15th Army Group, Rnd Commander Adair, Admiral Cunningham's operati ons officer, arrived a.nd conferred with General Clc"J.rk in his War Room for an hour. General ClEirk them entertained AdmirPl Cunningham, Admiral Morse , Captain Besant, Commander Adair , «reneral Rrann and Brigadier Packard for lunch. After lunch the GenerHl drove to his villa, returning to Ms headquarters at 1600 hours. Me.jor General Poole, G.O.C. 6th South .frican Armored Division, who hB.d just returned from a short leave in South Afrj ca, called to see General Clark. He brought with him a springbok head, a gift from Field Marshal Smuts to General Clark. Generel Poole also brought General Cfark a CP.Se of excellent South African wines and liqueur. General Poole left the headquarters at 1630. At 1645 Mr . Flynn �who had just returned from a trip to the Fifth P.rmy front it.h Colonel Grogan, . Public Relations Officer , 15th Army Group, carre to say goodb~e to General Clark before leaving for tre United States . GenerBl Clark d ned in his mess at the headquarters. ImmediP..tely after dinner he returned to his villa. for the night. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 28, 1945--General Clark arrived at his readquarters at 1030 hours and spent the morning oonferring with rrembers of his staff and vorking on p:i.pers in his office. He lunched at the headquArters and at 1500 left for his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark today sent thB following message to General Eisenhower for General Gruenther: RN SGS212 . ttYou do not need to stop at Cri serta but should come directly to Florence. If i' icholson not with you, you should go directly to Caserta, otherwise he will proceed to Caserta after leaving you at Florence ." * * FLORENCE--lVIARCH 29, 1945--Generc. l Clark left Florence by a:ir at 1045 hours e.ccompanied b~ General Truscott, General Coxwell-Rogers, Engineer 15th Army Group, General Brann, G-3 15th Army Group, and Colonel Miller of th e G-3 Section 15th Army Group. The party arrived at Cervia ajrfield on the Adriatic coast at 1145. It was met by GenerFil McCreary, 8th Army Commarrler, and Brigadier Floyd, his Chief of Staff. The party drove to Castiglione de Cervia where there was bej_ng held a demonstrat ·on by "Bn Assault Br:i.ga.de. This Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Cln.rke, was a mixture of Royal Armored Corps and Ro~l Engineers, both highly specialized in armored as f:ault work. The demonstration consisted of five items . .I 1 . An AVRE drove to the edge of an anti-tank ditch and rolled a la.rge fascine into the ditch. An Ark then drove across the fascin0 and positioned itself in a second ditch. Sew~ral tanks then drove across, using the fascine and Ark as bridges. 2. ''Crocodile" flame thrower tanks carried out attacks on a series of imaginary enemy positions. This was a most impressiv sight • . The flame thrower was in the place where normally the front hull gun would be and the fuel was suppl· ed from a small trailer towed behind the tank. The tanks threw jets of flame with oonsidera.ble ace iracy up to about 150 yards. This type of flame thrower used very heavy oil which ga.ve the flame a greater distance and a l so the ability to penetrate into hollovr ditches, slit trenches, etc . During this attack we also sav, an extremely effective smoke screen la.id dovm by two close support tanks. 3. An already constructed Bailey bridge, 170 feet long, was pu"'hed forward by an AVRE and positioned over a.n 80 foot ga.p. A Churchill and a Sherman then drove a cross the bridge. During the whole demonstration nobody w11s exposed outside his armored vehicle for more than about half a minute . �4. Two AVRES drove up to a filood bank and dropped ~- consjderable number of nbeeMve" charges. These were then placed against the flood bank by hand in three frames . They were fused together and the fus e lighted . The men concerned got into their AVRES and drove out of ra.nge . There were some twenty charges and tre combined effect placed a considerable ~B-~ in the flood bank. Meanwhile, anothAr AVRE achi eved the same effect by firing eight petards against another par t,j on of the flood bank . These petards weigh about forty pounds each and can be proje_c ted with accuracy up to approximately 100 yards . One of these breaches was then slightly smoothed out by an armored Sherman . dozer and another AVRE plac ed a small box girder bridge across a ditch on the far side of the breach. An Ark went through the breach and over the box girder brjdge and pos i tioned itself jn yet another a.nti - tank obstacle. Tanks were then able to cross the whole series of obstacles without d i fficulty , a total distance of soDE 50 feet involving two banks and two anti - tank ditches . Apart from the original men who had placed the charges, nobody was for one moment exposed outside an armored vehicle . 5. The party watched three flail t~nks mrkinR in echelon clearing a 24- foot ga.r through a mine field of teller mines and wooden box mines . These tanks were of the nerab" type which had been developed from the original "Scorpiontt tan s first used at Alamein . During the demonstration, Genere,l Mccreery entertained GenerRl C]Frk and the other spectators at lunch in a marquee erected near the oemonstrRtion. Among other senior officers present were Lt . General Charles Keightley, commanding Fifth British Corps , and Najor General Bohusz- Szyszko, newly appointed commander of the Polish Corps, Immediately after lunch General Clark pinned the Legion of Merit , officPr degree, on Brigadier Stayner who wa.s at the time DA & Qffl at 8th Army Headquarters and who had spent a considerable period in the same capacity with Fifth Army. General Clark and pa.rty drove to Cervia airfield and took off at 1445. Because of a thick cloud , the plane had to go as high as 13, 500 feet over the mountains . General Cl~..rk arrived back at t he eommand post at 1600 hours . GererP.l Gruenther returned today from the Unitec Kingdom and France . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 30, 1945--Today General Clark received official vrord that) ) Congress had approved his promotion to full general. He arrived at his / headquarters at 1015 hours . At 1230 Mljor General Bohusz- Szyszko, Polish Corps Commander, Major General Odzierzynsky, Artillery Officer Polish Corps, Lt. Colonel Karczmarek, GSO{l) Polish Corps , ann Brigadier Frith, British Liaison Officer wjth Polish Corps, arrived for lunch . After lunch the General returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. GenerRl Clark today received the follo ring cable confirmjng his appointment as full general: F 52153 . "Mark Wayne Cla.rk , 05309, Li eutenant General to GenerPl Date of rank 10 March 1945. For his information temporary appointment ann01mced Par. l SO 76, War Department 29 March 1945. n in the Army of the UnHed States . * * * l �) FLORENCE- -MA.RCH 31, 1945--General Clark arrived a~ his headquarters at O?JO hom·s and at a small ceremony in front of his office General Gruenther pinned four stars on the General. General Clark bad waited unti.l today to wear hi~ four stars as it is his ~on Rill' s birthday today. At 0950 General Clark wi ~h Generals Cannon and Gruenther drove to a revriewing field near the Florence A.:lrport to review the S~th Infantry Division. Upon their arrival at the parade grounds they w~re met by Generals Truscott, ,Keyes ard Kendall. General Clar~ was ~"eeted by four Ruffles and Flourishes and the General' s March . The Comnanding Officer of troops, General Lewis , ordered the Division to parade rest . General Ke1;d~l~ then jntroduced General ClRrk who made the follordng address to too 8 ~th DiVJ.s1.on troops: "General Truscott General Kendall , officers and men of the 88th Division . It v;as a.bout a year ag~ - just about a y, ar ago that I ha.d the privilege of standing in front of this Division and welcom:ing you to Italy. I predicted a.t that time that you would cover yourselves with glory, as you have done. You were commanded by Genera.l Sloan , and a magnificent leader has trained you for btttle . When General Sloan introduced me to tlY-. 88th Division on that day he said, "I take pride in ·ntroducing your Army Commander, General Clark, because I was his instructor at a tactical school and I taught him all the Jessons of war correctly, so he is boUt""ld to be a success . tt He put me on the spot at that time , becaum1 if we failed I was a bum commander; if we succeeded re was a good instructor . We succeeded, and you men did a magnificent job and co·vered yourselves with glory. You could not have done otherwise the way you were traine d and with the great leadership you md and the fighting spirit which you rad develoyed . ovi since that time you have gone through many battles. You fought hard and joined up with Gener~l Truscott• s VI Corps in the Anzio Bridgehead, and then together with General Truscott ' s VI Corps and General Keyes ' II Corps , with _your Division leading as a spearhead , you took the Eternal City of Rome . And you kept on going for hundreds of miles to the north , broke the Gothic Line , captiEed Mt . Grande am are now ready for further effort. You a.nd. the other magnificent Allied troops of tre Eighth And Fifth Armies have defeated a.nd kept dovm here and chewed up over twent y- f i ve of tre best German divisions in the ) German army. Suppose those Germans were now opposing our troops in the West ~ Suppose they were in the East opposing the Rus s ian Army t It would be a different story. You have kept them here , and their home , Germany, is being invaded from all sides . Their homes are being destroyed and their morale is at its lowest ebb . What ' s better toward having a. great victory than that? . This is a settin g for a . tremendous victory for the Allied Armies in Italy; \ with good weather at hand, with the snow abo1~ off the mountains, with our a.1:1mun:ition stock high, with our di visions rested and refitted, with trerrendous air power at hand to support us . I have wi th rre today General Cannon , Commander of al~ the ~ir forces in Ital!· He has assured me that all his fighter bombers, all his medium bombers, all his heavy bombers will support us mignificcmtly when we att ack ~ . are fighting for a great victory . We will have that victory o~ly if each d;v1s1on, each regiment, each battalion, each company and every single man decides to do his part . You mve a job to do . It in only by the overwhelming coordinatert effort of all- -both Armies arrl every company a.nd man and division-- tha.t we will get this success which you men deserve more than any other troops that I know of in the world . W: I �/ So good luck to you . I hope tba.t the next time I see you it will be well north of the Po River . Good luck and God bless every one of you . u . After the address General Clark with Generals Truscott, C~non and Ken~all dismounted from the reviewing platform and inspected troops by Jeep, returni ng to the grandsta.nd . General Clexk then decorated 1st Lt . Ralph Decker And 1st Lt . Lindsey Wheeler , both of the 351st Infantry Regiment, with the Distinguished Service Cross . After the decorations the Division passed in review . At the completion of the ceremony, General Clark with Generals Trus~o·~t? Coulter , Cannon and Gruenther drove to the command post of the 88th D1.v1s1on wh.P-re General Kendall entertained these senior officers at lunch. After lunch the General returned to his headquarters . At 1515 hours General Clark saw· Chaplain Anthony, the new 15th Army Group Chaplain . At 1530 the Army Group Comma.rrler held an operational ~eting with Generf11 Truscott and General 1cCreery. Generals Cannon, Chidlaw, Air Commodore Lees , with several other senior _staff Air Force officers were present at the neeting . After the rreeting, at 1645, a cockt1-1.il party was held for General Clark in his conference hut where a.11 chiefs of sections and close personal friends of the General were present to celebrate his promotion to General . At 1900 the Genera.l drove to his v·11a where he entertained a few friends at dinner . Following are the notes on conference conducted by General Clark : naeneral Clark stated tha. t the purpose of the conference was to hear a description by the Air Force representatives present of the air plan far the impending operations. He then outlined br i efly tre plan of or,erations for the Fifth and Eighth Armies, pointfog out that the primary objective of the 15th Army Group attack, starting 9 April, will be to drive the Germans out of their present positions and to des troy their forces south of the Po River . He emphasized the point that the first stages of the Eighth Army offensive are designed to open the door in the area of the ARGENTA gap for an attack toward FERRARA . He then invited GenerRl Cannon to conduct an explanation of the air plan. Colonel Adams discussed in some detail the condition of enemy communications and the dt1.rnage thereto whj_ch has been· effected during the past two months by our Air Force operations . He pointed out that as a result of the air program during February an<l March the enemy has rever been able to conduct through- traffic via the BRENNER PASS from BOLOGNA to INNSBRUCK, and that during this :r:eriod otlt' air has effected continuous interdi ction along the river lines north of the ADRIATIC . The frontier belt has been interdicted during all of March, with some posit ions barred for a longer period . The extent of interruption of enemy traffic is indicated by the slow rate of withdrawal recently of three German divisions , of which one required three weeks , a second between three and four weeks and the third four weeks . Regarding the enemy' s a.ir capabilities, it was stated that re bas nothing available in this theater to rorry us . He at pres8nt has approximately 160 German and Italian planes on north Italian bases , including 25 fighter - bombers whose maximum effort should not exceed 15 sorties. Tmse a.re mostly Italian, although two squadrons of German- manned ships were reported recently to have arrived in the UDINE area . �1· "'" t 11e • el Pottenger outlined the air plan 1.or comrng orera t·iono. It is int~n~:d to employ the maximum possible air pcm er avaiJs.ble in the ti18ater, with large - scale attt=i.cks on troop concentrations , e_ssernbly areas, dumps and gun positions. All MAT.AF resources and strategic heavy bombers will be considered available for these operations . cl I C'.' On D-Day the entire effort of the Desert Air Force will be appli:d to the Eighth Army front , which will be aqsisted by the XXII TAC . Attacks will be . made on headquarters and occupied gun positions. The bulk of heavy bombers will attack a troop concentratfon area (APPLE ) between 1350 and 1520 hours . ?ther heavy bomber gro, Jps will be used against gun position areas. The follow ng day fighter - bombers will make attacks on gun positionr· a.reas and headquarters, and will conduct armed reconnaissance . M8dium bombers will be used ag8inst concentration areas (BAKgR and CHARLIE) From D plus 1 onward, it is di.ffjcult to anticipate targets that will develop , and therefore no prearranged schedule has been made , but all medium a.nd heavy bombers wj 11 be available . The resources of the XXII TAG are deemed sufficient far support of the IV Corps. ·II Corps attack will be a ssisted by rredium and heavy bo~bers and by the DAF . argets will include bridges, occupied aree.s , dumps , assembly areas and targets to the North. The night air effort will start on the night immediately preceding D- Day, the DAF operating in the battle area and the XXII TAO further afield to the North and Northeast . The 205 Group, strategic bombers, wi 11 be a vr-dlable for targets that may develop . Certain safety aids will be used in these operations, including radio beams as indicated, on the Eighth Army side , as well a s markers and smoke . The Eighth Army will fire a flak line at 15,000 feet at prearranged points along a certain line. Similar arrangements have been made on the Fifth Army front . General McCreary asked wh ther a practice wi th a smaller number of aircraft might be advisabl e . General Cannon thought this not necessary and. stated that the air leaders will fly over the area in advance of the operations. General Gruenther pointed out that on a previous occasion an accident due to nschanical failure had caused premature dropping of bombs by other ships in the formation involved . General Cannon stated that this could be prevented by having bomb bay doors opened over the water before the fornations come into their targets . General Cannon pointed out that these operations will get the entire air effort available in the r,: editerranean. General ·1cCreery Rsked whether on D- Day sorre of the medium bombers should be employed on i nterdiction missions against gun areas in order to give the maximum suppor t to the all- out effort . General Cannon stated in re ly that if add:ttional ta.rgets present themselves on D- Day the mediums , and :ii' neces sary tm entire available effort , may be used. General Brann asked when the interdi ction line indicated on the RE ·m would be effected, to which Colonel Pottenger replied that this was not set definitely but ~ould be effected when and if appropriate . Air Vice Marshal Vivian Foster asked what weather would be considered acceptable , to which Genera.l Cani1.on replied 2/10- 3/10 below 20 , 000 feet and 6-mile visibility. �) General Clark stated that he considered tbe proppscd air support entirely satisfactory and v,as very pleased with the progr m, particularly the fact that the entire air resources vill be available if rew targets present themselves . He pointed out that in this battle German logistics should be more d·ffi cult than in the past , and recognized the necessity of not withholding for too many days at a time the bombing of enemy communications ." * * * FLORENCE--A'FRIE 1 , 1945--General CJark arrived at his headquarters a.t 1000 hours and at 1100 he attended Easter services at his command post . General Clark read the lesson at the service . At 1200 General Clark decorated Lt . Colonel Bla.ckford , Executi ve Officer of the 8th Evacuation Hospital, with the Legion of Merit . Colont~l Blackford was leaving for the United States on temporary duty. Genera.1 ,~ar tin , Fifth Army Surgeon, Colonel Kirkman, Comoorr1ing Officer 8th Eva.cuation Hospital , GenerHl Gruenther , Gereral Saltzman and Colonel Porter were present at the ceremony. At 1215 Gereral Clark saw Mr . Shertok, head of the Political Department of the ,Jewish .A.;,ency which adv:i ses the High Commissioner for Pa~lestine on all questions of interest to Jews . He ne otiated the formation of the Jewish Brigade in London . The GenerRl lunched at his headquarters and after lunch returned to his villa for the remainder of the day. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 2 , 1945--Genera.l Clark arrived at his ooadquarters at 0930 hours and worked on papers and conferred with n:embers of his sfa.ff . At 1230 Mr. Gouve de 11 urville , French Ambassador to Italy, arrived . General Clark brjefed M. Couve in his War Room. At 1300 Mrs . Gouve with Captain Savary, French Liaison Officer with 15th Anny Group , Mt's . Savary, !ID:" . Orebaugh, Atrerican Consul in Florence , and Mrs. Orebaugh came to lunch with t.he General . After lunch the General returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark today received the -Pollowing cable No . FX 53949 from Field Marshal Alexander : '' In our FX 50565 of 27 March this headquarters agreed that previous objection to operations of French troops across the Franco- It~lian border were wi thdra m to the extent necessary for implementing the plan outlined in SHAEF forward 18185 of 26 March . 'Phe political objections which hitherto have prohibited our agreement to French troops operating over the border not only still exist but are becoming more serious . It was the intent of our FX 50565 that French tro ops operating a cross the border should be kept to the minimum neces sary t o accomplish the mission of co~atin~ng the German troops in Northwest Italy. The poli ticr_l repercussions which will follow are acceptab,l e because the innnediate operational benefits to be gained by containing these German forces will greatl y a,-; ,3ist 15th Army Group in their coming offensive . However , wo, CB.n not aggre.vate a dangerous i tua.tion ?Y unrestricted employment of French troops in Italy. Furthermore , it j_s the intention of this headqua.rters to request tre immediate vTithdrawal of all French troops from Italy . at the earliest practicable moment after the German~ cease to fight or when the coming battle in Italy has p- ogressed to such an extent that the th-reat on the Franco- Italian border is no longer required" . �7/ ( FLORENCE--APRIL 3, 1945- -Gerera.l CJ.erk arrived at his 1::eRdquarters at 1000 hours and at 1030 saw Colonel Mathews who is with the Engineer Section Survey Branch, War Department. At 1145 General McNarney arrived from Caserta. and conferred wjth General Clark in his Viar Room for an hour . Just before lunch Genera l McNarney pinned four-star insignia on Gener~l Clark in his office . General Gruenther, General Saltzman, Colonel Porter, Captaifu Berenson and Captain Lampson were µ-esent at the small ceremony. General Clark entertained General McNarney for lunch, and at 1330 he left by L- 5 with his Aide for the 92d Division in the area of ~iareggio . Today is the first day the General has flovm with Ma.jar Ozwald, his new L-5 pilot . Upon his arri vn.1 at the cub strip he was met by General Almond. Genernl Clark with General Almond droYe to the 3rd Battalion of the 370th Infantry Regirrent where they w·ere met by Colonel Sherman , Comnanding Offjcer of' the 370th Infantry Regiment . General ClRrk spoke briefly to the assembled h,tt~.lion, telling them of the important part they mve played in the Italian campaign and how very shortly they would have a chance to ps.rticipate in a great victory which they, as well a.s all troops in Italy, des~rve . Too Generril then drove with General Almond to the command post of the 92d Djvision where he was briefed by GenerRl Almond a.nd the G- 2 , Lt . Colonel MacWillie, on the 92d Division front. With General Almond, Gener~l Clark then drow~ to tre 4Li,2d Infantry Regiment area where they inspected the 100th InfBntry Battalion. The 442d had just returned from France-1 and the General spoke to the ba.ttalion, welcoming them back to Italy, telling them how proud he as to have this fine regiment and old friends back again with the Fifth Army and 15th Army Group . The Genera l rret the new commander of the battalion, Major Conely, and the regimental commarrl.er, Lt . Colonel Miller. After his short talk, he drove through the areas of the other two battalions of the regiment , stopping to speak to officers arr1 rren a:rrl inspecting bivoua.cs and company rresses . At 16oO the Army Group Cornr..a nder left the 442d areP with General Almond and drove to the command. post of the 473rd Infantry Regiment where he was met by Colonel YarlJOrough. The 473rd Infantry has recently been activated from anti- aircraft personnel . General Clark spoke briefly to n1n Company, telling them how pleased he was with the fine spirit they have accepted the1.r new role as infantry. The Gen ral explained ,,hy these rren had been converted to infantry and the important part they were to play in the great victory to come shortly. The GenerAl also said that in forming this regiment he looked for the best reg;mental commander that could be found and Colonel Yarboroµgh was it . The General then visited a rest center set up by the Red Cross for men of the 473rd Infantry. At 1730 General Clark arrived at a cub strip in the Serchio Valley at Chivazzo where he took off in his L- 5, arrjving at the IV Corps cub strip at 1750, where he was met by General Crittenherger . They then drove to the IT Corps headquarters at Castelluccio. The General' s VRn which was sent from his readquarters was all set up and waiting for him on his arrival. The General was entertained by General Crittenberger arrl trembers of his staff at dirmer. Duri ig dinn~r , Gener~l Crittenberger drank a toast to GenerRl Clark, congratulating him on h1s promotion and telling hjm how proud IV Corr.a was to serve under his co~mand . He then presented General Clark with a card rraking him an honore..ry rrember of the IV Corps . After dinner the General went into Gener 1 Crittenberger' s War Room for an evening conf'erence . He retired eRrly in his van for the night . * * FLORENCE--APRIL 4 , 1945- -General Clark awoke at 0645 arrl breakfasted with General Crittenberger at 0715. At 0745 GenerAl Clark attended a IV Corps briefing in the i:•rar Room after which the GenerRl spoke to IV Corps staff members telling th ,m of the future plans of the Fifth and Eighth Armies and of hjs hopes �/ ,,,,, fo ~1r ("~ ),'- Jr' n-1: 'P - ' ✓ . P-' '\v/ ~'I,/. - ( �( for a complete success . At 0830 General Clark with General Crittenberger left the IV Corns command post in General Clfl.rk' s Cadillac . At 0900 they arrived at the Riola bridge where they were met by General Keyes and General Prichard . The General then changed into his jeep , said goodbye to General Crittenberger , and with Genern.l Keyes and Gener..-1 Pri?~rd flrove to the 27~h Field Artillery Ba.ttr-ilion comm~mded by Lt . Colonel Philip Draper , at one tirre A. D. C. to General Clark . General Clark inspected artillery pieces, spoke to several of the officers arrJ men telljng the,m that if it had not been for the magnificent support of the artillery, the success ~s that the doughboy has had j n? Italy would have been impos sible and that we were now going into th: ~inal phase of the war and ·that they would have another great chance to part1c Jpa.te in the gr-eat victory. The Gener 1 enroute to th A 6th South African Armored Division command post picked up General Poole , GOO . He then inspected a company of Frontier Force Regiment (Indian) and iret Lt. Colonel Armstrong, Gominanding Officer of tha 4th F . F . R. The Ge:nerP 1 spoke brj efly to th A assembled company and his ad.dross was translat8d by Colonel Armstrong. He told them how proud he was of the 6th South .African Armored Division and how they were to participate shortly in a great vict ory. The General then drove to the command post of the 6th South A.frica.n Armored Division rvhere he trllked to staff officers and ha.d a cup of tea . This Division was today relieving the 1st Armored Division in the Mt . _9ole a1~e·· and the two divisions were in the 1 proces ,, of infiltration . Gener Keyes tl::En said. goodbye to Gener,al Clark who\ // with General Prichard and General Poole drove to a point on the road where / / 1 the General met representatives of the 4/22 FieJrl Regiment , SP., and 1/6 Field Regiment, anti-tank and anti - aircraft units of the 6th South African Armored Division . The Genern.l spoke briefly to th<➔ assembled officers and men. He ' then said goodbye to General Poole and drove rdth General Fricmrd again to the R:tola bridge where he was rret by Genera 1 Crittenberger . General Prichard said goodbye to the General and left for Lucca where his division was tP king up its new headquarters . Generals Clark andCrittenberger drove to Rocca Pitigliana, the commann post of tha 10th Mountain Division, where they were met by General Hayes, who entertained them for lunch. After lunch, General Clark with General Cri ttenrerger and General Hayes drove to a forward observation post where General Hayes pointed out terrain f'eatures over which the 10th Mountain Division wo11ld launch the forthcoming a.ttack. After leRving the observation post GenerPl Clark stopped in at the 3rd Battalion of the 86th Infantry Regiment where the whole battalion was assembled . He was ~t- by Lt . Colonel Hay, Commanding Off:i.cer of the regiment . The General spoke to the men of the 86th comnending them on the magnificent job they heve done a.nd what a shot in the arm the 10th r.fountai Division was to the Fifth Army when they: arrived in Italy. General Clark exp a.med the big picture , telling them that the Eighth Army would attack in a few days and shortly thereafter the Fifth Anny, and that they would have a great opportunity to cover themselves with glory as they have done in the past . General Clark then bid goodbye to Colonel Hay and drove with General Crittenberger to Gaggio Montano where they were met by General ifia.scarenhas . With General Mascarenhas , General Clark then visited a battery of the 2d Brazilian Field Art illery Batt, lion and met the Divisional Artillery Commander , General Oswaldo Cordero de Parias . The General inspected artillery pieces a.nd spo¼3 briefly to the officers an,1 :iren. He then drove to the command post of the Brazilian Exped itionary Force where a guard of honor was held for him after which General Cl.8.rl pinned the Silver Star on 3/Sgt . Zeflerino Crepaldi of the B. E . F. The Ganeral spoke to staff personnel of the B. Ji: . F . cornmend ··ng them on the magnificent oontribution that they had nHde here in Italy and how proud he was to h ve these fine Brazilian troops, so ably led �led by General ,.fa.scarenhas , under his commarrl. The General then Md goodbye to General Mas carenhas and left for the Perretta cub strip, arriving there at 1800 hours. General Clark said goodbye to General Crittenborger and took off in his L-5 for Florence. He arrived at his headquarters at 1845 , spent an hour in his office am returned to his vjjlla for the night. Special Operations Instruction #5 was issued today nnd reads as follows: "1. Information An operation will be initiated very soon on the front of FIFTH Army, as part of the 15th Army Group offensive, with the object of capturing MASSA and exploitin~ towards LA. SPEZIA . 11 2. Intention Allied Special troop units, Allied r issions and partimm forces will give the greatest possible support to this operation. n.3 . Method a . Immediately upon receipt of this Instruction Agencies will pass the follow;ng orders to all units and Missions operating, or in contact with partisan formations operating, within the area bounded by Highway 12 to the East, Highway 9 to the iforth, Highway 45 to the West and the present front line and Highway 1 to the South, all boundaries inclusive : (1) All possible enemy columns, transport, garrisons and encampments will b., attacked (2) Every effort will be made to prevent enemy movement on all his principal routes of travel by the employment of mine fields and roadblocks covered by fire . (3) All enemy command post will be liquidHted :;md all supply installations, especially those containing ammunition and petrol, will be destroyed . (4) All .,n.,my line communications will be cut and where possible wireless sets destroyed . (5) The final details of Anti-Scorch plans will be completJd and preparations rTJ.ad, to put them into effect . b . The provisions of this Instruction will not apply to S.A.S. Oneration ' TOMBOLA' for whom instructions have been issu.,d separately. "4. Hissions and Partisans not within the Are of Operations Orders of a. similar nature will be issued at a lat r date to Missions and partisan forces op,rating outside the area covered by this Instruction, in order to relate their FJ.ctivity to the overall Allied plan and the progress of Military operations .n �FLORENCE--APRIL 5, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0RJ0 a.nd a.t 0900 a guard of honor composed of British and American troops wa.s held in the G-3 square for Field Marshal Alexander who was greeted by General Clark . The Field r.na.rshal then decorated several American staff officers from 15th Army Group and Fifth Army Headquarters ,1ith British decorations . After the cer .,mony, General Clark with Field 1arsha,l Alextmd r walked back to the General s War Room ;\There they conferred for an hour. The Field Marshal then left by road for Fifth Army Headquarters . At 1030 General Cla.rlr saw Major General Beaumont-Nesbitt, Chief of the Liaison Section, AFHQ . General Beaumont- Nesbitt came to report to General Clark on matters pertaining to Poli.sh Corps. At 1045 General ClRrk with General Saltzman, General Tate and General {iblo visited Ordnance units and installations in the Florence area . The General lunch d with Gen ral riblo at one of the Ordnance units. The Gen ral returned to his headqtmrters at 1430 where he srent two hours working on papers and conferring with m mbers of his staff, after which he returned to his villa for the night . * * * FLORE CE--APRIL 6, 1945--General Clark arriv.,d at his headquarters at 0830 hours . General Cannon came to say goodby., to (}en ral Clark before leaving for Caserta to his new assignment as Comrm.nding General, Mediterranean Allied Air Forces . General Cannon is to be succeeded by Genernl Chidlaw who is now commanding XXII Tactical Air Command . This morning the G .,n .,ral also saw G~neral Thomtls North who heads the Miscellaneous Section of the Operations .Division, Var Dept=irtment. General Clark had a. portrait made this morning with his four-star insignia for War Department files . The General lunched at 1230 with regulAr members of his mess and at 1330 he attended the wedding of Captain McCormick a.nd Lt . Brubach . General Clark gave the bride a\vay . He return d to his headquarters inunediately after the wedding and at 1600 he left for the villa for the evening. * * FLORE iTCE--APRIL 7, 1945--The Army Group Commander a rived at his headquarters at 0900 hours . He saw Colonel Herckel who formerly was Chief of Staff to General Beucler and an old friend of General Clark's f'rom Oujda . The General spent the morning conferring with members of his staff in preparation for his press confer . . nee . At 1230 hours t he General held a press conference for approximately 120 correspondents and field pr ss censors . Following is a complete list of the correspondents and their papers : Howard M. Norton of the Ba.ltimor~ Sun, Donald Sanders of United Nations News Service, Sgt . Jack Foisie of the Stars and Stripes , Sgt . Robert Fleisher of the Stars and Stripes , James Roper of United Press , Collins Geor ge of the Pittsburgh Courier, Max Johnson of the Afro-American, Lem Graves of the Norfolk Journal & Guide and Raul de Castro of the Correio da Manha. �15 Henry Bagley of Associ ated Press , Allan Fisher of COIA.A , J oel Silveira of Diarios Associados, Ruben Braga of Diario Carioca , Thacilo Mitke of Agencia facj onal, Thomas L. Stokes of Scripps-Howard Newspapers , Egydi.o Squ ff of O Globo, Frank Norall of COIAA , Milton Bracker of the New York Ti mes , Michael Chinigo of International News Service , Walter Collins of UP, Al do Forte of UP, Richard Mowrer of the Chicago Daily News , Newbold Noyes of the Washington Star, Gene Rea of 11 Progresso , N. Y., Vincent Sheean of ""ANA and John C. Smith of the New York Herald-Tribune . Michael Stern of Fawcett Publications, Joe Robinson of United Nations News , Sgt . Dave Golding of the Stars and Stripes, Clay Gowran of the Chicago Tribune, Pat Frank of Overseas News Agency, Sgt. Harry Sions of YANK , Martin Moore of the London Daily Telegraph, Wallace Rayburn of the Montreal Standard , H. 0 Connor of SAFA, P. Durnford of SABO , s. James of SABC , C. Bell of th., South African Bureau of Information , H. Bierman of South African Public Relations , J . Holmes of South African Publ ic Relations , N. Nichols a.n official photographer , Edd Johnson of the Chicago Sun, Eva Putnam of Transradio Press , Ted Lurie of the Palestine Post , James Roper of United Press, Hall Conefry of Scripps- Howard, Maurice Watts of the London Daily Sk . tch and Capt . Bonney of Parade . Sid Feder of Associated Press, Griffin Bancroft, George Palmer of As sociated Press, Martin Moore of the London Dai l y Telegraph, Desmond Tighe of Reuters , A. Agiulo of Reuters , P . Lessing of Exchange Telegraph, Geoffrey Talbot of BBC , S. Barber of News - Chronicle , J . Cooper of Daily Express , G. Pearce of Daily Express, J . Fisher of Daily Mail, R. Beamish, A. Hammond of Kemsley Newspapers , P. Ure of London Times , H. McKie of Austrailian Press H. Southwell-Keely of Austral ian Press , N'. Lourie of Palestine Post , I . Finkelstein of Palestine Press , J . Barreto of French Press , L. Vernay Ramondy of FrJnch Press, J . L' Hospital of French Press , P. Galozzi of French Press, Lt . Clermont of French Press and G. Noble of New Zealand "Press . C. Lewis of New Zealand Press , G. Duncan of New Zealand Press , G. Mira.ms of Jew Zealand Press, Francis Halla.well of BBC , Clete Roberts of Blue, Godfrey ,,,albot of BBC , Jack Findon of Union Jack and Frederic Ullman of Pathe. These correspondents and radio and movie men were accompanied by the following officers from Allied Force Headquarters: Brig. Gen . A. H. McChrystal , Major C. A. Harkrader , \1!8.jor C. S. Lock, Major P. Henderson, Major The Viscount Stopford, Col . T. Mccrary, Capt . J . Newman, Sq/Ldr T. J . N. Smyth , Sq/Ldr R. M. Williams, Sq/Ldr D. ,J . A. Griffiths, Major P. B. Lowe , Major G. Clewes , Sq/Ldr G. Summers , Capt . Ranamitha.m, Capt . Badzynski, Lt . Skorups~i, Capt . R. Eckhouse, Lt . R. Sutter, and Col. Herkel . After the conference General Clark entertained the correspondents at a buffet luncheon at his headquarters . Shortly after lunch the General left for his villa. for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 8, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa . �I ' 0 /"' J y- ( �FLORENCE- -APRIL 9, 191.,5--General Clark ·arrived at his headquarters at 0830 hours and at 0930 he held his first op,._,rational morning conference in his War Room . The following officers attended and will attend future morning conferences at 0930 hours: General Gruenther, General CMdlaw, Commanding 12th Air Force, Brigadier Hirsch, Brigadier Packard, General Brann, Air Commodore Lees , Deputy Co~rnander 12th Air Force, and Colonel Boettiger , Chief of Staff 12th Air Force . Also attending were several junior officer specialists on weather , engineering, etc . This morning the General saw John Chabot Smith of the ~ew York HeraldTribune and Milton Bracker of the New York Times . L .. ~-~ · .J...,,.. - J o~ ----- r'-Y~ ~- oday is D- Day for the Eighth Army attack. General by General Gruenther, l~ft Florence by air a.t 1220 hours , arriving at Forli airfield at 1300. He was met by Gene r al Mccreery and proceeded immediately to an observation post a couple of miles ·1est of Faenza. Here were also General Cannon, Commandin.o- Mill' , General Chidlaw, Commanding 12th Air Force, and Air Vice Marsha.I Foster, Commanding D.AF . The observation post ,vas a farmhous in the Polish sector a.bout two thousand yards from the front lines . From this OP the assembled officers had a rtng-s ide view of the bombing program laid on in prep:=ira.tion for the Eighth .A:rmy attack sheduled to kick off that evening. There were some 800 heaview who had two area target s not more than two to three square miles . They dropped in the space of an hour and a half some 175, 000 fragmentation bombs , obtaining almost perfect patterns ,.,ith each wave . They were follO\r.red by some 200 mediUIDs who rmd three rath .,r smaller targ ts of gun areas around Castel Bolognese . After they had finished there were about 500 fighter hombers who kept up the attacks on pin- point targets until the attack was due to go on. ) General Clark met General Anders , C- in- C Polish Forces , General BohuszSzyszko , Commanding 2 Polish Corps , G~:r.eral Sulik, Commanding 5 Kresova Division, a.t another observation post . He then went to Headquarters 2 New Zealand Division where he was met by General Freyberg, the Divisional Commander . He then drove to TAC 5 Corps Headquarters where he met General Keightley. All these commanders expressed thems elves full of confidence in the success of the attack. General Clark also talked on the phone to General Russell , Comma.nding 8th Jndian Division . General Clark and Gene ral Gruenther left Forli by air about 1700 hours , e.rriving back at the command pos t at 1745 . General Clark took shortly ther;after to his villa for the evening . General Clark today issued the following statement to his troops : n15th Army Group is resuming the offensive with the object of destroying the German forces opposing us . nrn the past year the Fifth and Eighth Armies , composing 15th Army Group, have captured Rome and driven the enemy northward through his Gothic Line and have had their progress stopr,ed only by a combination of mountains , water obstacles and winter weather . The recent period of rela_tive i.nactivjty has nor drawn to its close . ) �nAs never before we now have an opportunity to deal a. decisive blow. With our enemy weakened by recent severe blows on other fronts the shock of a severe attack here will do much to speed his defeat, with consequent saving of lives and hastening of the day of victory over all our enemies. "It is therefore of extreme importance that every individual should devote himself completely to the success of this new offensive . Ea.ch man, whatever his job, must at this time give himself up utterly to the execution of these operations in order that every possible advantage will be denied the enemy and every opportunity taken to crush him completely. All must make full use of past training, of ingenuity, of rmter:i.el, and finally, of that courage wh:tch is needed to drive the battle home to the enemy in spjte of every discouragement which may lie in the path that leads to complete victory. "It is my greatest hope that this will be the last ma,jor offensive that will be conducted by 15th Army Group . Whether t his is so or not de pends on us . If we carry out our attack with maximum fury and wjth relent less t horoughness so that the enemy is forced to retreat , surrender or die , we may well realize your hope and mine that further major operations will be unnecessary. 0 And so I call upon all of you to give now, as you rave done in the past , the full rreasure of your devotion to your countries and to the allied cause in order that we may exploit fully the opportunities of the moment . No one knows how· great these opportunities are or what success ·we may obtain if we ta.ke full advantage . Hit them with all you t ve got, and with Goa's help we will have a decisive and perhaps a f i nal victory.n * * * FLORENCE-- APRIL 10, 1945--General Cla rk arrived at his headquarters at 0845 hours and at 0930 held hi.s mornjhg conference . At 1030 the General saw Brigadier Carr, Regional Commissioner Liguria; Colonel Poletti, Regional Commissioner Lombardia; Colonel Hancock, (British) , Deputy Commissioner Lombardia.; Colonel Mar s hall, Regional Commissioner Piedmonte; Colonel BovnTIB.n , Regional Commissioner Emilia; Colonel Fiske , Deputy Executive Commissioner Allied Commission; Colonel Jordan, Deputy Commissioner Liguria; and Colonel Monfort, G- 5, 15th Army Group . At 1230 Lt . General Edmond Schreiber, Go~ernor of Malta, came to see General Clark . The General briefed hlm in his War Room, after 'lhich he entertained him at lunch . After lunch, General ClPrk returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0845 hours and held his 0930 conference . At 1030 the Gene ral attended a drumhead service on the occasion of the visit of His Grace the Archbishop of York, Primate of 1?ngland . Before the service, General Clark met the Archbishop . General Clark read the lesson at the service . �( After the s rvice the General returned to hi.s office and savr General Worsham, Engineer Section, War DepRrtm,nt, with General McCoach, Engineer M'rOUSA . The General also saw Mr . Nixon of BBC and briefed him in the War Room. At 1230 the Archbishop of York came to lunch with General Clark. Before lunch the General briefed the Archbishop in his War Room . After lunch, the General left for his villa for the rest of the afternoon and evening . The following is a message sent by General Clark to the patriots of northern Italy: "Patriotst The final great battles for the liberation of Italy and the destruction of the German invader have started • • HYou are prepa.red and ready to fight . But the time for your concerted action in aidlng the Allied armies has not yet come . Certain bands have been given special instructions what to do in this the first phase of the battle; they have received their instructions by special means knovm to you . Other bands will concentrate on preserving their districts and towns from destruction when the enemy is forced to withdraw. You have all been prepa~ed for your tasks when the tjme comes for concerted and all- out action . ( rrTo those bands which have not been given specific tasks for the immediate future you are to nurse your strength and be ready for the call. Do not play into the hands of the enemy by acting before the time chosen for you. Do not squander your strength and rresent an uncoordinated effort . Do not be tempted to premature action. ttWhen the right time for great .nd decisive action comes one and all will be called upon to play his or her p:i.rt in liberating Italy and in destroying the hated enemy. " General Clark today sent the following cable to General Cannon: "I want you to know how fully I appreciate the splendid and effective air support which the Air Forces have already given us in the current ~.t tack . J ha.ve been especially g·atified by the excellent cooperation which we have received from all air .force personnel starting with the early planning phase . Our air ground team is now a great success , and I am confident of your all out support in the f1 1 ture . tt * * FLORENCE- -AFRIL 12, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headqua.rters at 0830 hours and held his morning conferencJ at 0930 . At 1000 the GenerRl saw Colonel Horace B. Smith of the Public Rel~tions Section, War Department . General Clnrk lunched at his headquarters and at 1330 he left by car for II Corps Headquarters at 'ionghidoro , arriving there at 1500. 1 The General had sent his van up ahead and it was waiting for him when he arrived . The General conferred w."th General Keyes for half an hour and �at 1530 General Clark with General Keyes vis i ted the Legnano Gruppo headquarters wh .,re they were met by G ,neral Utili, who briefed them on the situation . General Clark w-i th General Utili and General Keyes then inspected Italian artillery positions of the Legnano Gruppo and General Cl ark spoke to several of the officers and men .. He also visited an infantry battalion in reserve and spoke to the battalion telling them of the magnificent contribution the Italian troops are making and how honored he was to have them under his command . Returning to II Headquarters General Clark stopped enroute at the headquarters of the Corps Engineers (19th Engineers) where he spoke to many of the of ficers and men , commending them on their fine work in support of the combat troops . General Clark with General Keyes arrived a.t II Corps Headqu:-1.rters at 1830 . General Keye s ent.,rtained General Clark for dinner and after dinner General Clark attended a briefing in General Keyes' War Room . The General retired early to his van for the night . * * * * FLORE CE-- APRIL 13, 1945--The G ,neral awoke at 0645 and received the news) of President Roosevelt • s death. The General had breakfast with General Keyes , members of his staff a.nd at 0745 attended the morning conference and briefing in the II Corps G- 3 War Room. At 0830 General Clark, with General Keyes , left the II Corps Headquart ers and drove to the command post of the 34th Division in the vicinity of Loiano where General Clark was met by General Bolt., and staff officers of the Division Headquarters . There the General de corated and promoted eight officers and enlisted men and spoke briefly to the assembled gathering, telling them of the plan of the coming operation and t he important part the 34th Di vision would play. With General Keyes and General Bolte General Clark then left the Division comnand post and drove to the battalion headqua.rt rs of the 133rd Infantry. The battalion was assembled , and G.neral Clark spoke briefly to them. He then visited the first battalion of the 168th Infantry where the battalion was also assembled and the General said a few words to them . General Bolte bade goodbye to General Clark at the battalion headqDPrt rs of the 168th, and Genera.I ClRrk drove with General ICyes to the 91st Division area where he was met by Gonerc 1 Livesay. The Gen -~ral spoke to several of t1e officers and men of the 361st and 363rd Infantry Regiments in passine , congra.tulating them on their fine work and t~11~ng them briefly of the coming operation and the important part they would play. The General then drove to the 536th FA Battalion comP1and post where he vms met by the Commanding Officer . The 536th FA Batt lion is a new 155 Ho,vitzer battalion which has ju~t arrived from the United States and has yet seen no action . The ttalion was assembled , anrl the Gener 1 greeted them, telling them how pleased hews to have this fine support for the infantry which had so long been lacking in this theater . The General told the battalion of the great opportunity th~Y would have to par ticipate inn great V'ictory which he was sure would come to them shortly. · The G,n.,rcl then visited with General Keyes the 916th FA Battalion where he inspected artillery pieces and tal)re d to many of the battery officers �D and men . The General then visited the 1st Batta.lion of the 36?nd Infantry in the vicinity of Loiano ,,rherA he spoke to the assembled bat.talion . General Clark e.nd Generals Keyes and Livesay then c1rove to the 757th Tank Battalion command post where the General inspected tank positions and talked to many of the officers and men .. En.route to the 91st Division command post for lunch G .. neral Clark stopped at the 11th Ba.ttery of the 54th Super Heavy Regiment(British) Pfhere he inspected the 8" artillery piece and spoke briefly to the Corunanding Officer and enlisted personn 1 The General expressed his r-ratitudc for the fine job these great suprorting weapons had done with the Fifth Army ano of the opportunity which would soon come whereby they would haven chance to participate in a great vic tory as the Eighth Army were hnvinr, at present to the east . At 1200 hours the General arrived at the 91st Division command post where he was entertained by General Livesay for lunch . At 1230 Generals Clark and Keyes left thA 91st Division command po,;t and drove to the command post of the 8[-i.th Division, four miles west of Loiano off Route 1165 where he Has m~t by General Kendall and members of the Division staff . The General decorated four officers and enlisted men at Division headqu.-.:i.rt ers . General Clark, vrith Genernl Ken<lR.11, then visited t .e 3rd Battalion of the 349th .Infantry '.'Jhere hA spoke briefly to the officers t=md men. He then visited the 377th FA Battalion - here he was r1et by Gem~ral Lewis , Division Artillery Comnander . The General inspected artillery rieces and observed fire missions . He also spoke to severnl of the officers and mon, tellin~ them of the magnificent support they have given to the infantry which made possible the successes they have ad Th Gen.,ral met General Gruenther's son, Lieutenant Donald Gruenther , who commands a battery in the 337th FA Battalion. The General then b:'lde goodbye to General Kendall and then drove to the command post of II Corps at Monghidoro . Just before leaving for Florence, the Genernl promoted Colonel Willems , Chief of Staff of II Gorps , to the grade' of Brigadier General . General Clark left II Corps command post at 11-i-30 by road, arriving at his commancl post in Florence at 1600 hours . ':;here the Army Group Commander conferr .,d with Generals Gruenther and Bram1 and left at 1730 for his villa. for the night . General Clark today issued the following statement upon the death of President Franliin Delano Roosevelt : nThe death of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt represents a tragic loss to the nation , and a personal loss to mo and to every soldier serving with 15th Army Group . ttThough the President has passed on, he has left to us n legacy of the finest and most soldierly qualities . As our Commander- in-Chief he charted us a course for battle . Vle ~rill continue unswervingly to devote ourselves to the fight for complete victory .. " * ( * FLORET\fCE-- AFRIL 14, 1945--Following his 0930 conference, General Clark saw �( the fol lowing correspondents: Miss He i tt , representing the Religious News Agency; Lt . Hill, of the Stars a,nd Stripes; and Rita Hume , of Inter national ':'Tews Service . At 1030 the General saw fib:" . Longhi , representing the Committee of Jational Lj beration for forthern Italy. The General spent the rest of the day in his office working on papers and conferring with various staff officers . * * * * FL0RENC~--APRIL 15 , 1945--The Gen ral arrived at 1is h ,adquarters at· 0830 and held his 0930 conference . At 1100 hours the GenerPl attended memorjal services or Fresldcnt Roosevelt held at his headquarters . The General read the follow:rng War Department Order a.t the service : ttThe following order of r.rhe Honorable Henry L . Stimson, Secretary of War , announces to t he .Army the death of Franklin Dele_no Roosevelt , President of the United \>tates: It is my duty as Secretary of Har to announce to the Army the death of Frankl in Delano Roosevelt , resident of the United St ates , which occurred at Warm Springs , Georgi , at 1635 hours , 12 April 1945 The Army is deeply grieved at the untimely death of our Comm nder in Chief. He prepared us to meet the savage onslaught of our enemies , and he led us through the bitterness of our early reversals . His unwavering courage in the face of overwhelming odds , his abiding faith in the final triump of democratic ideals , and his clear vision of the p:=iths to be followed 1·rere a source of constant inspiration.. He gave the Army unstintedly of hfa strengt h and wisdom, and his unremitting labors hastened his death Although he leaves us rlhile there is still much hard fighting ahead , the ultimate victory has bAen fa h ioned of his heart and spirit . Memorial services shall be held on the day of the funeral 15 April at all posts , camps an stations , war operations permit ting , at v1hich time this order i:d.11 be read . The former 1 ice I resic ent of the United States , Harry S . Truman has tal'·en the oath of of ice and assumed the duty of Pre sident in accordance vri ,h the provisions of the Constitution. lfThe 't,Jational Flag will be displayed Pt half staff at the Headquarters of all military commands an- vessels under the control of the War Department from 0800 hours loca.l time 13 April 1945 until sunset l?. May 1945 west longitude dates , war operations rermitting . The wearing of mourninf; ands , t . c draping of colors and standc .rds, and the firing of salutes will be dispensed with because of war condi ions . ttThe body of the late Commanderin Chief will be interred at Hyde Park., on 15 April 1945. n New . ork The following senior Allied officers were pres.,nt at the ceremony flanking General Clark . General Chidlaw , XII Air Force; Acfoliral :1orse, Flag Officer ; :Ve stern Italy; f,rigadier Floyd, Chit~f of Staff, Eighth Army; Mr . Orebaugh, the American Consul; General Utili, Italian General Commanding •lorence Area . �( ) �I ( After the services the Gonnral returned to hi office and rit 1200 the G nvral made a. recording :f'or vr-:i Day in his conference hut. After lunch the General returned to is villa for the afternoon and vening .. 0 * * FLORENCE--APRIL 16 1945--The General hold his 0930 confer :-nce and at 1000 hours General Cannon came to see General Clark A.t 1030 Lt .. Gen J. C H. Lee Corunanding General 0( 1 MZOViJZ, called on General Clark. General Clark briefed General Lee in his war room and entertained him at lunch. Immediately after lunch General Lee took off for a tour of the forward area, visiting_the Fifth Army command post onroute . 1 At 1230 hours General And _,rs , who is enroute to t,;ngla..YJ.d , arrived to sec General Clark . .After lunch Gfmt✓ral Anders left for Rome . General Clark saw Lt . Gen . Carlo Simone , Commanding General of the r ilitnry Territory of Florence . At 1630 the General left for his villa for the afternoon and evenJ.ng . * * * FLORENCE--AJRIL 17 1945- The G ,neral h~ld his conference ~nd at· 1115 hours drove to the lorcnce airport to meet General ~Tuin, v1ho arrived at 1145. · General Clark drove back to his headqm~rters ~ri th General Juin and before lune}, bri ,fed 'irn in his· war room .. At 1300 General Clark with G n,ra.l Juin and General Le Couteux and fi1a,jor Boillot, ADC to General Juin, flew by 1-5 to the Fifth Army cub strip at Traversa . General Clark was met by GenJrr'l Carl ton, Chief of Staff, Fl+"th Army. The part:-, then drove to the Fifth Army command rost vrhere G~neral Carleton briefed G nerals C n.rk and Juin on the current situation. G~n ,rals 018.rk, Juin and L Couteu..""{ th ,n drove by jeep to Headquart rs II Corps in •Tionghidoro , wh ,re they were met by G. . n . . ral Yeyes and r1embers of his staff G,ncral Keyes riefed G~neral Juin nnd G,neral Clark in his v.rar room, irunediately aft r which they drove to an observation post northwest of LoiFmo, where Gen .rP.l:=: Clark and Ju.in could observ, t ,rrain over which the newly started off ensi v vras taking place. J On the r .turn to I Corps E adquarters, Gen . . rn.ls Clark R.nd Juin m.:t Gfll\neral McHerney v;ho w s also touring the front. General Cl8J."k introduced General Juin to Genernl Hc arn,y, and, after f' short visit,, General Clf-lrkts party r~turned to the II Corps command post where Gen.ral Keyes entertained them forte and a drink. 11 At 1700 hours General Clark a+td Gen ral Juin l,ft th~ I Corp'-"' command post for Trav rsa, where they took off in L-5 1 s for Florence, arriving at lCOO. General Juin dined with General Clark at the command rost this evening nd after dinner playLd bridg until ~leven o 1 clock. Operations Instruction 46 was issued today and deals with the occupation of ~.rorthern Italy in the "".'r .nder or a ;, ,neral collapse of the enemy r ~si?ta.nce . J �33 FLORENCE--AfRIL 18, 1945--At 0900 the GeYJ.eral Arrived at his headqua rters and at 0930 h~ld his morning conference ., At 1015 hours Rex Ingram, of' Time r,ragazine; tr- •or· e of United !-'ress, l"tr- Palmer of Associat d re ss, and rir . ; 1owrer of the Chicr-tgo ! ews, were · riefed by th~ Gen .,ra.1 in his war room . At 1100 hours th, Gene ral made a recording for a broadcast for Victor,r Day in his conference hut . Th~~ Ge neral lunched at his headquarters .. At 1?00 hours a reception was h ... ld by Gt,neral Clark or General Juin in his conference hut wh r __, officers of the Fr nch Ei.ssion attached to Fifth Army and 15th P.:rmy Group were rrese nt, also Chiefs of Sections of 15th Army Group , .nd Genera l rrruscott and seve ral m ..mbers of his staff. Gfm~ral Juin decorated Genernl Truscott ii·rith t he Croix de Guerre rder of Commander, and also conf.,rred the Croix de Guerre on Colonels Ca.mardellP. ,, and }1ickey. After the reception, General Juin vent to the Hotel xcelsior, returning at 1930 for dinner At 1900 hours His Royal Hi~hness, Prince Unberto, with General Infante arrived General Clark hBd the Prince and General Infante as his guest s for the ni~ht . Gen •ral Cls.rk entertain _,d Prince Umberto, General Infante, G,neral Juin, Ge neral Hcl a.rn~y, General Chidlaw and Gener~l T.e Couteux for dinn r at his mess After djnn~r Ge neral ClR..rk played bridge with his guests . 1 General Clark today received the following cable from Gen . Twining, Commanding General of the 15th Air Force: nr deeply appreciate the splendid cooperation and aid given by all echelons of your co1runR.nd during the planning and execution of our carpet bombing attacks in advance of your assaulting divisions " The clear and distinct marking of the front lines and target area by ranels , tee mri.rkers, smoke pots and. antiaircraft fire , was of inestimable value to our bombing forces . The excellent planning, detailed t i mine and location of the visual aids by units of your command together with the superior manner in which all details were executed grea.tly simplified a difficult task for this air force . To all ranks I extend my sincere thanks on a job v-rell done tr * * * FLORE 1TCE--APRIL 19 1945--General Juin l~ft this morning at 0930 for Paris . At 1000 hours General Clark he ld his morning conference Gen ral McNarney was present at the conference . At 1045 General McNarney left for Caserta, and Gen,ral Clark spent tho remainder of the morning in his office . Th~ GenerHl went to his villa for lunch with General Brann a.nd after lunch played golf at the Ugolino Golf Club in Florence . �,) �FLORENC --APRIL 20, 1945- -Th General arrived at his headquerters at 0930 and saw Rex Ingram of Time Magazine again today. He also rromoted Lt . Col . Forter and Lt . Col . Brisach to the rank of full colonel in a surprise forms.tion at his headquarters The General lunched t his mess in the command post and after lunch went to his villa for the afternoon . At 1700 hours th General r..,turned to his headquarters to neet Hr . MacMillan, British r·~ in.ister to Italy·, and Mr . Stewart Brown in charge of public relations at Allied Commission, who accompanied Ar . MacMillan . This afternoon the Gen ral learned that the 10th Mountain Division crossed ov ,r Highway 119 west of Bologna . The General briefed Mr . Jbseph Harrison of the Christia.n SciencMonitor and 1\/lr . Howard Norton of th., Baltimore Sun in his war room in the afternoon . Rt 1900 hours the G,neral returned to his villa where he gave a dinn r celebrating the 28t h armi versary of his graduation from West Point Among those present were : General Gruenthf'!'!r, General Saltzman , Colonel Porter , General Sullivan, G neral Lewis , General Bradshaw, General Brann, G neral Howard and Lt . Col. Nygaard . * * * * FL RETC --APRIL 21, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters this morning in time for his 0930 conference and th~n spent the remainder of th, day in his of""fice conf . . rring on operational matters vith members of his staff . Today eL,ments of the Polish Corps and troops of the Fifth,,,/ Army captured Bologna . /I The Gemeral spent the evening at his villa . Gen r al Afoxander today issued the follov.ring s t atem nt with regard to the fall of Bologna: rThe capture of Bologna is a victory that belongs to every Allied fighting man - soldier , sailor and airman - in the Italian Theater . My warmest congratulations to the troop,;.) v.r hich have seized this vital military obJecti ve after a \"linter ' s campaign that hrrs presented oJ.most insup rable obstacles in terrain, weather and fanatical enemy resistance . Now let us keep driving forwa.r.-d until the last en my soldi~r has been driven from Italy. " 1 General Clark spoke as follows on the fall of Bologna: 111 rh 15th Army Group has today liberated Bologna from the Germans . The American 5th Army and the British Sth Army now stand inside the gate way to the Po plain, poised to destroy the G rmans who continu~ to enslave and exploit northern Italy. 11 rican Jritish, l\ew Zealanders, Indian Army, Polish, Brnzilian, South AfJewish , Italian and Am rican troops, single-minded in purpose , ;' �will drive forward to d stroy the enemy. He still may stt:md and f ght , but ologna repres nts to us the beginning of final victory in Italy. rt Bologna has a. sumed the aspect of a symbol of the campe.ign in which we hav~ been engag d and its fall d notes success in thr-it campaign However ,· our most important objective rema:i.ns th , d struction or capture of the ;nemy forces opposing us so that all Italy may be liberated and th end of the war hastened as much asp ssible . The overwhelming Allied air power and naval aid h lped our gallant ground troops in a manner -thnt merits our highest praise . " * * * * FLORE NC~ --APRIL 22, 19/4-5--The General riv d at his headquart rs at 0830 and held his conf;rerice at 09.30 At 1000 hours Brig. Gen Richnrd Lind- · say, Colon 1 Proctor and Colon,l Darby, th advanc party or the General Arnold entourage call.,d to pay their respects to General Clark . At 1030 Gen ral Clark with General Brann Brigadier Packard, and Colonel Grogan drove up R~ute #65 to Bologna, arriving at 1300 hours . They were met in the public park at Bologna by Generals Truscott , Ano.ers , K;yes, Bolte and Critt enberger ., Gen rnl Truscott briefed G..,nera.l Clark on th current situation , after which GJn~ral Clark, vith the senior officers, drove throup:h the city to the main square wher~ a guard of honor, consisting of Polish and American troops , was h_.ld- Thousands of che ring civi lJ.ans gr eted G ,neral Clark as h; entered the sqUr'tl' ; Th Polish be,nd layed Am~rican British and -olish national < nt ;ms . After th c~r .mony the General made a to of th city and then drove to the command post of the 34th Divi ion in the Jark in Bologna . T ere efore all senior commanders, General Clark decorat d General Bolte ·dth th. Silver Star e A er a sand·"Tich and a cup of hot · ouillion, General Glv.rk, with Gen ral Brann and Brigadier Packard, drove back to Florence, arriving nt · 1?30 hours . At 1930 th G_..n..,ral left his office or his villa for dinner and th ni ht . 0 * * FLORET E- APRIL 23 1945--At 0900 the Gen ral axriv d and had his conference at 0930 . A-t 10'30 G.,neral Clnrk b iefed the following radio com mentators : G H. Combs, I·IDS; qurTCY HOWE WQXR; Hm~,.rd Barnes , NBC; Joseph Harsch, Christian Science JTonitor . Today the G neral rec ived word that the 10th Mountain Division were the first to cross the Po, m king the CI ossing -= t S n B nedetto and establishing a good bridgehead ., / V • , I At 1545 G n.,ral HcTTarn~y nrrived,; 1 th General Gannon and conferred with General Clark for an hour after which the G neral return.,d to is villa for the night . General Clar oday sent the following radio am to his Army Com- manders. n15th A:rmy Group continues the attack to d stray th en.,my .. Eighth Army after crossing the Ri v"r Fo vlill push rapidly for a.rd to breach the ( 1/j 1 �( �Adige position and captur F adua. . :F'ift Army will continue the attack with its majn effort on Verona . A secondary ffort will b~ directed on th axis Bergamo K 6387 - Como E. 1902 to d ny th enemy escape routes to the north A.fter reaching et-.xona to b prepar d to turn east to croo s the River Adige north of Legnano and ssist the advanc of Bighth Army. Boundary. All Points inclusive to Fifth Ar1y . Ceneselli F. 9~06 F . 932091 - thence along Cave Bentivoglio to F . 8'70133 ... River at l? 870148 BR F . 51223 - Th ,nc alonS7, ,kola Lavigne to F .8402~3 - River Adige P-t F . 865295 . Ac mowl dge n ca 1 Later in the day General Clark followed the above messag..., dth t .e to Gen ral Truscott quoted beloVT. Ref~rence rnessag mlJ11ber 0-5430 dated 23 April IV Gorps with the n cessary troops t=i.ttach d (See rJ Cor JS r ln.n I1 HNIBAL - Plan I dated 31 Uarch) will not e detached from Fifth Army to t,xecute the occupation of .forthwest. Italy unt i l such time as th~1! forces required for this task are not need d by Fifth Army to accomplish its asgi ned missions If however operations p rmit it is desirable tha.t orces to be used by IV Corps in its occup tion of northwest Italy be used as far as possible in Fi th Army s secondary e fort in the directio 1 of Como . 11 1 * * L [RE°\\TCE- -APRIL 24 , 1945- At OW30 the Gcrn.,ral arrived a.t his headquert.crs 0930 confer nee . At 1000 hours Genera.l Clark saw Colonel · Bc.. hcet Turkman of thv Turkish Army (Director of li.litary Intelligence) and had h s with r · g~di Hirsch At 1145 G neral. of the Army Arnold with Brigadier General B~eb and Colon ,1 ~arquard, arriv ,d to see G n al Clark. The G ;n ral ri fed them in h s war room and ent.,rtaincd them for lunch . Gen ral Chio.law, Air Commodore Leese and Brigadier F ckard were also guests of General Clark fo lune . Aft r lunch the G..,n ral 1..,n · to his villa and return d to his headquarters again at 1600 where he conferred with Gcmerals Grucnth r, Brann and Rrigadi r Hirsch on th, curr nt operations . At 1830 hours G neral Clark, with G ,neral Grucnther, drove to General Ch id law' s ville..~ rhere a. dinn r was given for G nerci l Arnold . * FLOREHC - - APRIL 25 , 1945--The Gen ral a.rri ved at his headquarters at m~oo our • At 0900 the G n ral saw G neral 1Toce, G- J of .J\FHQ . At 0930 General of the Army Arnold arriv.d ,nd attended Gcnerc_l Clark's morning conference Gen~:r.al .roce was also rresent . At 1000 hours Ge 1err-tl Anders arriv d . G n ral Clark introduce G ,neral Anders to General A-rnold . At 10/j,0 G.,neralsArnold , Cl2rk, Gruent. ,,r , Chidlaw and several air fore,) staff officers left ~lor nee airport in a C- 45 for Bologna.. The party landed at the Bologna airport, the first transport plane �to land on the Bologna field sine· the capture of that city by the Allies . The party was met y Gen!,jral Truscott and G neral Darcey, Commanding General of the XXII Tactical Air Force , Air Vice Aarshal Foster of the Dese:rt Air Force , Air Commodore Leese ancl Colonel Holmg.i."'een, ArU Off'icer . Generals Clark and i.\.rnold , yrj th General rrruscott and staff officers , then toured the city of Bologna or fort~r- fi v minutes ·where they were grei,.,eted by cheering civilians . General Clark ·then drove General Arnold to the ol gna field whcr -J General Arnold and his party took off for Florence by C- 45 , and Generals CleJ~k ·and Gruenther flew in L- 51 s to IV orps in the vicinity of Hodena where thy were met by General Crittenberger who took Generals Clark and Grucnther to his command post l After a SA.ndwich· a.nd a cup of ou1llion at the IV Corps command post , Generals Clark, Gru ,nther c nd Critt ✓nb ,.rg .,r drove to the 10th tioun~aJ.11-.., Division command post in the vicinity of San Benedet-lS'o , on•..., rid e south of the Po where they were rne;t by General Hays and th., nevrl y-~.prointed Assis• tant Division Commqnder , Colonel Darby . G~neral Hays briefed Gen~ral Clark on th~ current situation, a t~r vrhic1 he took G ,.neral Clark and party to the bridge over th Po which had Just b en completed by 10th Mountain Division and rv Corps engineers . G ,nerB.l Clark in a jeep thJn drove across the pontoon treadway bridge over the Po . General Clark stopped enroute , commending many of the men on their magnificent accomplishments and hovr proud ho was of thorn . On reaching the other side of the Po the Gen ral drove along the river and inspected a second bridge which was just about to e completed . He congratruated th engineers on their fine achievement . The General th,.n drove back tote 10th Mountain Division where he bade goodbye to Gen ral Hays . He then drove back to the IV Corps cub strip. } ! Genere.ls Clark and Gru nther then flew to the II Corps cub strip in, th vicinity of Poggio Ruis co where th .,y were met by General Keyos . They drove to the II Corps command post where they .rere briefed by the Corps ommander on the current situation. General Clark remain d at the comr11c'1_nd ~j (i post for approximately half an hour and then took off in his 1 - 5 again with General Gruenther for Eighth ~rmy ·in the vicinity of Porto .Maggiore , whe e they were met at the cu strip by Gen ral M.c Creery. At Eighth Army ti" Headquart rs General rrcCreery conferred vd th Grmerals Clark and Gruenther in his ·rar room and had the Army Group Commander for tea . G . . neral McCr ery, with Generals Clark and Gruenther , th~m flew to 13 Corps Headquarters in the vicinity of li"1errara where they were met 11y General Harding . G~neral Harding briefed G n..,rals Cla-.rk and Gruenther in his war room,, and after a short visit General Clark took off by L- 5 with General Gruerrther for Florence arriving at his headquarters at 1830 hours . The Gen ral then went to his yilla for th night e * FLORJ1NC ➔ - AJRIL 26, 1945--Th * * G n~ral h ,ld his confer.enc * this morning at 0915 and o.t 091+0 drov., to th~ Florence field wh re a guard of honor vras held for General Arnold upon his departu1·e . G ,n .,ral Clro-k bafle g0odbye to Gc,nernl Arnold who is novr enrout.e to Bari anr th~n ack to the United States via South Arn.,rica . The G neral spent th ., r~mainder of the da.y workinr; on operational matt·rs in his o.c-fice . During the day the Gen,rrl . e �f ( saw at Frank of the no-lfer.seas News AgencY'' and June Frank his vnfe , of ll':f1his Mon-Lhtt and 11 The Omaha .lo . ld" George Grim . . of HThe I'1inneapolis Star" called d.th the Fran cs to be bri fed hy G .n ,r~ Clark rhe General dined with the Am.,ric,-n .consul , f'ir Or aug , and his wife at th ir villa in Florence this ev,ning 1 G ,neral Clark today s ... nt th~ followinF; cable to General D v .rs v ith r ,gard to th rench f orces op.-rn.ting on the Fr~nco-Ita.lian fronti~r: ttGrateful for a.ssi.:-;ta.nce r:;iven ,r Fr~nch forces under your commad on ranco-Ita.lian frontier Gonsid r tim has now ar1iv d when further advance by Fr .. nch troops can hav, no ::ippreciable effect on withdrnwal G .,:rnan troop~ from franco-I"balfrm front·i · r In v:uH of po,_)sibl., politicn:J_ r ,p rcussions, rcqu ,st that Fr ,nch troops b., h~.lt.,c on resent- lin, and he rri thdre.vm behinrl fronti .,r as soon a8 conditions permit 11 * * * * FL F.El\JC i --APl IL '?? , 1945- At oq45 th G n al ai~ri ved at his head luPrt rs fl.nd h~d his morn nr, conf ,r .,nee et 0930 . Today the G . . neral promot ✓d Col. Suth ,rlnnd to th grade of ·ull colon.,l~ He lso bri f~d the following corr ,spondents in his ·mr room: George Palm.,r , Associated } ss ; Aldo : orte:, , United r . . ss; JR.mes Coop r, London Daily Telegram; :Cmery I.,ierce, ...iondon H rald; Southworth Kelly Au~tralian :;ress ; John W. . llis , London Drily el ,gra.m; WilliP.m TJ . Robeson , Columbia Broadcastin~ ~y tem; Anton Lader , 1\Jational Broadcastinft, Corporation; FrPnk Telford , Columbia Bror-i,dcasting System; Rob .,rt Sha.yon , Colurnbia Jroad casting System G ,n ,ral Clark ha.d Gen . . r ls Moran, Brann and T:--.t as guests for lunch . After lunch t 1, G .,n..,ral 1e ft f'or th., villR · for tJ1e a t rnoon and evening . General Clark today recei vcd the f ollowinp, cable from eneral Alex,,.nder with reg:ird to future opern.tions of 15th Army Group in Italy I "L Vlhile th.., primP...ry obj ct of 15th Army Group still remains to prevent th .,nemy from ,stablishing himself on th,., Adig, - Alps Line , it is now desirabL to d ~ ,rmin, th., G ✓ n .,ral course of op rrit1ons subs quent to yours izur,, of the gen.r al areA. icenza - Padua - eronr-t Fhen this has berm ach ,ved, t1-Je ma:,.imum '"'ffort of which you are capB,ble should bed veloped towards . (A) Gaining control ovt.,r the 1•,hole Br nner of .tnnsbruck as the fin-'1.l objective . oute with the capture (B) S izing the port of Trieste n,s rapidly as possibl with a view to the e tabl:i.sh:n . . nt subseq 1 ... ntly of control ov .,r the Trieste Tarvisio - Villach rout into Austric: 11 2 . The occupntion o · ! orthwest anrl 1 ortheast Italy Hnd the ex u h . ing of · em/!3.lning ~nemy resistance in taly r~mrdn s condary to the abmre / �tasks Th escap of any consid . . rabl., n..,my forces from t orth est Ite.ly i l l in any case e pr .,vent .,d as soon f'.s you ar~ esta lish d on th Balzano - r~rano s,ctor of the Br.,nn r route . u3 It is of g eat importance that prompt advc tag be ta1~en of any opportunity that may aris, to seize Tri ste . This may well occur at any arly dnt • An amphibious lift for a fore in th~ order of one bri•· gade group/rct, can be r.18.d av,. ifabl, at Anconri at ive days notice Apr.i.rt f rom true taken in ,mbarh,. ion,_ time r quired to s~eer the fore ... into Tri ste will be int ~ ord,r of fourte n days Possible operrtions which you should be T' epar,d to carry ouv at sh rt notic are as under . D tail d naval phmninr; should don with F ALI. (A) Acceptance of su.rr1.,nder of G rmrm gar:cj son to an Alli d seaborn force b or Tri ste c~=m )e reRch d ov rlB.nd. . Gerr:i.~ ommand r may in last resort, pr fer this to su-r n .ering to Jugoslavs . ( ) Rapid r inforcement by nea of srne.11 force which may e abl, to occupy Tri st by lan<l in ad vane., r-md out of support of main. forces 'rhis mig t ·1ell occur in confus d situation likely to fol low a g n .. r 1 C'r .... rman surr.,nd r in this theater .. 4. In planning op,rations for th capture of rieste you should knoillf that it is my intention to limit the ar .a of VIC i'JZA GJULIA occupi~d by your fores to such as is n c ssary to me~t naval equ:irements , which includes occupation o Pola., and to ens-ure the ffectiv control ands curity of the LOC of the occu:rational forces to be sta)lish d subsequently in tria . This task 1ill e mr-i.c1 the r ponsibility o: cm Anglo American task ore of a corps of one U S. and on,., British Division . :F'urth ~r d tails will be furni h d you separAtely. 11 Au n5 In th; meantime, it will greatly facilitrte th---- a.rran~em nts i:·rhich muot be made at thi'"' headqun.rtcrs to g i ve th fullest possible support to your operations if you will, J (A) Giv, a provisional allocation of fore ,s to each of the tasks in para.graph on, and to th occupation.o-r No th"Test and Northeast Italy. (B) ,fomine.t~ th., corps headquarters for the Anglo-Am ric,m task force m"ntion din paragraph four . " * * FLORENC --APRIL 28 1945--Gen ,ral ClRrk had his regular conferenc., this morning at 0930 . The <Lneral Sf!Vl Bri ~adier Gen ... rAl Pleas Rogers, Commanding Gen ,ra.l of th, Seine Base Sectio in Fr- nee . G.~n c 1 Rog rs is an old fri .. nd of G neral Clarks . T L General spent the entire day in his office '!Orking on pap ,rs n.nd confe ring •rith members of his staff . H return d to t ,e villa for th a ternooJ1 and ev ,ning . �I • • �With refer nc- to G n ral Clark's cable of April 26 quoted in the diary not .. s o th, ame day, G n.,ral Devers sent th following cable to the Commc,nder of French fore s in Italy .. n In ccordance w:i th r 'lu" st of AFI·P1 and 15th Army Group, you will · halt your troop. on th pr s nt lin, and orgn.niz., defensiv lin • Pr ..pare to withdrA..'J' into Prance as th military situation p ,rmits . J~ HThei, C'rerman forcos in Italy ht.v be n compl· tely disorganized and ith- urt_ r action along the Alps s .,ctor will not appr~cir:ibly _;ffect dra ml of t , .Jn my force from tru: _t s ctor . "Your op~rations have been successful and th~ Commanding General of 15th krmy Group and SAG11ED have extend Jd t 1eir gra ,i tude for your as sist .nee t * * * FLOREnc· - -APRIL 29 1945-- h G... neral ad his r gular conferenc at 0930 thi'"' morning . Mr ~ Offic, Polit5 cal Adviser , AFHQ called to see the Gen ral to discuss Austrian affairs 1tr . Thomas also saw the G... n,ral t is morninr; and was brLfed y Jnm in his wa.r room Maj . G n . Henry, G- 1 of the War Depar m._.nt , and rig . G .. n . VIillard Irvine, Deputy G-3 of the War Depnrtm Jnt, with :/lr" Offie and J1r . Lowell Thomas irrere guests of G ,neral Clark or lune This morning we ·1 arn d that rrJUssolini had een shot last night p~rtisans at Lak , omo e Aft Jr lunch the G..ner 1 spent the afternoon by in \ his offic conferring w:ith members of 1is staff .. H, returned to his vil-. la for dinn rand th, cv__,ning . I * * * * LOR'8 11TG --APRIL 30, 1945--Th G ,n ,ral arrived at his command rost a t 0900 this r10rning and had his r gular 0930 conf r nc • At 1000 hours Maj ., Gen .. Osborn,, who had t e Informa.tion and E ucation Branch of th ;'18.r Departm ,n~ , called on G ,n .,ral Clar • Today G,..,n ... rr 1 Clark· moved his TAC H adquert rs to Bologna ., The Gen,ral remained in h:ts offic,, this afternoon nnd return..,d ·o th~ villa for the night . General Cl8rk today sent th ... following message to Gf}neral McCrecry: "l rigadicr Stayn..,r rill deliver to you t·10 messn.g s ·hich will give you som., background inforrM.tion which ma.y be of ast'.:!istanc , to you in the oecupati.on of ;)JEZIA GIULIA . n2 . AFHQ are forwarding a ·r equ st to Tito asking th-qt control of such of his fo rces as ar., in "'D~ZIA GI JLD\ '7h ,n contn.ct V1 ith your forces is made in thf-\t ar n b, pnsc,ed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito agr, s thJs, Ju~oslav forces will b passed to your comnand: �{ n r p. r.,,_ .-,._..._.,, . 6,) p. - ~ ~ -', ,;- (.,; ~ ( / �9\ ttJ . Your curl ent J'flis sion dir .,cts an a(lwmce on axis TRBVISO UDI ~ - 'rRIBSTE ., See O - 54 50 of 26 April. Wh n contact iq mad with Titos forces you ,~ill ~ot conduct any Op-"rrrtions in territory occupied by these forces which might precipitate nrmed clashes bet reen your orc~s and tho~·H, of Tito . If Tito ' s forces :1.r . not ,.,Tilling thr-i.t you advance :into territory thLy hold you rill halt ~ om' advrm ,c anf r port the situation to this headquarters )Y most rapid means ·or dec;i..sis>n . ~'0 * .Y.· * . ~ i~ ~~~ * J. ~ FLORE~f --HAY 1, 1945- Toc1ay is G n rnl Clark's birthday During th day Gen ral ClF.trk saw in his offic~ Co11.gressman l ~v .,rett M. Dirksen of Il inois who was A.ccompani~d by 'fJ.r John Shmir Young of the For,.,,ign :Sconomic Administration .. At 1700 hours a bj rthday party 1tras gi v .,n for GcnerRl Clark in his conf..., ence hut wher. thirty- five of his clos fri~nds and staff officers drank to hi health and vr" shed him a happy irthday A irt ~ay cake was pres-,nt .,d to him . y his mess personnel. This t:,v,ning Gen,ral Glark gave a small )irthday pa:rty at is villa with Gen.,ral .rru .,nther, G .,n..,ral Brann Colonel Porter and Ca .tain Berenson rr s_.,nt A tr ,m_,:ldous cake was present d to G ner2l Clar < by th ., mess sergeant · t the villa General Clark today dictated the following notes for inclusion in his diary. nwhat could 1?e more a :r:rropria.te than on my 40th birthday for the Alli d 15th Army Grou to reach t , clima of its t v nty-month cnm.· gn in Italy. n ne of th" ri-10 t coT11plet~ [-1.nd d .ci ,:,~ v., victories in m: lit~ry history he s h~en record d b;r these two armies in a . .,riod of a proximately thr e w eks . irApp· oximately lli.5,000 prison.,rs hav, been fa_l{en, anrl the Ligurion Army, con·nstin~ of two G... rman an . t'fo Itrilian di isions is hop,.,l ssly pinn ..,d in the rnurin area Tith all exits to the north bloc,cd . }L comm::m er of 1.,his army has b~tm cartur · d and is in my custody - A:irshal Graz~iani . His hi,~ f of s·' aff, G .,n~rnl J ems 1, surr nr~ered and ,:,igrL. d . lL'1condi tiona 1 surrender terms pr ,,.sented to him by Gener~.l Crj ttenher er .. . Up to this time th ., troops have ot acted uron th, surr~ndor t .,rms sign"'d y th , hi .f of StRff .. The oth r bm G~rman arm::.es, th 10th and H,th , he ve b .. n sm she d to bi ts The only r Plaining port of I tRly in '-':'1 .,my hanris is rt small mountainous ar ,a f--om the r ,nner Pass to the north~rn tip of L-"lke Gnrda . 0 f n- ealiz-ing thnt renc,.., n.,gotfotions B.r., 1.m,'t1r ,·my at various plr:i.ces and th..,t soon ther , '-1 ill be an ov rvrhelming announce _.nt throu) out th, world that unconditional surrender of all German armi s 1.qs been eff cted, I made the followin > statem ,nt yest ,,.rday: �11 1T 1 · oors of th 15th Army Group have so smri sh .,d the G~rman Rrmj_ s in Jtal:, thnt thev hF.iVe b en virtually ,1: m~_rn,ted as a militAry force . This c struction has ...11 c .,n accomplish d in th· offensiv, vr ich is no 2~ dA.ys old for the 8th Army, an 15 _dcys old for the 111ajor art of th , 5t 1- .Arny., PI1 •rcnt -five G.,rm'ln divisions some of the b st in the G ,rwm army hav been torn to pieces and c~.n no long).Jr effect:lvely resist our armi s . Thousands of v hicl s , tr<!!m ndous qmmti ti .,s of c.rms anr equirment, and ov~r l?O 000 prison ,rs have e .,n captured anc1 mnny mor~ are eing corralled 11 The military po·r.r Jr of G :cmruiy in Italy has nractj cally ceased , evc.n t ough scatter d- fighting IJPY continu as r .. mnants of the: Germrin armies are mopp d up cir 11 itr FSUf,d this statement rdvisedly, for I ,•ant ,d my troops anfi the world i.n ,,en-,ral to lrnow that no Hrmj sticc broug. t about the 90 1 lcte victory in taly. · T 1., ,nc: of Germ,.. n rm· er in Italy fas rought Bbout on the fi ,ld of battl,., by our handing him as decisive c: rcfeet as hes ev ,r be . . n rieted out to nn en . . rny grou of armies . urt is inter•~st1ng to note at this time when ~reat success has be . . n achieved on the field of battle wh-=,n Italy has be ..,n conquered by a march las ing w ,nty months rom south to nor h thn.t I nff'l rn"l confrontec wit delicate situations on oth my flanks . ey are rs follmrn : non th west the J tA.lians nr worried , anri on, of my rit-i_sh Li".'j son Q_ficers rr:_th a partisan cLtachmcnt in he west t 1 grap q that cxcite nent ls rif, ov,r the ,ntrance into Italy of French troops . I have a report that t he Fr,nch int end to occu py th..., Val D' Aosta. and hold a pla is cite . Our partisano are vrell armed and !Vill rr,sist . This b ing of a polit·ical nr::1.ture , I refrain,.,d from scndine; a radio direct to G . . n ,rnl Dev Jrs but instead t 1 .phonnd this information to Field i·Ic:.rshal ALxander !1.th the requ__,st that , take it up throug Ik J to se.., that no cuch move on th~ part of the French takes place ., I "This French si tua-tion is interesting ,)1:;Cause I requester' Al xander to hav the French Corps opposing the G .. rman divisions in the Maritime Alps attack in con.junction w~ th my spring offensiv .This caus~ :i :rol:i:.,ical repercussions by t 1e di lomats ,,,ho were r"luctant to have . th.., French com into Italy for f -tu· of Italian- Fr,..,nch d-istm~)8,nces . 1-:iemrnded th~t th, v com~ in a~d follow up th0 G ,rman divisions nho would b"'l fore, l to :mll cut of the 11.rritime Al ps as my armies crossed th, Po . T h ~ finall;r r ,fused by Eis__.nhow ,r on the rrround thot he could not sup ort such aIT10Ve loeis ically. I p ,rsonally discuss d this with th~ British Ambas ador Tr . ri:rcr iillan , in 1 ;r command post 2nd vri th Alexand~r a:nrl asked r1c11•1illrm to radio tho Prim~ l' j nj_ster , ·which h did .. Th, I-rime Minis ter concurred in my v:i ews thnt th , Fr~nc 1 shoul .follow up a G rml n vi thdrm 1 , come into Italy, and th-, French Corp~ , i t th,, rroper mom ,nt , pass to my command I di.:>cussed this vfith G~nercl Juin 1Jvm h .J v~sit~a m . HJ was heartily in accord and tolr:1 me that G ner ,.l D Gull was most anxious that t e ~ ·French troops e::i.in come unc r my comme.nd . This · ould result in t c Germ,m. Division~ in th , ]lfaritim, Alrs b i:nr; un.? le L �to !V'i'Lhrlraw on their own timJ sch ,dul ;. \ I a.rn quoting h::,low the l.Jtter I jus rec iv ,d from Juin i:rhich corrobor tes the 3tP.tem ,nt I make nbove: tt 'IIaving returned to Paris, I want to tell you vrhnt a moving memory I have of th~ rl~.ys spcn with you in Flor nee and to thPnk you of th ho""p5.tHlity yon show d m, . I va:1 profoundly touched, J 11 It was p?rticula.rly pleasr nt to find Jtnly in a moment enliv ,ncd ,o of yo111.. armies . Th atmosphere was thP.t of th-.- rnagnific ,nt nnd glorious days o·'"' la.st f'!ay an:, Jun,, w~th the same clairvoyant and ,n ,rg ,tic command~r ,..,.ho knov, s how to rr .,pare :md to win his batt 1 ,s . by the brilliant succ ss u· · am quite certain· that you ·r5 ll ma.rY t , la t oints anc1 I r --,joic.., beforehand . 'fobody de "rves it mor, than you who has tak n such a great part in t1e def..,at of our common .,n~rny. ttt You ~mow my n.esire, ·;hich is that of my governm nt, to s~c th, Fr ,nch troops pnrticipr :t~ in your victory. I would e ht"PrY ·if this wish was g:ranted nnd nt tho sar10 time I "'muld r )gr , t not to b e bli? to he d.,sirviat5d mys,lf to s~rve und"'r you again . u ~rhnnks ag in, my dear G .,n ral , ·,fill you pl ase tra.nsmi t my r gards to the frienrl s of th, mo.gnificent tef'm thP.t you ht1v.;, constituted around you 11.nd accept r y s ,ntim nts of tru, attachm .,nt Aft ,r J receiv ,d word that Gen r..- 1 ~is ...,nhow-:..r could not support c. Frenc mover, ,nt -to the ec st lof:sistically, I th ,n reluctantly sent the 1,.. following telegrnm: · VV'o/'J 11 ~ v,.. Hr Grat ,ful for nssist,P..nc.,, given by French forces und ,r your comrnnnd on Franco-Ite.lJ a.n fronti ,r . Consider t tm~ h[l.S nrnr arrived when further advance y French tr oops cnn have no prreciabl, Gffcct on wj thdrcwal Ge:r·man troops from Franco-Italir-1.n fronti .. r . In vLw of possiole political rep- rcu sions requ st that Fr .,nch troops b ., halted on rresent line and be wi thorEJ.-~rn ehind frontier as soon ns concVitions r ,rmi t . 1 nr,zy- worri ,s on my '"'"ast flnnk ar.,. ns f'oJ.lo•rs. The frovinc., of Ven zfa. Giulfr is a hot spot b ✓ t,•rr,en the Italians and Jugoshws . Al xandcr conf .,rrcd with Tito rec:.-ntly on this subj ct . No d cisive r0.sults cam,, of this discussion . Al, . xand _.r und ,rstood that Tito "Ould not oppose th, movem,nt of my troops into thi rrov5nc,, including th occupation of riMt P.nc Polri a11d oth ,r naVA 1 faciliti ·, s in t c I tr inn } ~ninsula . H~ assum ,d that 1I'ito '!Ould ~.lAcP- his troo s under my comrnrnd . I hnve 8~t up, unL er Piehth Arffly, a Bri tj sh Corps corrimnnd ,(°1 by G .:r1.✓rPl Harding ,;ri th a N.,w Z ,aJ.an<] di visfon of Fr .,y urg 1 s and th 91st [Jjvj sion under Livesay to uccup;v the port facilities of encz:.a Giulia. J have d.ir~cted th:1· under no circumstances if our troops are opros d by the ue;oslavs w com invo a.rm~,d conflict vi th th8m . I hav sent th~ following t , 7_ • , am to t0fl t, , ffect: ( ' 1. Brigadier tayner will deliver to you trro m ssag s which will give you fWme ackgroun<l information which may b of as$istance to you 11 ---l �in th~ occupation of VE JEZIA GIULIA 2. AF -Qare forwarding a. request to Tito asking t nt control of such of his forces as are in \n~:r:izIA GIULIA when contAct with your forces is made in that ar .;,a b, passed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito aP;.'"I'ees th.es~, tTuo;oslav forces -v: ill be p..-:1 ss Jd to your comm'" nd 11 " 3.. Your cnrr nt r.1ission dj rccts rm a.dvanc,, on axis 'L'REVISO TTDPlE - "PRI1 !:smE . Se O - 51+50 of 26 April . Nh'""n contact is made rdth Tjto t s fore . . s you ill not con.c1uct any op rr-ttions in t .,rritor:t occupied by thes forces which might pr ,cipitat armed clr.shes bet,1 ,en your fore s and t ose of Tito If "rito' s forces r.r, not y,·i lHng th, t you ndvance into t rritory they hold you ill hrlt your t1dvn'l'lc,, anrl. r 1,port the situation to this h ,adqUc-,,rters by most rap· d m ,n.ns for decision . 1 " 'lith r . . f ..,r ,nee to the situation at the Franco -Itnlian frontier Gvneral Devers ca )lod th 1rench Cor1r1J.ander too~y as follows• 11 t is necessc r;r a<"' a matter of urgency thPt complet, compliance be r;iven to th , provisions of ahove quot~n rn ,s age . That is,, :rou c P.s, of'fcmsi~.,, action at once in your s .,ctor 8nd r~tire to the li'ranco-ItPlien bord .,r n.s ra.pi ly as the militA.ry situ....~tion permits ., n (Ca 1, referred "L,o above _is q 10tf3d in di.!U' Y notes of 28 April 1945). G neral Clark today sent the following cable to G neral Ivrccreery: t1The follm•ring message y Fj J.d Marshc 1 Alexander to Mn.rsha.l Tito is furnished you for y ur information Refer nc is F 68316 oi' 1 ,h y.. 1 fH l . As my forces are no r1 nearing Venezia Giulia I Tish to inform They ar similar to tho ewe discussed at I int nd to: you of m immediate plans . ~1 ~ ... nde A. Secure port of Triest~ an~ th ing to Trieste ~ L of C th.rough Italy lead- B" S cur., L of C from Triest~ to Austria via Gorizia - Ta.rvisio . A you .. "no-r:t1 , these ar., n cessary for my furth r Austria against our common .,nemy dvance into " ' 2 . I also r,quire for my naval orces the use of the harbour ola. and anchorag~s on the Istrian coast · et Tl., n Pola and Tri ,ste and the L of_r, between these two ports . ( 1 ~ ' 3. Concurr ntly with operations 1ndicPt d c bove my fore s will continue operations again t the G~rman r'.rmed forces wh..,r,ver found until th .,J.r ul ima.te destruction is '- chiev d . Except to secure th obj ctives listed in Para On abov my troops will continu~ th ir op~rations until th ,y hav, linked with forces und r your corriF.tand . I have i sued instructions to my comnann rs that in - eas wh~r both our fore s nre op rating maximum care will b ta1" .,n to identify themselves �in thJ occupation of VENF::ZIA GIULJ.A n 2 . AFH() re .orwarding a. request to Tito asking thnt control of such of his forces as are in v1;:•1::JZIA GIULIA when contFLct d th your fore .. s is made in that ar . a h., passed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito a ,i-·ees these tTuo:oslav forc~s Vi ill be pr, ss · d to ym.J!' coP1W'nd. 1 Your cnrrent mission d:lrccts nn advance on axis TREVISO Se O - 545 of ?6 April. NhJn contact is rriade with Tjto s forces you . ill not conr1uct any op rations in t rritor:r occupied by these forces which might pr~cipitat armed cl(\.shes bet r Jen your fore s and those of Tito If Tito's forces r-.r , not ,,,:i lling th, t you advance into t rri tor;v th ,y holn you will h, 1 t your advance anrl. r port the sit'U8tion to this h Atdquarters b;r most rapid men.ns for decision . ' n nt3. rmpJE - 'rRP~SrE . ~Tith r f Jr ,nee to the situation at the Franco-It::1lian frontier , G nernl Devers ca )led th, 1 rench Com ri.ander torlriy s follows: t is n .,cessar;r as a matter of urgency thPt compl"t., compliance bo giv n to th , provisions of a ov.., quot~n m ,s ge . That is, :rou c P.s~ off nsiv:.. action at once in your s .,ctor ~md retire to the li'ranco-ItP liPn horcfar as rapidly as the militRry situation permits. n (CabL referred to abov is quot~d in diary notes of 2g April 1945). 11 G neral Clark today sent the following cable to G neral J,f fcCreery: n he following message by FL,ld Marshal Alexand r to Marshal Tito is furnished you for y ur info mation . R ferenc is FX 68316 of 1 vlay., n 1 As my forces are nov1 nearing Venezia iulia I rish to inform you of my :immediate plans . They are similar to tho e we di cussed at ,1., .. n.ne . I int nd to: A Secure port of Trieste ing to Trieste v---· B. nrl th L of C th.rough Italy lead- Secure L of C froP'l Tri,ste to Austria via Gorizia - Tar- visio . As you l,.noTTI these arc necessary for my further advance into Austria against our contrnon .. nemy ft 2. J also r ,quire for my naval forces the use of th harbour Pola and anchoragM on th Istrian coast et-.,, n Pola and Tri ,ste and the L of_C betwc ·n these two ports . rt r 3. Concurr ntly with op rations indicAt d above my forces will continu operations against the German 8rmed forc.s wher~vvr found until th1'ir ultimate destruction is '-chievcd . Except to secure the objectives list-din Para On abov my troops will continuJ th ir operations ·until th ,y hav., linked with forces under your car.in.and . I h ve issu,d instructions to my comnanders that in areas wher both our fore s nre op rating maximum care ·rvill taJ,. .,n to identify th ,mselves �( and avoid at all costs ~ngagement due to rnj_stak ... n identity when they are about t,o link up. I urge t r-it you ic;suo similar instructions to our troops . t1 t 4 I preRum~ any of your forces which may be 'in the area. aff~cted · by my operations will come under my command, ~.s you su :>gested durj ng our rec nt discussion in elgrade and that you will now i ... su , orders to that e feet . u t 5. IJy Alli d Pilitary Government rill b .,come op rational in conformity 1• ith the progress of my military op /rations It ·1ill funcMon through such local authorities as ar found to be in eff~ctive control in the a!eas occupi d by my troops n 6. I would be .c.;ra· eful for any information on the progress of your op .,rations in V n . . zia Giulia and your intentions vu G neral D v,rs today sent th follo·ing m~ssag Fr nch forces on the Franco-Italian frontier: to the CoMmnnder of eference lX 13647 28 April 1945, this headquart rs, it L n,cessa y as a matt r of urgencv that compl t ., compliance be gi v, n to th rrovisions of above quot d m ssag., . T1at is thnt you cer-ise offensiv a ct·on at once in yam.~ sector and r,tire to the Franco-Italian border as rapidly as th1' m· litA..t'Y situa: ion p ,. mi ts " ___.. 11 * *___. * CiLORE:NCE--I.,l4.Yr 2)1945 -The G neral e..rriv ,d at his office at 0830 and had is regular morning confer ,nee at 0930 . This J11orning G~n ral ClP..rk was informed by AFHQ th t the G rma.n Command r-in-Chief, South,, st, G:en ral on i..,tingho.ff, had agreed to t ... rm of unconditional surrender in Italy. Day in Italy vras officially announc ,d this r-1.ft •rnoon at 1830 h'om·s 9v r t e radio The Gen ral spont the entir ., day in his offic, and din,d a.this mess a.t th coP1mand post this evening. .J General Clark today di tated the follovnng notes for inclusion in his diary. ttAll day we hrve wait .,d for ·rord f! om th · G.,rman emissari s who signed the "rms of surrend r a few d y ago. .ti iru:i lly this aft rnoon we int . . rcept ,d an<l picked up in the cl ar instructions sign .,d 1Jy G ,neral Wolf, the SS Commander, to various .,J.em . nts of his coP1rr1and notify. in~ th ,m th- t as o 140 hours ~ay ?nd an armist:i.ce rmuld be in being P.nd 0.t ivM ch tj m all ' troop ould lay dovm their arms . nr ha.v Ju t talk.,d ,ith Fi 1_ld Tn.rshal Alexanoer, an<l he told me thet at lRJ0 hours his new .. r .,Las"'s s .,nt h ,re prev~ ously hould be released; thRt he has receiv~d a message t1at Kesselring would like~is onor the surr nder . He also decided that leaflets rmnouncing th, surrend ,r ,,roul<l be dropped . My ·worry is that wh"n my m-,n henr of this e..11 caution wi ll be throV\Tn aside anrl_ casual tics may occur fr·om G__.rmans ho hav not received the ~ord . / �npr .,viously I have put out instructions to both arm'.l_ s attem t- ing to restra·n any undue h 1 -rai~ing ---------- 11It is a fittin'.> cl::.max to this hard ItHlian campa.ign thPt aft r a three-week smash offensive we h3ve so sm~sh_,d th, GermHn forces in Italy tJ~at they ar thJ first army grou: to surr ~nd r u o nditi_onally It is also intcrestin~ that as th~ G..,:rmans turn in thJir suits I have great worrLs .:'rom Yu~osl1wia . Tito indicates thf1t __ e l ill not 7elcom, our troops east of the Isonza niver . .A.s a Tnc'ltter of fact, they ar already east of that riv,r, and I have directed ~ighth Army to move on Trieste but under no conditions bring on a .ight '1th the Yugosfavs . In order that American troops may not he embroiled in such a nisast r , I ru.ve ~ ithhcld th, 91st Division from ,fcCr~ ry for th.., pr s ..,nt . his ciftJrnoon Freyb rg pa sed a ~quest to rie to bomb certain coast1 be tteries south of 'Trieste and h ,. not kno ~,ing 1h .,ther they 1ere mann d by Tito ' s fore ~s or GcrlTlf!n and also to make a strong aerial demonstration over Tri ste its ·lf. I h.ve refused both of these on th ground that it may be sue an incid.,nt which will precipitate us in hostilities in the Balkans I so notified Al xander by phone, of my r j,iection of Fr ,yberg'' s request. "In thew st my request to have French .fores w1.thqrawn has met no succes Dev rs in compliance uith my request, order d t em back to the frontier . I have just seen a radiogram that Devers s nt to Bis nhower quoting A. m~ssa.ge from th }"'rench Cm s Commander tha.t h"' would stop his off nsive in I aly but oulr not v,i thdraw his troops until told so by his gov1'rnm..:,nt This lends s om cre0enc to the belL th~t the French may have some t rritorial aspirations :m vlestern Italy rt I have arranged vd th Fifth Arny to bring the G .rman d leg tion my headquarters as soon as h y appear und r a flag of true at the front j ne . Wh .-n th y arri v h r , I , ill h?ve the two army command• rs and General r,hidlaw, and through my staff issue complete instructions to the --i',rman comrriandcr-in- chief in Italy. nFi 1 'rB.rshal Al xandcr ms most anxious to release his announcement at 1830 this evening ~ This gave ;I.ittl time to get mrd to the armi s . I nm- issuing an ord .,r of the day as follo~rs: 1 n t Iith a full and grateful heart I hail and congratulate you in this hour of complete victory over the German ~nemy and join with you in t 1anks to Alrrrighty God . nt you:rs ha.s been long , hard fight - the lon est in this w.r o any Alli~d troops fighting on the Contin~nt of Burope . You men of th Fi.th and Eighth Armies have brought that fight to a succ ssful conclusion by your r ,cent brilliant o·'fensiv op rRtions which shatt r d th, G.,rm::in forces oppo ing ' you Th jir <o 1rren6er was the in vite.ble course left to them, the;v had nothing more to fight vTith in Ita.ly. 11 You have demonstrated something n ~nd em2r abl~ in th annals �( of organized rmrfare : You hc1.v~ shown thr-it a hug, fight:i ng fore~ com- / posed of units from many countries with diverse fangua sand customs , inspired , as you have alMa.ys be n, r.rit a devotion to th caus of / freedom can become an eff ctive and hRrmonious fig 1ting team rt t Th s tearmork 1; ich ha ca:cri d us to victor:r has inclm1 ed in full measu , th , upporting arms which have worY ,d with us throughout the car11pPign T e services that hr-w suppl i d us have overcom unelievabl., obstacles a.nd have kept us constantly armed , quipp d , and fed Th , Ilk-'1.fnific nt support which vVv have ah ays had from the Allied air and rwval f orc~s in t is ,h .,a .,r ht'1 s •rr-i tt .,n a n w pc g in th history of coop rntive combat action. 11 1 0ur exult ation in this mom'"'nt is bl,nde with sorroN' as we p2.y tribute to th__. h_,roic Alli d oldi,rs who have fallen in bnttl in order thnt "this victory might b0 achi ve<l. The en ir world Till or,ver honor th ir memory tt tThe ':'tar i not ov "'r . Th G .rman military m~c ine hHs· been c ompl . t .. ly crush .. d by th~ spl ndi<i crunpaii:sns vag~d by you and your coll ,0.8,l s of th - Western a.nd Russian f'ronts . her , r r:iai ns th a,ll import ant task of inflicVng a similnr compLt c:efcat on our r r.iaining en my - Japan . 1!.iach on of us in th .. 15th Army Group raust continue vdthout pau...,e to ~ive the full :neasur of ffort to till1t task wher ,v r w~ may b~ calle upon to servo e 11 I ~.m intens ly proud of you all and of th honor w 1ich I 1P.ve had of conr:1anding such invincibl troops My thP..nks r;o to each of you for your ca.pabl , aggres i ve and loyal servic rhich hr-i.s produced this great victory n Men of th 15th Arny Group., I mo ·r you ,"Till fac, the task ahead wHh the same magnificent, g .. n rous .and indomita l, spirit you have sho ·rn in t is long ampaign Forward, to finri.l Victory. God bl ,ss you all . 11 whic Presiden Trrnnan tode.y s nt his congratulations to G·,n ,rt=il :read s follovs: lark 11 0:n th~ occasion of the final Jrilliant victory of thA Allied ArmLs in Italy in imposi g unconditiomd surr ,nder upon the ~nemy I wish to convey to ·t . , Ar1. rican fore .. s unr1er your command ancl to you p ,rsonally th appreciation and =>ratituc e of th Jr .sident end of the pe oph, of th Hnitcd Stat __. s . Ho prais fr adequate ":or t 1 heroic achit vements ~nr magni. ic nt courag~ of ev ry indi- irual under your command c1_1 Jrin~ this long an trying campai1n . Arn .,rica is r,rou of the ess ntial contribution mad, by your l\.r'1 ... rican Armies to t . final Allied victory in Italy ur thanks for your ~allant lead ., rship nnd the death lJcs valor of your men Tl Thi;; Army Group Comnander this ev,.,ning s nt t .e follovring radio t o Gen ... rals ~1ccr~ery and Trus ott: �"Enemy for c s under comman<l Commander-in-Chief Southwest have urrend ,red unconditionP.lly. Th territory east of t e Isonzo Riv .,r is no+; tm,1 r command Commander in-Chief 'loutlwest Allied forcc,s of JJ 15th Army Group vill cease ?irj ncr, forth \Tit except in th~ vent of / / a n ov r\, hostile act y th ,nerny. On receipt of this messag case B Op:,rations In'""truction ~ , Headri_uart ,rs 15th Army Group , dat..,d 1 r:ray is effe ctiv., 'I' nnyson will b put into or ,ration at once .. Atten tion is invit to th, fact thot c rtain German forITk"l_tions r-m~ -:nits will li<ely disr gard orders to surrender an(1 -rill continu to fight "in which ev nt n cessary a c vion will be ta rnn by AllLd troops o ac c omplish th 1r r1ission . u Wit 1 urt 1-r r · f rer~ce to t e ugoslt:v an situPtion, GmLral lerk sent 1e follm"'lr ing ca )le to G~n ral McCrc Jry. ttFollowing p rson.A.l message has been r ceiv ,d from General Tit o ·y Field Varshal Al xand .. Field TTars 1al Al .. :and ..r has not yet had the opportunUy to study th, po into r ised y Tito but this headquar t er s will e advised a s s oon a s decision ha s been taken M,a nwhile you will c onduct oper ations in s uch a. mann ·,r a s to avo i d armed con- · l i ct w~th Yugoslav forces . Lessag begins : ( I I n I have rec ived and careful ly consirler .,d th ., 5 points contn:i n~d in your telegram regard i ng the reln.tions and the areas of operations of th Allied Ar mies a.nd the Yur,oslav Army in Is rie. and the Slov . ne L1ttor 1 . Since our last rr1 ting and conv..,rsation th situati on hB.s c ang ,d so much in s o far as units o_f my 4th Army coop~rPting with Slovene units hav..., with great diffi.culty a.nd heavy losses brok.,n through the str no:th ned def __..naive lin, running from .rium to Trieste uh re str et f~_ghting is going on now . In addition nearly the whole of Is tria vfith th, exc_,ption of Pola. Rovjgno and s verril other °1.,o, -ns where stre t fighting ""s going on has been libernted our troops . In connection vJith the above I fish to give you tl,., following information In order to liberate Yu~oslavia am round up all enemy troops in Yugoslavia as quickly as possible I he: ve mad the -following plan ,•rhich is alr ady bing carried out ., fl~ 1 ':10 liborc_te I stria 'T'rieste a.no Monfalcon:.. ns far as the Isonzo J .iv .. r "nc to A.c:vt nee up th Isonzo towards tL_, Austrirm front ier . 11 t ? . In this conn ., ction th, n.r ,a of op .ration.::, of th tr oops under my command hR.s b en decided t~nt is th-- li ., I . onzo ~rom its mouth middles ( queri1'd) RozeP."o Gor-Lzia Tolmin~ o and Tarvisio (Tar :1ia) . tr 3 In accordanc with our pr ,v ~ ous agroeTt1ent I am prerEir d t ...... t y ou should use the ports of Mriest, ind Pola as -1ell a.s th ., Tf'ilvray lin Tr Lste - rrf'l_rviso for supplying your troops in Austria . 11 4 I vri11 ther ..,fore be .,rateful i f you will give orders to your tro ops t o n;et in contact ·with my troo s on t ~ , n.bove 1:1 .,nM on ,d l ine where fu~th~r details regnx·ding their coop~ra tion can be agreed on the spot . �99 th spot rr t 5. I agr ,e those of my units er ·partisans ·ri'th th..,m op ,rating o thew c;t of that 1-ine will come under your command n 6. I ag.t" .,e and thanl< you for ;rour sugg .,stion thrt th,, closest contact is n cessary 'v_) tween our and your troops as soon ris they m,et in order to coordj_nat~ thejr op~rP.tions agr:iinst the common enemy "7 In fl.11 the abov m__,,ntion ,cl .- reas of op r:itions of my troops our mili tnr;r and civil autJ- oritics will naturnlly ( qu ,ri...,d) continue to function .t 11 • 11 1 *" * * 3, 1945--The G ,n ~ral ar i v.,d c.t his head 1.1:~.rters at 0900 hours this morning and had his conf..,r,nce at oq30 . At 10 0 hours this _rriorninr, .1aj Gen . Gherriere of G.,n rrl Juin' s staff cnne to pr.y his respects to G.,n ,I'r' 1 Cl:::ir}r This morning General Cl2r r:iade r . . cording :or a broadcast in his confc,r . nr!e hut for the XII Air · 1 ore~ on groundair cooperation . FLOR.tmC -- T111AY r Th, Gen .,re 1 sp nt th, emtir , n.:t xnoon in his office workirig on papers anr1 conferring; 7ith Ins staff , r ,turning to his villH for th . . nigh·t., . , ( General Cla.r today repli d to tulations ·as follows : r ,:>ident 7ruma1' s cable of congrF.t- nyour messa.ge deeply appreciated . am furnj_shing a copy to every An ✓rican soldi r under my comrnand . We st.and ready to continue the fight against Japan" General Clark this a.fternoon dictated the following m~terial for his dic:ry: nrrh Frim l\:· nister in his announcement. of oux· victory bef or~ the Rous: of Commons , had th,, following to say: rr This surrender puts us into v _,ry close · touch w.i ,h the rosition of th . . U., ,,S a.rrnies in th,, north . Not only ·has a vast area of terri tory, vital jn its character, fall ,n into th~ hands of tl , Surrorne Comrianc1 ,r , Sir I arold Alexander , but the actual s1.11"_ ender irrhich has tn'k.:,n placJ , so far is comprising numb~rs , constituteR , I beli v , a record for the who .. ~ of this 1,frr , ::i.nrl it must be helpful to furthe-r events for whj c1. we have l ,en lookj_ng in This Army in Italy, Arriericnn and Brit-i sh cor,~nri.r1ded by our trusted gen,_,,rnl , nd having und ,r him Gen ,rri.l I~1ark Clark who is c n efficient and dar:i ng American soldier , hn s h2d a ffk":1..rvellous record since h y fiirst land ..,d in the P ninsula - the landin.r; at SaLrno and the r .,mendous fip;_ tin:, at Anzio rhcn vre trfoc1 c turning mov..,ment to L Rome . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, March 7 - May 2, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from March 7 - May 2, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1667 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/ca4516dc47de05d278ac6268e60705f3.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=i19XNFnGylFafLgRAYEfqVUY4PTdDr7DqPJJK6fHAFgxaTFscqWtdgyO1UIQRwXXbzpk3kznJjyvHnJSepa9wF5E9H-4Yh0R1OnCgyGQPn6mZd69b%7ER6u57IgHOWRAPuXepOWsxgJAUaV7rkNs0QmboEwqgwi4YTFX%7EJjcS63Z6FvTNDBrA3i4tDFmpdem7wW2sKDWPeNyX%7EqbsjVlDhKpwWTBca-Y6PFi3Lx1sCNA92um1FW7U-IShzdAvge7o2eUojaMSBw3fQ21vXwM4gjGqFEUTR1PcTtfQJDEggHqlubsyzRY%7EtzWIqVWqd2BQm8-bHpcuDMoFZHk8Gj3dFiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1d7810e34feff372a6fcac41a8d9e748 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ) ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM - NarE This is Volume IX of the \'far Diary of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark. Volume I, Covering period 28 June, 1942 to September 24, 1942; Voltune II, cov-ring period 25 Septem- ber 1942 to 5 January 1943; Volume III, covering period 6 January 1943 to 6 June 1943; and Volune IV, covering period 7 June 1943 to 29 August 1943, are held in safekeeping at the Army War College , Washington, D. C. Volune V, covering period August JO , 1943 to December 31, 1943; and Yolune 7I, covering period January 1, 1944 to March 31, 1944; Volwne 7II, covering period 1 April 1944 to 30 June 1944, and Volw:19 VIII , covering reriod l July 1944 to 31 December 1944 are being held in safekeeping in the manding General's safe. r L-7e11 Co□- ��7 1/.~j ✓ ~p-yb'. )' 9i" , IY" .J 9J. (, /2/,J µ ( SIBNA--JANUARY 1, 1945--The General flew to Siena this morning at ten o'clock and spent two hours at his office. At noon the General gave a reception and punch to meet all officers of the 15th Army Group Headquarters, approximately 700, at the 717 Club from twelve o'clock until two . The General spoke to the assembled officers , telling them how proud he was to have been chosen as Commander of 15th Army Group . The General , with General Gruenther , Brigadier Packard and Colonel Saltzman, stood in line and shook hands with all the officers of the Headquarters . After the reception the General returned to his vllla for lunch and rest . In the evening the General. dined at "A" Mess with Brigadier Packard . * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 2, 1945--T~e General drove from Siena to the new command post in Florence which is to open tomorrow at noon. After inspecting the command post the General drove to his villa, where he spent the afternoon. At 2000 hours General Clark met General McNarney at the AngloAmerican where they conferred for two hours . The General tben returned to his villa for the night . * * * FLORENCE-JANUARY 3, 191+5--The General spent the morning at his villa and arrived at the new command post at 1100 hours . He conferred with members of his staff and spent the rest 9f the day in his new office and wa:r room conferring with various staff officers and working on administrative papers . * * '* FLORENCE--JANUARY 4, 1945--The General spent the day at his command post in Florence conferring with membors of his staff and working on papers . * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 5, 1945--'roday was organization day of the Fifth Army, and General Clark sent General ~:ruscott a message of felicitations early in the morning. The General remained at his command post today and in the afternoon General Truscott called to see the Army Group ~Comrnander and conferred with him for about two hours . * * * FLORENCE-- JAIID'ARY 6, 1945- -Generals Clark and Gruenther left the command post by car shortly after seven o'clock, cross0d the Apennines and arrived at Forli a.t about 1030 hours., where they conferred with General McCreery, and Brigadier Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army. In company 2 1/ �3 with General McCreery, General Clark left Forli at about 1115 for Polish Corps Headquarters , arriving a little before bmlve o'clock. Genera.ls Clark and Gruenther were g-.l'."eoted by General Anders, Com- ) mantling Polish Corps , and were led immediately to the ceremony where they were to be invested with the Polish decoration of "Virtuti Militari11 . Three battalions of the Polish Corps were drawn up in the main square of the town on three sides of a hollovr square , with a band and colors also on parade (these colors now belonging to the 3rd Carpathian Division, were presented by Field Warshal Wavell to the Polish Brigade, then the only Polish combatant troops, who so successfully and gallantly held Tobruk in 1941). Generals Clark, Mccreery, Anders and Gruenther stood facing the parade while the National Anthems of America, Great Britain and Poland were played. General Clark, accompanied by the other Generals , inspected the troops on parade who , during all this while, remained at the ttpresentn. The eyes of every officer and rnan on parade were fixed on General Clark throughout the inspection. General Clark and General Gruenther were then led to a position in the center of the ~ n ~ square . The Colors were brought to a position immediately behind them. /J!v I General Anders made a speech to the two Generals in Polish 11.1.icti was translated by an interpreter, and he then pinned on their breasts the Medal of the Order of Virtuti JVIilitari . The Generals then went to a saluting base in a street a few hundred yards away where the troops on parade marched past . After the ceremony was over General Anders entertained General Clark, GenAral Gruenther , and the other assembled officers to luncheon in his mess General Clark pr-esented both General Anders an d Gc-meral McCreary with carbine s suitably inscribed . During the course of the luncheon General Anders made another ~hort speech. He pinned on the shirtsleeves of Gen; ral Clark, General Gruenther and General McCreary the insign1.a of the 2nd Polish Corps , the emblem of the City of Warsaw. He also presented General Clark with an album of photographs depicting the rece:r1t doings of t he Polish Corps and underlining its connection with t e Allied Armies in Italy. As an after thought he also gave to General Clark, General Gruenther , General McCre0ry an d Brigadier Floyd some medallions imprinted with vhe head of Mussolini , who was born and later also spent some of his dictatorial years in the neighborhood of Predappio where Headquarters Polish Corps now found itself. These medallions were picked up as "lootH by the 18th Polish Battalion, who were t he first troops to enter the town. After luncheon there was a short floor show of Polish national dances and similar entertainment . Generals Clark and Gruenther left the Headquarters by road at 1445 and drove back over the Apennines through a snowstorm, arriving at ·uhe command post at approximately six o'clock. �FLORENCE--JANUARY 7, 1945--General Clark s pent most of the day today working in h:ts office and conferr:i.ng with various of his staff officers. At six o' clock this evening GenerRl Clark ha.d the following guests in his conference hut: Capt . R. H. Bernays, Major H. G. StudhoJ.me, J . J . Lawson, Wing Commander A. w. H. James , Capt . F. J . Bellenger and Briga.di.er Partridge. All of t he above mentioned persons are members of Parliament who are touring the Italian front with the exception of Brigadier Partridge who is the conducting officer . General Clark oriented the group on the situa.tion in his war r oom and then en.tertained his guests at dinner. It i.s the intention of the party to visit British units of the Fifth Army tomorrow ·and the following day, after which they will tour the Eighth Army front . * * * FLORENCE- -JANUARY B, 1945- -The Army Group Commander spent the entire day today working on papers in his office . · In the late afternoon he went to his villa for a short while . * * * FLORENCE- -JAITTJARY 9, 1945--General Clark spent most of the day attending to administrative matters at his headquarters and in the afternoon walked to his villa with Colonel Sa.ltzmtm and rema:i.ned there most of the evening . * * * FLORENCE-- JAtmARY 10, 1945--General Clark wa.s at his headquarters today conferring wlth his staff officers a.n<l ·mrking on important papers. At mid-day the members of Parliament touring the Itd ian front stopped in to see General Clark following their t our of British units of the Fifth Army and prior to their trip to the Eighth Army sector . The remainder of the day the General spent at his villa. * * * FLORE 1fCE--JANUARY 11, 1945--At 1000 hours JVtr- . Matthews of the New York Times en.me to visit General Clark and spent just over half an hour with him i .n his office and in the war room. At 1130 General Clark wa.s photographed making a short introductory address for the film nBattle of Sa.n Pietro . This speech is quoted as follows: nrn 191+3 it was one of our strategic aims to draw as many German forces as possible away from the RussiR.n front and I rench coo stal area.s and to con- tain them on the Italfan penlnsula, while liberating a.s much of Italy as might be possible with the means at our nispos al . As the. bulk of our supplies was directed to England for the .forthcoming invasion, opera.tions in Ita.J.y had to be conducted on an extremely limited scA.le. Thus, it came about that during the winter months the number of Allied divisions in Italy was reduced . Yet, so determined wa s their effort that they succeeded in holding in Ita.ly a very large number of German divisions during the pre invasion period . San Pietro in the Fifth Army sector was the key to the Liri Valley. We knew it - the enemy knew it . We had to take it even though the immediate cost would be high . We took it - and the cost in rel:=:ition to �[ The General then recorded a speech to be broadcast to the Union of South Afr:ica in which he told something of the recent doings of the 6th -1£; South Afrfoan Division . The full text of this sreech is quoted below: tt Qne of the most ~atifying experiences of my Fifth Army command has been the opportunjty I have had to wor_ with General Poole and the fine troops of his Sixth South African Armored Division. 0 The South Africans are aggressive and brave , thoroup;hly wise in battle . Their mission has not been an easy one , nor has it been the sort of mission which produces sensational 8.dwrnces in ~hart periods of time . The Sixth South Africans have been opposing strong nemy force over a broad sector , in some of the most difficult mounta.inous terrnin in all Italy. At times, owing to the exceptionally heaYy storms we hAve had along the entire Fifth Army fr ont, communications h3.ve been difficult , and lines of .supply have been all but cut off . 0 Y uTheir s has been a fight ing role , fighting which has gone on day and vinight without rest or r espite . And i n addition t o a dHtermined and fana t i cal enemy, they have had to fight mountains and mud . This they have done both cheerfull y and well. We have asked a great deal of them , and they have given us bett er than we could have reasonably expected . ~ ttWhen the Sixth South Africans were assign~d to Fifth Army some Months ago , it was the first time in histor y tha t a South African division had served under an Amer i c an command . I have always consider ed the assignment a wiRe one , but its wisdom was brought home to me with spe c fa 1 clarity the other day hen I visi ted the South African command post . There I observed for myself the excellent morale of the men , their determination to kill Germa.ns and their inspiring fi~hting spirit . I was pa.rticul~rly impressed by the large number of battle decorations I SF.tw as I toured through the seotor , honors which I well kno,ir were earned the hard way. ~ nr saw Mt . Catarelto , Mt . Stanco and ~t . S.- lvaro - tremendous rough hill masses which the South Africans wrested rom the enemy in some of the toughest fighting of the entire Italian campaign . I saw the enemy positions, selected many months ago as ideal reinforcement for whAt the Germans looked upon as their impregnnble Gothic defenses . I saw the roads over whi'ch the South African Divj_sion was supplied, inundated at several points by the s mllen streams-- V'thich poured across them from the mo1mtains . And I sa.vv the men who overcame this combinatj_on of natura.l and man- made obstacles . n1t gives me a good deal of pleasure to report to you that the Fif'th Army looks upon its South African brothers in arms with pride in what they have accomplished and high hopes for the battles ahead . ~ c.., �"The enemy has learned to fea.r the cooperative 0ffort of the Alli=tl troops united under Fifth Army comma.nd . For he knows thP"t it is just this cooperative Allied effort that will drive the Germans out of Italy. '' At about 1215 General Robert E. Wood and General Frank ca.me to visit General Clark, accompanied by General Cannon, Commanding the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force . The party stayed for about half ~m hour and then depa.rted . General :food strwed for luncheon rlth General Clark and Joined _his party at the Florence airfield aft erwards . General Clark spent a quiet afternoon and evening at his command post, vorking on important papers and conferrj_ng with various staff officers . * * * FLOREJCE--JA\TIJARY 12, 1945--General Clark interviewed Admiral Stone , Head of the Allied Commission in Italy, at 0930, together ~ith GenerP.1 Gruenther, Chfof of Sta.ff . Shortly before 1100 hours Gener 1 Clark left the command post, accompanied by Colonel Saltzman, Deputy Chief of Staff, . or the command post , Fifth Army, where he was Emtertained at luncheon by General Truscott, Commandin~ General, and General CPrleton, Chief of Staff , Fifth Army. I After luncheon General Clark left by Jt~ep wi th General Truscott, called briefly at the 34th Division command post and proceeded to a ceremony near Piamagio in the 34th Division area . Here there were drawn up three battalions in formation and various officers of the "3/j,th Division who were to be decorated . Chief Rmong these was 2nd Lieutenant E. H. Dervishian of the 135th Infantry Regiment ~ho had been awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. General Clark, together with General 'Pruscott, General Keyes, and General Bolte mounted the reviJwing stand . The band played ruff1es, flourishes and "To he GenerRlu, following which General Clark gave a short talk to the assembled troops and, in particular, to the individuals about to be decorated . he decore . . s were CA.lled forward singly, startin~ with 2nd Lieutemmt Dervishian and were decorated by G~nerRl Cl rk . De:rvishian took his phce on the reviewing stand immediately behind General ;lark; th~ others to the left Rnd reHr of the stand . After this the entire formn.tion was called to attention , an<l the unit citation of the 2nd Battalion of the J.IS?ith Inf'antry Regiment was read . General Clr-,rk then pinned the Dist ·nguj_shed Unit BA.dges on the Battalion Commander and officers of his staff and 8f'terwt=1.rds pinned cj tA.tion streamers on the guidons o _ the battalion. Thi?. ... ational Anth,3m was plRyed , Hnd the formA.tion was over. On his return, General Cl.qrk stopped of'f nt the II Corps conmand post where he conferred briefly with General Keyes, the Corps Commander . He returned by road to his headquarters, a.rriving shortly before ive o' clock . The Army Group CoP1mander .,ntertrrimd General Tate , Colonel D1 Orsa, Lt. Col. Lazar and Lt . Col . , ovotny for dinner t 1is evening. �7 ( Today the Army Group Chief of Stt=tff received a copy of the fallowing letter from Brig. Gen. Iume, Senior Civil Affajrs Officer of the Fifth Army Allied Military Government, to the Chief Commissioner of the Allied Corrrrnission, Admiral Stone: n1. The follow i ng report of public inform~tion on the subject of the food shortage in Italy is transmitted for inform~tion . "2 . The Fascist Republican Radio bro,:idcasting in Itnlhn at 2:00 P.M. on January sixth made the followinis statement: ' Allied Food Supnlies to Italv - The Anglo-Am~rican comedy about the amount of supplies to be sent to "occupiedtt Italy is being enriched with new elements . Roosevelt actually A.nnounced that a new program for the provisioning of Italy has heen approved and lRrge quantities of .oodstuffs will soon be flowing into the country. He did not , however, stat the exact weight of the promised deliveries but limited himself to declaring that the new· oonsignrnents will represent an increase in calories . The Fresident also added that the transportation problem vms still . illed wlth great and uns 1rmountable difficulties . Roosevelt, with this ge.me of dice, calories and tonna.ge, continues to promise , and the Italians wait .' ''3 . At ~: 00 P . M. on the same day \ j the same ra.dio made the following statement : ' BBC on Food Supplies to Italy - In its broadcast to Itali.Rns, the BBC yesterday said the following: nA cartoon in a satiric paper in Rome shows a person drinking coffee 1.n the act of soakinp, somathing which he do,s not hav in a cup of coffee ihich is not there . To someone who a sks him what he is doing, he replies: ' I am soaking the supplement of bread in a cup of Brazilia.n coffee '. CoMmenting on the meRning of the cart oon , the BBC asserts tha.t the Allied Governments, although the;r haw~ recogniz d the necessity for sending food stuffs to Italy, cannot do so because their tonnage :i.s used for other purposes . Th~ enemy radio thus concludes its broadcast : nuntil the time when the military operations vrill ease the task of the merchant marine , help cannot be given to the Italians . To take only a very small rart of the tonna.ge from war shipments, today, vould not only be a mistake , but a crimen .' t,4 . The BASIC N:RWS for 6 January 1945, published by the Psychological fvarfare Branch, contained the fo l lowing announcement: ' Food for Italians: Roosevelt Comment~ Washington, January 5 - President Roosevelt told a pr ess conference today that a new program for feeding Italy has be n agreed upon and that more food is going into that country . He said he could not estimate the increase in pounds but de- �( ; ( �( clared there were more calories in the new shipments . 'Presid nt Roosevelt said shipping is still a very great problem in fe~d·ng t e Italians . ' The President we.s told that some people believe th Italian armistice terms should be rrede public on the ground thRt militarv consider tions are no longer a factor for continued secrecy, but the President re plied that military people on the spot still consider this factor important . Some people in this country, he added, seem to know more than the military authorities in the BXe~. , tt5 ,. here continu .,s to be in th is area adverse comment from peop l ) in all walks of life as to the failure of the Allies to make good promises which the Italians accepted in good fa:i.th . " * * *. FLORENCE--JANUARY 13 , 1945-- At 0930 General Clark saw General Hume , head of the Fifth Army AMG, and spent the rest of the morning in his office . At 1130 he left by road with General Gruenther for Headquarters 13 Corps . General irkman, Corps Comme.nder; Brigadier Archibald , BGS; and Brigadier Roe , DA &-QMG, were to be decorated with the Legion of Merit . General Kirkman greeted GAneral Clark, and a simple ceremony took place immediately. About twenty-f1.ve staff officers were a.ss0mbled . General Clark mad a short sp _,,ech in which he praised the part played by B Corps in recent operations . ~he citations were read, and General Clark pinned on the decorations . Genera.l Kirkman received the Degree of Commander and the other two officers the Degree of Officer . Generals Clnrk and Gr 1..1enther remained for luncheon with General Kirkman . The Army Group Coll".mander and his Chief of Staff returned by road , arri vim~ back at the command post at about three o'clock and sr•e nt a quiet a_fternoon in the office . G--.-nera.l Clark had a small dinner pa.rty in the evening . * * FLORE · CE--JA WARY 14, 1945- -Today was Sunday, and the General rernai:ed a~ his villa all day Yi.th Colonel Saltzman , Deputy Chief of Staff, ha.ving im- 1 portant pap0rs sent up to him at intervals . * * * FLORE"TC:R --JMTTJA..'R.Y 15, 191+5--General Clark spent a buc-y morning in his office. At about 10'30 he as visited by ,.tr-. Orebaugh, U. S . Consul in Florence, who came to ray his respects to the Army Group Commander and remained A.bout half an hour . At 1330 hours H.R . H. Crown Prince Umberto , Lieutenant General of the �Realm, accompanied by Brigadier General Edgar Erskine Hume, G-5 of the Fifth Army, came to visit General Clark and was entertained by him for luncheon. Also present 1ere: General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Lt . Col. Porter . Prince Umberto left immediately after luncheon. At 1500 hours General Clark received General DeCouteulx, Commanding General of the French Troops in Italy, who had recently succeeded General Louchet . With General DeCouteulx was Captain Serge Fleury, French Liaison Officer . General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman were also present at the interview . At about 1530 General Clark saw GenBral Nicols, Chief Signal Officer on the British side at AFHQ who was accompanied by General Nalder, Chief Signal Officer of the 15th Army Group . After this General Clark received Monsignor Antonio Riberi, a titular archbishop from the Vatican. Accompanying him were Father Zeger, Padre Ryan, Fifth Army Chaplain, and General SulHva.n, Fifth Army Quartermaster . The rest of the day was uneventful. * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 16, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark sav General Edf!Tards , Chief of Staff to Genera.l Eaker, Commanding Mediterranean Air Forces . General Edwards rvas accompanied by Colonel Dick, AG, MAF . General Edwards is returning to the States r-ifter a long tour of duty overseas and came in to pay his respects to General Clark prior to his departure . ( From 1130 onwards, all the Commanding Generals of Fifth Army, down to Divisional Commanders , arrived a.t the comrrnnd post. They were al 1 greeted individually by General Clark . A group photograph was then taken of the assembled generals . Present were: G~,tteral Clark , General Gruenther, General Truscott , Genere.l Crittenberger, General Ke;yes, General Pritchard, General Bolte , General Coulter, General Kendall , General Livesay,. General Almond . At 1200 hours there ~as a colorful ceremony at ich H.R . H. Crown Prince Umberto of Savoy (Prince of Piedmont) , LieutenHnt GenerR.1 of the Realm, invested the above listed generals with Italian ,ecorations . Two platoons from the 101st vP Battalion were drawn up with a color gua.rd and a band . All th rl generals to be decorated, with t he exception of General Clark, stood in a line by order of seniority in front of the formation \ J , t' ~ • _ ~ ✓ ,· ~ st ~ ~&J>Vl ' .,,... ~ 6"() ~ ~ ; , \ ,, .Prince Umberto, upon his arrival, was rret Gener l ClPr . and was led to a point facing the pa.rs.de . Accompanying Prince Umberto were various high Italian officers and . also Brigadier General Hume, Fifth Army G-5, who acted as master of ceremonies throughout . The band played ruffles and flourishes, followed by the national anthems of Italy, Grea.t Britain and America. ff'he --Prince, accompanied by Generals Clark and Truscott, inspected tl1e f"'-rr"'a tion. v y~ Prince Umberto made a short speech, expressing the :he a.rtf elt tha.nks of the ~~ Italian nation for its delivera.nce from the Fascist and la zi yokes by All:i.ed arms . He then moved around in front of General Clark and invested him with 1".,. the sta.r a d sash of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Maurice and ' St . Lazarus . He then returned to his plac on General Clark's right. Gene/ ral Hume called up the oth r general officers individually to receive their decorations from the Prince . GenAral Truscott, General Crittenberger and CL . w~ �fO Keyes received the Knight Cross of the same order . The Divisional Commanders received the Officer ' s Cross of th0 order . General Gruenther was invested with the sash and star of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy. The band played ruffles and flourishes once more, as the Prince, accomp1mied by General Clark a,nd all the oth :-r generals, left the ceremony. The Prince entertained the decorated g.,nerals at luncheon at the Serristori Palace where he was staying during his visit to Florence . After luncheon General Cl8rk returned to the command post, and the remainder of the day was uneventful. * * * FLORE CE - JA :JUARY 17, 191.,5--Genoral Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther , left the command post by road shortly before ten o' clock and drove to Montecatini ~here the B8th Division was concentrated in a rest area . In the main square of the town a formation was dravm for a decoration ceremony. 2nd Lt . Charles W. Shea of the 150th Infantry was to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor and two officers and one enlisted man vere to receive the Distinguished Service Cross . In addition , the 2nd Battalion of the 350th Infantry and 3rd Battalion of the 351st Infantry were to receive unit citations . General Kendall , Commanding General of the RRth Division, met General Clark and led him to the reviewing sta.nd. Ruffles and flour:shes were played, followed by the National Anth m. Gemra.l Clark addressed the troops, telling them that the record Rchieved by the 88th Division in approximately one year of fighting in Italy was as f:i.ne as thrit of any Division in the American Army. tt . Shea was called forward and decorated by General Cfark with the Con- . gre s sional Medal of Honor, follo , ed by Major Irwin B. Jones , 350th Infantry; Captain John J . King, 349th Infantry; and T/Sgt . Manuel V. Mendoza of the 3'iJth Infantry, eA.ch of whom received the Distingnjshed Service Cross . The unit citations for the two battalions were then read . General Clark, General Truscott, General Kendall and Lieutenant Shea then proceeded along the line of the 2nd Batta.lion, 350th Infantry. Lieutenant Shea pinned the streamer on his O\m company guidon. The band played ruffles and flourishes, and the ceremony was over. General Kendall entertained General Clark , General Gruenther, General Truscott rand General Keyes at luncheon in his mess . General Clark returned to M .s command post in the early afternoon and conferred briefly with General Brann, Brigadier Packard and lA.ter General Gruenther. * * * FLOREN'CE- -JANUARY 18, 1945--A t 1200 hours General McCreer:r came to visit General Clark to discuss the tactical sitmtion . He remained for luncheon with General Clark, who also had Brigad·i er Pa.ck2rd a.s his luncheon guest . In the evening General Clark was entertained by the rrAn mess who were _I �giving a dinner in honor of Sir Ronald Adams , Adjutant General of the British Army. * * * FLOREICE--JANUARY 19, 1945--At 1215 General Truscott came to see General Clark and spent about half e.n hour with him in the war room. At 1245 Sir Ronald Adam visit d General Clark. He spent about ten minutes with him in his office and in the war room, and afterwards entertained at luncheon ·Sir Ronald Adam, GenerA.l Robertson, Brigadier McCleod; General 'J.1:ruscott, General Nalder, Gen~ral Hornby, General Gruenther, Brigadier Packard, Brigadier RichiP- and Colonel Saltzman. After a quiet afternoon General Clark entertained the following guests at dinner at his villa,: General Gruenther, General Brann, General Tate, Colonel D'Orsa, Lt. Col. Lazar and Colonel Saltzman . General Clark today dictated the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: \ ttYesterday I talked with General McCreery with r ega.rd to future plans. \ I was somewhat a.pprehensive w~th regard to this meeting, for I knew thAt his views were contrary to mine. He had proposed, in conference with General Gruenther and Brigadier Pacbird, that the ma.in effort be ma.de in the valley by Eighth Army, with Fifth Army taking most of the mountainous sector and more or less holdinp; instead of attacking. This, of course, would obviate the possibility of an 1 American punch'. He also felt thP.t all British units should be returned to Eighth Army. I heartily disagreed with this pla.n, for if there is one thing I am sure of in the next battle that is that the principal •carrying of the ball' will be done by the American infantry divisions, as they have always done in the pR t. plan. "At the conf ere nee in my map room a1 one i th Mccreery, he outlined his I listened carefully and then told him as follows: "' I have three courses open to me. The first is to move Ame ric an troops into the valley. This I have discarded because there is not room, because ✓ their movement there could not be concealed from the enemy, because it vould _r7~ preclude any attack in the mountains, and la~tly it would remove American ;:troops a great d:i.stance from the west coast of Italy ,where the Germans may ( execute a counter thrust in order to stop our offensive. / tttMy second alternative is to put all British units into the Po Valley, which would ohviate an Amerj_ca,n punch , for the great bulk of U. S . divisions would be on a wide front in the mountains carable only of limited effort. The fifth TT. S. infantry division would be required as a pos sible reserve to meet a.ny west coast enemy thrust. tt'My third plan, which I am 21.dopting, is to lea.ve Eighth Army in the Po, less two British divisions - the 6th South African and the ~th Indian - which Fifth Army now has. Require Eighth Army to take over Grande, using an Italian Group, in order that the five U.S. infantry divisions, which will be rested and at tull strength by the time of the attack , may be employed offensively �in depth to break through to Bologna west of Route #65 . 'l'o c lso have a British Corps , the 10th when it returns from Gr eece, conduct the activities of . the Bth Indian and 6th South African and Brazilian Divisions along Route #64 so as to facilitate the advance of the U. S. II Corps and protect its west flank, which will be more and more extended RS II Corps advances and to provide a possible reserve to rush to the west coast should a threat develop there .' nr explained th8.t the heavily def ended mountains intervening bet ween the present II Corps front and Bologna. are great hHndicaJJS, but we have fought in the mou..ntains in the past . his will tend to extend the enemy. We will then make the final wallop with U. S . divisions . Mccreery' s plA.n for employment of his Army in the Po Valley I concur in heartily. I have great faith in the use of Lake Cornacchio and the thrust by the Canadia.ns toward Ferrara . "Truscott is ln hearty accord with this plan . I will now communicate it to Alexander and issue a broad directive which will permit Army Comrna.nders more opportunity to study their relief operations in detail a.n<l adjust them to future operations . nI mtght a.dd that in moving an American Corps into the Fo Valley, which I seriously consid .,r , would require the ovement of AmAricRn supplies almost immediately over precipitous mountain rrn.ds , and these movements would be soon discovered . The enemy, who is opArating on interior lines , would mass his means to stop us in the Po . nin this coming battle I have a superiority in infantry of about l½ to 1. This is totally inade :ruate in this mountainous terrain . My artillery superiorit;t will be about 2 to 1 . Air a..."1.d tanks over• helming . Thst is why I must wait until suitable Yea.ther prevails so that these overwhe lming superiorities may be taken advantage of . 'J'he key to this situation is , as we have done :i.n the p-•rnt where our infantry superiority was meager, to make a series of feints - get the Boche off balance , . as we hr➔ ve done so many times and :vhen he has finally committed his reserir,es , strike the blow. This is what I propose to do . 0 1 * * * FLORENCE--,JAJUARY 20 , 1945--The General spent a quiet day at the villa. In the afternoon , with General Brann and Colonel Saltzman, the General hnd some target practice with his .45 . In the evening General Cl .rk dined at the Anglo- American Hotel at a. small dinni~r given by General Gruenther . He re turned to his villa directly after the dinner . 0 * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 21, 1945--At 0900 General Clark went to the concluding session of the e.rtillery exercises conducted under the auspices of the Eighth Army for o~ficers o both armies . GenBral Clark addressed the assembled officers, stressing the value of such exercises • ••• • nobody was ever too experienced to learn from other people ' s experiences , and these exercises provided excellent chance to ~et together with officers of other armR and other armies . General Clark th . n decorated Lt . c 1 th o • e Hon . John Ha.re, MBE, ) �13 with the Legion of 1erit in the De gree of Officer. Colonel Hare ~as for a long time in charge of the Army Ai r Support Co trol at Fifth Anny Headquarters . The General returned to his villa immediately , .f ter th formatio·0., where he spent the entire rest of the day and nisht. The Gen0ra.l had been bothered with a slight head cold today. J * * * FLORENCE--JAJUARY 22, 1945--The Gen~ral spent the early part of the morning at his villa . The General arrived at his headqu.Prters at eleven ot clock and conferred with Generals Brann And Tate. At 1230 Major General Th ron, Administrative Officer of South African Forces in Italy, called to see the General and r mained for lunch . Aft""r lunch the Genera.I returned to his ville. where he srent the afternoon. At 1800 hours General Clark attended a cocktail party gi'\Ten by Gen,ral Tate and remained until 1900 hours . The General entertained Generals Gruenther, Tate, Brann and Colonels D'Orsa ap.d Saltzma.n for dinner and cards nt his villa . * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 23, 1945--The General arrived from his villa. at the headquarters at ten o t clock. General foce, G- 3 of AFHQ, r-md General Cabbell, G-3 of MAF, arrived and conferred with General CJBrk in his war room . Directly aft r the conference Genera,l Clark, who still has a slight head cold, returned to his villa. for the day . Today Pal wa.s bred with a thoroughbred cocker spaniel. The General din.,d quietly with Colonel Saltzman and a few guests at his villa . * * * FLO. ., CE--JA mARY 24, 1945--The Genera.I still has a slietht head cold. ~njor Brandt, ear, nose and throat specialist at the 15th Evacuation Hospital, called to se0 him. The General arrived at hi headquarters at eleven o'clock this orning, at which time he was interviewed by l!r . Karaka of the Bombay Chronicle . At 1230 Major General CRmpbell, Ordwrnce Officer at the War D pRrtment; General Cof y, Ordnance Officer of AFHQ; Gen ,ra.l !Tiblo, Ordnance Of fie .. r of Fi .th Army; General Tate, G-4 of 15th Army Group; and Colonel Raaen, Executive Officer to General CRmpbell arrived for lunch. Before lunch Gen.,ral Clark brfofed GenerRl Campbell and party in his war room . General Hardinfl Rrrived at 24S and ,joined General Clark and party for lunch. After lunch G neral Clark returned to his villa where he spent the night . �FLORENCE--JA WARY 25, l<Jli-5--Th., General spent the morning at his villa, arrived at the headquarters at eleven o'clock, and General cNarney arrived rom Caserta at 14CO and conf rred with the General until 1530. General Clark then nmt to his villa for the night . This .. vening ha ent..,rtained Generals Gruenther, Tate, Brann, Colonel Dt Orsa and Colonel Lazar for dinner and cards. * * * FLORENCE--JAl\TUARY 26, 1945--General Clerk arrived :,,t his headquarters at eleven o' clock. Brigadier Genriral Hays, CommRndine; the 10th Mountain Division, arrived at noon and conferred with Gen11ral Clark, aftf?r which GenerA.ls Gl:lrk and Hays went to the conference hut -m ere Generals Gruenther, Brann, TRte and Colonel SaltzFJan 1 ere assembled. Gen9ral Clark A.nnonnced the promotion of G3neral Hays to j.~aj or General and al so the promotion of Colonel Saltzman to Brigadier General . GenGral Hays remained for lunch. 1 After lunch the Gen~ral returned to his villa for the evening after working a short while in his office . * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 27, 1945--The General sp . nt the enrly part of the morning at his YillA., arr~ving at his headquart rs at 1100 hours . Mr. Lodwick, Public Relations Advisor to General Arnold, call~d to s e General Clark . Also, Mr . Estes, Political Advisor, AFHQ, ca.me to SM the General. The Army Group Comma.nder lunched at the headquarters and aft r lunch returned to his villa for the afternoon and night . In the ev nlng the General enterta.1.ned a few friends for dinner and a movie at the villa . * * * FLORENCE- -.JANUARY 28, 1945- -Th.... G ,neral arrived at the headqua.rters at 1130 and remained for lunch . After lunch the G .,n ,ral returned to his villa until At 1730 Dr . Vasco da Cunha, who is th Minister to Italy from Brazil, ano Mr. Nabuco, Brazilian Ambassador to the Holy See, called to see General Clark. 'l'he G,.,neral dined at the headouP..rters and aft r dinner returned +.o hi~ villa for the night . 1700 . Op .,rA.tions Instruction #2 was issu d today and r ads as follows: ORGA_ U7,AT ION FOR DEFENSE - 15TH ARMY GROUP AREA "l. GS ,RAL .. This instruction sup9rsedes all form~r directives, orders, memoranda and instructions on th above subject issu,d by AAI or this Headnuart rs. "2. the following capabilities w:tthin the Mediterranean Theat r : �15 n 3. a. Effecting b. Effecting airborne lRndings. c. Effecting sabotage o . vital installations . d. Organizing civil disturbances . e. Effecting a break- through in force . R small-scale seaborne landing . RESPONSIBILI'EY FOR GRatnm DEFENSE . 15th Army Group as~1mes responsibility for : a . Ground defense in the Army areas in ITALY and that area, included in No . 1 District and that r~rt of Peninsula.r Base S .,ction, North of Rome Area Allj_..,d Command . b . Guarding and security of local area occupied by its oommand post and installations . c . Guarding naval shore installations w;thin its command where sufficient nav l p~rsonnel are not availA-ble . 0 tr 4. DEFINITION - GROU ·ID DEFENSES . a . Within the Army areas (i.e . , forward of the rear boundaries of the Amies engaged) the scope of ground defense is as presently prescribed by CG, 15th Army Group to CG , Fifth Army and GOC, Eighth Army. b . Within the present ar ..-a of No . 1 District and that part of PBS, 11Torth of Rome Area Allied Command, 1 Ground Defense' , will consist of e. defens a.gainst a possibl , enemy break-through and s Jaborne and airborne landings . "5 . RFBPONSIBILITY R DEFENSE AGAI1'ET CIVIL DISTURBANCES AND SABOTAGE . a . Within the Army ar ,as the scope of def .,nse ~.gainst sabotage and civil disturbances is as pr.,se ntly prescribed by CG, 15th Army Group to CG, Fifth Army nd r..nc, ~ i_a-hth .Army. 0 b. f\irective, Loca.1 Defense PlHns, Alli~d Force He11.d qu~rters, dated 6 Janu~ry 1g45, AG 370.6/005, defines the responsibility for the preservRtion of la and order anrl for the prevention of sabotage in re~r of Army a.reaR, and phices such responsib "_l ity in 8reP.s under Alli ,d MilitP.ry overnment control under the local Allied 1il itRry Gov ,rnm~nt . ' hen th~ locA.l All ;ed Military Gov,..,rnm ..,nt ne .,r!s additiona 1 assistA.nce th y are authorized "r,y the r-ihove dir ., ctive to appeal to the local District ' B~se SMtion) Area or sub-ar a comf'!ander. 6 . G0C, 1 DTQ'l' IC'T' AND AREA, ·rn11 PRTI-ARE PLAl\!S .L OR: 0 a. en, P~Nn SULAR BASE SEC'T1IQTIT, NOR'T'H OF ROMC General (;round defense of thei.r respectiv~-.:- sec t ors. �b . Gm~rdinO" and security of local area occmpi ,d by :its corimand post and i nsta.llAtfons . c . Guarding naval shore installations w;thin respective sectors, where suffj c1. ,nt nPval personnel fl.r ,.., not available . n7 . C0-0RDINATJ0fJ 0 DEFF,l'-TSE PLA ·1S. noc, 1 Distrj ct and CO, PBS, Jorth of name Arf:!,9 , r-1rA r.uthoriz d to contact directly, for the following purposes, thos _, 15th Army Group, T-faval :md Air units which may be gtn.tion d within the Dfatrict or Ba.se boundar 4 ~s: a. o Pr"'parat:fon :md submission of local def~nse plans . b . Integration o"' local rl"f .,ns District or Base . J plans with ov Jrt-=111 defcns plan · n8 . Bomm.A..R IES . Propos d def,.,nse bound Ari s 1,etw ,en , RVal, Air Pnd District (Base Section) locRlities ;:ind insfallations for th ._, guarding and security of local installHtions 1-Jill be su"r)mi tted to this Headquarters for agr .,ement by r~sponsibl, command _,rs . EL'iERGE t•JCY I\ T'T'IJORIZATIO J. In th- .,vent thAt resources under your commnnd nre inBde'l_uat deal wHh hostiL acts, the following actions ar.., authorized: nq. to a . In an imm·"'di nt ._, emerR; ... ncy, GOG, 1 District and CO, PBS, North of Rome Areit, mrtv d ... al r!irectly ?J"ith thos'"' 15th Army Group units which may be stA.tion ,d ¥i thin the District or Bas boundari , s 'l'his Headquarters will he notified immediately such Action is tnk.,n. e b . Und Jr all oth,.~r circumsbmces, requ_,sts for additional troop r ,Jinforc n ,nts will lie made to this HeadquP.rters. ~formal suprort will be furnished ½y Fifth Army to PBS, 11orth of Rome Area, f!nd by Wghth Army to 1 District . n 10. FIF'TP At E G:.r'l1f-IARMY SUPPORT . Fifth and Eighth Arrni s will bSJ prepR.red to move wj thin 24 hours aft,r bein~ alerted by this HeadquArt . . rs, 1 ROT or Jnf Boe Group, both motoriz..,d, to PBS , r-.Jorth of Rom~ . r ,P. , !'1.nd 1 istrict resp ,ctiv ly. n11. QR!:IDTD D'PiFE~rs-s J)INJ 0F 1 DTSTHicrr AND PBS , NORTH OF RCME AREA WILL MAK)~ FROVI .STO ,TS F0R THE Fr'LLf,JPrG: a . Coastal ~t~ol: - h, patrol syst m will be int ...,gra.t ... d with th..., ?QJd FL"'<:ed D .. f .,ns., Command, off- shore nPVRl patrol nnd air ratrol plans . Reserves: GOC, 1 Di trict and CO, PBS, Horth of RomP- Are~ , s rv.., of a.prroxirn.Htely battalion strenrth, motoriz d . will each c. rrraffic Control: Ground defense traffic control restrictions �required in event of a bona-fide al,,rt will not b, used in prActice aLrts. d . Sif!nai CoTJ1m1mica.tions: anc, 1 District and co, J"BS, forth o Rom Area, are r sponsjbl for th,, installr,tion rmd operation of District and Base Ground Def .,nse communications system . A lat ral, ' tie-in ' , between 1 District nnd PBS , North of Rome Area will be eff cted . e . Guarding of vital installations: Plan will r rovid,, for the i:1,uar<ling of th , following installritions And fA,cilities: (1) Depots And dumps. (2) .,aint~manc., faciliti s . ( '3) RailroA.d hridg s . (4) I iP-hwa.y bridges . ( 5) Power installA.tions . (6) Pumpi ng stations . (7) Gasoline pipe-lin -,s. (8) Ports and install~tions . f . Evacu~_tion of critic1-1l it ,Jms of supply: DP-fa~ l ,d plpns vill 0 . critical Hems of supply and installptjons . he following will he indicnted: (1) T.yp _.. supply and insta 11.A tion . (2) Tom1F'!ge ( est:imr,1ted) . (3) Number and type ships required in addition to avnilHble rail tonnage, (estimat d) . (4) Evacua tion priority list . be pr ,,pA.red for th~ ,,vacutition g. Demolitions. ( 1) G n.Jral Policy: Th_, mount of time necessary for the evacuatfon of critical items o+" supply ~nd instf:l.ll2tions cPnnot b estima.ted . Demnlition plnns ill be lexible ~nd must cov ,,r a.11 stocks and installRtfons which would be of us to th--- ,,n ,my Hnd which Cf-1.rmot be evacu9ted . (2) Implementation: Demolition plans will be implemented in three phas s: Phnse 1: Reconnaiss,mce ~md prepBration of detail d demolition pl.!:lns, in order of priority and co-ordinrted with t 1 eva cuation plan . PhP se ? : (a) Requisitioning Pnd storBge of ...,,xrlosives A.nd other deMolition suppli,s . (b) r lPcing men sures ('3) o.c- chPr~ .,s Pnd such other pre15..minr,-1ry as can b., tr-i.bm wi tl7 out mA.t ... rfa 1 darnA.ge to stocks or installations . ( c) Guarding of prep::i red chfl.rges Rgr-d nst sabotage . PhA,S,, 3: F:x..., cution of demolitions . Timing. (a) Thase l - Rt once . (b) Phas8 2 and 3 '"" ill be rut into action in one of the follm in~ cjrcumstances: }. On rec ipt of orders +"rom this HeRdqunrt ..,rs. 2 In th_.. event of res onsibility for ord'-'ring any pR.rticulRr demolHions b .,ing delegat .,d to 1 �Fifth or Eighth Armies, on r.,ceipt of orders from CG, Fi {·th Army or GOG, Eighth Army. ] . Demolit:ion Belts: a . Plans f'or th _. establishment of oemolition b,lts (destruction of roads, brjdges, culv rts, etc . ) d.,signed against a bret:1.kthrough from th., 1\Jorth wjll be co-ordinat d by PBS, ~orth of Rome AreR, Pnd 1 District 1ith Fifth Rnd Eir::hth Armies resy-ectiv Jly . ~. Demolition b lts designer against sea and airborn., l1mdL."'1P,s will be provided for at the di cret:ioE of GOG, 1 District A.nd CO, PBS , orth of Rom . . Ar ,a, . f;; Military and Jivil stocks R.nd instalbtions: In cas Js wherv ,.,vacwtion or whol ,sale destruction is impossibL, plans 'dll rrovide for the rJmoval or destruction of vital compon~nts, i.e . , shell- uz s, ess ,,ntinl rmd irr . . pla.c ... A.ble parts of machinery • .2 • Naval nnd Air Force stocks and installations: Demo Hion :rlA.ns will he coord1nnt ..d with those of the favy 1-1.nd Air Force units within their resp ctive areas . All J'OS9ible assistAnce will be giv . . n to th ~m in the ,x.,cution of th ~ir demolition plans • .§. Si'mnl communicR.tions: Plrms "lill be rr 0rn red , a: med Rt pl.8 cine t~lephone :md cRrrier termina l equipment inoper~tj v ,., for R minimum p -~ riod of one month by the r ,mow~.l of such components which c,:in b., removed nt the last possible momP-nt . Demolition of nignRl ~nstRll~tions and equipm ✓nt will h-~ carried out onlv on orders f'rom 15th Army Group. 1 of R h. Liaison: Initial liaison contacts "lill be made. In the event born=t-·· ide al(~rt , plrms will provide th::1t liaison officers can be sent by: (1) 1 Distr:i ct to 15th Army Group, _s4ghth Army, nnd PBS, t, orth of Rome Ar Al . (2) PBS, rrorth o Rome Area , to 15th Army Group, Fifth Army Hnd 1 District . i. Al rts: (1) Alert warnings will b~ tr,msmitted by telephone and radio ·n the clear i n the ev~nt of nny impending nisturhRnce or attn.ck. (2) The A. C. of S, G- 3 (Duty O.fficer), 1 ·5 th Army Group will be alert~d by telephone - telAphone numb r Filpot 3 (day or night). ,j. Practice Alerts: Practice a.l0rts will be conducted 7ith the schedule ArrangAd to permit n full cov rR.ge of the r~spective sectors one~ per month . �( u 12. 'T'RA I NING. 1 District and PBS, rrorth of Rome Area., will submj t monthly reports to this Feadquarters on typ -✓ nnd amount o training devoted to Ground Def,,nse plan subjects . n l '3 . INSPF. crrrnr-,rs . a . GOG, 1 District and CO, FBS, North of Rone AreA , ~rill set up, ' Inspection Teams ', to check traininf'. programs , rrRctic., alerts, and provisions of r8spectiv~ Ground D ..fense plans . b. r Jriodic inspections •;ill be r,ede hy this Headquerters . A,. Ground D fense plans will be snbrri.i tted to th is HendquH.rtcrs not l~_ter th,m 15 February. b. by l DetRiled ..,w:1 cu::-ition Pnd demolition plRns will be submitted 1qrch. tt General ClR.rk yesterdRy receiv d the following ra.dio from General Al . xand r: ----- RN. F15940 . "SACMED considers that the tim , has now arrived when you should complete your plAns for attacking and pursuing the enemy in the event of his withdrawjng from his present positions or weakening his present front to such an extent as to offer profitable opportunity for attacks by you at your present strength . Please forward earliest poss ible for i nformation of SACniED outline of your plan in such eventuality together with statement of notice in hours required by you to put plan into ffect . 0 nsACMED will decide in consultation with you when the right moment for launchinr:; any such attacks has arrived . " General Clark today replied to the above as follows: RN SGS92 . nReference your nessage Fl5940 please note paragraph 2 of my letter 24 January to Army Commanders . I h.~.ve a lready Fi lerted my Army Commanders to probability of an early attack with their present strengths . Eighth Army attack will not include ampM.bian operation if launched prior to 15 March . Oth . . . rwise plan remains genAral same as that contained in Janm~ry 24 letter . "Fifth Army will attack with main effort west of Highway #65. If operation is launched in Februar y, Fifth rmy will continue to hold Mt . Grande . ttpresent rest a.nd training schedules will not be interrupted at this t:i.me . Will require from seven to ten days to put into effect set piece attRck. Both armies will probably attack simultcneously. Will follow up enemy withdrawals wjthout delay. " �( FLORENCE--JANUARY 29 , 1945--General Clark, accompanied by GenerPl Brann, left Florence by road at 0715 to visit Eighth Army units . They reached 5 Corps Headquarters in Terra Del Sole at about 1000 hours . Here General Clark was met by Lieutenant General Mccreery and conferred with him as well as with the Corps Commander, Lieutenant General C. F . Keightley. Afterwards he partook of a cup of tea in the Corps Commander's mess , and he presented Lt . Col . Cornah with the Legion of Merit in the D gree of OfficJr . Colonel Cornah , now commanding an Indian Battalion, was previously GS0-1 (Ops) at 15th Army Group Headquarters . Leavin~ 5 Corps Headquarters just before 1100 hours, GenP-ral ClRrk drove to the Canadian sector . He was met at a cros sroP_ds by Lt . Gen . Foulkes, Commt1nding the 1st Canadian Corps , and Ma..j . Gen . Foster, Com\ manding the 1st Canadian Infantry Di vision . General Foster presented to General Clark the offic __..rs of the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade . The _G enerals then drove to the headquarters of the 3rd Canadia.n Infantry Brigade in Bagna Cavallo just over a mile from the Senio River . Here he met officers of the brigade . The Generals climbed a tower in the town which was in use as a.n OP . The party then drove to the 1st Canadian Infantry Division Headquarters where the General met officers of the Divisional Headquarters . The next stop was at the 9th British Armored Brigade Headquarters commanded by Brigadier R. B. B. Cooke, an old friend of General Clark from the days when 10 Corps was in Fifth Army. Brigadier Cooke was at that time BGS 10 Corps under Genera.1 ,1cCreery. At this headquarters General Clark met not only officers of the 9th Armored Brigade but also of the 2nd Canadian Infantr:v Brigade . The part:r then drove to Canadian Corps Headquarters where General Clark was entertained at luncheon by General Foulkes . Also at luncheon were senior officers of the corps staff and brigadier commanders from the 5th Canadian Armored Division, which at the time was out of the Bne and resting in a rear area. The 5th Cana.dian Armored Division Commander was not present . At this point Gen9ral Clark also met Captain WilliA.rn Leona.rd (an Am rican citizen servi ng in th , Ca.nadian Army) whose uncle was a classmate of Ge11eral Chirk at the United States Military Academy and who served with him in the 5th Division in the first World War . After luncheon GeneraJ. Clark went to the headquart,.,rs of the Cremona Gruppo . This gruppo was the fir st to be actiV8.ted and committed of a new series o.r Italian formations being equipped and tra1.ned by the Eighth Arr.ny. They were 8.t this time holding the extreme easternmost sector of the Allied ,, line in Italy. Ge~eral Clark met the Gruppo Comm~mder, General Primieri, ~ / e: and other officers of the headquarters ,=ind also o. ficers of the British y, 1, liaison unit attachqd to the Gruppo , headed by Lt . Col. Webb-Carter . i The party drove about two miles out of Rri.venna and saw troops of the Gruppo in training . After tM s the party drove to a. sma ll air strip in use by a,n artillery OP squadron . Gen -~ rPls Clark And Brann flew back to Florence in L- 5' s, arriving at the command post at about five o' clock . The General worked on papers in his office for a short ·while and then �went to his villa for dinner and the evening . * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 30 , 1945- -The General arrived at his headquarters at a.b out 1100 hours . BrigadLr Floyd , Chief of Staff of the Eighth .Army, with Briga- d · er Packard, Army Group Deputy Chief of Staff, lunched -with the Army Group Corimander . After lunch the General returned to his villa and spent the remainder of the day and evening . * * * rGE--JA-ITJARY 31, 1945--Major Gen~ral Sousloparov and Major General Kislenko of the Allied Commission arrived at the headquarters to see General Clark . Genera.l Kislenko is to replace General Sousloparov as the Russian representative to the Allied Commission in Italy. FLORE * * 1* FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 1, 1945•-The General spent the morning in his office conferring with Genera.ls Cannon, Gruenther, Brann and Brigadier .Hirsch. 1320 the General left by road, accomps.nied by Brigadier Packard. At I The Army Group Commander drove to the Headquarters of the South African Eng:tneer Railway Construction Group which is in Prato. He met the commanding officer of the group, Colonel W. H. Evans, his second in command, and officers commanding some of the companies in the group . General Clark spoke briefly to the company, praising their work and achievements in the past. The Group was, in a sense, "nobody's baby" but that did not alter the fact that its work was known and appreciated. The General, accompanied by Colonel Evans, then inspected two of the tunnels on the Florence-Bologna Railway, on which the group was then working. Of the 80 kiloneters of railroe.d, some 45 were below ground, and there weie, in all, some 35 tunnels . Of particular interest was the main Apennine tunnel, whose near end at Vernio the General inspected. Here the Germa.n de·m olitions had caused the tunnel to be flooded, and it seemed almost more like an underg.roi.md river than a railway tunnel. General Clark left the Group and drove to Castiglione del Pepoli, arriving at about 1600. He was entertained at tea by General VI. H. Poole, Commander of the 6th South African Armored Division. Present were Generals Truscott, Keyes and Crittenberger. At 1700 took place a parade in honor of th~ 2nd anniversary of the forming of the division. Th.ts took the form of "The Sunset Ceremony". In the main square of the village there was drawn up a guard of honor and two bands. Facing them was a reviewing stand, flanked by the flags of the United States and Great Britain. In the center of the square on a rather taller flagpole there were four buglers. Gerera.1 Cla.rk took his place on the rostrum, flanked by Generals Truscott · and Poole. The parade was called to the "present" · and the General salute given. Each band then in turn played sti rring marching ttmes. The para.de was again called to attention. Retreat was sounded on the �bugles, and the three national flags were lowered while the national anthem of South Africa was played . The brass band then played "Abide With Me" as the sun was setting. Each band played a.gain. All the troops on parade then marched past General Clark, who took the salute. The pipe band then returned to the square, formed a circle and played Highland marches, reels, and strathspeys as the Generals and other officers left the ceremony. After this the assembled officers were the guests of the South Africa.ns in their club . General Clark cut the Division's birthday cake with a sword. A part of the brass ·band which had been playing during the ceremony vas present in the club~ They played regimental marches, including "Sarie Marais" . Just before General Clark left, the assembled company let themselves go with "For He's A Jolly Good Fellow". The General drove back to his headquarters , arriving shortly before 2000 hours . He immediately had dinner with the regulax members of his mess and played eards in the evening. ~ General Clark today sent the following cable to General McCreary: ~~> ~ RN SGSlOl. "There are increasing indications that addition-~l enemy forces may be in process of. withdrawal from Italy. Our enemy order of battle m~y no longer be accurate. I desire to emphasize again the extreme importance of capturing prisoners along .'your entire. '. arniyufront. You will take necessary action to secure ' prisoners from front of each of your divisions at least once every three days . Operations may take form of reconnaissance in force or set piece attack of battalion size if necessary. If additional ammunition required request should be made this headquarters without delay.rt General Clark also cabled Gemral Truscott as follows along the same lines: RN SGSlOO. "There are increasing indications that Additional enemy forces may be in process of withdrawal from Italy. Our enemy order of battle may no longer be accurate. I destre to emphe.size again the extreme importance of capturing prisoners along your entire army front. You will take necessary action to secure prisoners from front of each of your divi sions at least once every three days. Operations may take form of reconnaissance in force or set piece attack of battalion size if necessary. During past week usually reliable source.s have reported withdrawal German troops from 92nd Division front. Submit plans for early attack by 92nd Division in order to determine enemy situation on this front." * * * F.LORENCE--FEBRUARY 2, 1945-The General spent the morning in his office conferring with General Cannon, Brigadier Hirsch, General Brann and General Gruenther. At 11.30 General Brann, General Gruenther e.nd Colonel Oxx, Commanding Officer of the Peninsular Base Section, conferred with the General regarding Leghorn defenses. The General lunched at his headquarters, and after lunch returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. �FLOREOOE--FEBRUARY 3, 1945--The General worked in his office all day today. In the afternoon the Army Group Commander held a conference with the chief members of his staff, including General Gruenther, General Brann, General Nalder, General Hornby, General Tate, and Brigadier Ritchie. After the conference the General had the members of his staff for tea in the conference hut. The General spent the evening playing cards with Gereral Gruenther, General Brann, General Tate and Colonels Saltzman and Lazar and remained at the command post tonight. * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 4, 1945--General Clark oonferred with Brigadier Hirsch, General Gruenther and General Brann. He lunched at the headquarters and at 1500 General Truscott came to confer with General Clark. At 1530 . General l~Craery joined General Truscott and General Clark and conferred for an hour. The General then retired to his villa for the remainder of the afternoon and evening. * ( * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY ~ 1945--The General arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours, and at 1100 hours decorated with the Legion of Merit Colonel Horn of the Signal Section, 15th Army Group, and Colonel Riepe of the G-3 Section. Lt. Col. Sutherland, former aide to Gemral Clark and later with the G-2 Section of Ninth Army, lunched with General Clark at noon today. After lunch the Army Group Commander retired to the villa for the remainder of the day. * * * FLORENCE-FEBRUARY 6, 1945--The General spent most of the day in his office conferring with members of his staff. In the afternoon Mr. Gowran of the Chicago Tribune called to see General Clark. After his interview with ~. Gowran, General Clark left the headquarters and went to his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark received the following letter from General McCreary today with regard to future operations= n 1. ---- \ GENERAL. In accordance with ~rour request I attach to this letter my outline plan for the offensive operations to be carried out by Eighth Army in the Spring. In a.ddition I wish to bring to your notice certain facts in respect of re-organization, equipment and weather, all of which have a material bearing on the date by which Eighth Army can attack to the greatest advantage and thereby exert maxi mum pressure on the enemy. �) "2. COMBAT EFFICIENCY OF EIGHTH ARMY APRIL - MAY 19tt.2. During the next two months four divisions under my command are due to re-organise nnd expand. The divisions are:56th (London) Division 2 NZ Division 3 Carpathian Division 5 Kresowa Division. At the present time all these divisions consist of only two infantry brigades. Under the re-organisation plan each division will absorb and train an additional i nfantry brigade. 6 British Armoured D:lvision is due to re-organise 1 Guards Brigade. The plan involves the inter-change of personnel with 24 Guards Brigade. 61 Infantry Brigade of 6 British Armoured Division is due to re• organise so as to include 1 KR.RC and the addition of a Support Company. Owing to commitments in the line it is not possible for the reorganisation of the Guards Brigades and 61 Infantry Brigade to commence until the end of February. It will not be possible for re-organisation and training to run simultaneously. The re-organisation itself will take up to a fortnight to complete before training can begin. On the assumption that it will ta1ce a division Rt least one month to train an additional infantry brigade then 6 British Armoured Division should be available for operations at full strength by the 15th April. 56 Division is to absorb 24 Guards Brigade under a re-organisat i on programme which will run concurrently with that of 6 Bri t i sh Armoured Division. This Division will therefore be available for operations by the same date. · 2 NZ Division commences re-organisation in early March and will be ready at full strength by 15April. I would point out that all the divisions in Eighth Anny have been in the line for long periods, this applies in particular to 6 British Armoured Division and 78 Division who have been in mountainous country for many weeks. It is absolutely necessary that divisions who have had no experience of fighting in the PO Valley, with its peculiar difficulties, should have time to train for this type of country which is ent:i.rely different from the terrain to which they have become a ccustomed. The specific operation to be undertaken is one that will require special and detailed training. The case of the two Polish divisions is"different in thnt the personnel in the new brigades are not trained soldiers, and although these new infantry brigades do already exist I consider thnt they will not be fit for o~fensive operations before 15th April. It is apparent from this programme that the offensive stren~th �of Eighth Army will be augmented by no less than four brigades after the middle of April . "3 . LVsT. ~ employment of a force of LVsT on my right flank is a major factor in my plan and one to which I attach great importance . On present information the full number of LVsT required for training in LAKE TRASIMP-NE a.rea vrill not be assembled in the training area before 25th March. As a result of a Sta.ff Conference held at my Headquarters and attended by senior representatives from A.F . H.Q. it became evident tha,t a period of not less than 18 days must be allowed between the time the ship arrives at the port and the LVefr arrive a.t LAKE TRASIMENE for training purposes . This period is accounted for by the fact that 10 days are required to service the vehicle and make certain modifications. The other 8 days are required to cover the unloading of the ships and movement by transporter from the coast to LAKE TRASIMENE . A smaller number will arrive a.t the training area before 25th March but no acceleration in the training programme will result. After careful examin~tion it is considered that at lea.st one month will be required between the time that the full number of training vehicles is availabl e at LAKE TRASIMENE and the date when an operation is po s sible. Of this period one week will be required for crew training, one week for Flotilla training, one week for combined training with the infantry who are to operate in the vehicles and one week to concentrate the personnel and take over operational vehicles . I have ta.ken steps to commence the training immedietely of one LVT TTnit formed out of RASC personnel, which unit should be ready for operations by about 25th Aprj_l . The second L'\rr Unit will be formed from the personnel of 27 L and one squadron <?f 121. These two regiments are a.t the present time in the ljne as infantry but will be relieved during the present month. Owing to the numbers of men that hs.ve to be trained and the late date of arr:i.val of the LVsT in ItA.ly this second unit will not be ready for operations unt:i.1 the f'irst week in May. Before this second unit can operate all training vehicles will have to be moved from LAKE TRASIMENE to the battle area and in addition have certain modifications made before they can be considered as operational vehicles . To give the operation every every way desirable for the operation plete Brigade Groups can be lifted in dice success by the employment of one chance of success I consider it in to take place at a time when two comthese vehicles rather than to prejuBrigade at a slightly earlier date . "4. WEATHER. All records po:i..nt to the fact that April is a rainy month . The rivers and streams fed from the Apennine watershed are still liable to flooding during this month. The enemy is fully aware of this and has therefore prepared The Eastern bank of the SENIO for demolition so as to take advantage of this fact . In A;ril the rate of evaporation from the soil is lower than in May, so that the ground will retain wet and mud for a longer period after rain . So that I can deploy my superiority in armour it is important that the offensive should be launched when the weather and the going are reasonably good . I hope it will be possible for me to employ a PRrachute Brigade in these operations . The successful employment of such a �( Brigade is dependent to a very large degree on favourable weather, which is another strong argument in favour of a later date rather than an earlier date . tt5 . AIR. Toview of the fact that the over- all striking power of my Army has been materially curtailed by recent decision?, it is more than ever important that maximum air support should be given a.t the commencement of my attack. In my view, for a mj_nirnum of two days, the total air effort in ITALY should be p11:lced at my disposal . I submit, therefore, that consideration should be given to the advisability of staggering the attacks of Fifth US Army and Eighth Army so that each in turn can derive maximum benefit from air support . If, as the Spring advances, time becomes more pressing then it might be advisable for Fifth US Army to attack before Eighth Army. "6. THE PLAN. My plan is based on the maximum concentration of force at the vital points of attack . As a result the hilly sectors of the Army front will be lightly held by the minimum number of troops and those troops in the main formations that are least suited for offenaive operations . This grouping will inevitable make the cover plan difficult but under the circumstances this will have to be accepted . I hold the view tha.t in early May tanks, and in particular those equipped with Platypus tracks, will be able to operate in the PO Valley. In addition to the pla.n attached to this letter I have instructed my Corps to be prepared to follow up the enemy should he a.t any time carry out a major withdrawal. In this event I propose to open up three main axes of advance:Route 16 Route LUGO-N!ASSA LOMBARDA-MEDICINA-BUDRIO Route 9n General McCreary' s Outline Plan of attack is as follows: INTENTION. Eighth Army will establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO with a view to rapid exploitation NORTH towards FERRARA in conjunction with operations of the 5 US Army Westwards towards OOLOGNA. "l. POSSIBLE GROUPING. 5 CORPS. 56 (London) Division. 78 Division 2 NZ Division 8 Indian Division 2 Armd Bde 9 Armd Bde (less 7 Hand 14/20 H). 21 Taruc Bde 2 Para Bde 2 Commando Bde Cremona Gruppo �9 .Armd Bde to include 4 H capBble of lifting two ba.tte.lions in ¥..ANGAROOS. ) 2 POLISH CORPS J Carpathian Division 5 Kresowa Division 2 Polish Armd Bde 7 Arrnd .Bde 43 Ghurka Bde Fruili Gruppo Jewish Bde. 7 H (KANGAROO lift for one battalion). 13 CORP2. 10 Indian Division (12 battalions). 2 HLI Lovats .Scouts One Gruppo 14/20 H. Army Reserve. 6 Brit Armd Div or one division shown as being under 5 Corps. n3. CORFS TASKS. CORPS will:a) Establish a bridgehead across the River SENIO between incl S POLITO 3640 and incl S SEVERO 3233. (b) Establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO to include MASSA LOMBARDA 2741. (c) Be prepared to exploit rapidly Northwards on the axis BASTIAARGENTA-FERRARA. {d) Mount an operation across the VALLE DI OOMA.CCHIO employing specia.l equipment with a view to seizing the ARGENI'A GAP. This latter operation not to be put into effect until a firm bridgehead across the River SANTERNO has been established. 2 POLISH CORPS will:Establish a bridgehead acros s the River SENIO between excl S SEVERO 3233 and incl FELISIO 3031. (b) Establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO to include MORDA O 2536, this bridgehead to link up with the bridgehead over the River SANTERNO established by 5CORPS. (c) Be prepared to exploit with mobile forces (i) On the axis MORDA.NO 2536 - FANTAZZA 1844 - MEDICINA 1245. ( ii) On the axis CASOLA CA.NINA 1536 - CASTEL S PIETRO 0837. Tasks (a) and (b) will be timed to synchronise with the operations of 5 Corps. "<af \ J\ �. 13 CORPS will:(a) Hold the Corps front and practise active deception. (b) As the operations of 2 POLISH CORPS outflank or cut off enemy troops opposing 13 CORPS make a general advance towards Route 9. (c) Be prepared to concentrate and come into Anny Reserve SOUTH of the APENMINES as soon as the enemy have been cleared up as far as the IEFI' Boundary of the Corps. "4. Preliminary Move. 2 POLISH CORPS will plan to take over as far NORTH as excl S SEVERO one month before D Day. "5. Alternative Grouping. If HQ 10 COP.:PS is available to Eighth Anny in April - 1/.8,Y it may be desirable to interpose HQ 10 CORPS between 5 CORPS and 13 CORPS so as to reduce the length of the front of 2 POLISH CORF'S. This will enable 2 POLISH CORPS to focus its whole attention on the sector of attack. tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 7, 1945--At 1000 hours this morning the Mahe.rajah of Dewas called to see General Clark. At 1030 Brigadier General Eberle and Brigadier Nicholson of the G-3 Section, AFHQ, who had just returned from a tour of the Fifth and Eighth Anny fronts, called to see the Army Group Commander. At noon General Mclarney arrived from Caserta, conferred with General Clark and remained for lunch. After lunch General Clark drove to the airport with General McNarney where he bade goodbye to the Theater CommRnder. Upon his return to the headquarters, the General saw Brigadier Hinde for a few minutes prior to his departure from the headquarters. The Brigadier was wj_th the G-4 Section of 15th Army Group Headquarters and is leaving for Belgium to take a new assignment. The General later in the afternoon departed for his villa. In the evening General Clark dined with Mr. and Mrs. Umberto Coletti returning early in the evening to his villa for the night. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 8, 1945--~he General spent the morning in his office conferring with members of his staff. After lunch he retired to his villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORET\JCE--FEBRUARY 9, 1945--General Clark spent today between his office and the villa and spent the ni~ht at the villa. �General Clark today replied to General McGreery•s letter of Februa~ 6th as follows: 1 "1. I have studied your letter dated 6 February, Subject, 'Operations' and the Outline Plan that accompanied it . I a.m well pleased with the scope of the plan and apprectate your cooperation in solving a difficult problem. "2. I am in accord with paragraph 1, 'Intentions', of your Outline Plan providing that the operation through the ARGENI'A GAP is feasible . However, any one of several factors may make it desirable for you t6 shift the direction of your main effort. For that reason I desire that after Eighth Army establishes a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO it be prepared to exploit North toward FERRARA or Northwest toward BUDRIO. "3. Your plan to hold 13 Corps front lightly is in accord with my thought. However, to hold the frontage indicated, including M. GRANDE, with the troops you have listed for 13 Corps aprears impossible . This of course is your responsibility, but I must insist that M. GRANDE be firmly held. The loss of this most critical feature would, as you are well aware, abort all of our carefully prepared plans for the offensive . Incidentally, your map shows that M. GRANDE is in the Fifth Army sector , but I am informed by my Chief of Staff that you understand clearl:v· that it is in the Eighth Army sector . I "4. I run aware of the advantages of postponing the attack untll May as envisioned in your letter . However, circumstances may require an allout 15th Army Group attack in April. I therefore desire that you complete plans for such an attack to be launched about 10 April. Since special equipment for an operation across the iTALLI di COMACCHIO will not be available by this date , and because it is believed the condition of the terrain in the ARGENI'A GAP will be unfavorable for large scale operation, it is desired that Eighth Anny plans for the early attack be based on a rapid exploitation m, towards BUDRIO after a bridgehead over the SANTERNO River has been established . "5. In paragraph 2 of my letter of 24 January, Subject: 'Future Operations', I stated that in the event of a major enemy withdrawal from Italy, 15th Army Group would attack as soon as possible . Such an attack continues to be a possibility, and, if ordered, will be executed following the same basic plan as the attack outlined in paragraph 3 above.n * * * FLORENCE-- FEBRUARY 10, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark decorated and promoted the following officers of his headquarters at a small ceremony held in front of his office: Lt . Col. Walker, General Clark's personal pilot, and Master Sergeant Wilson, of the Chief of Staff Section, received the Legion of Merit, Master Sergeant Glotzbach, of the Adjutant General's Section, received the Bronze Star, and 2nd Lieutenants Porter and Bergman, of the Flight Section, were promoted to the rank of 1st Li eutenant . At 1130 hours Major General Duff, Quartermaster General of AFHQ, called with General Tate to see General Clark. �3D At 1230 General Foulkes, Comma.n ding General of the Canadian Corps, ca.me to confer with General Clark and remained for lunch. Just before lunch the Army Group Commander presented General Foulkes with the gift of a carbine. General Foulkes departed shortly after lunch . Following General Foulkes' departure, General Clark left the headquarters for his villa, and in the evening entertained Genera.ls Brann, Tate, Colonel Saltzman and Lt . Cols. Lazar and Ibold for dinner and poker . General Mccreery, today replied to General Clark's letter of yesterday as follows: \ n1. I am in receipt of your instruction of 9th February and have studied the points you raise in relation to my plan. "2. I fully realise that the main weight of the Eighth Army attack will have to be either Northwards towards FERRARA, or North,"Test towards BUDRIO. I submit that the right time to decide on which a.xis the main effort should be made is when the Eighth Anny have a firm bridgehead over the River SANTERNO. ''3. I note that in the event of an offensive before the special equipments arrive you desire the main effort of Eighth Army to be made Northwest towards BUDRIO. u4. I appreciate the importance of MmrrE GRANDE, and will ta.ke the necessary steps to ensure that this massif is securely held when it passes to my command." * * * FLORENCE-- FEBRUARY 11, 1945--The General spent the day between his office and the villa and spent the night at the villa . General Clark today wrote General Truscott as follows with regard to future operations: "l. I have studied your comments on plans for f uture operations and am pleas~d that you are in accord with the general plan as I outlined it to you at our conference on 4 February. "2. I agree that it is desirable to clear the area up to the general line PIANORO - PRADURO - M. MANTINO and to use that line as a ba,se for future operations. I believe that this area West of Highway 64 can be cleared by II Corps as part of the main attack and that it may be possible for the 10th Mountain Division to reach the general line M. PERO - M. MANTINO - VILLA D AIANO - M. BELVEDERE in time to be relieved by the BEF and moved to a reserve position before the main attack is launched . It is essential that operations West of Highway 64 be conducted without drawing strong enemy reserves to that area. If the general line PIANORO - \ �( �I 31 PRADURO - ~1ANTINO is reached a.s indicated above, it is certainly desirable to give careful consideration to a strong attack generally NW from the PRADURO area to strike the BOLOGNA defenses at their weakest point in preference to a continuation of the ·main attack on BOLOGNA between Highway 64 and 65. However, as I have explained to you previously, I cannot agree to a main attack generally NW a.long the high ground West of Highway 64. . . "3 . I note that you suggest that Eighth Army make an effort from M. GRANDE . I agree that an attack from M. GRANDE, if made in strength, might produce effective results, but th0 reduction in strength of E1.ghth Army, with which you are familiar, makes it impossible to concentrate sufficient forces in the main effort of that army and also attack from M. GRANDE in strength. "4. Present plans for Eighth Army's attack include the employment of special equipment for an operation across the VAILI di COMACCHIO. This equipment will not be available for operation before 1 May. Since an all out attack before that date is probable, I ha.ve instructed the GOC, Eighth Army to prepare plans for an attack about 10 April and about l May. You will also prepRre plans for full-scale attacks on these dates. n55. In paragraph 2 of my letter of 24 January, Subject: 1 Future Operations', I stated that in the event of a major enemy withdrawal / from Italy, 15th Army Group would attack as soon as possible. Such e.n attack continues to be a possibility, and, if ordered, will be executed following the same basic plan prepared for the later attack. " * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 12, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 0930. General of the Army, George C. Marshall, U.S . Army Chief of Sta.ff; General McNarney, Commanding General of MI'OUSA; and Colonel McCarthy, War Department Secretary General Sta.ff, arrived from Pisa by car at 1230. General Clark greeted Generals Marshall and McNarney a.nd a guard of honor was held for General Marshall with the following units represented: 1st Bn., 135th Infantry Regimen~, 34th Division; Division Special Troops, 92nd Infantry Division; Brazilian Composite Pla.toon, 1st Infantry Divisi'on, BEF;,.__,~ , t Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders; 3/8th Punjabs, 19th Indian Infantry Brigade, 8th Indian Division; 166th Newfoundland Field Regiment; Special Service Battalion, 6th South African Armored Division; 24th Guards Brigade, Welsh Guards; 2nd Battalion Inpiskillings, Irish; 1st Canadian Armored Brigade, 1st Canadian Corps; Defense Company, Headquarters 2nd Polish Corps; 26th Battal!on, 2nd New Zealand Division; 67th Regiment Legnano, Italian; Platoon of Italian partisans; Three .American nurses from 't>th Evacuation Hospital; Four WACS, Fifth Army; Four ARC girls from Florence contingent; Two ATS girls, 15th Army Group; One Indian nurse, 18th Indian General Hospital; South African, British and Canadian nurses from 107th S. A. General Hospital.~ After the guard of honor General ClPrk and General McNarney returned to General Clark's office with General Marshall, and General Clark oriented �( General Marshall on the Italian situation in his war room. At 1300 hours the Army Group Commander enterta.ined General Marshall at a buffet lunch in his hut. The following-guests were present: General -~ arshall, General McNarney, General Hull, Colonel McCarthy, General ~cCreery, General Keightley, General Foulkes, General Anders , General Cannon, Ai:r Commodore Leese, General Gruenther, General Saltzma.n, Colonel McMahon, Brigadier Hirsch, General Bra.nn, Gemral Ta.ta, Lt. Col. Ostler, General Hornby, General Coxwell-Rogers, Gereral Nalder , Colonel Grogan, Colonel a. C. Smith, Colonel Sanceau, Colonel Monfort, Colonel Negroni and Interpreter, Captain Savary. During the lunch General Marshall chatted with General Clark, General McCreery and General Anders. After lunch General Marshall s~oke briefly to the assembled officers, pointing out that the Italian campaign was the most perfect example of magnificent teamwork bet ~reen many different nationalities fighting together for one common cause. The General of the Army then gave a brief resume of the war on the eastern front, western front , the war in the Pacific and in the China-Burma area. After General MArshall's talk, General Clark and General i1arshall returned to General Clark's office where they put on warm clothing for a trip to Fifth Army. The party left the command post at 1515 in sedans. Arriving at a poiht on the Mount Altuzzo road where sedans could not pass, the party changed to jeeps, and Generals Clark and Marshall travelled together over the Mount Altuzzo road into Firenzuola and thence to the Fifth Army cormna.nd post. Upon their arrival at Fifth Army at 1730, they were met by General Truscott and his Chiefs of Sections. General Truscott entertained Generals P. arshall, Clark and . cNa.rney for dinner and the night. Operations Instruction #3 was issued today and reads as follows: "1. It is estimated that the German preparations for a withdrawal to the line of the ADIGE are now complete, and that the plan can be put into operation at short notice, if not already started. There are, however, no factual indications that the plan will be put into effect at any stated time. The enemy would prefer, other things being equal, to remain on his present line and retain control of the whole area of Northern ITALY at present in his hands for various reasons. He will withdraw, therefore, only because of other and more important considerations and in particular because of the need of detaching troops for other theatres. If and when the enemy decides to withdraw, he will execute the withdrawal from his present front only under pressure. The amount of resistance which he will offer will vary according to the extent to which he has already thinned his front. 2. The enemy can shorten his present line by withdrawing his left to the line VALLI DI CO MACCHIO - MEDIC INA - Mr. GRANDE, allowing him to release up to three to four divisions. If the enemy releqses more than this number it will probably involve a withdrawal to the line of the TICINO and PO and subsequently to his strongest prepared positions - the ADIGE or the AU'S lines. 0 "3. The enemy can be credited with three capabilities: �33 ( a. To assume the offensive. b. To remain on present positions , and when forced, to withdraw to successive positions. c. To withdraw voluntarily to a pos~tion behind the PO to enable him to release divisions for other the~1tres. "4. There is no firm evidence of any large-scale withdrawal although prepP..rations to withdraw from Western ITALY still continue. Based on pa.st performance it can be assumed the enemy will adopt the second of his capabilities, making us fight for any ground we desire. See G-2 15 Army Group Appreci ation No. 39, dated 5 Feb, attached at Appx 'A' for detailed analysis. "5. 15th Army Group is charged v:nth the mission of: a. b. c. Holding present positions in event of an enemy offensive. Containing the maximum number of enemy divisions in ITALY. Bringing the enemy to battle to destroy German forces in ITALY. d. Finally clearing ITALY of the enemy. "6. In line with the assigned r'li. ssion, 15th Army Group plan of operations will be staged in three phases: Phase I - Phase II - Capture and establishment of a bridgehead around IDLOGNA. Developing the PO River position. Cros sing the PO with the object of capturing VERONA and scaling the main outlet out of ITALY and developing the ADIGE river position. Phase ITT- It is operationally desirable that each phase follow the other without pause. For phase lines and bourrlary between Armies, see the map attached at Appx 'B'. "7. After BOLOGNA is captured and the bridgehead established, it is desired that the attack be continued to cross the PO and capture VERONA as soon as practicable . The main axis of 15th Army Group attack will be on a line BOLOGNA - VERONA . ng. It is considered th~.t a thrust by 15th Army Group directly Uorth on VERONA from BOLOGNA bridgehead would cause the enemy to withdraw from !ffl ITALY, thereby making large-scale operations in NW ITALY unnecessary. tt9. After operations outlined in paragraph 6 have been accomplished and if the situation at the time permits, it will be operationally desirable to seize bridgeheads over the ADIGE river and to capture PADUA a.nd VENICE without pause. If, however, the enemy elects to defend the ADIGE line in strength, it will probably be necessary to halt and regroup and to prepare for a formal river crossing . "10. The enemy may decide to withdraw from NW ITALY for the ree.sons �enumerated in paragraph 1 and/or because of a. collapse of German resistance, a decision to surrender, or, most likely, because our attack tOW"ard VERONA is threatening his major line of withdrawal . In the event he decided to withdraw from NW ITALY, he may follow one of -two procedures: a . To withdraw all organised resistance from NW ITALY to a line of the TICINO - PO or other prepared lines . Provided this withdrawal occurs prior to our taking BOLOGNA, it will be highly desirable to open the port of GENOA to send in administrative personnel, food-stuffs, AlvG representatives, etc. b . To withdraw from NW ITALY in conjunction with his withdrawal from his present position. In this event FIFTH ARMY is charged with the protection of 15th Army Group left flank . As our attack progresses toward VERONA, and when enemy resistance in NW ITALY has les.s encd to a degree permitting, IV US Corps, operating under 15th Army Group oontrol, will be detachBd from FIFI'H ARMY for operations in NW ITALY in conformance with policies and procedure prescribed by this HQ . IV US Corps will consist of British, Brazilian, Italian and US troops, commanded by M4jor General Willis D. Crittenberger . 1 "11. Administrative instructions for the occupation of NW ITALY will be issued separately. In general the occupation will be divided into two phases . Phase I will be the military occupation and the elimination of any remaining German or Fascist Italian formations in NW ITALY, and the establishment of law and order among the civilian population until the establishment of Allied Military Government can be accomplished . 15th Army Group will be responsible for this phase with o. 2 District under command . The operating agency for this phase will be IT Corps· Headquarters with the necessary attachments from No . 2 District . In Phase II, 15th Army Group will pass responsibility for the military administration of NW ITALY to No . 2 District and for Allied Military Government to the Allied Commission, both under command of AFHQ . 15th Army Group, after coordinating with No . 2 District, will report to AFHQ when Phase TI can be implemented . If the situation is such that it would be more convenient to hand over NW ITALY to No . 2 District in stages, 15th Army Group will recommend a program for the transfer of responsibilities. NW ITALY is defined as the area for which Headquarters No . 2 District ultimately will be responsible , viz: the Compartments of LIGURIA and PIEDlVIONTE, and the Provinces of VARESE, COMO, MILANO, PAVIA and PIACENZA. "12 . a . It is desired that plans be prepared by Armies covering operations outlined in Phases II and III of paragraph 6, viz: the development and crossing of the PO river position with the object of capturing VERO TA. Reference should be rm.de to letter, subject 1 Future Operations•, dated 24 Jan 45, ref No . 48/G-J(Ops) issued by this Headquarters. Flans will provide for early traininr, of personnel in river crossings, utilizing all expedients at our command. Details of the River PO and ADIGE crossing sites and terrain studies are being currently issued and will continue to be issued by this Headquarters. �35 b. IV Corps Headquarters will prepare plans to occupy the area Ii.berated in NW ITALY. For purposes of this plarming, IV Corps Headquarters is authorized to contact directly No. 2 District, AMG, 15th Army Group, and other necessary Headquarters. tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 13, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Marshall, General McNarney and General Truscott, left the Fifth Army command post at 0830, arriving at II Corps command post at 0900. There they were met by General Livesay, Acting Corps Commander, and II Corps staff officers . Also, General Coulter and staff officers from the 85th Division were present . After Generals Marshall, Clark and McNarney rad been introduced to the officers, General Marshall spoke briefly to the assembled group. At 0920 the party left for 34th Division command post where they were met by General Bolte and his staff, a.nd ste,ff officers of the 91st Division. General Marshall spoke briefly to the officers and men assembled, after which he presented three Distinguished Service Crosses. The Chief of Staff also pinned stars on Brigadier General Braun, Assistant Divisional Commander of the 34th Division. At 1100 hours Generals Marshall, McNarney, Clark and party drove to the command post of the ?nd Battalion of the 361st Infantry in the vicinity of Fiumetta. There General Marshall met the battalion commander and officers and men. The Chief of Staff spoke briefly to them. The party then inspected a battery of artillery where they talked briefly to the officers and men. Generals MArshall, McNarney and Cla.rk were entertained at lunch by Major General Kendall at the oommand post of the 88th Division. After lu..~ch a guard of honor was held, consisting of the 2nd Battalion of the 350th Infantry who recently had been awarded the Vfor Department citation. General Marshall presented the Distinguished Service Cross to a soldier jn a simple ceremony. General Marshall then spoke to the battalion, General Clark also spoke a few vmrds ,i to the assembled troops . Following this ceremony Generals Marshall, McNarney and Clark and Colonel McCarthy changed from jeeps to sedans and drove to Montecatini where they boarded General Clark's train. Generals Gruenther and Truscott arrived shortly thereafter, and the Generals all oonferred in the sitting room attached to General Marshall's bedroom aboard the train. At 1900 hours Generals Mascarenhas , Commanding General of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , General Zenobio , Division Commander, and General Cordeiro de Farias, Artillery Commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , and Ntajor Walters arrived for dinner . After dinner General Marshall decorated Gemral Cordeiro with the Legion of Merit , Degree of Commander. The Brazilian Gernrals left the train at 2100 hours, and at 2130 the train left for Lucca . Generals Marshall, Clark, McNarney, Truscott and Gruenther talked until the train arrived at Lucca at 2300 hours and then retired for the night aboard the train . * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 14, 1945--The party left the train at Lucca at 0830 accompanied by General Crittenberger, who had come to the train to pick up �Generals Marshall, Clark and McNa.rney and Truscott. They drove in sedans to the command post of the IV Corps in Lucca. There they met IV Corps staff officers and also Major General Hays, Commanding General of the 10th Mountain Division, and Brigadier GenerAJ. Ruffner, Artillery Commander of the Division. General :Marshall spoke briefly to the assembled officers. After a short stay at the IV Corps oommand post the party drove to the command post of the 4th Tenk Battalion where they met General Pritchard and watched the battalion training as infantry. General Marshall spoke to several _groups of officers and men during their exercises. They then drove to the command post of the 1st Annored Division, and General Marshall spoke to the assembled members of the Division staff. At 1040 the party entered the 92nd Division area at Montramito where they were met by General Almond and changed from sedans into jeeps. The party then inspected a nru.le battalion, after which they drove to the 599th Field Artillery Battalion command post. Enroute the party stopped at a bath unit where they met Colonel Notestein, Commanding the 371st Infantry, and Generals Marshall, McNa.rney and Clark spoke to several of the officers and men of the 371st who were returning from the bath. At the 599th Field Artillery Battalion command post in the vicinity of Pietra Santa , General Marshall spoke briefly to the officers and men. The party then drove to the command post of the 3rd Battalion of the 370th Infantry where they were met by Colonel Sherman, the Commanding Officer. The party inspected defense positions and spoke to several of the officers and men, after which they drove to the 317th Engineer BattRlion where they stopped brieny and spoke to the battalion commander . General Marshall and party drove to a battery of the 600th Field Artillery Battalion where they observed artillery in action. General Marshall stopped and spoke to several of the officers and men. Enroute to the 92nd Division oommand post the party stopped briefly at the 758th Tank Battalion. At the 92nd Division command post in Viareggio, General Almond entertained Generals Marshall, McNarney, Clark, Truscott, Gruenther and Crittenberger for lunch . During lunch General Marshall ~ -oke briefly to the assembled staff officers. After lunch the party left the 92nd Division for Pisa. Enroute they visited the 32nd Field Hospital one kilometer south of Viareggio where General Marshall, General McNarney and General Clark spoke to many of the battle casualties . At 1415 the party arrived at the Pisa airport where they were greeted by Generals Cannon, Chidlaw, Webster and Meyer of the 12th Air Force. General Cannon introduced General M~rshall to several of his staff officers. The Army Chief of Staff , with General McNarney, left the Pisa airport in General McNarney1 s C-47 at 1430 hours . Gereral Cla.rk, with General Gruenther, returned to Headquarters 15th Army Group in L-51 s, arriving at 1530 hours . General Clark worked for two hours in his office on an accumulation of papers and then retired to his villa with General Saltzman for the night . �FLOOENCE--FEBRUARY 15, 1945--The General arrived at the command post at 1100 hours and held a conference with Generals Gruenther~ Saltzman, Brann and Lt. Col. Lazar to discuss the T/0 of 15th Pxmy Group. After the conference General Clark promoted Lt. Col. Lazar· and Lt. Col. Ostler to the grade of Colonel. At 1230 General Clar}-- entertained Colonels Pesek and McConnell of the G-3 Section, Colonel Sloan of the G-2 Section, Colonel Monfort of the G-5 Section and Lt. Col. Yarborough for lunch. After lunch the General returned to his villa for the night. * * * FLORENCE-FEBRUARY 16, 1945--The General arrived at the Headquarters at 0930 and at 1000 hours T\h.j . Gen. Beaumont-Nesbitt, Liaison Section AFHQ, who had just come from Polish Corps, came to confer with General C~,rk. At noon Lt. Gen. Arrlers, Polish Gorps Commander, came to see General Clark and conferred for an hour on the complex situation which has arisen with regards the Poles as a result of the Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin conference at .Yalta over which Gen. Anders wa,s extremely worried. At 1300 hours Admiral Morse, Flag Officer Western Ita,ly, and Captain Basant, Royal Navy Liaison Officer of 15th Army Group, came for lunch. General Clark entertained General Anders, General Beaumont-Nesbitt, Ad~ miral Morse and Captain Basant for lunch. After lunch General Clark returned to his villa for the afternoon am ~ / evening. ;<i- c.J"v ~~ General Almond today wrote the following letter to Gereral Truscott, with a copy to Army Group Headquarters, with regard to command and combat efficiency of the 366th Infantry: )\ (/ "l. On 28 November 1944 the 366th Infantry Regiment was 1:1~ttached to the 92d Infantry Division, then operating as an active division on the Fifth Army Front. Since that date the equipping, training, and combat employment of the 366th Infantry have received the constant attention of the Division Commander, his staff and certain individual officers from divisional units. The present low combat effectiveness of the 366th Infantry, from the standpoint of leadership of its off·cers and combat efficiency of the unit, indicate a factual report on the subject to the Army Commander. This report covers the period 28 November 1944 to date and includes some personal knowledge of the Division Commander concerning this regiment dating back to 1941 when the unit was training at Camp Devens, Massachusetts. The discussion herewith submitted is grouped under the following titles: a. b. c. d. Or€faniza.tion and E::1.rly Training Preparation for Combat Employment Command and Sta.ff Functioning Operations - Annex 'A' Annex 'B 1 Annex 'C 1 Annex 'D' n2. The undersigned has intimate knowledge of the early training progress of the 366th Infantry; i.e., from February 1941 to September 1941. (See Inclosi.n:-e No . 1). The training progress over that period , a,nd under ) ��, ,J qt~~?. ~µ>C ~ ,r;; ~ rr; . (Y / / /I ,, f' )f ~ tt , ~9~~~~ ~t9' t~/ ~ the imposed leadership of five Regular Army o.L ficers, ~ras mediocre and the performance of the regiment during VI Corps Maneuvers in Massachusetts, 1941, left much to be desired. Si nce arrival overseas, in March 1941~, this regiment has served in detachments throughout Southern Italy guarding airbase activities until 28 November 1944, when after closing in the Staging Area, became attached to the 92d Division. n.3. The 92d Division instituted immediate steps to i nsure the equipping and concentrated training of the units of the 3~th Infantry as they arrived in the PBS Area, LEGHORN. Command inspections were held, a training program prescribed, and completion of combat equipment speeded up. The Division Connnander addressed all officers and men of the regiment in the PBS Section emphasizing the importance of preparing the regiment for creditable performance of the regiment in action. All these efforts on the part of the 92d Division appeared to be gratefully received and effective performance was promised. However, from the beginning, it was apparent that the lack of responsibility and a thorough preparation for routine duties on the part of junior officers and the supervision on the part of higher of ficers of the regiment was of a low grade. (See Inclosure fo. 2). "4. The operations of the 3_66th Infantry, a.s an effective combat force, since commitment of the first units on 2 December 1944, have been characterized by poor leadership, irresponsib~~ity, lack of supervision and the abandonment of much equipment A.t crit~cal times by enlisted personnel. (See Inclosure No. 3 - Operations). 0 5. The command and staff f t .nctioning in this regiment is most ineffective. This condition has obtained ever since the Regimental Commander and his staff and Special Units were introduced into the chain of command to control the 366th Infantry battalions then operating on the coastal sector of the 92d Division, the quietest and most moderate climated portion of the front. It was at once evident that the Regimental Commander exercised little command control over his troops and his staff; that the Regimental Headquarters acted in a lethargic and nearly always in an ineffective manner. To correct these deficiencies the Division Commrrler and his staff have made ma.ny visits to 366th Infantry Headquarters to check activities, offer helpful advice and insure efficient rerformance on the part of the .Regimental Commander. Under this close supervision, the then Regimental Comman<ler - Colonel H. D. QUEEN, became ill with rheumatic pains and ha,s been evacuated, Lt. Col. ALONZO G. FERGUSON a.ssuming control as of 13 December 19Li/t. (See Inclosure No. 4). n6. Since assuming command Colonel FERGUSON and his staff have been highly cooperative but most usually incapable of accomplishing satisfactory results in a reasonable time. In the hope tb a.t this condition could be corrected and realizing that the best available officers of the regiment were then in command and staff positions, the Assistant Division Comma.nder and necessary staff officers from this headquarters were given instructions to practically stay with the unit to observe, to organize the headquarters, and to see personally that the staf f functioned properly and by supervision that it translated the commander's decisions into action. To date practically no progress is in evidence. (See paragraph?, below). �tt7. It was believed that constant a.nd unremitting supervision would bring improved operations provided the commander responded to the suggestions and directives in a manner forceful enough to obtain reasonable results. The undersigned has personally discussed, many times witp Colonel FERGUSON, the necessity for effective opArations and the removal of ineffective staff officers or commanders . Colonel FERGUSON has never recommended a single officer for removal, but on the other hand , has always found excuses justifying the failure of his subordinate to perform his assigned task . Such excuses have become intolerable and they lead to but one conclusion; that the commander of the 366th Infantry, Lt . Col. ALONZO G. FERGUSON, is incapable of commanding his regiment in an effective manner; so much so that the capabilities of the regiment to perform anything except routine duties on a quiet front , requj_ring no movement of command groups or wire installations are seriously questioned . The conclusion is also reached that a more capable colored officer should be procured to command this regiment, if such is the policy of the War Department or Theater Commander, or , if none is available, that H i;vhite officer and the required staff officers be assigned to the regiment . It is possible that the War Department may have established a policy requiring negro leadership throughout this regiment and the problem of replacement for officers might well be considered by higher headquarters . Further losses of field officers or company commanders in this regiment will eventually necessitate the assignment of white officers to maintain a minimum standard of combat effectiveness in order to derive any battlefield utility f'rom the regiment . ng . The following recommendations are submitted: a . That the Regimental Comme.nder be repla.ced by a more capable officer - colored, if War Department policy requires, if not - by a white colonel with an adequate staff. b . That the regiment be assembled in a training area under an improved leadership for traj_ning a.nd development . c . That a system of development and/or supply of competent officers and men be established . tt * * * FLORENCE- -FEBRUARY 17, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours and conferred vdth Briga.dier Hirsch , General Brann and General Gruenther . At 1300 Maj . Gen. Nalder ca.me for lunch with General Clark . General Nalder is leaving the headquarters today for a new assignment as Chief Signal Officer, AFHQ . General Clark sent a :rre ssage to General Maran, who is now on leave in the United States, informing him that he is now Chief Signal Officer, 15th Army Group . At 1400 hours General Almond and General Truscott arrived and conferred with Genera.I Clark for an hour. I At 1700 hours the General returned to his villa where he dined quietly and spent the night . �FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 18, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. In the afternoon the General played golf at the Florence Golf Club with General Saltzman. In the evening at 1700 hours the General entertained Generals Gruenther, Brann, Saltzman, Colonel Lazar, Lt. Col. Novo~ny and Lt. Col. Ibold for dinner and cards. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 19, 1945--The General arrived at his office at 1000 hours. At 1030 hours he received news that Lt. Col. Walker, General Clark's personal cub pilot, Lt. Col. Faust and Major Kerr, Transportation Officer of 15th Army Group Headquarters, had just been killed in a plane crash after ta.lcing off from the Florence field on their way home on temporary duty in the States . General Clark immediately drove to the scene of the accident. At 1130 hours Lt. Col. Palmer, G-5 Section Supply Branch on General Somervell's staff, called on General ClRrk with Colonel Monfort, G-5 of 15th Army Group. The General lunched at the command post, after which he returned to the villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORENCE•-FEBRUARY 20, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 0930. At 1030, with General Hornby, General Saltzman and General Brann drove to Castel Fiorentino to the American cemetery for the funeral of Lt. Col. We.lker, Lt . Col. Faust and Major Kerr who were killed :yesterday in a plane crash. The General returned to his headquarters at 1.330 for lunch. The General spent the afternoon in his office working on papers and conferring with members of his staff and at 1630 hours the following fiction writers visited General Clark's headquarters: Kay Boyle, Roger Burlinghame, Carl Carmer, Marquis Childs, Mary Cookman, Dorothy Ca.meron Disney, Toni Frissell, Beatrice Blackmer Gould, Ca.rel Hill, Joseph Niarshall, Nancy Wilson Ross, Harold Von Schmidt, Rex Stout, Stanley Young. These writers ere escorted by Lt. Col. Rorke of the War Department Public Reh.t ions Office, Maj. Holland of Hq. Army Air Forces, Major Thruelsen of MAAF Public ReJFtions , Ya.jar Hoyte Kline of MA.AF Public Relations and Capt. Francis Sanford of MA.AF Public Rela,tions. The General briefed the party in his war room, after which he taj_ned them i.n his conference hut for tea. General Cannon, General Brigadier Hirsch, General Saltzman, Gereral Sullivan, Colonel Gn:gan General Brann were also present at the tea. The pu-ty left at 1800 enterHornby, and hours. At 1830 General McNarney with General Nelson , Deputy Theater Commarrler, and Mr. Henry Taylor, of Scripps-Howard Newsps.pers, arrived at the headquarters and conferred for an hour before dinner with General Clark in his office and war room, after which the GeneraJ. entertained them for dinner at his mess. After dinner General Clark, with Generals McNa.rney, Nelson, Saltzman �4\ and Mr. Taylor talked for two hours in General Clark's conference hut. Generals McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor then returned to the Excelsior Hotel for the night. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 21, 1945--At 0730 hours Generals McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor arrived for breakfast with General Clark at his headquarters. At 0745 General Cannon arrived and joined them in the mess. At 0800 Generals Clark, McNarney, Ca.nnon, Nelson and Mr. Taylor drove in General Clark's Cadillac to the forward command post of IV Corps in Taviano where they were met by Colone 1 Nance, Deputy Chief of Staff of IV Corps, and General Truscott's aide. At Taviano the party changed into jeeps and drove to the IV Corps TAC Headquarters at Castelluccio where they were met by General Truscott, General Ori ttenberger and General Cra.ne. This headquarters also serves as an excellent OP. General Crittenberger pointed out to the party the hill. features over which the 10th Mountain Division and Brazilian Expeditionary Force have launched their attacks; namely, Mount Belvedere, which the 10th Mountain Division took yesterday, and Mount Torraccia, first phase objective of the 10th Mountain Division, and also Mount Castello, objective of the BEF. General Crittenberger explained to the assembled party the plan of attack. The party then drove to an observation post of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force where they were met by General Mascarenhas and members of his staff. General Masce.renhas explained the plan of attack which was to be undertaken within the next hour. General Clark and party then drove to the command post of the 10th Mountain Division where they were met by Gemral Hays who oriented the party on his current situation. General Clark expressed to General Hays his great satisfaction at the results of the f:irst combat test of the loth Mountain Division. After the orientation, General Hays took Genera.ls Clark, McNarney, Cannon, Nelson, Truscott and Mr. Taylor to an excellent observation post where the current battle to the we·st of Mount Belvedere could be observed. General Hays explained to the assembled officers how he had accomplished his mission and how he was to follow up his attack. General Hays entertained Generals Clark; McNarney, Cannon, Nelson, Truscott and ~. Taylor for lunch, after which they drove back to Florence. The Army Group Commander entertained Genera.ls McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor for dinner this evening at his mess. The Army Group Commander today dictated the following memorandum ·::-7 General McNarney with regard to new artillery units destined for Fifth Army: "I am afraid if the present schedule of arrival of artillery units is maintained they will be too late for our forthcoming offensive. "Information from your headquarters indicates that one battalion of 8" Howitzers and one battalion of 155mm Guns have been moved to staging area in the United States preparatory for shirunent overseas. i O estimate �f { has been given of dates of shipment . However, the schedule indicates that two battalions of 8" Howitzers are due here in March. "Will you please follow this matter up . like as follows: I suggest a ca.ble something '" Understand at least one battalion 8" Howitzers and one battalion 155mm Guns earmarked for this theater have been moved to the staging area in the United States preparatory to movement overseas . In view of our urgent need for heavy artillery in coming operations, strongly recommend every effort be made to establish priority to i nsure arrival of these battalions by end of March . 1 tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 22, 1945-- At 0900 Lt . Gen. Doolittle of the Air Force called on General Clark with General Cannon and conferred with the Army Group Commander for half an hour . At 1000 hours General Clark decorated and promoted the following officers and enlisted men of his headquarters : Major H. W. Buchanan and Major M. C. Hoffman to Lt . Colonel , Captain E. M. Swift and Captain T. L. Eastmond to Major, the Legion of Merit to Lt . Col. R. C. Brisach and Captain F. W. A. Allen (British), and the Bronze Star to Staff Sergeant R. H. Hager . At 1100 hours the General attended a memorial service for Lt . Col. Walker , Lt . Col. Faust and Major Kerr of 15th Army Group Headquarters and Major Mallory of TAF . General Brann lunched with General Clark, after which they played golf . The General returned to his villa for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 23, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours , and at 1100 hours Lt. Col. Williams, 15th Army Group Historian, came to see General Clark. The General sp ent the greater part of the afternoon in his office conferring with General Gruenther who had just returned from Rome . At 1630 hours the General went to his villa . This evening General Cl::1rk had a few officers for dinner and poker . * * * FLORENCE--FI~BRUARY 24, 1945--The General errived at his headquarters at 1030 and conferred with General Gruenther, Brigadier Hirsch and General Brann. At 1230 Genere.l Cle..rk and General Gruenther had lunch with Mr . & Mrs . Rosso , former Italian ambassador to the United States at their villa. The General spent the afternoon at his villa, r eturning to his headquarters for di nner . He entertained Mr . & Mrs . Rosso and Mr. & Mrs . Umberto Coletti for dinner with General Gruenth er and General Saltsman at his mess . �43 FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 25, 1945--General Clark spent the day at his villa and in the afternoon played golf with General Brann. The Army Group Commander today sent the following "Eyes Only" cable to General McNarney: RN SGS 134. "Conversion of 366th Infantry to general service engineers should be started iithout delay. Do not know whether AllrOUSA staff knows of this change yet . I will instruct Five .Army to deal directly with ~ITOUSA concerning conversion as soon as I hear from you . " * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 26, 1945- -The General came to his office and worked on papers and conferred with members of his staff, returning to the villa in the afternoon . The following reply to General Cll!rk's cable to General McNarney of yesterday with regard to the 3~6th Infantry was received today: ' I RN F 33757. "Conversion of 366th Infantry Regiment reference SGS 134 is subject . War Department will be requested to issue necessary directives ~.s soon as you or Fifth Army advise exactly wha.t units ·are wanted . 1 Engineer General Service Regiment and 2 Engineer Separate Battalions or 3 Engineer Separate Battalions, an Engineer Group Headquarters and 26 Driver Augmentation Teams for Truck Companies are possible combinations. Either of above sets of units can be 90% equipped wj thin 30 days . Ml'OUSA will deal directly with Fifth Army as soon as you issue your instruct ions to them. n General Clark replied to General McNarney today a s follows: RN' SGS 135. "Desire you request War Department to issue necessary directives for conversion of 366th Infantry into one Engineer General Service Regiment and two Engineer Separate Battalions . Reference your message F33757. This has been coordinated rith Five Army. Suggest in future you deal directly with Five Army in this matter furnishing copies of communications to this headquarters. n * * * FLORENCE- -FEBRUARY 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at 0900 . At 0930 Major General Stayer, Surgeon General of ~ITOUSA; Brigadier General Ferreira, Surgeon General of the Brazilian Armed Forces; Brigadier General Uartin, Surgeon of Fifth Army; a.nd Colonel MarquesPorto, Stn'"geon of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, called on General Clark. At 1000 hours the Army Group Commander received the following Indian ,journalists: Joseph Pothan of the "Dawn" in Delhi, Kishore Nandi of the tr qava Bharat" in N'a gpur, s . H. Mahmud of the ttNawa-i-Waqttt in Lahore, V. K. Narasimhan of the "Hindun in Madras, F . W. Bustin of the "Civil and Military Gazetten in Lahore , Jaganath Deshnrukh of the nsakal" in Poona, Durga Das of the "Hindustan Times" in Delhi, H. R. Sti mson of ttThe Times of India.'' in Bombay, J . N. Sarkar of nAmrit a Bazar Patrika" �44 in Calcutta a.nd A. N. Sivaraman of "The Di.nama.ni n in Madras. General Clark briefed the journalists in his war room and answered many questions pertaining to the welfare of Indian troops fighting in Italy. At 1130 Colonel Gale, who hnd just been assigned to 15th Army Group Headquarters as Air Officer of the G- 4 Section, came to call on General Clark. General Brann came for lunch, and a.fter lunch General Brann, General Saltzman and General Clark played golf . The General returned to the villa for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 28, 1945- -General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther and Brigadier Packard , left Florence by road at eight o'clock. He arrived at Forli. at approximately 101,.5 hours where he was met by Lt . General Charles Keightley, Acting Eighth Army Commander, and Brigadier Harry Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army. The party drove a short way along Route #9 to the headquarters of the 2nd New Zealand Division . Here G~meral Clark was met by Lt . Gen. Bernard Freyburg, Co:mrw.nding the Divi- ., sion, and was introduced to some thirty senior officers from the Division. , General Clark took a cup of tea with General Freyburg and the other officers and gave a short taTh on the current operations in Italy. The party then drove to the Headquarters of 56th (London) Division. Here General Clark was rret by Major General Whitfield, the Divisional Commander, and was introduced to some Division . He gave another short talk of Merit (Degree of Officer) on Major Rifles . Major Almond had earned this quarters in conjunction with aircraft of the oomma.nding officers from the and pinned the Medal of the Legion ~. c. Almond of the London Irish award for work at Allied Force Headreconnaissance and photography. General Clark lunched in General VJ1.1.itfJ eld' s mess and afterwards General Keightley took him to see an exhibition of captured enemy equipment in Forli. The exhibition consisted mainly of tanks, machine guns · and mines . One of the most interesting exhibits was the new Gerrm.n rocket, weighing about 100#, which had only recently come into use on the Italia.n front . General Clark was then taken to the Adolf Hitler Barracks where at this time were quartered the Irish Brigade of the 78th British Infantry Division. The Brigade Commander, Brigadier Scott, met General Clark at the entrance and showed him around the barracks . General Clark was particularly interested in the very fine canteen for other ranks of the Brigade . After this the party paid a visit to the "Dorchestern Club in Forli . This is a very large day leave center equipped with every imaginable luxury. General Clark saw several restaurants , reading rooms, writing rooms and watched for several minutes the pipe band of the Inniskillings who were heating ''Retreat" in the courtyard . Generals Clark and Gruenther drove to the Forli airport, boarded their C- 47 plane and flew back to Florence, arriving at the comm.and post �(LJ �/ 45 at approximately 1645 hours . villa ., * General Clark spent a quiet evening at his a,,(_~~ tv-0 * Ii * FLORENCE--MARCH 1 , 194§--Genera.l Clark arr ~ived at his office at 1030 hours and conferred with Generals Gruen th er , Brrmn and Brigadier Hirsch . The General lunched with General Brann and played golf in the afternoon, retiring to his villa to spend the night . * * * FLOREJ'iCE--lVIARCH 2 , 1945- -The General spent the morning in his office , and at 1245 hours Admira l Morse and Ca.pt:::iin Besant came for lunch. .After lunch the General went to his villa for too afternoon and evening. General Clark today dictated the f ollo tlng r andom notes for inclusion in his diary: ttPOLISH QUESTION--The announcement by tbe Big Three at the Ya.ltP ·coni'erence with rega.rd to Polish terr:i..torial sub- divisions after the war , as delineated by the Curzon Line, created a pa.nic in the Polish Corps , commanded by General Anders, in my 15th Army Group. General Anders has long been an outspoken opponent of this soluti on and , having been a prisoner of the Russians along wjth thousands of his men and most of them living east of the Curzon L:i..ne, the solution was entirely unacceptable . Anders' first vi olent reaction was to send a letter to the Commanding GenerPl of the Eight h Army requesting that his ~ c orps be relieved immediately from front line duty. He even intjmated that it would be better to accept the Polish Corps as prisoner s of war. fi He felt that under the circumstances he could not be responsible f or holdvsv"'\ I"' inf:; a sector with mixed emotions as prevailed among his :rren. Mccreery talked to him, and I sent for Anders. The g~st of my conversation was I) ✓ .9--(' "What are you going to do about it? If you turn in your suits now you 1 lost the respect of the Alli es, your only friends. Your men are going to follow the cue you indicate to them . If you become a defeatist and •• indj cate thr1 t all hopes are lost to your nien , you will have failed in 1 _,,, 1~ ~ your duty as their commander . n I told Anders that here was an opportunity for him to b 8 a great µitriot - forget himself and to require that his men ,, f / ' mai.nt,:dn the fighting strindards tbey are known to have . I told him that / . \t .9 in my opinion our President Roosevelt would not sit at the conference and , willinf?:ly turn the new Poland lo ck , stock aijP. barrel over to the BolshetiJ. u> ~ vists . I told him he was taking the most ~loomy attitude possible and ,, t~at i t could not possibly be as bad as he fore cast . The only thing for ~ him to do was sit tight, maintain the stA.ndard of his men at the highest } pos~ible level and await developments. In such a. case, the pitr:iotic attitude l'lhich he hR.d t aken a nd prevailed upon his men would be brought by met the attention of President Roosevelt and also to the Frime Mi nister ~ , /- 1/ I ( . �G , _ ~~~JJ6-'q ~ ~A~C I Before leaving me he promis ed that Ms men would maintain their defensive sector but that he had t.o go to England to discuss it w:i th his government . The questfon which worries me is: \!ill the Pole~ be able to take part in an import~nt role in the offen sive ba.ttle which I . am planning. There j_s some question that they wi ll. I have ta.lked this matter over with all concerned, including Eighth Army Commander and staff, but the real answer will be disclosed wren Anders returns for a conference with me . With the withdrRwals from 15th Army Group, it would be a serious blow if J could not count on the Poles for all- out offensive action. 15th ARMY GROUP A'T' ACK--My plans for tm attack of ooth armies have crystallized. Instructions have been given to the Army Commanders. I feel that with the situation rnaching critical proportions in both the east and west, 15th Ju-my Group must attack in April. The eA,rliest I can do that would be between the 10th and 15th - the delay being caused, by the arrival of LVTS and ne cessary reorg~_nization of Eighth Army units . Fifth Army will be rea.dy. Accord:!.ngly, I hive djrected that plans be made for an atta.cking using the 10t h of April as a target date . By tha.t time weather should be improved , ground conditions should be more favorable providing there are not more snows or heavy rains , ammunition situation satisfactory and replacements on hand for at least a two-months ' bat tle . My infantry superiority vdll be approximately 1 . 4 to 1 , hardly suff icient for a. breakthrough, particularly in the mountain terrrJin . However , I feel it imperative that the divisions I have under my control must be throvm into the battle as early as possible . By that time I feel that r,:erhaps four German Divisions ,; ill have been withdravm from Italy. Two have gone up to the present time. I do not believe he can remove more than two per month due to interference of his communicationr; by our air . If conditions Are favorable in mid- April and my infantry superiority has been increased by the withdrawals indjcated above an::1 with a little bit of luck, we may have a great victory south of the Po River . I run sure thP t Field Marshal Alexander, as well as General McCreary of the Righth Army and most of his commarrlers will ant to delay the attA.ck until May. I feel that it vould be a great error to deliberately plan the attack for May. Conditions ma.y demand that we wait that long, but certainly we must be ready by early April. I nny have quite a problem sell 1 ng this early attack to Field Marshal Alexander. I will have a staunch supporter, however, in General Marshall and will get Joe McNarney to apply pressure in his deputy capacity. " * * * FLOREN'CE--MA.RCH 3 , 1945-- 'roday is General Gruenther 1 s birthday. Doctor Poling, 'Sd.itor of Christian Herald, ew York , a Protestant minister, journalist and radio commentator who has been sent to this theater by Pres:ident Roosevelt and General Marshall, called to see General Clark with Colonel Ryan , Fifth Army Chaplain. At 1230 hours Lfo,ltenant General Morgan, newly- appointed Chief of Staff, AFHQ, with Major General Airey, G- 2 of AFHQ, came to see the Army Group Commander. After Generri 1 CJ.ark had oriented Generals ?forgan and Airey, he entertained them for lunch. Brigadiers Packard and Hirsch were alBo present for lunch . After lunch the General returned to his v j 11a for a.n hour, returning �41 at 1630, at which t5rne he gave a cocktail birthday party in honor of GenerAl Gruenther .. Sixty officers were pr e sent at the party. This evening General Clark ga.ve a. small dinner party for General Gruentber at his villa . * * * 4, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa . In the evenjng General Clark entertained Colonels Smith , Sutherland and Major Houston for dinner at the vill.a. FLORENCE--MA.RCH General Clark today sent the following cable to General Keightley: RN SGS146 . Please convey to General Prjmiera my congratuJRtions upon the successful recent offensive operation by the Cremona Group . clearing of the coastal area south of Po di Prj ma.ro, as well as the casualties infli cted upon the enemy a.nd the number of prisoners taken , fortifies the confidence in which these Italian troops are held as a result of earlier favorable act1.ons . I shall l ook forward to further ach:i evements of your group with keen acticipation . n * 0 * FLORENCE- -MARCH 5, 1945- -The Gereral arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours nnd worked on papers and conferred with various ne mbers of his stp.ff untH 1100 hours , at ·w hich time he decora.ted CaptAin Bachhuber , Ms Radio Offj cer , with the Bronze Star and offered the Captain his best wishes, as today is his birthday. The General had a slight chest cold today. He returned to his villa after lunch and remtd ned there for the afternoon and evening . * * * FLORENCE--MA..B.CH 6, 1945--Air Marshal Slessor , Deputy Commander of Mediterranean Air Forces , called to see Generr-1 Cfark a.t 0930 this morning. The General spent the reim. ind er of the morning in his office working on important a.d1;1inistrative matters and conferring with variou s staff officers . In the afternoon the Army Group Comma.nder retired to Ms v:illa where he spent the night . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 7, 1945--At 0930 hours this morning General Clark savr Brigadier Irwin who has just cone from India where he has been serving with the 14th P.rmy. The Brigadier has recently been appointed to command the Staff College at Quetta , India . At 1030 hours General Clark bP..de goodbye and presented a Bronze Star Medal to Colonel Warren, Graves Registration Officer of Fifth Army. Colow~l Warren is returning to the United States for a new assienrrent . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, January 1 - March 6, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from January 1 - March 6, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1666 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/5a7b8464869c97d27466539e4fb78253.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=vzsctcmsKmSVs-1QqsNazOAt-hg-4ionG4GUtz43FA1GwTjwluczedaGAYLM20Mk2Pv5P2IhRsV9O9gRRSoXZf%7EJNd0A44baE9Mw5UW23BLLk8eYvO-U9UWUvtFyBIccRHqTLcDyHfocoFs4m9Ms7lMwNbbCTTxdjJP11azz5TUv8sGuXzCpDcAWiOHCOqbMfWUdg72OanIoAyEVtgrVX9kKa1thIV9VBq8M-F8MSHE1xS4aTXXLecFh6T49EhVXWvLNIe52SjIaKlzDus3YuItiNVn8BzXsDgZq3qZlgL6eEqF3OheMkAJQxej0P816WS%7Eu0175FaqXgONUzLQ40w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 739923eff63ac52106369f459d3390ac PDF Text Text l :'.:) I TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER ll, 194/t·•General Clark walked this morning for about two hours in the gardens of his villa with General Keyes. At eleven o'clock the Army Commander drove back to his command post in Traversa. Upon M.s return he conferred with Generals Gruenther, Tate, MacGruder, G-4 of Ml'OUSA, and General Coffey, Ordnance Officer of Ml'OUSA. Notes of this conference are quoted at the conclusion of today' s diary. Generals Tate and MacGruder were guests of General Clark for lunch. General Clark spent the afternoon in his van. Lt. Col. Blackford of the 8th Evacuation Hospital called to see General Clark. In the evening General Clark entertained twenty-five of his staff officers at a buffet supper on the occasion of the Army-Notre Dame football game. The notes on the conference today are as follows: "General Magruder explained that the purpose of his visit to Fifth Army Headquarters was to outline the ammunition situation in view of the information contained in Message No. LX-51825, received yesterday from the War Department. The ammunition situation in the United States is so critical that it has been necessary to resort to the scheduling of current shipments direct from loading and production lines to docksides. ' The War Department expresses grave doubt of its ability to meet the demands of ETOUSA and l\ITOUSA, especially during the next three to six months. Considering 105 Howitzer M-2 ammlll1ition, the War Department estimates its supply potential in rounds per gun per day as follows: January - 15; February - 17; March - 20; April - 20. "General Tate explained that when he prepared his ammunition analysis of 31 October, he considered that the total available 105 ammunition from 30 October to 10 January would be 1,054,000 rounds. After deducting a reserve of 200,000 rounds to be held for emergencies, there remaj.ned 854,000 rounds available for expendlture during the period 30 October to 10 January. Ammunition expenditure rates have been based on this premise. As a result of information which was brought by General Magruder today, General Tate now finds that the figure of 1,054,000 is too optimistic, with the result that if present rates are continued the reserve will be reduced to approximately 6o,ooo rounds at the conclusion of the 15-day attack now planned for December. 11 General Magruder stated that if we should cut our ammunition expenditure during the quiet period to ten rounds per gun ,er day, we would be ablA to have on hand a reserve of 200,000 rounds at the conclusion of the 15-day offensive in December. "General Clark outlined his plan for the December attack to be made in conjunction with Eighth Army. He stated that he was determined that this attack would be carried out if Eighth Army is ready at that time, and if higher authority considers that it vd.11 make a contribution to the winning of the war. He issued a directive to the Chief of Sta.ff to have a study made whereby ammunition expenditure rates will be reduced immediately." �TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 12, 1944--Today was a clear cold day. The General spent the morning in his van and at ten o'clock saw staff films in his conference hut, after which he drove to the 91st Division to see General Livesay and to the 34th Division to see General Bolte. Returning to his command post, General Clark stopped enroute at the 8th Evacuation Hospital to see General Bowman who was in bed with pneumonia. The General spent the afternoon in his van and in the evening Generals Brann, Bradshaw and Tate came for dinner. After supper they played cards in the mess hut. At the same time, the General had a movie in his conference hut for the members of his staff. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 13, 1944-•Today was a clear cold day, and the General spent the early pa.rt of the morning in his van. At eleven o'clock the Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Committee arrived, headed by Admiral Richardson and including Rear Admiral K. M. F. Schoeffel, Maj. Gen. H. L. George, Maj. Gen. w. F. Tompkins, Col. F. T. Davidson, Captain Steele, Captain Hoover, Captain Rees, Captain Cole, Colonel Theis and Lt. Col. Robinson. General Clark oriented the committee on the over-all Italian situation, after which he was interviewed by the committee. During the conference a spark from the fireplace caught fire to the camouflage net over the hut, and General Clark and his guests were forced to leave the hut while the fire was being extinguished. No serious damage was done. General Clark gave to all members of the committee an autographed copy of the "Advance on Rome 11 • After lunch the committee left the command post, and General Clark, with Generals Brann, Tate and Colonel Saltzman, left for his villa in Florence for dinner and the night. Following are the notes on the conference General Clark held with the Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Committee: "Admiral Richardson explained that three plans were under consideration for the reorganization of national defense, namely, organization with two departments, with three departments or with a singlE3 dep8rtment. The committee would like to hear General Clark's views on these plans and ask him a few questions. "General Clark stated that he f eels that there should be a single department with one man responsible f or all the armed forces. His main interest is that such an arrangem ent provide unity of command which would flow down to the lower echelons. Although unity of command exists in principle in this theater it is exercised only by the Supreme Commander. He apparently exercises little control over the Royal Navy. There have been several instances, chiefly during the Anzio operations, when the commander on the sp9t should have coJTJmanded both the naval and ground elements in that area. "General Clark stated that air cooperation with the Fifth Army had been excellent, because the Fifth Army has its 0 1:1111 air support unit. However, General Clark believes that the effectiveness of this support �would be improved if there was unity of command rather than cooperation. At the present time, for example, it is extremely important that Fifth Army receive more air sorties daily because of the critical shortage in artillery ammunition. There is a pull between making sorties available for close ground support and using them to cut communications in the rear. "General Clark closed these remarks by expressing the belief that with a central control and unity of command, operations would be improved. He realized the difficulties this system would present, but in general that is his belief. "When asked for his recommendations regarding an j_deal air-ground setup, Gen~ral Clark stated that he was in favor of an air support com• mand with an army which is prjmarily for the direct close-in support of the army. This air group should be under the operational control of the ground commander as an attached unit, not organic in the army. Should the a:ir be needed to support other operations, elements of the air support unit could be turned over temporarily for such operations. However, the air operations staff should ordinarily remain with the ground commander. General Clark stressed that his relations with General Cannon and General Chidlaw have bAen most favorable. There is a constant exchange of a:ir officers and ground combat officers so that each group will be familiar with the air and e,:-ouno problems. "The question arose as to how much of the air would be an integral part of the ground commander's forces, .and Genera1 Clark made it clear that he meant only to have as an integral part of the army the artillery liaison cub planes. General Clark believes that the tactical reconnaissance planes which are used for reconnaissance, photo coverage, and artillery spotting should be under operational control of the army ground commander. Under the system now employed in the Fifth Army area the Tac R squadrons, in effect, function under the operational control of the Fifth Army Commander. 11 It was pointed out by members of the committee that the recommended relationship of the air support unit is contrary to the doctrine published by the War Department but is based on actual experience in this war and appears to have worked. General Clark stated that the present system will work. All concerned have cooperated effectively to insure that it works. However, he stated that he still believes that it will be a more efficient system if the principle of command is substituted for cooperation, and that it should extend down to include the 11_ rmy. "On inquiry by the committee General Clark stated th1:t he believed that in a single department of national defense the Air should be an equal component to the Army and the Navy. Upon being asked his conception of the staff of the head of the armed forces in a single department, he said that he thought it should be generally small and tht:1.t there should be larger staffs for the Army, Navy and Air respectively. He recalled that in the March 1942 reorganization of the War Department an a.ttempt was made to place the larger staffs in the Ground Forces, Air Forces and SOS respectively, reducing the War Department General Staff. �"Admiral Richardson pointed out that under the proposed plan no assistant secretary was specifically assigned to the Army, Navy or Air, bu-'-, all were to be assigned to the single department as a whole. It was hoped that this would tend to make them all pull together. The U. s. Chiefs of Staff would be composed of the senior officers of the Army, Navy and Air respectively. The plan provided that they would present the budget directly to the President, in a body. If disagreement occurred the dissenting member would be able to present his views to the President in company with the others. In answer to a question from General Gruenther as to the position of the Secretary of the Armed Forces respecting the budget, Admiral Richardson explained that the President, as Commander-in-Chief would, under the plan, deal directly with hi8 military chiefs in this regard. "Upon inquiry General Clark stated that he believed that if the single department idea should prove unrcceptable the plan witb three departments would be rreferable to the plan with two, pointing out the present size of the air forces, and stated that he assumed the other two services would retain certain essential air elements. When asked the same question General Gruenther said that he preferred two departments to three, but was enthusiastically in favor of a single department. Admiral Richardson observed that today, although General Arnold is a. member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he is a subordinate of General Marshall's so that now our air power has not coordinate power with the ground and the sea in presenting things to the President. He mentioned that an objection which can be raised to the single department plan lies in the fact that it would give more power, responsibility and influence to one cabinet officer than to any of the others and would therefore tend to throw the cabinet out of balance. General Clark pointed out that in time of peace the Air has many planning and proparatory activities involving civilian aviation and would have a vast amount of work to do. "The subject of the use of marines to make the assault a.nd develop the beaches and then turn the operation over to ground troops was discussed and General Clark stated that he had not worked with marine forces but was of the opinion that this procedure was not desirable, as it takes too long to relieve units and there is the possibility of confusion on the beaches. "When asked whether the Army is capable of conducting the training and development of amphibious and airborne troops in time of peace, General Clark gave as an illustration the situation in North Africa in 1943 when, incident to the preparations for the Salerno landings, the question arose of who should command the amphibious training involved. Finally the Navy took it over after a species of joint operation of the training just prior to Salerno. He is inclined to think that the Navy should do it. Admiral Richardson stated th~t one distinguished witness before the committee had recommended a change in the role of the fleet ihrine Corps, so that the marines would make no effort to develop assault troops of the Army passing through them. The marines would handle landing craft training, and army units would be sent to them from time to time for training. �"Along this line, the question was raised as to whether or not the marines might not take over the duty of Rangers and Commandos. General Clark was of the opinion that this plan had many merits, explaining that he had had Rangers, Commandos and the 1st Special Service Force under his command, and althougb they had performed marvelously well with him they were too hard to maintain. Finding replacements for these units is a serious problem. They require an especiRlly high caliber type of soldier and sustain heavy losses due to their aggressiveness. "A committee member inquired whether General Clark agreed with the marines 1 contention that for the period of the assault of a beach more small arms and fewer vehicles are needed than in a normal army division. General Clark replied that more machine guns were desirable but could be arranged by the provision of extra ones for a particular operation, and that excess of vehicles had not been a worry to him as they had always been limited by the available craft. At Anzio he had sent in over 500 extra machine guns. "Admiral Richardson stated that the committee felt that initially the marine setup should be left as it is and be permitted to develop later. "Upon being asked by Admiral Richardson whether supply procuremP.nt should be unified or separate, General Clark said that it was a difficult job for one man and that it might be desirable to start out with one man doing the common items. General Gruenther agreed thnt this is as far as they should go. "Generals Clark and Gruenther in reply to a question stated that they thought the several services would be more apt to drift apart in peacetime under the two or three-department system than under the plan with a single department, and said that they thought a joint secretaryship and joint chief of staff, charged with coordination by law, would facilitate cooperation. On inquiry General Clark had no additional ideas to suggest for improving the single-department organization. When asked whether it would be desirable for the chief of staff to be responsible directly to the President on military matters concerning theaters and the home forces rather than reporting through the cabinet officer, General Clark said he thought it might be better for the armed forces but wondered whether the American people would like such an arrangement. Neither General Clark nor General Gruenther had additional suggP.stions concerning the three-Hepartment or two-department organization. "The question was put to General Clark as to whether the command relationships had been satisfactory on the amphibious flagships during the various landings in wh:i.ch he had participated. General Clark replied that in his experience the cooperation had been excell8nt but recommended that in the case of an amphibious landing the naval commander be in charge of orArations until the ivound com!lk~nder reaches shore and indicates his readiness to take over the command of the land operations. The ground commander would decide when he was ready to take over. As �an example General Clark cited the SalP-rno expedition, in which he had coordinate authority with Admiral Hewitt of the Navy and Air Chief Marshal Tedder of the Air. He felt that there should have b9en one commander. The first of fie er who had single command was General I:isenhower. To illustrate the need on that occasion of unity of command, General Clark mentioned the fact that he had had a floating reserve which the local naval commander (a British officer) caused to be unloaded while General Clark was in the process of determining where it could be landed with maximum effect. "In response to the query as to whether or not there was any trouble regarding loading arrangements prior to landings due to the dual control of operations, General Clark replied that instances had occurred where the Navy would refuse to load certain items required in the operation, and the first the Army Commander heard of it was when the material was already on the docks ready to load. This further illustrated the lack of coordjnation where the command is divided. As an example he mentioned a situation which arose at Oran just prior to the Salerno landings. Air fields were vital at the beginning of the landing and the air forces needed machinery, netting, bombs, ground personnel etc. The initial air lift was always an issue in the planning. The Navy refused to load bombs at Oran. A single responsible commander would work everything out ahead of time, making his decisions and taking his calculated risks. 11 Upon being asked whether he had 0A'Jlerienced any difficulties with communications resulting from lack of unity of command, General Clark said that he had not and stated that the command ships in amphibious operations had been excellently equipped; that their facilities had been his only means of communications at the beginning of landings, and that there had been no trouble. "Admiral Richa,rdson inquired whether there had been any cases of naval commanders being loath to take ships in close to shore for fear of their running agr01md. General Clark said that there had been no holding back of any kind at Salerno, but thA.t after the capture of Naples it was decided to make one or more amphibious landings in the form of close end runs. At this time the Navy turned down some of the projects for naval reasons, notably because of the hazards due to coast defense guns and mines. The Navy at this time was under British command. "There was discussion of the joint education and trainjng of personnel of the various branches of the service and of whether, for example, officers should spend six months training with another service; also of whether West Point and Annapolis students might spend a period of study at the other academy. General Clark approved the idea of the various branches of the service working together to better understand each other's problems and cited the Fifth Army policy of having Air Corps personnel working with front line units and infantry and artillery officers working with the Air Corps." General Clark today wrote the following letter to General Alexander regarding the ammunition situation in Fifth Army: �\51 11 1. On 11 Uovember I learned that the U.S. ammunition supply situation for all theaters is critical and will remain so for several months. Allotments to be made to Fifth Army for December and subsequent months for the most important types are listed below in rounds per gun per day: Jan, Feb. Mar, ~ 21* 15 17 43* 15 14 16 15 20 15 15 20 15 16 ~ 105mm Howitzer 155mm Howitzer 155mm Gun 9 * - Bulk arrives in theater after 20 December. 11 2. When Fifth Army discontinued the attack on 28 October, expenditures of the most critical typos of artillery amnnmition were reduced to the following quantities: Rounds per gun Rer day 105mm Howitzer 155mm Howitzer 155mm Gun 27 17.5 16.5 11 3. Upon receiving word of the critical ammunition situation throughout all theaters, I reduced Fifth Army allotments on November 12th to the following: Rounds per gun per day 105mm Howitzer 155mm Howitzer 155mm Gun 15 17.5 (no change) 9 11 4. My Corps artillery is very limited and, as you know, the 105mm howitzers of U.S. Divisions are only 1/2 the strength of the 25 pounders of the British Divisions. This reduction is a drastic cut and will affect adversely the morale of my troops, but I was obliged to put it into effect in order to save for my offensive operation. All runmunition in this theater has been allotted to Fifth Army, and there is no hope of securing more. There is no treater reserve. For that reason I have set up the following amounts of the most critical types as an army reserve to be held for emergency use only: Reserve 105 mm Howitzer 155mm Howitzer 155mm Gun 11 5. 200,000 45,000 9,500 By reducing the expenditure rates during the defensive phase �t58 to those enumerated in paragraph 3 above, and deducting -the emergency reserves enumerated in paragraph 4 above, there will be sufficient ammunition for an all out offensive by Fifth Army of 13 to 15 days. This estimate is based on a daily consumption rate slightly in excess of 25,000 rounds. It conforms to Fifth Army experience for offensive operations during the past 14 months. It does not allow for ammunition expenditures to repel enemy counterattacks during the defensive phase. "6. J have ma.de a thorough c;tudy of the enemy situa. tion on the Fifth Army front, including Ms strength, dispositions and probable intentions. I have considered the recent operations of Eighth Army as they have af'fected the sitm tion of Fifth Army. It is my esti ,..,ate that it is / improbable that a combined attack by Fifth and Eighth Armies will result 1 in the capture of BOLOGWA in a 13-15 day full scale attack. Upon completion of such an offensive it will be necessary to resume for several months the low rate of fire of approximately 15 rounds per gun per day for the 1O5rmn weapons. This reduced expenditure will preclude the continuation of the offensive. 11 7. I am bringing this matter to your attention in order that you may know of Fifth Army's reduced capabilities in view of the drastic curtailments in ammunition. I shall continue to give the matter my personal attention to determine whether or not further economies can be made in our ammunition expenditures." * * TRAVERSA--~OVEMBER 14, 1944--~oday the weather was cloudy with light rains. The General spent a quiet morning walking and resting. The Army CoPnnander lunched at the villa. At one o 1 clock General Bowman arrived with Lt. Col. Blackford. General Bowman, at General Clark's invitation, came to spend a few days at the villa to recuperate from his recent illness. General Clark inspected a mobile dentistry unit and had his teeth cleaned. G~nerals Gruenther, Tate, Bowman and Colonel Saltzman were guests of General Clark for dinner, after which they played cards. A brief summary of operations for the •veek ending November 14, 1944 is as f'ollmvs: Relief of 88th Division and elements of 85th Division by 1 Br~tish Division was completed. 34th Division was reljeved by 91st Division. New sectors of responsibility became effective and scheduled reliefs to rest areas were carried out. Positions along front were maintained and some advances on the right of 13 Corps were made to conform to those made 0y elements of 2 Polish Corps. Local improvements in positions i.n left sector were made by 92d Division. Contact with enemy was maintained along entire front hy active patrolling throughout period. ��ln°I TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 15, 1944--Snou began early this morning, but the : k ~ ~ cleared later in the afternoon. General Cla.rk left his villa at 0900, arriving at his command post at 1000 hours. At 1100 hours General Sousloparov, Russian Representative to the Allied Commission, arrived, accompanied by Lt. Col. Savco and Lt. Col. Lapkin. Th8y were greeted with an honor guard, after which General Sousloparov presented General Clark with the Russian Military Order of Suvarov, First Degree, the highest Russian military decoration. General Clark briefed GAneral Sousloparov and his party on the current Fifth Army situation, after which General Clark entertained Generals Tate, Brann, Howard and Colonel McMahon and his Russian guests for lunch in the hut. The party left at 1500 hours, and the General drove to his villa in Florence. Generals Gruenther, Brann, Tate and Bowman were guests for dinner and the night. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEl!BER 16, 1944--Tbe ""ather today was cloudy with inte~~ tent snow and rain showers. General Clark took off by L-5 from the . Florence cub strip for Montecatini where he larded on the autostrada. The General was met by Lt. Col. 'Elam, of the G-4 Section, Fifth Army, and driven to the para.de grounds where the Army Comman:'ler was greeted by Generals Bolte, Keyes, Crittenberger, Almond and Kendall. General Clark received honors of ruffles and flourishes and the General's March. The 1st Battalion of the 16~th Infantry was formed in a gm.rd of honor, as well as 135 officers and enlisted men of various Fifth Army units who were to be decorated, promoted and appointed by the Army Commander. After honors had been given the Army Commander, General Clark spoke briefly to the assembled group, commending the 1st Battalion of the 168th Infantry who were to receive the War Department Unit Citation for outstanding combat performance. The Army Command er also addressed the officers and men who were to be promoted, decorated and appointed to commissioned grades, expressing his deep appreciation of their fine service and how proud the Fifth Army was of the outstanding job these men have done. The Army Commander also explained the important part the Allied Armies in Italy were playing in the over-all picture, containing and cutting up twent:r eight of the Germans best dj_visions. After GAneral Clarkts few words, he decorated a.nd made combat appoi11.tments and promotions to the follow'i ng person 1el: From 2nd Lieutenant to 1st Lieutenant; Elizabeth J. Smith, Robert E. Bowker, Helen B. Zasedil, Jacqueline E. Samuels, Urho V. Harvinan, Al Gutterman, Edgar A. Lyon, John 'T'. Sugrue, Thomas H. Randall, Hal'ry B. Muske, George H. Moore, John F. Mihocik, Kenneth Jorjorian, Benjamin F. Graham, Roccard A. Ferrante, James A. Cochrane. 1 From 1st Lieutenant to Captain: From Captain to Major: Joseph W. Walton, Jr. Charles C. Siegling, Jose A. Andino. Appointed to 2nd Lieutenant: 1st Sgt. Alexander A. Szymanski, T/Sgt. Donald R. Sprow, T/Sgt. Dewitt H. French, 1st Sgt. Peter DeAugustine, �S/Sgt. Robert c. Osborne, 1st Sgt. Joseph F. Tucker, T/Sgt. V.verett M. Flanders, 1st Sgt. Joseph B. Bracy, T/Sgt. Wm. S. Hicks, T/Sgt. Jos. W. Fry, 1st Sgt. Gilbert Bootho, T/Sgt. Frank Whisonant, Sgt. Luther C. ,Tones, 1st Sgt. Frank J. Rodrigues, T/Sgt. Clarence E. Ripley, T/Sgt. Frank A. Drazkowski, Jr., T/Sg'",. Mnrtin L. Gnemi, T/Sgt. Haskell H. Hu~hes, s/Sgt. Stanley F. Dosey, s/sgt. Eugene A. Borg, T/Sgt. James E. Mc11anus, '1'/Sgt. Boydell Hoffman, S/Sgt. Frank E. Smith, S/Sgt. Chester Loss, '1'/Sgt. Hughes B. Bennett, Sgt. Lewis L. Millett. 'T'he Army Commander pinned the Air M8dal on Brigadier General Guy O. furtz, and the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Air Medal was pinned on 1st Lt. Ralph O. Oglesby, ?nd Lt. Walton C. Schoonover and 1st Lt. Earle I. Coleman. General Clark presented the Dist:inguished Service Cross to Fvt. Edwin Lemke, Ffc. Jack E. Green, S/Sgt. Walton C. Westfall, s/sgt. Sam McGowan, S/Sgt. Wm. H. Eastland, T/Sgt. Herman Ledford, Capt. Wm. B. Fulton, Capt. James M. Doyle, Maj. Thomas L. Cussrms and Col. Gustav J. Braun. The Legion of Herit was pinned by General Clark on Col. Henry S. Blesse, Col. Kenneth F. Ernst, Col. Lewis W. Kirlanan, Col. FrRnk Y. Lef!ver, Col. Lee R. PiArce, Col. George 'T'. 1'food, Lt. Col. Caleb J. King, Jr., ~"/Sgt. Pete G. Cl8rk, T/Sgt. Harold 1:i . Branum, T/Sgt. Whitney W. Frost, T/5 Harold C. Brmwart. Genere.l Clark also pj nned the Silver Star on Capt. Francis J. Kenyon, Capt. Ian F. Turner, 1st Lt. James R. Blount, Capt. Cleo W. Buxton, Capt. Alvin T. Colbus, 1st Lt. James E. Henderson, 1st Lt. Irving B. Fesetzky, :?nd Lt. John F. Mihocik, 1st Sgt. Thomas E. Zukauskas, T/Sgt. Robert D. Wt:1.goner, S/Sgt. Ralph D. Baker, S/Sgt. John H. Czuk, S/Sgt. Lealen R. Martin, S/Sgt. Sa1vatore G. Viselli, s/sgt. Vade G. Cash, Sgt. Chester S. Gutkowski, Sgt. raul N. Kemmler, Sgt. John W. King, Sgt. BenJamin F. Lambeth, Sist. James D. Susalia, Ffc. Er1ward Shadd, Cpl. Murcilio Juiz Finto, Sgt. James R. De~ton, Ffc. Clarence E. Dickinson, Ffc. Joe H. Hoogerheide, f Pc. Joseph Pucek, Fvt. G. Vf . Bulkin, Fvt. Robert D. Gerstenecker. 'T'he Oak Leaf Clw:;ter to the Silver Star was awarded to T/5 Louis L. Schafer and Staff Serget:mt Douglas M. Dickerson. General ClArk presented the Bronze Star to IV!aj. Arthur R. Schmidt, Maj. John M. Walker, Capt. John L. Kay, 1st Lt. Ralph H. :Major, 1st Lt. Ravmo'1d Arriza'l-ialagB. Jr., ?nd Lt. Cunningham C. Bryant, T /5 John F. Flahive, rr/5 Andrew J. Gi:rolami, Fvt. Edward Jaeger, 1st Lt. Cora i1. Foster, Capt. Brmani Airosa DaSilva, Cpl. J'1etro Re, Ffc. John S. Downer, Maj. Harris J. North. The General also pinned the streamers on the guidons of the 1st Battalion of the 168th In"'antry and presented them with the War Department Unit citation. After the ceremony Gent"lra 1 Clark gave a luncheon at Montecatini for �for approximately 100 officers and enlisted men who had been decorated, appointed and promoted. General Clark sroke briefly to the luncheon guests, telling them that he had rmde arrangements for all of them to spend three days at Montecatini before returning to their units. After lunch General Clark, with Generals Gruenther and Brann, drove to the air strip on the autostrada where they took off in L-5 1 s for Florence. General Bolte and Colonel Braun, with Colonel Wood and General Bowman, dined at the villa, and General Clark and Colonel Saltzman dined at the Hotel Anglo-American. * * TRA.VERSA--~10VEMBER 17, 1944--The General spent a quiet day at the villa. In the evening the General dined out with General Brann. * * * ~RAVERSA--ijOVEMBER 18, 1944--The weather was clear today with scattered clouds. The Army Commander left the villa at 0930, arriving at his command post at quarter of eleven. At 111~5 Genert1.ls Harding, Clark, Gruenther and Lemnitzer conferred for about an hour. Generals Harding r-md Lemnitzer had lunch with General Gruenther. Mr. H. V. Kaltenborn arrived at 1230 and was briefed by General ClHrk in the hut and remained for lunch. The General spent the ~fternoon in his van, conferr,ng w:ith Generals Keyes and Crane, Artillery Officer of AFHQ. In the evening the General dined with the regular memb~rs of his mess and after dj nner played bridge w:i th General Gruenther, Colonel Eberh.<ird and Colonel McCall. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 19, 1944--'l'he weather today remained clear with scattered clouds. 'l'he General spent the day in his van conferring with various members of his staff and working on administrative matters. In the morning General Cllll'k was interviewed by Sergeant Derry And Sergeant Scott of Yank Magazine. The General spent the remainder of the afternoon in his van and dined wi.th the regular members of his staff mess. General Clark today sent the following letter to General McNarney regard:i.ng the Fifth Army situation: "Received your letter of Novemb,~r 11th and aprrecinte the efforts you have made to secure additional heavy artillery for Fifth Army. I hope later on you can /:t ~t some 240 howitzors. We need them badly. �"I am thoroughly f-amiliar with the o.mmunition supply and appreciate that if 11ny effort is to be made later on, oonservations must be made now. To that end we have been firing approximately ten rounds per gun daily of 105mm and m.11 continue to do so until we attack . I can fire no less . If 105mm ammunition arrives as per schedule, and holding out a minimum reserve, I can attack for from thirteen to fifteen days and might, with luck, be a'hle to go on for four or f'ive days longer without touching the reserve . "I had a long conference with Harding yesterday. I have been worried, as I indicated in my letter of Novemb~r 5th, concerning :Sighth Army activity. They seem to be coming up slowly, and I do not know what shape they will be in to launch an offensive in early December. I get indications that they will not be ready quite a-t that time . However , we will see the results of their forthcoming attack and then be able to make better plans . I am most anxious to attack on Bologna in conjunction with Eighth Army. I feel their attack in the valley should precede mine, and my wallop should be turned loose at the a-r,propriate moment. I am meeting with Alexander and McCreery in a few days, at which time we can better work out the timing . The main thing is to get an agreement that both armies will attack with all their might. r am delighted that you are getting the loth Mountain Division for Fifth Army. I think the arrangements you ho.ve made are fine . We can give them the additional trainin~, and they will be better off motorized than all mule . 0 "Am also pleased with yonr efforts to obtain special critical items of equipment which we need . With what is schr~dul 1'od to come and with some minor improvisations, we will get along nicely. "Received your letter with regard to errors in reporting men "missing in action" . Am F;etting all the dope and will reply shortly. "All your asJista.nts have been most helpful . we are delighted to have them. Many have heen up, and "Will be glad to see you any time, and I will keep you posted as to the timing of the attack and my plans . I run trying to work it out so that I will have some continuity to my attack, for it will be a tough one . In the meantime, will start my attack with the Brazilians for limited ob,iectives which will help the big push later. 11 co:~ '!'RAVERSA--N~MBER 20 , 1944• -~he "eat:er today was rainy and Gene- \ ral Clark saw Colonel Johnson and Colonel Gray of the Jui:Ige~e ' s Office and 8,lso saw Major General Rooks, Deputy Chief of Staff, AFHQ, with whom he conferred for half an hour . After lunch Generals Clark and Brann drove to 13 Corps at Scarperia where they conferred with General Kirkman . The General then drove to his villa in Florence, stopping enroute at ��,q liovember 23rd . Jtf Following personal Mai~ !:'i~ t , from Prime :,.:inister to General Mark Clark . It gives me the greatest pleasure to te11 you that the ?resident and his military advisors regard it as a compliment that d . ,1 . Government should wish to have you command the 15th Group of armies under General ALEXf':NDBR, who becomes supreme commander owing to the appointment of Genera 1 VITI.SON to succeed Sir JOHN DILL in WASHINGTON . I am sure we could not be placing our troops, who form the large majority of your command., in better hands, and that your friendship, of which you told me, with Gen eral ALEXA1DSR will at once smooth and propel the course of operations . When I saw General EISKifHO'JER last week at his headquarters I spoke to hi;n about TRUSCOTT succeeding you in the conuand of the 5th Army . He promised to release him if in due conrse he is approached by the U.S . aut~,ori ties . I expect this will be agreeable to you and General ALEXti..NDER specially desires it. Every good 1,vish in your new command . We have the utmost confidence in you and in the goodwill which has alwa ys guided your conduct with your Bri tj_sh comrades and Allies . Time of origin 231800 receipt- 232325 Decode - 240020 �I will be deeply honored to command the 15th Army Group . I fully realize the responsibility this assignment entails and the compliment ll . ,.; . Government has paid me in 9onsenting to place your glorious Eighth Army under my command . Please rest assured that its welfare vrl.11 be carefully guarded . I ar.1 proud to continue my happy association with Generals Alexander and :cCreery . 15th Army Group 1vill be eager to resume the all-out attack at an early date in order to destroy the Cerman armies here a~d prevent tmr intervening in battles in the East and "lest . Please accept my great appreciation for the confidence you have always placed in me . �the 24th General Hospital to see Colonel McMahon, G-1 of the Fiftb Army, and Colonel Roberts, AG, MI'OUSA, who hr-i.d been injured in a motor accident this morning. General ClF1rk entertained at his villa Colonels Smith, Nygaard, W alker and General Bowman for dinner. The Army Commander r etired early in the evening. * * ,,,RAVERSA--NOVEMBER 21, 1944--The weath"'r today was fine. The General remained in bed this morning with a head cold. Major Brandt of the 15th Evacuation Hospital, ear, nose a,nd throat specialist, came to attend the Army Commander. General Sullivan and Colonel Bruce came for dinner. General Clark today received the cover plan for the attack, scheduled for the first week in December, from AAI. A summary of operations for the week ending November 21, 1944 is as follows: Some small gains were made as patrols continued active operation, defensive positions were maintained and enemy efforts to penetrate our front lines repulsed. Reliefs proceeded according to schedule and units in the rear continued a program rest reha,bilitation and further training concurrent with the absorption of new replacements. * * TRAVERSA--WOVEMBER 22, 1944--The weather today was cloudy. The General's cold was much improved today, but he was advised by Colonel Bruce and Major Brandt to stay in. General Brann came to see General Clark this morning and also General Hume, who has just returned from France. General ClRrk lunched at the villa with General Brann and his aide and rested in t he afternoon. General Gruenther arrived At 1700. General Cle.rk gave a small dinner with Generals Gruenther and Brann and three sr,uests. The Army Commander rl"ltired shortly after dinner. * * TRAVERSA--NO'\IEMBER 23, 1944--'T'he weather today wa,s rainy. Genera,ls Gruenther and Brann spent the morning conferring with General Clark. General Clark, with Gen , rals Gruenther and Brann and his aide, lunched at , the Anglo-American Hotel. Generals Clark e,nd Gruenther after lunch drove to the command post at ~raversa. This evening General Clark gav~ a Thanksgiving dinner at which the following were present: General Howard, Lt. Col. Iorter, Major Houston, Captain Crawford, Lieutenant Bajenow and Lieutenant Berenson. After �dinner the General retired early 'n the evening. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVE:tv'IBE:11. 24, 1944--The weather today was drizzling and rainy.) The General spent the day working on papers and conferring with membe~s of his staff. After lunch Gen~rlll. ClRrk jnterviewed ten field grade offfoers who had just arrived from the United States to be assigned as replaceMent battalion commanders. · Gimerals Brann and 'T'Bte came for dinner, and after dinner General Clark played carrls wjth Generals ':'ate, Brann, Gruenther and his aide. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 25, 1944--The weather today 1ms rainy. This morning Brigadier General John M. Greeley, Office of Coordinator of InterAmerican Affairs, who had just arrived from the States, called to s~e General Clark. General Kirkman and Brigadier Archibald, G-Ops of 13 Corps, camP- to confer with General Clark and stayed for lunch. General Chidlaw called to see the Army Co1'!1r:1ander this aft~rnoon. The General left for his villa in Florence at 1600 hours. Generals Gruenther, Bra.nn and 'T'ate dined with the General and after dinner play"'d cards. * * * TRAVERSA--N()VEMBER 26, 19/"4,--Today it was raining. The Army Commander spent the early part of the morning at his villa, conferring wUh Generl'l.J s Gruenth""r and Bra'1!1. In the early hours Colonel La.due, Chief of Staff of IV Corps, came to report to the Army Commar:rler concerning a repulsed attack of th~ ~nd Battalion of the 370th Infantry, 92nd Division. At 1145 hours General Clark attended a conference held by the ComTl'\ander-in-Chief, Allied Armies in Italy, General Alexander, flt the Florence CoMmand. The following officers atten0ed the conference: Gen~rals Alexander, Harding, Lemnitzer and Robertson of .l\AI; Gen~rals Clark, Gruenther, Brann and TR.te and Brigadier Divers of Fifth Army; General McCreery and Brigadier Floyd of Eighth Army; Generals Cannon and Chidlaw of the XII Air Force; A:ir Vice Marshal Dickson of the Desert Air Force. Following is the gist of Gimeral Clark' s comments at th is conference: "The Fifth Army will be r8ady to launch its attack by 7 December. Never has the Fifth Ar-rrJY been faced wi.th a more difficult ta.sk than that presented by the coming a+,tack. Enemy strength on the front o~ the Fifth Army is proportionately i;;reater than ev('l)r before. He has excellent roads which give him great flexibility and permits him mov~ng reserves to meet any threatened ar('l)a. Bis units are well up in strength, �rested and in as good condition for battle as my own. The Fifth Army has ammunition for a 15 day all out attack, and it is possible that the p~rjod may be extended about three days by the arrival of additional ammunition due approximately 20 December. I am ready and willing to launch this at.tack and will throw every man that I hav"' into the battle in the hope of capturin~ BOLOG!IA. nwhen asked whether 13 Corps should operate under Fifth Army or Eighth Army in the coming offensive, General Clark replied: 'In my opinion 13 Corps must continue to operate under Fifth Army. It is true that the operations on the right flank of 13 Corps are cl0sely allied with the operations of Eighth Army, but logistical reasons, such as the necessity for Fifth Army to furnish 13 Corps U.S. transportation and U.S. 'Enginc,ers in order that the divisions in the Mount GRANDE area be maintained, it is desirable that no change in command be made. I run / ready and will:ng that 13 Corps do ev~rything within its capabil1ties to assist the ~dvance of Elf;hth Army and will direct that Ge11eral Kirkman comnunicate direct with General T-flcCreery on the arrangement of details for operations to assist Eighth Army. I hope tha.t in a later stage of the operation I shall be 11bln to use rart of 13 Corps to assist the advance of the II Corps.' "The Gimeral was aske<l for comments concerning air support for the com1n~ offensive and stated: tit I nMd all air thtit I can possibly ~et for this coming event. By that, I mean "'ightr,r bomber attacks, Medium attacks and heavy attacks to begin possibly one day before the offensive -ls launched and to continue throu~hout the period of the attack. We h~ve prepared an air program for the initial attacks of the first two or three days and will continue to search for suitable targets for continuous air support. In this coming attack I consirler that the air is our only great Emperiority and that it must oe used to its maximum carabilities. I have notice<l that in France they are using as many as 1,200 heavy bombers to precede an assault in that theater and desire that the same t;vpe of air support be given Fifth Army in this offensive.' "Gimeral Cannon commented th~t the fi ~hter bombers and medium bombers would be mare available and that he anticipated no trouble in getting the heavies if proper targets could be produced. He further st~ted that the air was ready at ruiy time to support the o-f'fensive whenever the ground troops were prepnred to follow up the bombardment. Gen(",ral Clark stated that his troops were always reacy to follow up the bombardment and would do so in the comin~ offensive. "General McCreery Mncurred with General Clark. It wAs mandatory thi:i.t this of'fensiv~ be supported by the maximum air effort a'1d thnt, in his opinion, the air should not be too selective in the selection of targets because in many instances targets which did not appear to mAet all the requirements <lemanred by the Air on air photos were, in fact, quite sui tR.ble targets when examined on the ground. 11 �After +,he conference General Clark gave a luncheon for Generr-1 Alexander and fifteen of the off'ic"'rs who attended the meeting at the An~lo-Am~rican Fotl'!l. Just bef'or"'l lunch, Air ir-tce Marshal Dickson, before the assembled ~roup of officers, prAsP,nted the DFC to Lieutenant Jones, Co-Filot of General Clark 1 s C-47. General CltITk af'ter lunch bade goodbye to General Alexander nnd other officers anc returned to his villa. General ClPrk dined in Florence with General Brmin this evening. General Clark today wrote General McWarney as follows with regard to battle casualty reports: "I have received and given cnreful study to your letter of 13 ~-rovember regarding corrections of battle casualty reports of men initially reported as mi1sing in action. !'I fully realize the seriousness of the requirements of speed and accuracy where battle Cc'\Sual ty reports a:re concerned, ann appreciate our responsibility to next of kin. As you know, successful action has been taken in the Fifth Army in recent months to improve the general efficiency of our battle casualty reporting. I run undertaking at once to improve the situation mentioned in your letter. "In accordance with your instructions, tl1is problem has been discussed with each of my division commanders, who have been directed to discuss it peirsonally with their subordinates along indic::ited lines. Jn pc,dition, my G-1 and Adjutant Gen~ral have <liscussed the problem extensively wit}; division staff officers and regimental commanders, in an attempt to disclose the fundamental elements of the problem and to develop remedies. Small unit commanders will he impressed vri th the seriousness of corrections in this type of report nnd will impress upon their men the unfortun.Ate results which flow from their unauthorized absences. Stops will be taken to locate more promptly indivic~uals who become separated from their units during combat. In addition, ,,.,e a.re studying actively practical means of improving the general orientation of rP-placements before they actually go into combat, as it is belie.ved that straggling and AWOL is not infrequently due to new men not having had proper opportunity to become sufficiently a.cquainted with and known by their units and leaders. "Achievement of accuracy in the report-ing of men who are missing in action is, to some extent, oomplicated by a conflict of the needs for speed and accuracy. Units have been disposed to submit these reports soon after the c"isappearance of the indivinu.al, not only to insure that the casualty report is forwarded promptly, but also to be able to obtain quickly replacements of men actually lost to the enemy. The solution to the problem appears to lie not only in improving the initial dia~nosis of absence, as between actual missing-in-action cases on the one hand and m~m who are stragglers or who have gone AWOL on the other hand, but also in adopting measures which will reduce the number of ille~itimat~ absences. �nr have given instructions that battle casualty reports of men believed, but not confirmed, missing in action will not, in the future, be submitted by combat units until nine days after their disappearance, as it is believed that a considerable number of corrections will be obviated thereby." * * TRAVERSA--ijOVEMBER 27, 1944--The weather today was fair with clouds scattered over the sky in the early morning. This morning BBC prematurely announced the news of General Clark's new assignment as Commander of the 15th Army Group and of General Alexander's appointment as Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater, and General Wilson's appointment as British Military R~presentative with the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washington to replace Field Marshal Sir John Dill. General Clark returned to a very excited headquarters this morning. At lunch today Gen~ral Clark told Genc~ral Gruenther that his new headquarters would be a tactical rather than an adm::1ni_stra.tive set-up and that General Alexander had agreed that the biggest part of Eighth Army administration would go directly to AFHQ rather than clear through the new 15th Army Group Headquarters. The General also stated that he would probably move the headquarters from Siena to Florence. Th:ts afternoon the G~neral entertained members of his staff at a movie and also showed the Battle of San Pietro film. Misses Moen and Berney, Fifth Army Red Cross girls, came to supper. The General retired early this evening. General Clark today sent Field Marshal Alexander the following cable: RN 6897. "I express to you my most hearty congratulations on your richly deserved promotion to Field Marshal. It has been a privilege for me to serve under your command here in Italy for more than a year now, a...~d nothing could give me greater pleasure than to see this fine recognition of your outstanding ability. I wish you continued success in your nevr and more important undertakings. I am happy and proud to continue under your command in my new assignment." * * * TRAVERSA--ijOVEMBER 28, 1944--The weather is clearing today. At 1000 hours a guard of honor was held for General Bencivenga and 14 Italian officers and men who had come from Rome to be decorated by the Army Comm:mder. General Clark decorated General Bencivenga with the Legion of Merit, Degree of Commande~, with a citation from the President of the United States. General Clark also spoke br:iefly as follows: "Welcome to the Fifth Army. I am glad to have you at my headquarters today and to have this decoration ceremony where, in the name of the j �110 Pres~ dent of the United States, American decorations for ~ritorious service in direct support of Allied operations and for valorous conduct on the field of battle \"lill be conferred on Italian personnel. "The knowledge thrit this ceremony has taken place this morning will give little consolation to our hated German enemy 'l'tlo will realize the collaboration and close cooperation which exists betwn,en the Allied Armies in Italy and the Italian Armed ForcM. "General Bencivenga: You and your assocfa tes assioted rreterially th"' Allied Forces in the battle for Rome and :in our occupation of your great cj ty. Your continued increasing assistance will help to bring the complete defeat of the Gl'lrmans in Italy and bring the peace which the Allied world deserves. "I want to take this opportunity to express my apprec:iFtion to General Cortese, Commander of the ?10th Itali~n Infantry Division which has been with the Fifth Army for some time. His comma.no has assisted the Fifth Army materially jn our advance to the north. 0 we will now read the citations." General Bencivenga responded as follows: "General, gentlemen, "You will excuse me if, owing to my lim:ited knowledge of your language, I am not able to tell you in person the feelin~s of myself and of my collaborators. "My speaker will be my former executive who possesses, to the highest degree, the qualities of a ~allant patriot and of a fine diplomat, your friond Colonel Count Della Rocca. "I am an old soldier, on whom the Goddess fortune hns frequently bestowed honours and awards. But I will tell you frankly thtit never before have I known greater happin1'ss and pride. Pride, because this high award, graciously bestowed upon me by your great President, is handed to me by you, Gen~ral, the gallant and genial leader whose name is lmown throughout the world for having preserved with brilliant tactics, the City of Rome a patrimony of mankind, from the horrors of the struggle a.nd from final il.estruction. ttHappiness, because by these awards and b;,r this memorable military ceremony you have given us a testimony of your feelings toward us, the feelings of comrades - in - arms, representing a ne~ step towards a full alliance and towards the closest cooperation in the war e-f'+>ort. "To you, General, and to your valiant troops we express our greetings: We know that you will lead your "'P..mous Fifth Army a.s well as all the warriors of your new high command to new victories, and that new laurels will be added to the ma.ny battle honours you have already achi,.,ved. �11 I "Good luck to you, Sir and to your gallant soldiers in this epic struegle; good luck to all those who are engaged in this historic fight for the ideals of freedom and democracy." After the ceremony General Clro-k entertained General Bencivenga and the oth-.r officers in his conferen(!-, hut, serving them cof:ee, sandwiches and drinks. The party left 3t 1100 hours. General McUarney and his aide arriven. by car at noon. Gen•'lrals Clark ::ind McNarney conferred for an hour before lunch. After lunch the Army Commander, with General Mci{arney, drove' to the II Corps Headquarters in the vicinity of Pietramala where they met and conferred with General K~yes. They then drove to the 34th Division command post in the vicinity of Loiano where they met and talk~d to General Bolte for about a half hour. Generals Clark and McNarney returned by jeep to General Clark's command post, arriving at 1730 hours. Upon entering the command post, a JU87 flew cHrectly overhead and dropped on~ bomb in the Heac,quarters Company area, wounding several ana killing one Italian civilian. Several bombs also fell along Route 65 adjacent to the commann post. Before djnner General Clark dfacussed with Genf:'!ral McNarney the question of soldiers marrying Italian civilians. The Army Commander told General MclJarney that he felt strongly, and has dictated thE'\ policy wi.thin his Army, that American soldiers should not marry civilians. General McNarney agreed with General Clark and said tha.t he would issue a theater order on this point. The Army Commander entertained General McNarney ford.inner, and after dinner G~nerals Clark, McNarney and Gruenther an0 Major Elliman, General McNarney1 s aide, played bridge. AAI Operation Order No. 4 was issued today and reads as follows: INFORMATION 11 1. 'T'he Enemy cont1nues to contest every inch of the ground, and although he could shorten his front considerably by w-i.thdrawing his left flank to the VAIJ..I DI crr,JA.CHIO, he shows no signs of doing so except under heavy pressure, much less of carrying out any g~n~ral withdrawal voluntarily, though plans and preparations for sucli action have probably been completed. "2. It is appreciated that the enemy will continue to carry out a fighting withdrawal with his left wing until he has been farced back to the position he has selected as his main line of defence connecting his present positions south east o+> BOLOGNA and the VALLI DI CQr'!Iv'!ACHIO; that thereafter he will give battle with all his available r~sources in the hope that he will be able to wear down our offensive in those positions, and so retain his hold on BOLOGNA. "3. As regards our mm troops Eighth Army have sufficient resources to continue o+'fensive operations for another 1 - 4 weeks according to the :J.ntensity of the fighting. Fifth Army will be ready to resume the offensive after 7 Dec, but their offensive capabilities will be limited to about 15 days intensive fighting. INTE"r:t'ION 11 4. To afford the greatest possible support to the Allied winter �t7 2 offensives on the Western and Eastern fronts by bringing the enemy to battle, there~y compelling him to employ in ITALY manpower and resources which might otherwise be available for use on the other fronts. ME,,,HOD "5. Eighth Army will:(a) Continue their present operations to drive the enemy west of the SANTERNO, and SP.cure bridgeheads over that river; and th!'.!reafter (b) Develop their main thrust on the general axis IMOLA BUDRIO; with a subsidiary thrust on FERRARA by ARGENTA, if the condition of the ground on that axis is found to be favourable. The date on which operations we stwards from the SANTERNO are to begin will be left to the discretion of Commander Eighth Army. Hq. AAI and Fifth Army \"ill be given as much notice as practicable of the date selected. 11 6. Fifth Army will:(a) (b) 11 7. Develop operations on their right flank to assist Eighth Army1 s Advance to the SANTF.'R.NO and subsequent thrust on BUDRIO. °'tailed arrangements for th~se op~rations will be made by direct liaison between Eighth Army and 13 Corps, Fifth Army being kept fully informed. Plan and prt'!pa.re their main thrust on BOLOGNA by the axis of Route 65. This operation to be ready to be launched on order of C-in-C, AAI at three days notice from 7 Dec 1944. Conditions for attack. In view of the limited o~fensive capabilities of both e.rmies it is particularly important that all attacks are launched unner the most favourable conditions possible at this time of the year. Full account will there.fore be taken of the condition of the ground And the weather, and no attacks will be launched unless the ground and weather conditions are favourable. "~. Air Support. Fifth and Eighth Annies will continu~ to be supported by XXII T.A.C. and D.A.F. respectively as heretofore. In addition C.G. M.A.T.A.F. has agreed to arrange a0ditional support by medium bombers, and if necessary heavy bombers as well, when the armies nre actuAlly attacking and the targets are suitable. Annies will continue to submit their requests for air support of all natures to their respective support~ng Air Force, and will also notify Hq. AAI of any special requests. In cases of conflicting requirements· priorities will be decided 1)y crrc, AAI. A•--,,_,,·.- ,tvi\-~~- . . •. .. ' �t73 Amrri:rrs"'RA,,,IVE .ARRA ~JGEM'r.:'J'l's "9. The instructions contained in this order involve no change in existing administrative arrangements. IN'1':SRCOMrlU'!\TICA'T'!QN "10. Hq. MI will remain in its present location until the new 15 Army Group Hq. has been forrred and is in a position to undertake the day to day conduct of the battle. 11 A brief summary of operations for the week ending November 2R, 1944 is as follows: During this period the relief and novement of 85th and 91st DiviAion to rear rest nreas was completed, their sectors being taken over by the 88th, 34th and 1st Armored Divisio~s. Advances were made in the 8 Indian Division sector to conform to advances of Eighth Army units on the right flank. Limited objective attacks by TF 45 were partially successful but resistance was sti~f on the right of the sector. Active patrols maintained contact with the enemy across the entire ~rant. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 29, 1944--General McNarney left after breakfast this morning. General Clark was interviewed by Mr. William King of the Associated press and later by Mr. Dawso:1, ~ditor of -:he Johannesburg Times, and Hr. Decock. At 1130 the Army Commander held a conference of' his corps commanders, General Keyes, G:meral Crittenberger and General Kirkman. Also present were Generals Gruenther, Almond, Brann, Tate, Brigadiers Divers and Archibald, G-Ops 13 Corps, and Colonel Ladue, Chief of Staff of IV Corps. After the conference General Clark entertained these officers for lunch. Before leaving for Florence this afternoon, GonerRl Clark saw Major General Mccoach, EnginP-er Officer of AFHQ, and General Bowman, after which General Clark and Colonel Saltzman drove to the villa in Florence. Generals Gruenther and Almond dined and spent the night at the villa with General Clark. The General plaJP.)d cards in the evening and retired early. Notes on the conference held today are as follows: The Army Commander stated thPt he wished to discuss the ground plans for the forthcoming attack; that the air was not represented at this meeting because plans for the air were not yet complete but would be developed in the near future. 11 "He said that th'3 prospect of the offensive being planned was as difficult as anything yet undertaken in the Italian campaign. He has had comparisons made of previous o:P'rations, including Salerno, Anzio and others, from the standpoint of enemy strength, terrain, etc., and �that this appeared to be the toughest task yet attempted . 11 Both the Eighth Army and the Fifth Army will make all-out attacks . Commanders must think in terms of going as far as maxinrum use of available means will permit . The mission of both armies is to keep as many German Divisions as possible here in Italy end to effect the maximum destruction on these enemy forces . "D-~ is 7 December . 'l'he attac1< will not be launched unless we get a spell of fine weather. The timing problem in the operation rather resembles the one experienced at Anzio; i.e ., a decision will lave to be made as events develop as to the most favorable moment to launch successive phases of the offensive . This offensive will consist of a series of impulses from east to west with the Eighth Army assisted by the 13 Corps opening up, followed by the II Corps attack. "Corps commanders must take strong steps to conserve ammunition. Beginning with 7 December the American troops have available ?7,500 rounds per day of 105 ammunition. There will be 200,000 rounds in reserve and 116,000 rounds at the ports . The Army Commarrler believes that he will consequently have about 20 days' supply available. Brigadier Divers confirmed that the British forces in Fifth Army will have about three weeks' supply. The Army Commander mentioned that the 34th Division has had some success in salvaging ammunition. "As to the scheme of maneuver the Army Commander Eighth Army will start the attack on 30 November or 1 Canad jan Corps, the }Jew Zealanders, the 46th Division line . This is to be a vjgorous attack which is hoped Eighth Army to the Imola area . He has offered to the possible assistance from the 13 Corps along the Imola is desired . stated that the December with the ancl the Poles in to bring the Eighth Army all axis as soon as it 1 "General Kirkman described :in some < etail his contemplated operations in support of the Eighth Army, to start about 2 December. Parts of the 7'1th , 6th Armored aml 8th Jndian Divisions will be used. "General Cl~rk pointed out that Pfter the Eighth Army attack gets under way means will 11 sought for the best use of th~ 13 Corps to aid e the Bighth or Fifth Army. "The Army CoITlil1a.nder stated that it has been agreed th~t the attack will be made on three days 1 notice . ttHe stated that the II Corps attack will be preceded and accompanied by considerable air support and that the CG XII Air Force he.s told hjm that he hopes to be able to furnish 500 f:ighter-bomber sorties per day. "In the II Corps attack a C.T . of the 92d Division will be brought over to aid the II Corps; it will be unoer the 8~h Division and take over a defensive sector . "The first phase of the II Corps attack will fovolve a lim7ted �objective attack by B8th Division. General Clark pointed out that there is to be no prearranged stopping between phases but that all units are to go as fast as possible. One C.T. of the 8~th Division will be held in reserve for any use the Army Commander may wjsh. He described the first objectives of the 34th, 91st, 1st Armored and 6th South African Armored Divisions and stated that simultaneously the Brazilians will make an attack to their northeast. "General Keyes expanded the details of employment of his units. He stated that instructions have been given for conservation of ammunition and stressed the need of air support. 11 The Army Commander instructed the commanders present to take special pains to have all their subordinate commanders talce positive action to combat a feeling of futility on the part of troops who may f0el that this is a tforgotten theater'. There must be impressed on all personnel the extreme importance of our present mission of oontaining and destroying German forces which might otherwise face the Allies on other fronts. He used~ football simile, comparing our forces here to guards and tackles who enable backs to score. "General Ori ttenberger presented the present situation and the plans for TIT Corps stating that the IV Corps operations would involve three phases. The first phase, now in progress, incluiles securing of the Belvedere-Costello ridge which must be occupied in order to secure communications and to open up the operations contemplated for the South African division. He mentioned that the last battalion of the Brazilian Division comes in tomorrow and that General Mascarenhes ,vill thereafter assume responsibility for an indicated sector. The Brazilian attack which began this morning is progressing. The second phase to begin on J December involves an attack in difficult terrain for the Brazilians. In the third, the South African division will attempt to secure the Sole featurA by D-Day. ttGeneral Brann queried General Keyes about timing and was told that IT Corps estimates that it will be eight days from the jump-off until the first objective line is secured. 1tGeneral Tate staterl that rockets and 10,000 rounds of ammunition will be available for the operations. "On -inquiry as to the status of' 48 25 -pounders of Italien artillery, General Brann stated that a conference on the subject is being held today. "General Howard said that indications are that the enemy will hold tenaciously a.nd perhaps bring in additional troops, mentioning that the 71st Division may be brought down from the north wher~ it has b en resting. 11 The Army Command er mentioned that he would like if possible, in later phases of op~rations, to move the 92d Division farther to the east to make an attack of its ovm in oome sector. He said that ·'n these operations re proposes to make any adjustments of any kind which he �thinks might favorably affect the battle. "Relative to air support General Clark said that air efforts must be closely coordinated between the Fifth am Eighth Armies. Activities to locate good air targets have been in progress for oome time and certain targets will be given the XII Air Forc,, at once. Medium bombers as well as fighter bombers will be available as well as heavies if necessary. "General Kirkman asked for the services of Rover Joe before the II Corps attack and was told that they would be furnished ~nasmuch as practicable. "General Almond was told that the C.T. of the 92d Division which will aid II Corps should be ready to move as soon as possible but that it should not show up in its new area ahead of time for security reasons. "The Army Comman::1.er said that a confjrming O.I. will be issmd covering the operations. The Operations Instructions (#36) referred to above was issued today and is quoted below: 1. Since the beginning of the operations of Allied Armies in Italy, the mission has been to destroy the enemy forces in this theater.· That mission remains unchanged, but in addition, it is imperatlve at this time that operations be executed irunedia tll!ly to engage the enemy forces to prevent the withdrawal of any IE,rt of these forces to strengthen the German 0efenses against the major Allied offensives on both the Vlestern and Eastern fronts in Europe. 11 2. Eighth Army continues its attack generally NW along Route 9. If weather conditions ar~ reasonably favorable, it is estimated that it will reach the SAH'lT,RNO River about 7 December. 11 "3. On or about 7 December, exact date to be determined by the advance of Eighth Army and predicted weather conditions, Bighth Army and Fifth Army will la.unch a major offensive to capture BOLOG'iA. 11 4. Fifth Army operations will be divided into phases as follows: a. Ihase I - Objectives. PhRse line and bou:rrlary, see overlay. b. Phase II - See overlay "'or directio11 of principle efforts of Corps. Phase lines and objectives later. c. Phase DI - The objective of this phase will be the capture of IDLOONA. Details of execution will be issued later. �"5. 13 Corps will: a. Assist the advance of Eighth Army as follows: (1) As soon a.s possible launch an attack astride the CASTEL del RIO - IMOLA Road directed on IMOLA. (2) After the attack on IMOLA has been launched b" prepti.red on Army orders to launch an attack generally astrico the S. CL~MENTE CASTF.L S. PIE~RO Road directed on CASTEL S. PIETRO. b. Capture objectives sho1m on overlay. c. Maintain close contact with Eiehth Arn.y. tion between 13 Corps and Eighth Army is authorized. d. Direct communica- Protect right flank of Fifth Army. 6. II Corps will: a. Capture objectives sho.vn on overlay. b. Initially hold 35th Division in reserve. c. Hold one infantry regiment 88th Division in reserve; not to be employed until released by this Headquarters. d. 7. Haintain contact with 13 Corps. IT Corps will: a. Capture objectives shovm on overlay. b. Maintain contact with II Corps. "8. 92d Division (less one ROT) will: a. 1'19.intain pressure against enemy forces in its sector. b. Maintain contact with IT Corps." * * * 'T'RAVERSA-•N'OVE:MBER JO, 19/44--The weather today was rainy. Generals Clark and Gruenther left the Florence cub strip by L-5 at 0845 for Pistoia., arriving at 0900. The Army Commander was met by his frickard and jeep and drove to IT Corps headquarters where he was met by General Grittenberger who orient~d him and General Gruenther on the current situation. Gen~ral Clark, with General Crittenberger in his jeep, drove to inspect a battalion of the BEF about to go into the line. Here he was met by Generals Jbscarenhas and Zenobia and General GrAeley. General Clark reviewed the troops an<l shook hands with many of the o"ficers and men. Th~ Gen -,ral commented to · General r;Jasca.renhas on the light clothing 'l)eing worn by these troops. General Mascarenhas explained that they had �come from Brazil without the proper warm clothing. G~r, l'lrDl Clnrk immedf diat,.,.ly ordered combat jackets, winter underwear and shoe picks be issued to all Brazilian troops and to be delivered to th~m tomorrow. General Clark w· th G"mt'!ral Mascarenhas and party then drove to an OF, but unfortunately the terrain could not be observed due to the heavy fog. The party was met by Colonel commanding Task Force 45. The Colonel explained his situation to General Clark, pointing out on a map the location of his troops and their activities. Returning from the OP to the Brazilian headquarters, General Clark stopped to inspect tanks of the 751st T,mk Batta.lion now being used as artillery in support of the Brazilians and Task Force 45. General ClPrk shook hands and talked to many of the men, telling them of the fine support and the important part they were playing ·n the big picture. Generals Clark, Gruenth~r and Crjttenberger were th~n PntertainP-d at lunch by General Nascarenha.s at the 73EF Headquarters. After lunch General Clark, with GenerRl Mascarenhns, visited another Brazilian OP where the General had a good view of Mount Belvedere and the vicinity. General Hascarenhtis pointed out on the ground his next plan of attack on Mount Belvedere. General Clark made suggestions to him and encouraged him in his mission •• The General then drove to inspect Brazilian units, returning to IV Corps Artillery Hea,?.quart~rs where he was met by General Crane and Brigadier Haunsel, Commanding the 6?nd AA Brigade attached to IT Corps, and several artillery staff officers. The General had a warm drink, bade goodbye to General Crittenberger and members of his staff and drove with General Gruenther to Fistoia where he and General Gruenther took off by L-5 for Florence. General Clark entertained Grmerals Gru~ntht"lr, Brann, Mr. and Mrs. Charini and Mrs. Sartori for dinner. * * * ~RAVBRSA--DEqEMBER 1, 1944--The General spent a quiet day at the villa. Colonel Johnson, JAG, called on the General to discuss several outstanding court martial cases. The G~neral lunched with his aide at the Hotel Anglo-American. This evening the General spent a few minutes at a party given by G-3 at a villa in Florence. * * TRAVF.RSA--DECBMBER 2, 1944--General Clark left the villa at Aleven o 1 clock, arriving for lunch at his command post. Afte};:_ lunch the G·m eral conferred with Generals Keyes, Gruenth~r am :rrann. At 1700 hours the Army Comrnarrler drove back to his villa in Florence and this evening gave a buffet supper for forty members of his staff on the occasion of the Anny-Navy football grure. General Coulter, Commanding General of the 8 5th D1v1s1on, and G · · · eneral Livesay, Conmanding �119 General of the 91st Division, spent the night at the General's villa. * * * 'T'RAVERSA--DE0EMBER 3, 1944--This r.iorning the Army Conm,ander was to have flown from Florence to Rone in General Cannon's C-47 but due to heavy fog in the Florene~ area the General, with his P,Uests Colonels Grogan, Smith, 1rygaard and Saltzman, Captain and Mrs. '3avary, drove to Siena. At 1100 hours the General and his party took off from Malignano Airport, arriving l'!.t the Littoria airport jn Rome at 1230. Alexander Kirk, American Ambassador to Italy, and Bri'5~dier G~n"ral T. K. Brown, Cornrm.nding the Rome Area, met the Army Comrna.nder at the airfield and drove with him to the Hotel Excelsior. Major John Boettiger lunched with the Arrny Commander ,md conferred with him privately for an hour. Major Boettiger, son-in-lA.w of the President, n.elivered to General ClPrk a personal verbR.l messrge frorn the Cor.imnder-in-Chief of his appreciation and the apprecir"l.tion of the ATJ1erican J'!'!Ople for t he outstanding accomplishments of General CL-'lrk and his Fifth Army in ItR.ly. At 1700 Mr. rnyron C. Taylor, l !"!r sonal Repre srmta ti v"' of the Fre sident of the Tfnited States of A~ri~a to m.s Holiness the Pope, and Mrs. Taylor gave a tea in honor of General Clark. During the tea General Clark told the Brazilin.n Ambassador that he hRd issued to the Brazilian troops warm winter clothing. The Ambassador expressed his deep thanks but explained to General Clark that he was r.iost indignant at the shortsightecsnese of soMebody i n Braz:i 1 not having this equipment for Br~zili~n troops before they cane overseas. He told the Army Conmvmder he would make an issue of this with his goverMent at home. General c1~.rk told the Ambassador that he did not wish Mn to do this; thPt the troops were now well taken care of by the Fifth Array and to forget the issue. The AMbassador promised that he would. This evening General Clark was entertained by Arnbassador Kirk for dinner at the }alazzo Barberini. Sir Noel Charles, British Ambassador, and many distinguished lsllests were present. * * * TRAVSRSA--DF.:CEMBER 4, 1944--At 1100 hours this morning Gen~ral C:18rk was int-.rviewed by TTi,. Durrance of TIME and LIFE Magazines on his MW appoint, ment as Co"T!manding G1'n~ral, 15th Army Group. At 1200 hours Adllliral Morse flew in from Leghorn to call on Grm"'ral Clark. The G~ne·ral spent a half hour conferring privately with Admiral Morse. Admiral Morse offert'ld any assistance he could possibly render Gen~ral CL..,rk :in his new f'.ss:1gnrnent. The Generl"l said that he might call on Admiral rlorse for craft to help cross the Po when the time crune. In addition, he asked the Admiral if the Navy had any guns with ammunition which were mobile and could be used as artillery. Admiral Morse said he would look into it and advise. Ambassador and Mrs. Taylor entertained General Clark n~d Prince Hntberto f'or luncheon. �After lunch, the General was interviewed by Herbert Matthews of the NEVf YORK 'T'!r-l!P,S and ln ter by Reynolds Packard of' the UF. General Clark gave a small dinner this evening with Colonel Saltzman, Frincess Colonna, l'larchese f"arconi a.'1d her brother and child. * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMBER 5, 1944--This morning Gen11Jral Clark went shopping and bought Ann two angora sweaters and a pair of gloves and also visited the fa:mous jeweler, Bulgari, who showed General Clark through his shop and displayed for him his ~ost precious jewels. General Clark with Colonel Saltznan, Harches"'l Marconi and Princess Colonna made a short ~ight-seeing tour of the cjty. General Clark wn.s entertained at lunch at the Villa Medici by Genere.l A gui,rd of honor was held for General Clark upon his arrival. After lunch Gen-,r8.l de Couteulx de Gaumont and the French A"b!'tssador, Mr. Henri Coure de Hurville, walked through the gardens of the "iTilla. Medici, during which time the band played in honor of the Generel, de Couteulx de Cn.unont. At 1700 General Clark, Colonel Salt zmnn n.nd his aide called on General Souslopnrov at his villa. 'T'he Gll!nereJ. told Gl"'lneral So-qsloparov that in his capacity as Commander of the 15th Army Group he would do everything possible to contain the German divisions on his front, "Vhich he hoped would greatly assist the !llagnificent nussian arl:l.i-'S in their drive through the Balkans, as well as Gen~ral Eisenhmrer on the we::,tern front. The G~neral also mentioned that he was most anxious to M~et ood excha.nge ideas w:ith the Russian Commander commanding the troops in the Balkans. General Sousloparov said that it could be arranged at any tine. General Clark explained to General Sousloparov briefly his plan of operations in the m~ediate future. General Clark gave a sma.11 dinner this evening with the members of his staff who accompanied him on his trip; namely, Colonel Smith, Lt. Col. Nygaard, General HU111e, Colonel Saltzman and Colonel Grogan. A brief summRr7 of operations for the wee:< ending December 5, 1944 is as follows: Good advances continued on the right of 13 Corps sector and limited \ gains were made in the Corps sector by Brazilian troops. Heavy enemy: counterattacks on the left flnnk of 13 Corrs res11lted in tl•e loss of M. CAS':'ELLARO and forct'!ld a withdrawal from M. B"'";LVEDERE in the center of IV Corps sector. Otherwise defensive positions were maintained and aggressive patz:ollin~ continued. Resting of combat troops was completed and regrouping for future offensive operations was in progress. rr * * * TRAVT1tSA--DECEMBER 6, 1944--General Clark telephoned Mr. Taylor and Ambassador }(irk this morning to thank them. f'or their kindness to him while in �IZ( Rome . He then drove to Champiano airport where he took off by General Hune and Hr . Van Lear ·woodward of the U. s. Conmercial who is visiting the war fronts . Due to heavy fog and rains in Florence arl'!a , the Array Conmander was forced down in Siena and Florence , arriving at one o'clock . B- 25 with Council the drove to He lunched at th~ Angl o- American Hotel end after lunch went to the villa. . At six o 1 cl ock General Sir J"aitlnnd Wilson, Surreme Allied Commander , Uer'iiterranean , the Governor of Gibraltar and Brigadier Gort arrived at the Anglo-Araerican Hotel and conferred with G~..neral ClRrk for two hours . The Gen•ral din~o qui~ tly tonight ~t the villa with Col onels Saltzman and Smith and two guest~ . BBC today announced that Lt . Gen . Lucian K. Truscott would take over the coI!Ulla.nd of the Fifth Army upon the departure of Gen . Clark to take up his duties ~s Command i ng Generttl of the 15th Amy Group . * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMBER 7 , 1944- -The General left the villa this morning at 0930 , arriving at his conunand post at 1030. The Army Commander conferred this morning with General Berardi , Chief of Staff of the Italian Army. After lunch Mr . and TJ!rs . Tompkins, Regional Directors of the Red Cross , 12..nd Mr . Stevens of t~ Fifth Army Red Cross carne to see G neral Clark. Mr . Woodward came in this eveninE; to say goodbye to General Clark before his departure ~rom the Italian theater . General mruscott arrived in Florence this afternoon and called Gene ral Clark to say that he would arrive at the Fifth Army command post toJllorrow . * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMBER 8 , 1941+--'::'he weather today \ms rA.iny and misty. Gene ral Clark and General Brann droYe by jeep to the Headquarters of the 6th South African Armored Division where they were r.:et ·,y Generals Poole and Crittenberger . General Clark , with Generals Foole and Crittenberger , • drove to an OP from which they could clearly observe riount Sole , the immedfate objective of the 6th South African Division. Thl'l party then drove to the cornrnand post of th, 24th Guards Brigade where Genrral ClArk was introduced to Brigadier P . D. =:rskine and ne nbers of his staff and had a cup of -':.ea . General Clark spoke briefly to t:1e officers eX} laining to them tl,e important role that the 6th South African Armored Division was playing in the over- all pictur..,. The General \Vi th General Poole then drove to the command post of the 12th Brigade where he net i3rigac1ier R. J . Palmer and rn.1'mbers of his staff and talked to them briefly. He th•~m drove to a battalion command post for six miles over a road which was completely under enemy observation where h,, could observe Mount Sole from a.11 possible angJes of approach . �At the battalion headqilllrters General ClP.rk spoke brif'lfly to tl•e officers, encouraging them on th~ir next mission. The Army Commander was then "'ntertained at lunch at the lieadquartcrs of the 6th South African Armored Division. Before lunch General Clark promoted Lt. Col. Clark, Cot'l!!l8.nding Officer of the 1108 Enginner Combat Group to the grac~e of full colonel. General Clark also presented Generru. }oole with a carbine. After lunch the G"'neral drove, with General Poole, to the rear headquart"'rs of the 6th South African Arnored Division in Castiglione, where General Clark met Brigadier Thurstenberg, Cor,~anding the 11th Brigade, and several of his staff officers. After this General Clark departed for his headquarters by jeep and as a bridge had been washed out over the short route, the Army CoJ1Ul'l8.nder was forced to take a three-hour detour in r:eavy rain and fog, arriv·ing at his cormand post at 1830 hours. Upon his return Gen"'ral Clark met GenerM Truscott who had just arrived at his headquarters. Gen~rals Truscott and Carleton were guests of the Ar~y Commander for dinner. * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMBER 9, 1944--The weather today \"f1=1S cloudy. General Clark conferred with General "'rus cott over maps in the hut during most of the morning. Genernl Chidlaw, with Colonel Wise, his Operations Officer, carse to confer with Gen,1rals Clark 1md Truscott. At 1030 hours Gen~ral Theron, GOG Administration Union Defense Force, called on General Cla.rk and conferred for a~out half an hour. After lunch Gemra.l 7an Deusen, of the Signal Corps, called with Gen"ral rv:oran to see General 01.."l.rk. At 16oO hours the Aray Conmander drove to his villa in Florence and had Generals Gruenther, Brann, Lewis and Bradshaw. for dinner and cards. * * * TRAVERSA--DECE!,1BER 10, 1944--The weather today was fine and clear. The Giimeral ,.,ent to see Colonel McMahon at the 24th General Hospital, after which he walked with his aide for two and a half hours around Florence, sight-seeing nnd looking in shops. The G1'nertl lunched a.t the Anglo-American Hotel with Colonel Smith and his aide. He spent a. quiet afternoon and h~.d three guests for dinner. * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMBER 11, 1944--General Clark left his villa this morning at 0900 hours, arriving at his headquarters at 1000 hours. This morning General Clark prol'ioted Colonel Duff, Assis ta.nt Divisional Corarmn< er of the 10th Mountain Division, to the grade of Brigadier General. �l8 3 At 1200 hours Air Minister of Brazil, Mr. Salgado, and a pRrty consisting of Brigadier Aplmar Mascarenhas, Major Genfll>ral Wooten and five other officers arrived. A guard of honor was held for the Air Minister, after which General Clark briefed the Air Minister on the current situation a.nd entertained he and his party at a buffet lunch at which the Ch:a's of Sections of the Arny Corafflander 1 s Headquarters were present. In the h.te afternoon the General drove to his villa in Florence where he spent the night. General Clark today sent the following cable to General Mascarenhas, Comna.nder of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force: "Best wishes for success in tor.101Tow' s operations. Have every conf idence that good leadership and the fighting qualities of the Brazilian troops will carry ob.jecti ves. 11 General Clark also today sent the following cable to General Alexander regarding the food situation in Italy: 11 Since exchange of telegrams regarding civilian food si tua.tion in Fifth Army area ending with yours undated Reference #CAO 341, there has been virtually no inprovement. The ration is still 200 grams of bread per day per person supplemented by 600 grar11s per :month of flour for spaghetti or the equivalent. Besides this AMG has been distributing 250 grl-ln!s of dehydrated soup and 400 grams of dried peas per month but only in cities of 50,000 or more. However telegram froa ALCOM #6898 date<l 23 November orders that there be no distribution of these la.st items during December except occasionally in newly occupied villages. This insufficient amount of food will not support a normal individua.l. Chronic undernourishment is givlng rise to unrest. There have been recent demonstrations demanding a minimUJA of 300 grams daily per person. That amount is now being distributed -i n the south of Italy, a fact well known to the public in the Fifth Army area.. The Italian. press be. s widely quoted a Washington dispatch dated 3 November that President Roosevelt had given instructions that Italians throughout liberated Italy receive at least 300 grB.11.s of bread per persqn per day. I am infol;'nted that the continued failure to provide adequate food is likely to cause militarily serious unrest particularly as the weather grows increasingly cold. The whole sitW1.tion is much aggravated by the acute shortage of transportation. It is appreciated that SAC MED has made specific recormendations to Con.bined Chiefs of Staff to obtain necessary minimum ration. Inforlllation is requested as to the prospects of finding n,.eans of providing .300 grams of bread daily per person. 11 * TRAVERSA--DECElffiER 12, 1944--General Clark lw.d a meeting at the AngloAmerican Hotel at which the following were present: Gener~.l Harding, General Mccreery, General --::'ruscott, Brigadier Flo;yd, Genl'!ral Gruenther a.nd General Br~..nn. After the meeting the General lunched at his villa and drove back to the command post at Traversa. The Gen~ral dined with General Truscott and retired early in the evening. �A brief summary of operations for the week ending December 12, 1944 is as follows: Some gains continued to be made on the right of 13 Corps sector as forward positions in other sectors were rna7ntained, enemy counterattacks and aJ,tempts to infiltrate were frustrated, training was continued in rear areas as plan.red reliefs and resting of front l:ine troops Wl'Jre also accomplished. Local attacks comrn~nced as the ]:)'riod ended. * * * TRAVERSA--DECEMRER 13, 1944--General Clark deµi,rted from his command post by jeep early this morning to make a farewell Will' of the II Corps area before relinquishing command of the Fifth Anny. The General first stopped at the S~th Division Headquarters where he spoke briefly with Gen~ral Kenda,11, Division Commru1der, and members of his headquarters staff and presented a Distinguished Service Cross to a member of the division. From. the 88th Division the General drove to the command post of the 91st Division where he presented two Silver Sta.rs, four Legion of Merits and coamissioned an enlisted man in the grade of 2nd Lieutenant before saying goodbye to the Division Commarrler, Generru. Livesey, and 111embers of his staff. From the 91st Division the Army Comma:rrler proceeded to the command post of the 34th Division where he lunched with Gen~ral Bolte and members of his staff. Following lunch the Arny Corn.rtander presented seven decorations to members of the 34th Division before taking off for the 1st Armored Division. At the 1st Armored Division command post General ral Pritchard, Division Commander, a:rrl members of his one Distinguished Service Cross and one Silver Star. also coaaissioned two men of the 1st Armored Division 2nd Lieutenant. CJ.ark spoke with Genestaff and presented The Army Commander to the rank of Moving along to II Corps Headquarters, General C].p,rk was greeted by Maj. Gen. Keyes, Corps Comm.arrler, who he presented vr.i. th a Bronze Star. The Army Comm,:mder took this occasion to make a few remarks to Gen(")rnl Keyes and his assembled staff officers, thanking them for the fine cooperation they had given Amy Headquarters during th-3 entire period that they had been with Fifth Army, congratulating them on the succe§s they- had achieved time and again j_n taking objectives assigned them and finally expressing his regret at leaving Fifth Arny but indicating the satisfaction he would feel in still having the Fifth Army with him in his new command. The General departed from the II Corps coriuM.nd post and headed for his command post, stopping at the 8th EvacU:~tion Hospital on the way back to say goodbye to Col. Kirkman and Lt. Col. Blackford. The Army Commander had dinner with the regular members of his mess and retired early in the eve · �General Ma.scarenhas today iITote General Cl:-i.rk as follows: 11 It seems appropriate to me in the delicate situation through which we are now passing, to get in touch with my illustrious chief, in order to focalize certain special aspects of the action of the Brazilian s~peditionary Force on ItaliP.n soil. nAs a commander and above all as a soldier, I will carry out, at whatever sacrifice it may cost, all the orders emanating from rny superiors, allies and friends. "But the situation of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, as you well know, involves a political problem, of the gr("!atest inter~st to the present and future constant and friendly relntions beb 1een our countries. Under these conditions, if missions were given us, thnt were in a certain sense precipitate, which might bring about a premature expenditure of our forces, it might, p~rhaps, bring about a situation prejudical to the political aspect of our activities. \ "We wish to be employed, and we must fight for the common ideals of our countries, but with our eyes upon tomorrow, for our continent, and upon the Peace Conference. "These are the considerations which have brought me to write you these lines, ronfident in the esteem and confidence in 11,rhich I hold your decisions. "Certain that you will understand my position, I am. 11 * * * TRAiffiRSA--DECEMBER 14, 1944--General Cle.rk rlep:."-l.rted early tr is morning by jeep to make a last trip to 13 Corps before taking over command of lSth Army Group. He arrived at 13 Corps Headquarters at 0900 and was met by General Kirkman, 13 Corps Commander. After talkiiig for a short while with the Corps Com:mander, General Clrir·k departe0 with General Kirkman for the 1st British Division where they w,,re met by Maj. Gen. Lcewen, Division Conmander. General Clark spoke to Gen. Loewen and several of his sta.ff off·' cers, e:xpressing hi::1 regret at leaving Fifth A-.rmy, thanking them for their fine cooperation and congratulating them on the succ~sses th~y had achieved in the past and which he was sure they would continue to gain. Before leaving the Divisional oorm.and post, General Clark presented Gen. Loewen with the gift of a carbine. Generals Ciark and Kirkman departed for the 78th British Division and upon their arrival were rll'Jt by ri!aj. Gen. Arbuthnot, the Division Cornrn.ander. The Army Commander also spoke to the members of the division staff and presented Gen. Arbuthnot with a carbine before departing for the 6th British Armored Division. �General Clark had lunch at the 6th British Armored Division with Maj. Gen. Murray, Division Comma.mer, and after lunch talked hriefly to members of the staff and presented Gen. Murray with a cnrbine suitably inscribed. Just before departing for his own headquarters, GenAral Clark presented General Kirkman with a carbine also. General Clark then drove back to his oomman<l post at Trav'3rsa where he spent the remainder of the afternoon and early evening working on administrative matters. The Army Commander dined with the regular members of his mess and retired early in the evening. General Clark today wrote the following letter to General McNarney on the subject of the 92nd Infantry Division: n1. It appears appropriate at this time to submit a report of impressions which have been obtained to date of the battle efficiency of the 92nd Infantry Division during the period in wti ich it hP_s been in combat in Fifth Army. The approxirre.te lengths of combat service of the division1 s regiments to date are: 370th Infantry Regiment, three and onehalf months; 371st Infantry Regiment, one month; 365th Infantry Regiment, twenty days. "2. Given the fact that the various elements of the di vision have been going through their first period of actual combat, they have performed excellently in supply and administrative rra tters end in such tactical operations as do not require sustained demonstration of' initiative and aggressiveness on the parts of junior leaders and of the rank and file. In these latter aspects of combat certain sho:ctcomings have arpearfld which will bear close observation in the ::'uture oporRtions of the division. "3. '!'he ma,jority of the junior of'ficers of the di vision have -~ailed so far to show the <legree of leadership, init:iP tive, responsibility a.nd aggressiveness which is requisite if infa~try units are to achieve their objectives in offensive combat ngainst determjned opposition. SimJlarly the majority of non-commissjoned officers have appeared un~ble, due to the same nefici'mcies, to lead their men successfully under fire in the absence of forceful officer leadership. 11 4. Enlisted men of the division m ve exhibited more nervousness and less aggressive will to fight in the face of danger than do white soldiers in comparable circumstances. These cioaracteristics af'fect adversely their ability to conduct successful patrolling activities, and in particular to hold ground against counterattack after they have taken it. They appear in many instances to be lacking the mutual oonfidence a.nd team-consciousness which is essential to successful offensive com- bat. "5. The division commatrler and his senior subordinntes have found that it is necessary, in order to induce vigorous team action, for them to lead and supervise their troops much more in detail than is normally the case. Experience so far has shown that unless the men are under the immediate control and guidance of effective leaders they are apt to shrink �187 from danger and to fall away from their units as they close with the enemy. The more flagrant cases are malingerers who, in several instances, have been found to have hidden rather than go forward. In the period between 2 October and 18 November there were fifty cases in the division which requi.r8d general court martial action for offenses involving misbehavior before the enemy. In this connection it .is of interest to note the experience of one of the Division's infantry battalions in an attack on 24 November. This attack was made over moderately difficult mountainous terrain with open sloping hillsides and comparatively good roo.ds and trails. The battalion entered the attack with 411 enlisted men in three rifle companies. Twenty-four hours later there were 70 enlisted men left available for duty in the three rifle companies comblned. During this one-day period the casualties of the three rifle companies consisted of one killed, fifty-nine wounded and four exhaustion cases. By 1530 hours on the afternoon of the 25th there were left a. total of approxi mately five officers and twelve enlisted men in the three rifle oompanies. Three wounded passed through the battalion aid station on 25 Povember and three on 26 November. The total wounrl.ed for the three dnys was ®5, including 2 officers. This battalion entered this engagement well equipped and 1Jriefed and appropriately supported by artillery. A report by the Inspector Gen,::,ral of IV Corps, from which the data given above are taken, indicates that investigation disclosed a lac1c of desire on the part of this personnel to advance under artillery or small arms fire or to close with the enemy. 11 (fu. 7. This division received mitted to battle. It had a long careful indoctrination, and each relatively quiet sector. I feel no handicaps. 0 excellent preparation before being comtraining r,eriod, O)mplete equipment and unit has been init:ia ted to combat in a that the div:ision entered combat under 8. It is appreciated that the division's combat experience is s till so brief that impressions gained thus far are not conclusive, and that the division has still to demonstrate its combat value. This is necessarily in the nature of a preliminary report. The Division Commander, General Almond, is very alive to the capabilities and cha.racteristics of his personnel, and is working continuously to improve the leadership, training and performance of his unit. It is my intention to give the division increasing opportunity to assume combat responsibility and to demonstrate its ability to carry a full load in offensive operations. A further report on this subject will be submitted on the basis of future experience." 11 Major Walters, General Clark1 s personal representative with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force,today submitted the following report on the recent action of the Brazilians: "The recent attack of the 1st Brazilian Division against Mount Castello in the Reno Valley was thrmm back by the Germans, as were the two previous ones. During this attack, I observed it both from the Division command post and Vat'ious observation posts. Like the two rcr:-evious attacks, it seemed almost to have achieved success when suddenly the attacking troops fell back to the line of departure. In the latter stages of the �183 attack, I was in the divisional command post and carefully followed the messages coming in, which gave no hint of any strong Gernan reaction until the Germans put down their artillery and mortar barrage. "The Brazilian attack seems to have been r'riven off almost entirely by mortar and artillery fire. During all tho ti m I was in the obsere vation posts I heard no German machine gun fire, while ours was plainly audible. The reserve battalion vras not ey,.gaged, inasmuch as General Zenobio stated that he could only have gotten into a position to act at about two o 1 clock, which would have made it difficult to secure any definite result starting from the line of departure again before darkness. The attack originally scheduled to start an hour before dawn e ctually got under way very shortly before dmm. "The signal communications during the latter stages of the attack apparently did not function as well as might be desired, and t here were frequent long gaps with no inforl1'f!tion. 11This attack, with some variations, was almost a carbon copy, with regard to the result, of the previous attacks, with the exception that in this attack there were four battalions in the attack; two in the attacking echelon, one in local reserve and one in division reserve. ""'he failure of these attacks seems to be due to a variety of causes: 1. The junior officers do not seem to be able to hold their men together under mortar and artillery fire. 11 11 2. Orders not to withdraw are not obeyed. General Zenobio told me he had refused permission to the battalion commanders to withdraw, but that the withdrawal had been carried out any\Vay. 3. It is my impression that there exists a psychological feeling of inferiority in the Brazilian soldier with regard to the Geroo ns . 11 "4. In spite of having been in training for many months prior to embarkation, these men do not appear to have hD.d more than basic training and do not appear to know how to use Arrerican weapons to the best advantage . "5. In the previous attacks the troops arriv~d on the position at night and attacked the following morning without hav:1ng had a chence to familiarize themselves with the terrain nor even to have a hot meal prior to the jumping off. This was also the first occasion these troops have been in combat . 11 6. The difficult climatic conditions - much colder than anything known in Brazil - appears to have an adverse affect on the morale of the troops. 11 7 . The Division Cornrnarrler does not appear equipped for the position which he holds. He is very mercurial in character, passing from \ I \ ) �periods of great optimism to moods of great depression. Arter the previous failures, he, in my opin5on, had already lost faith in his troops and was beaten before he started the attack. Th5B lack of confidence on the part of the Division Commarrler is transmitted down through the junior officers, and to me the similarity of the Division command post on the eve of the attack to an undertaking µi.rlor was striking. ns. One of the basic reasons for the failure to remedy other defects is that it ap:r;ears to be an accepted custom for a junior officer or non-commissioned officer who fails to carry out a task or mission assigned to him, to present a long sDries of alibis and excuses which are listened to by his superior, and a prolonged discussion then follows. I have heard lieutenants interrupt full colonels to make excuses. After the failure of the attack of December 12th I heard the battalion commanders giving excuses to General Zenobia, Commarrler of the attacking group. I heard General Zenobia giving excuses to General MascareILhas, and the three Brazilian Gen ,rals then went to IV Corps Headquarters where they proceeded to give the Corps Commander a series of excuses. "9. Verbal rebuke seems to be almost the only accepted form of punishment for failure to comply with orders, and there is great reluctance to relieve officers of their command - especially officers of field grade. 11 10. The Brazilians, as a whole, do not auparently yet have a correct perspective on cor.ibat. lOq~ losses seem exceptionally heavy to them. "On the evening of December 12th General Mascarenhas and General Zenobia and General Cordeiro went to IV Gorps oomrmnd poot to see General Crittenberger. They explained that the failure of the attack was due to the intense mortar, artillery and machine gun f:ire of the GC;!rtmns from weapons deeply dug in on Mount Castello in positions that could not be neutralized by the artillery they had. General Crittenberger then asked General T:Tascarenhas if he could attack again on the following day, and the three Generals emphaticaJ_ly said that they oould not. General Crittenberger then asked when they could attack, and General Nascarenhas said that his division would not be any better than it had been on the eve of Mount Castello. Genera;L Mascarenh~s f1nally stated th8t he did not believe there was any offensive capacity left in his division. The Commanding General, IV Corps, then asked General Ua.scarenhas whether he would not rather consult with his staff officers and check on the condition of his troops before committing himself to this definitely. General Mascarenhas said that it was not necessary and that he could state that with his present front and means, his division was not capable of any further offensive action. The Commanding General, IV Corps, then requested the Commanding Gernral of the 1st Brazilian Division to give him his suggestion as to the employment of his division, which General Mascarenhas promised to do on the following day , after consulting with his staff. "On December 13th Gemral Mascarenhas called me into his office and stated that he was now going to trust me with the grave responsibility, as Genernl. Clark's representative, of conveying to him the situation of �l4o ~ 'V"J the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. By implication he admitted that he did not think his troops were capable of much in the way of offensive action . He said his di vision ~ nfantry was nearly a thousand men under strength and that if the division was 'annihilated' it would be a disaster not onl:, for Brazil but for the TJni ted State'3 . He said he h,=id no complaints against General Crittenberger , who as a Corps Cow.marrler had used his division properly from a strictly military point of view . However , his division was of greater political and military importance . He said to me , 1 You know we crune over here for victory and prestige, rather than to be cut to pieces'. He stated he lmew how difficult it was for the Allied Commarrler, due to the shortage of troops in Italy. He stated that the German propaganda regarding t.he Brazilian Exped~tionary Force had had such a disturbing effect that the President of Brazil had sent a special emissary to see him. He stated tl-iat if the Brazilians lost prestige or were disgraced in Italy this might provoke Argentine aggression against T3razil. Fe stated that Brazil, if it were to lose military prestige, would be a useless ally to the United States at the peace table and that a disastrous crunpaign for the Rrazi lien Exred ·'tionary Force would be so much fuel for the campaign of those anti-American elements in Brazil seeking to draw that country away from the United States . He stated that he felt sure that General Clark u.rn erstood the political importance of the 1razilian Expeditionary Force and requested me to convey his appeal to General Clark that the Brazilian Division be so used that it not have any repetition of the previous failures and, :lf possible , in a quiet sector and that if this were done for some time and he was able to rebuild the morale of his troops and get in his replacerrBnts, he felt sure that the Division would eventually be able to take its share of o~fensive action. I)" "To quote General T-1!$scarenhas: t We are in a training course here in Italy, and the course is going too fast . If the course vrnre a little slower and less arduous, I run sure rve would learn more by the end of it'. "General Mascarenhas req'llf:! sted that I speak to General Clark in the greatest confidence, as he knew that the Army Commaro.er was a friend of Brazil and would understand the serious position in which the Brazilians found themselves." * * * TRAVERSA--DECEtffiER 15, 1944--At 1000 ho1lrs GenerPl Cl~rk drove to the headquarters of the ~5th Division where he decorated And promoted several officers and men. 'f'he General made a short farewell speech to General Coulter and hj s staff on his departure to 15th Army Group. After the ceremony the General returned to hjs command post. In the afternoon the Gen9ral had pictures taken with his chiefs of sections on the occasion of his cleperture today for 15th Army Group. He then decorated and promoted approximately 100 members of Fifth Army Headquarters staff. The General spoke to the assembled officers and men of the headquarters telling how p;rntified ann rroud he was to hrive hnd the opportunity to comm,md such a wonderful team as the Fifth Army. After the ceremony the General drove to Florence and spent the night at his villa. ~ \ \ ��SIENA--DECEMBF:R 16, 1944--General Clark f'lew to Siena this morning w i t 9 General Gruenther to open his new 15th Army Group headquarters which officially opened today ?.t noon . General Clark was met by General McNarney and a guard of honor was held for the new Army Group Commander. After visjting Ms office, W"8ti ng members of the staff, the General drove to the Comm~d:ing G e n e r a ] . ! . . . s _ _ ~ from Siena, for lunch, after which he flew back to Florence, landine on the Florence rjrport. There he met and greeted the House Military Affairs Committee who arrived in C-47 1 s from Rome. General Clar1< was introduced to all members of the psrt:,r, spoke to them hr'efly tellinr, them that he would take them on a tour of the front tomorrow. The Generrl then returned to his villa in Florence and had as his dinner guests General Sullivan and Colonel Saltzman. General Clark today sent the following memorandum to Gen. Truscott: "1. As soon as J have had A.n opportunity to deterrrine the ac'lministrati ve procedure which should be followed in the 15th Army Group I shall send you a letter covering the matter in more detail. Pending receipt of this communication I desire thnt the following mP.tters be referred to Headquarters 15th Army Group: R. All recommendRtj ons for promotion to the grade of general o~ficer, to reach my headquRrters byte 10th of each Tionth. b. All transfers of general o:ficers or officers occupying position vacancies which call for genflral o"ficers, excert in emergcincies when time will not permit. In such cRses ass1.gnments will be made temporary, pending my approval. c. Recommendatj ons for the Rward of the Medal of Honor. d. Recommendations for the award of the Distinguished Service Hedal . e. Recommendations ::'or War Department unit citations. f. Requests for allocRtion of P-dditionel units, and requests for changes in priority ~or equipment o" units. g. Requests for ·nactivation, disbandment, or activation of uni+,s; or for reorganizatio'1 of units under a di~ferent T/0. h. Recommendations for changes in T/0 and E. n2. In general, supply and edministrative matters will be handled directly between Fifth Army and UJ'OUbA, with information copies .i:-urnished 15th Army Group. This is substantially the rxocedure which is already in effect. I am esp8cially desirous, however, thP.t e.11 subjects which hee.r in any way on tactical operatio"ls 1 e referred to TIY headquarters." �SIENA--DECErEBER 17 , 1944--This morning the General left his villa at eight o'clock and drove to San Fiero where he met the House Military Affairs Committee party who arr::ved in a convoy of arproximately 40 jeeps . Congressman John Costello of California, Acting Chairman of,the Committee , with Congressman J . P . Thomas of 'Jew Jersey and Congressman Overton Brooks of Louisiana, joined General Clark in his jeep, and the party drove over the Mount Altuzzo road . At the summit of Mount Altuzzo Congressman S:p3rkrnan of Alabama, Congressman Paul Kilday of ':r'exas and Congressman Cliff Davis of Tennessee Joined General Clark in his jeep , and drove to the Fifth Army command post in .,,raversa . Enroute over Altuzzo General Clerk stop:ped several tines , point1ng out key terrain features , explaining to the congressmen how the troops of the Fifth Arr,r;r overcame this heavily defended mountain barrier . Upon their arrival at the Fifth Army Feadquarters, the congressmen were greeted w:ith a guard of honor . Mr . Costello , Acting Chairman of the Committee, stood on General Clark's right side, General Truscott and other members of the Committee to his left . After the honors had been given , General Clark introduced the party to General Truscott, General Cannon , General Keyes and General Chidlaw and then took them into the conference hut where he 1~riefed them , giving them the over - all picture and explaining the tremendous problems of the Italian campaign. Among other things , General Clark mentioned the possibility of unrest in the rear area,~ due to shortage of food which might force h:im to take troops from the front lines to quell any such uprising. He stated that anything that could be done to increase the food ration for the Italians would be a great asset to the Italian campaign . After hot coffee and doughnuts , General Clark , with Congressman Sheridan of rennsylvania and Congressman Winstead of Mississippi and Congresswm Rooney of Few York in his jeep and accompanied by the rest of the party drove forward to Uonghidoro where a church service was held in an old bombed-out church . After the services, the General, with the Congressional party, had a K ration lunch . During the lunch, Generel Cb.rk talked to all members of the party. After lunch the General asked ongressman Schaeffer of Michigan, Congressman Elston of Ohio and Congresswoman Luce of Connecticut to join him in his jeep . The rarty then drove on to Loiano, which had been under heavy shellfire the day before . The General did not think it advisable to go any further forward , so the party turned around at Loia.no and drove back to Monghidoro where they stopped, and General Clark invited Congressman HPrness of Indiana, Congressman Farrington of Honolulu to ride with him. The General then escorted the party to the 8th Evacuation Hospital in the vicinity of Pietramala where he bade goodbye to the Congressmen . 'l'he General then drove to his villa. in Florence and spent the night . * * * SIEIIJ'A--DEOEMBER 18, 1944--General Clark, accompanied by General Brann, left \ �by rofld at approximately 0830. General TAcCreery, Corm1anding :3ritish Eighth Army, met General Clnrk at Castrocnro on Route #67. Genertl Clark drove with General licCreery to a ~)ui ldine in Forli where they conferred on forthcoming operations. After this, the Corps CoT'lmanders of Eighth Amy; Lieutenant GenPral Kei~htley, Commanding 5 Corps; Lieutenant General Foulkes, CoT'l!nanding 1st Canadian Corps; and Lieutenant Geni:>,ral Ander,=,, Commanding 2nd ?olish Corps, arrived. They were introduced to General Clark And talked to him for a few minutes before luncheon. General McCreery then entertained General Cl~rk at a light luncheon. Generals C1Hr1< and Brann left by road at epproxirrR tely half past two and drove back to Florence where they dined and retired early in the evening. * * * SIE'TA--DECEMBER 19, 1944--This morning the General left his villa in Florence nnd drove to Siena, arriving Bt his headquarters at 1045. General Hamblen carrte to call on General Clark this morning. General Mn.scarenhas caMe with Mnjor Walters to call on the General and stayed for lunch. At 1700 the General gave a cocktail psrty for his Chiefs of Sections of his new 15th Army Group Headqunrters. Approximately 40 guests were present. Generals Brann imd Tate stayed for dinner and after dinner the General played cards w~th his guests and retired eArly. * * * SIENA--DECEMBER 20, 191+4--This morninf, General Clark worked in his office on administrative matters and oonferring with officers of his staff. After lunch the General, with General Gruenther, Colonel McMahon, Colonel Grogan and Captain Bajenow flew in a B-25 to Rome. At 2030 hours the General gave a broadcast over CBS on the occasion of WAC Week. The General also made A BBC recording about the Allied effort ~n Italy to be used at a lA.ter date over BBC together wi_th record·;ngs by Field Jt,arshal Alexander and GenAral Mccreery. General ClPrk today sent the following letter to his two Army Commanders, General McCreery and General 'T'ruscott: The time is rapidly arproaching when I shall give the signal for The primary mission of the attack is to bring to battle A.n<l destro:r German forces in Italy and thereby prevent the withdrn.wal of Major enemy elements to other theaters. It is evident that the mission can be accomplished only by an all-out o~fensive by both armies. The specific military objective of our coming battle is the city of BOLOG''1A. You are hoth familiar with the ammunition situntion e.nd other factors that limit th9 period during which we can wage an all-out battle, and of the gren.t importance to the AlHed cause of our capturing the city of BOLOGNA 1Jefore we are forced to st0p. 11 1. a comb:'..ned all-out attack of Fifth and Eighth Armies. �2. The factors which fix the date on which my decision to launch the attack fo Illf!de Are three: favorable weather, the disposition of the enemy f'orces, and the location of the main forces of Eighth Army. Eii;hth Army, b:,r its successes of the past few days, hes drawn to H from the FFth Army front and from reserve positions in the 30100-NA area suffic: en~ enemy forces to permit Fifth Army reasonable chances of success in its attack. 11 "J. It is my desire that Eighth Army clear up the area between the LAJ\.~o~~ River and SENIO River and be prepared to launch its attack to cross the SE1JIO River at the time Fifth Army launches its attack. I consider a simultaneous attack of ·:;i--eat importance but I }1!' ve decided that favorable weather to permit an all-out attack by the heavy bombers of the 15th Air Force ::c.nd all medium and fighter bombers available to ~!JAmAF to be of greater importance. It is therefore directed that: §;• The CornrnFlnding General, Fifth ArJriy, will: (1) Be prepared to launch his attack on 48 hours notice after 22 December. (?.) Direct Fifth Army's main attack o~ BOLOGNA West of Route 65. (J) Direct that a+,ta.cks be launched without delay astride the routes Castel Del Rio - Imola ands. Clemente Castel S. Pietro to assist the advance of Eighth Army. (4) Direct 9?nd Infantry Division to execute limited objective attack in conjunction with the main effort. ,h. That the General Officer Commanding, Eighth Army, will: (1) Proceed with current operations with the object of launching an attack to force a crossing of the SENIO River in conjunction with Fifth Army's attack. (2) Drive the enemy thereafter West of the SANTERNO River, secure bridgeheads over thRt river and develop a main effort on tbe axis IMOLA - BUDRIO. (J) In conjunction with the main operation, to force the JA~IT~~NO River, make a strong secondary effort on tbe axis LUGO - ARGF.'JTA - FERRA"U . Plans for this operation will include provisions to develop this attack as the prir1ary effort if the sitwtion so dictates. ,g. That D Day for the attack will be the day on which Fifth Army launches its attack to secure M. SOLE. ,g. The inter-Army boundary will be extended by my headquarters in accordance with the development of the operations. In general, until Fifth Army can cut Route 9 wjthin its zone of action, Eighth Army will con- �tinue NW on that route with suPficient operational areas to the South of it. 11 4. Every effort hPs been made to convince the enemy that Fifth Army was so exhausted bv its recent offensive thPt it is not carable of Attack in the near future: It is directed, therefore, that information concerning Fifth Array's attack be considered TOP SECRET and not disseminated except as required for the operation. "5. I ru:ive discussed in detail with you both the great importance of the comj ng battle and the slight superiority in men and Arms available to our nrmies . We do have a great air superiority and the Air Force has plec'l.ged its full support in making this powerful weapon availHble to you. But even with the full cooperation of the air it will require the maximum effort of every officer and mnn of our combined armies to insure success." * * * SIENA--DECB?.ffiER 21, 1944--General Clnrk spent the morning in Rome and in the afternoon returned to Siena by B-25, arriving vt his headquarters at 1530 hours. The General spent the rest of the afternoon in his office conferring with members of his staff and working on an accumulation of papers that had been held pending his return. The General returned to his villa at 1800 hours and dined w1th the regulAr members of his mess . Brigadier Packard, British Deputy Chief of Staff of the new 15th Army Group was the General's guest for dinner 8nd cards. General Clark's radio sreech of yesterday is quoted in full below: "In the Fifth Army we 8re proud of our WACs. They joined us in Italy a little more than a yeAT ago--the first oontingent of WACs to serve overseas with an Army in the field--and they have marched straight up through Italy w:.ith us, through some of the worst weather nnd over some of the rou(shest terra,in that hns been encountered by any Army in this war. "To 011r VlACs, just ['S to our fighting men on the "'rant lines, this war is a deadly serious business, and they are fully aware that they are in it to see it through. Although working under the most difficult field conditions, their enthusiasm coupled with their ability has enabled them to perr.orm efficiently the varied administrative duties of a l~rge Army. 11 Fifth Army WACs do just about everything tmit a soldier does around Fi th Army Headquarters except heavy physical labor . Mainly they serve as stenographers and clerks in the various headquarters sections, in perso:1nel, intelligence, plm,nin1; and operations and suppHes. Many of them work vdth our conmunications staff, helping to orerate a telephone and teletype network that would do credit to a good-s:i zed American city. And those with whom they work will tell you, as they have often �told me, that the WACs here are very nearly indispensable. "All of us admire them for the ch9erfulness with which they go about their work. And we respect their ability to 1:1 ccept field conditions, reg~rdless of the season or the weather. "Fifth Army thinks so hi.a,hly of its HACs that it hns presented the entire detacr.mAnt the Fifth Army Plaque in recognition of their valuable contri1,ution to the campaign in Italy. And our WACs have received a high quota of awards and rromotions. "Fifth Army is deeply indebted to its WACs, for the inVPlu.able help they have ~iven us, ~or their good spirits - which have infecter us all, for their rdgh standards of discipljne - and f'or their earnest determine.tion to participate in the actua 1 winninF; of this war. I hope thHt I shall 1,e a½le to have a WAC detachment in my new 15th Army Group headquarters. We could use many more. They are worthy soldiers." * * * SIE"TA--DECEMI3ER. 22, 1944--The General spent the morning at his office and after l 1 mch flew to Florence to meet General 'T'ruscott 11.t the Anglo-A0 :e:rican Hotsl. G3:.1.eral I3ran·1 was also present at the conference. The General then went to his villa where he spent the evening quietly with Genernl Drann. * * * ~IE'JA--DECEr.iBER 23, 1944--7he General spent the entire day i:it his villa, working on papers and resting. In the evening Generals Gruenther, Tate, Brad.Jhr,w, Lewis, Colonel D1 Orsa and Lt. Col. Walker came for dinner and cards. General Clark today sent the following letter to General HcT{arney: 11 I am inclosing a report which I directed Critten:)erger to r:-ia.ke to me on the last action of the Drazilian Expeditionary Force. It :Ls quite complete, as you will see, and should give you a fair insight as to their offensbe capabilities at the present time. I am sending this to you persunally, for obviously it must be gjven only very restricted circulation. I believe it will substantiate -';:£ .'._ilf 01'r.ia tio:,. I ba ve a1r eady given you. 11 The :Jrazilian Divisio"1 now has little real 0L1..ensive combat value. It has been given every orportunity rmd nursed alone, so there are no alibis. Their troops just cannot slug it out and take the heavy punishment which is so necessary for successful offensive action. fe must, therefore, give them a defensive mission for the time being, as we have requirements f'or them in that role. There they will have an opportunity to gradually develop such of'fensive capabilities as they may have and dur~ng the forthcoming attack be prepared to follow up aggressively as our main effort succeeds. I \ �"I have had a long ~rsonal talk ni th i."ascarenhas since his last attack. He thoroughly understands the necessity for his troops to attack when the occasion demands, and although he is not a top-notch fighting soldier, there is no point in trying to replace him at the present time. Tinless you desire to send this file to General Iv'.arshall, I request you retm·n it to me. 11 11 * * * SIE'.JA--DECEMBt'STI 24, 1944--General Clark drove back to Siem this morning. The General spent four hours at the office and returned to Florence with General Gruenther for Christmas Eve. * * * SIE~- A--DECEMBER 25, 1944--The General returned to his headquf'rters in Siena J about noon. After lunch the General, with General Brann, went partridge shooting. The General and General Brann managed to shoot one partridge and one rabbit. This evening Brigadier Packfl.I'd and General Brann came for Christmas dinner. * * SIEHA--DECE!1IDER 26, 1944--The General spent the entire day in his office in Siena. The General returned to his villa at about 1800 hours and retired eadly. * * * SIENA--DECEJ,ffiER 27, 1944--The General spent the morning at the office and at noon flew to Florence. This nvening the General, with General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman, dined at Mr. and Hrs. Arturo Grassi' s home. * * * SIENA.--DECEMBER 28, 1944--This morning the General was forced to cancel a scheduled trip to Polish Corps, due to severe stomach trouble. Colonel Bruce called to see the General and confined him to bed for the day. * * * SIE~JA--DECEMBER 29, 1944--The General's stomach was considerably improved today. However, Colonel Bruce advised him to stay in bed. General Brann came and dined with the General this evening. * * * SIE!JA--DECEMBER 30, 1944--The General was feeling well again today. �Generals Clark, Brann and Gruenther drove to the Anglo-American Hotel where they met GenAral McCreery, Brigadier Thomas, G-Ops Eighth Army, General Truscott and conferred for abou-1- an hour. After the conference the General roturned to his villa and rested in the afternoon. The General hc'l.d Generals Brann, Tate, Lewis, Colonel D1 Orsa in for dinner and poker tonight. * * * SJENA--DECEr- 1PLR 31, 1944--The General spent the entire C::ay at his villa, 1 resting and walking. For 1:ew Year's Eve the General had General Gruenther, General Brann, Mr. and L'<rs. Sartori and Mr. and Mrs. Charini a.nd five other guests for dinner a.nd to celebrate the Uew Year. Shortly after midnight the General retired. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, November 11-December 31, 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from November 11-December 31, 1944. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1640 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/d9130c69de7bfa9caab36912eaca26d4.pdf?Expires=1782950400&Signature=AMmpWjHV8tzPG50bwNL-YE3JrypX13qh6G7Xp4KK-ASrqCO8bJqC5MaADxXpD2ykB8mIqHbuQJZWIY%7EKK-W-Cb13D%7EffBFUmLeWt3KwS9NgcsHcMxlZKQ9uOM9IYMKCyUjb-iYzRI03jhCoEkuop9WUPbIihZ%7EksV77O09J6f7-dFHNoNlVE0ZaVFrrTV0kR9V8wNBszmxsVuQF1JZKcXl33wo5ytqtbZQbXdwoYE5m7cW2luUQEtrOIPw-er60A4bJZ2A242YjiNFLqXccyY5ltmVPhcMvRZColeR0ZGrBA4-KPoaMlZV0tU%7EfmpCJm2kBv6sST5g8d3mfXjTiv-g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8f79b7cff236a9838e462678d6719f64 PDF Text Text l O[ PASS, '.'fas occupied but the twin pea.ks M FRF.DDI - M BENI and M GOGIOLA, M CANDA a.nd M CnLORETA surrounding it to thf"l North also had to be cleared. The 88th Div was employed on the riP,ht flank to drive toward !MOLA and reached M BAT"'IGLIA where repeated counterattacks and stiffened enemy resistance m,:,de further adv~nce verv difficult. The weiP,ht of the attack then shifted from the axis of the FIRF.NZUOLA - IMOLA Rood to Route 65 directed on BOLOGUA. M CA IDA was outflanked and :later secured, all these key features end m.'9.ny others were in our hnnds with the ~dvance continuing to rush forward as the period closed. 13 Corps relieved elements of II Corps, taking over the zone occupied on the right by the 88th Div, while continuing to attack Northeast l'l.long its front nnd genernlly conforming to the ma.in advance. In IT Corps sector PISA was occupied and the fKlt~ PISANO hill nnss cleared when the period opened. During the month ~·nilTE ft.IJ3A'N'O and the important tovms of PISTOIA, LUCCA and VIAREGGIO were ceptured. IV Corps continued to engAge light enemy forces by aggressive patrol action and constant forward rz-essure along jts entire front and preptJred to a.ssist the main effort by a strong P.dvnnce up the PRATO BOLOrrNA Road. ~he first BraziliAn troops to fight overseas entered the line in a sector near the coast durinR September. ]• Air Supwrt: A totel of 11~ mi~sions or 7416 individual sorties •~ere flown durin1; the rionth of September in direct support of Fifth Army operations on virtually every oonceivable type of rern.merative target. Despite much poor weather and ba.d visibility very ~ood results w~re obtl'lined. A total of 129 missions, 638 sorties, wer('! handled by "Rover Joe" on c~ll targ.ets request-) "'d by forward units for close support with excellent results f!nil much vriluable . time saved. . . ..R. 4 "-Qw--'t ; - . ~ -:lo q~ ~ t- ~r i.;'-' * ·~~~--~~- 'Pt., * * FLOR.ENCE--OCTOBER 1, 1944--General Cl~rk left his command. post shortly Rfter hi.s early morning conference and flew into the Futa Fass, lPnding on the road on Route #65 where he was met by his jeep nnd driven to the 91st Division in the vicinity of Sru1ta. Lucia. General Clark also visited the 85th and 34th Divisions. At 1/..30 General Clrirk met GenerRls Alexander, Harding and Lernnitzer on Route .%5 . The General returned to his command post at 16oO hours and entertain-,d members of his staff in the conference hut with n movie. General Cl.ll...rk today received the folJowini; messAge from General rv~cCreery upon his assumption of command of F.ighth Army: ",1'any thnnks for your kind message. It will be a great pleasure to me to work i.n the closest cooperation with Fifth Army during our r>dw.nce. 11 * * * FLORENCE--OCTOB'SR 2, 1944--Generals Cnnnon, Lernnitzer And Chidlfl.w came for bren'kfast this morninr,- and conferred w1th General Clark. The G"nerel spent the morning in his va.n ,,vorking on papers and conferring with rnembr-rs of his staff. General Yroner called to see General CL~r'k at 1500 hours and conferred �with him for an hour. Generals Lernnitzer And Cannon, after ri trip to the forward areA., cs.lled to see GenerAl Clark for a few minutes before they returned to Siena.. The General d:ined with the regulrr membern of his J!'ess, and after ninner played bridge with General Gruenther, Colonel Gray and Major Hunter. * * * FLOREHCE-..OOTOBER 3, 1944--General Clark, nft"'r his 0830 oonference, flew to the 91st Division cub strip in the vicinity of San Fiero, where he was met by his jeep and driven throu~h the Futa Pass up Rout,e #65 to the 91st Division CI- located in Fietra.mala, where he conferred with General Livesny. After oonfening with General Livesay, G"!nerA.1 Clark drove to ffonp;hi<loro which the q1st Division had taken from the enemy the day before. There General Clark got his first view of the Po Valley and the snow-capped Alps in the distPnce. GenerAl Clark spoke to m,my of the men of the 3r12nd and 161rd Infantry Regiments, congratulat-/ ing them on their fine accomplishments. He storpa,d at the regimental oommand posts of these t,,-o outfits, ooMmand~d by Colonel Cotton and Colonel Mangill respect1. vely. /i l In Monghidoro General Clark stopped at n collecting stntion \mere he spoke to many of the wounded men who ht'!d just been brought in from the ba.ttl"lfleld. He then returned to the 91st Division cub field and took off in his L-5 for his Headquarters in Florence. At MJO hours General Dutra, Brazilian Minister of War, came with Generals Kroner and Wooten to bid goodbye to General Clark. A guard of honor was held for General Dutra. General Clark presented General Dutra with the gift of a carbine. Genernls Clark and Gruenth~r dined out with friem.s in Florence. A summary of oi:;erations for the week ending October 3, 1944 is as follows: 'l'he direction of' the ma.in attack was shifted from the axis of the Fii.ENZUOLA IMOLA road to Route #65 on RGLOG\TA. Relief of II Corps units on the right was being accomplished by elements of lJ Corps as II Corps attack to the North was continuing to ma~e sntisfnctory progress despite adverse weather conditions t>nd stiff resistance ns t}e period closed. IT Corps was advancing well along the PRA'l'O - BOL0<1°t'UI. Road nnd Northwest towarc1s PIF.VF:PF.LAGO wb ile vigorously pa.trolling along the entire front. * * FLORE1TCE--OC"'OBER 4, 1944--'T'h"' General i:ipent the entire day in his van. General Almond, Commanding General of the Q2nd Division, crone to see General Clark. · In the evenin~ General Cl.ro-k was greatly elat~d by the capture of Mount ~ ~1enere, the last high ground before the Po Valley. Genl'lrA-1s Clnrk and Gruenthe: \ attended the Antiaircraft Pnrty given by General Bradshaw at a villa in Florence. General Clark remained until 1030, at which time he return....d to his oomrnand post. �General Clark today received the follo,ving reply to his request for naval gunfire support: "All cruisers at present fully employed ~md Jater required for projected events. "One may be Availllble a.t a Jater date but not accertahle to operate in water between '7 - 10 fathoms wtthout necessary S\-veeping which is not at J res• ent poc.isible with Mine sweeping force available. 11 * * * FLOR-;;;tTCE--OOTOBER 5, 1944--General ClP.rk saw Lt. Col. Gre.y, Fifth Army Judge· Advocate, this morninR shortly after his 0830 conference. At 1100 hom-s General Savin, French representative to the Allied Control Commission in Italy, calleo to see General Clark. General Clark spent the afternoon in his van conferring with members of his staff. The Army Commander presented the Bronze StAr to Colonel Lyles of the G-1 Section who was le1:i.ving today for the United States. In the evening Generals Clark, Gruenther and Colonels Saltzman ~nd Porter attended the play 11 0Ver 21 11 at the rear echelon theater. Operations Instruction #35 was issued today and reAds as follows: n1. The nim of the Allied Armies, which have now penetrntt'!d the GO'T'HIC Line positions, continues to be the destruction of enemy forces in Italy. F.ighth Army cc1>1tinues the attack against forces opposing it on the Adr:5 atic coast. ' Fifth Army, upon the successful accornpl:i shrnent of its current operntions, will debouch into the PO Valley on a wide front, generally extending from ,just V1est of BOLOGNA Enstward to the vicinity of FAEWZA. At the same tjrne, elements of Fifth Anny on the Mediterranean coast flre :in position to capitalize on enemy withdrawal in that area. 11 2. It is still necessary to consider two different types of r-ction for the Fifth Amy forces which reach Highway 9, the BOLOGNA - FARNZA road: a. Assumption 1: Enemy forces still rema.in facinp.; Eighth Anny in the pocket formed by VAIJ,E DI er MACCHIO ~md the APF.t:itJINBS. b. Assi.JJm)tion 2: Enemy forces have withdrawn from t r is pocket and the main forces of Fifth and Eighth Armies A.re in contact. "3. Under e:Ither assumption, when Fifth Army troops first debouch on H:i ghway 9, the i.mmeqia.te oreration will he to e stabl:i sh a bridgehead in the FlOLOG~JA area (See overlay) of suffic:i ent sizl'! to cover the buildup of· sup... plies and the exits of' the roads through which these suprli"s must oome. Fif'th Army f0rces on the nediterranea.n will rush on GRNOA and FARHA in order to destroy any enemy rear guards remaining in thos" are1,.s anri op~n a rort and road to the Vnlley throw:;h ,-vhich supplies must come for subsequent or~rations • �in Western TtEily. 11 4. After establishment of the BOLOG~m. bridgehead: a. Unr'er A<lsnmption 1, Fifth Army troops which r~ach the Valley will push on rapidly, ma.king their main effort towards FE~RARA in order to block the withd:rawt-il of ent,my forces "rom the VALIE DI C0H.ACCHIO pocket. At the s~t'! time, elements '\'ill turn f'est -"ron the bridg~riead rnd push out nlong H:ighwny q towe.rds PAR?'!A to block the withdrawal of any enemy forces "'till facing J Corps. Sinultaneously, elem!'!nts debouching on Highway g in t'he D'OLA. - FAJ.:N7,A area will force the ent'lmy -into unfavorable terrciin v:hich will necessitate his withdrawal through FERRARA. ]2. Hnder Assumption 2 9 Fifth Anny units which reach tre Valley, usin~ light forces, will mnint8in contnct w:i.th the ,.nemy to c'leterrnine his intentions. Reconnaiss·•nce eJ.,ments wil 1. be d'irected Westwards tcwPrcls JAR.HA and ~orth to the PO, advancinr; only whJre r~sistrmce j s l~g 1t ti.nd m1nir.rum forces need be employ"d• ·'la.jor units of the forces rlebouching in the V~lley will be prepared to Rtta.ck from th hridp:ehead on Army order. If the enemy v.itl1r1rt:1w to the ''orth bn.nk of the PO, reconnaissance ,·111 devl'llop the rivl'lr to rletermine suitable cro"'sing sites. Fifth Arny's ,~ ssion contemrlates securing "A ~rroVA ar,d 7EB.G' 1 A a,rter t"!rossing in the area between BORC'iOF(I'{T}.; and CSTIGLIA but Engineer sturlies indicate that, At this season or the year, sue 1 a crossing is likely to r,e impracticable with equipnent available. It r.ay e nocessary to seek anoth"'r area. .,,he rl'lsults of f'urth~r studies v:ill be J11ade lmo"m ns they become avaiLqble. 11 5. Detailed missions under Assumntion 1: a. (Enemy still in pocket). 11 Corps will: (1) Screen the right flank of Il Corrs elements directed on FEF.RARA, relieving II Corps troops which nPy be rerrorming this mission j f they have de1nuchfl!id 1"irst into the Valley. (2) Advance rapidly to destroy enemy "'arces within :t ts zone of action. (3) Gain co11tact with the left elements of Eighth Army's main forces. b. II Corps, employing a maximum of one 1:irmored di vision nnd three infantry divisions, will: (1) 'Establish a hridge~ad in the ICLOCHJA area (SM over]py). (;,) rush rRpidly on FERRARA to block the with,}rmval o: enemy forces opposing Ei~hth Army and destroy them. (3) Protect its own flanks unti 1 relieved by adjacent elerients. c. Army tr.oops: (1) 6 S0uth Africr>n Armoured Division will: (a.) Assume responsibility for thr-t portion of the bridgehead i/est of OOLOGNA (SM Overlay), relieving II Corps troops which may bl"! perforn:i.ng this mission if they have debouched f:i.rst into the Valley. (b) FrotMt the left fl~nk of' II Corps' farces rr.oving on FRR.RARA. �to5 (c) Tu'T"n ""!est on the genernl nxis of Highway 9 nnd push rapidly towards Fl\RMA. to block the withdrawal of any "'nemy forces reJM.ining in the AFENNI~~s. (2) 1st Armored Division, staging forward as rar,idly as the situPtion rermits, will prep~re plans ror employment under II CorJlS in an exploitation role with the forces direct ...d on FF.RRARA. "6. Detailed missions under Assumption 2: (Enemy wi thdravm from pocket). a. 13 Corps may revert to Eighth Amy~ ortly ~fter r~ntact between Fifth anrl Eighth Armies is gained in the Vall,y. b. c. 11 '7 . IT Corps.~: (1) Establish a bridgehead in the BOLOGNA area (9ee overlay). (?) Using li~t forces, push ri-connaissance el--~ ts forward towards the PO Rjver to maintain oontact with the enemy rnd detorm;ne 1 ~e plan of action. (3) Tn the event the enemy withdrnws to the Jorth b0nk of the PO, conduct reconnaissance .,.or crossing sites ''lhi ch will facilitate the advance on "lAN"'OVA and VERONA . (4) Be prepared on Army order to resum"' the attaclr in fO'l"ce. Armif tromOP§,: 6 South African Armoured Di vision will push reconnaiss:ince towards PARf'fA to determ:ine enemy resistance anCi to gain contact vith IV Corps. (2) 1st Armored Division v1ill stage f'orward ns rapidly ::is the situation p"'rr:dts to the IDLOGNA bridgeheri.d where it will be initially in Army reserve. (1 Under e1 th•~r a R"Umptl on, a. rr Corps will: Push forward to seize nnd/or occupy 1,.\ SI-EZIA and AULLA. ·b. Subsequ"'nt ly, send forces to open the roads IA Sf H ~ZIA - GEHOA ancl AULLA - FARMA. c. Gain contact with 6 South African Armoured Division in the PARMA d. Mop up any enemy elern--nts r!'lmaining in its nrea of op'°!rations. area. 11 8 . 01mdaries: * Later, depending on the situPtion. 11 * * FLORENCE--Qcr"OBF.R 6, 1944--Follo,,ing the early morning conference, General Clark drove in his ,jeep to Lofano, stopping enroute at II Corps Hea.dquarters to talk to General Keyes. General Pritchard, Commanding General of the 1st Armored Division, was also there and conferred with General Clark . After conferring with these two comna.nders for ha.lf an hour, General �Clerk drove to th~ 85th Division in the vicinity of Carpinaccio where he lunched with Gl"!neral Coulter a.nd members of his staff. After lunch the General drove to the 91st Division, one mile oouth of Honghidoro. General Livesay joined General Clark :in his ,jeep, and they drove to the comma.nd post of the 362nd Infantry where G"neral Cla.rk decorated Colonel Cotton, Commanding Officer, with a Legion of Merit, and made a combat appointment to Sergeant Brooks to 2nd Lieutenant. General Clark then drove back to his headquarters in Florence, and en.. route met General K~yes and talked for a few minutes. General Cla.rk dined out with General Gruenther and Colonel Sal tzrnan. '1"he Arrrr:, CoMmander today sent the following calSle to General Devers regarding replacements: "Infantry replacement situa.tion in Fifth Army is so critically serious that current operation may be l'¼ndangered. Supply of infantry replacements and infantry overstrength in divisions only sufficient to maintain divisions at T/0 strength through 9 or 10 October. Losses in my four infantry divi• sions during pa.st five days have averaged 550 i::er day over and above returns to units. Heavy fighting continues with enemy appro-ently rushing all a.vailabl~ forces to halt our advance on BOLOGNA. W ithout additional repbcements infantry strength of the four infantry divisions will be reduced by approximately 5,000 for each ten days of fighting after 10 October. Infantry rifle compani•!S will thereby be reduced so seriously as to crePte an extreme opera! tional ha.ndicapG All divisions have been engaged in heavy fighting 23 to 26 days under anverse weather conditions. Continuous supply of infantry replacements is imperative. This situation has already been presented orally to your headquarters. I urgently requ~st thitt it be brought to the immediate attention of War Department as a rrattt,r of operational emergency. 11 \ Regarding the above cable, General Alexander sent the following cable to General Gammell who was at SHAEF at the time: "Grateful if you would show Fifth Army signal number 8839 (above) of 6 October regard.:ing n. S. infantry replacements to Genero.l Alexander and ask him to discuss with SAC-in•C any further possible action to support General Clark's request." General Clark today received the following memorandum from General Mar- shall: am 5.nclosing pages 10 to 14 of the Surgeon's statement regarding the prevention of loss of manpower from psychiatric disorders. I am taking this direct method to reach you because I know how deeply immersed you Rre in the conduct of actual operations a.nd their log.i sties as well as relRted administrative matters. Please. read these }'Ages. 11 I tir ha.ve formed no conclusions myself except thRt I am much impressed with whatever can be don,, to break the Atra.in of too long employment of the individual in active operati.ons. \ \ �11 I nm sending these same pages to Eisenhower in France and to 'lacArthur. 11 The Army Commander today replied to G~neral Marshall's memorandum as follows: "Thank you f'or your memorandum of 22 September. I have read with great interest the Surgeon Genernl's report which discusses the prevention of the loss of ma.npm,er froM psychiatric disorders. "The p:roblP-ms involved in psychiatric casualties mve been of great concern to me since l1lst winter. The i.ncidence of manpower loss from psychiatric causes began to be felt in Ja.nURry, when the oomh=it forces availt=tble to the Fifth Army were so limitl'ld thnt i_ was necesaa.ry to keep infantry units in the t line for very extended periods. As you will remember, our assaults against the fortifications in the mountainous Cassino region were made with divisions which became materi~lly understrength and could be given little respite as we pressed forward on our mission. As a. result, our casualties from psychintric causes were fairly high. 11 A similar situation confronts us to day in our current offensive in the Apennines. My troops have been m gotiating the most difficult mountainous terrain we hav~ hRd to face in Italy, involving the bitterest fighting since we landed at Salerno. As you know, I have four American inf ntry divisions in the II Corps and they are making the main attack on Bologn_'l.. We are attacking on a broad front against heavy resistance, and it has been necessary to keep all four <livisions constantly in line. Our only chance to rest t},e troops is within the divisions th~mselves, where we utilize every opportunity to pull out a battalion or a regiment 1henever thn.t is possible. ':'he decision which hns faced me is onf'! of halting our attack in order to rest, or of pushing on in an all-out effort to g~in our objectives before winter catches us in the Apennines and thus contribute to the shortening of the war. To me th~re is only one answer to that choice, and I am proud to be ~ble to tell you th~t the Fifth Army troops rmve :made sif?'}ifica.nt advances ev,,ry day for more thnn two weeks. The enemy is movin~ every unit he can make avai lrtble to the II Corps front in order to halt our pro~ess. Speed on our part is abr-'.olutely essentie.l. That action is especially necessary when one realizes that the gighth Army has been practically stopped in its tracks for the pti st ten days. 1, "I _ not yet know the answer to the psychiatric rroblem, but you w:ty rest do assured T shall continue to study it.. It apy-ears clear from tre report which you sent me, which was based largely on Fifth Army experience, that susceptibiBty to psychiatric breakdown is directly related to length of time in combat. I shall continue tn tA,ke every practjcable met-isure to give my troops tre opportunity for rest. At tho present Hrre we are operating tv·o rest centers for enlisted men, one in Rome and the other in Florence, and they have been extrerrx,ly beneflcie.1 to the thousands of Fifth Army soldiers who have visited them. "You will be interested to lmow thiett in spite of our si,vere fighting under extremely ndverse weuther conditions, we have hqd few psychjatric casualti"s \ sjnce our attack on the Gothic Line began. I attribute this condition largely to the hieh morale of our troops. Although the Gflrman is still fighting well, our men know thPt we can whip him wh,,rever we rind him, :mr' that lmowledge buoys them over many difficulties wh:ich might oth-,rwise nrrear insurmountable. I �realize, o~ course, that the strAin on the individual must be eased soon, nnd I hope that some reHef will be possible. "No doubt you have rend the ne ssages sent to the War Departrrent by ~rATOUSA outlining the critic~l shortage of Infantry replacements for the Fifth Army. 'JA'T'o·rsA has available for Fifth Army only 2,200 inf'antry replrc,.,ments, an<l th1'y have n/ivised us that no further shipments P.re oontemplated from the U. s. I now have n slight ov~rstr~ngth in each di vision, but if the present caswu ty rate continues (net loss 500 per day ) the f'i.c;hting stren!Y,th of my four divi\ sions will be down to T /o strength nbout October 10th. Thereafter, the four infantry divisions will be re0uced in strength Rbout 5,000 infantrymen every ten days of f'iP;htin~. This !"'cans that each rlfle compnny will be reduced, on the average, Aboul; 40 men every ten days of combat. Such n reduction represents ~ serious op4'ra.tional handicap which will be most difficult to overco'l'1.e. Three of my divisions have been in the line '?4 days, the fot:rth 16 days. Naturally the men are becoming tired. I oon9ider -it absolutely essenti~l that we receive a conUnuing supply of infantry rern cer:ients or else we sr all be in grav" danger of' being unA. lr- to accomplish our Mission. For yo·u· informntion, the casualtiM in the four infantry divisions since 3epten1ber 10 ha.ve been 9,000 ba'Jtle and '"",1~00 non-battle--a total of 16,L;00. "The Brazilian troops hn.ve given a i:pod account of themselves in their lim::.ted de,..~naive role. The:, have hnd 45 battle Ct'sual tiP-s thus far, ond have learned a great deal. ~~neral Dutra expressed r;reat sat~sfaction with tre wny the "3razilia.ns have en handled by us. You rriay have 11ot::.ced Yihere I plrced him in commnnd of the \V!"!st.ern sector f'or e few days. He derived a g.ri,at thrjll from that assignment. 'T'h,. balanne of tl1ii, division will start unloading in Leghorn on October 10th. 11 ,,,he 370th RCT of the g2nd Division hns been in line in ::i. quiet sector on the western flank f'or 5 weeks. I l~ve placed General Almond in oommnd of a \ task forM consistin~ of the 170th RGT and an American-Br:i tish AAA force nith I I the mission of atta.~king along the western coast to carture HASSA and to advrmce to tl-ie northwest in order to hold every Gerwm r,lement in tbat area. The attack jumped off this ~orning. I'll hove a good idea of the offensive capabilities of the color'"!d troops within a few days. ~,sed on treir rerform,mce in the defensive phase I anticipate th-it they will do an average @on job, but not up to the standard of "lhite troops. 11 I have ju~t he~..rd over the radio of your arrival in France. I am s~nd ing thi.s letter to you tr·ere in order that you may know of our sitm tion. I sincerely hope that you will come here and ray us a visit. It would mean a lot to all of us in the Fifth Arrny, and only can one understand our real si tuntion by see'in~ it. I consider the fi'{hting we have had for the past month as difficult as any in Fiftr Amy experience. Mhe 1~en have rerformed miracles in crossing the Apennines. There is nuch good you could do for us by A. short visit, nnd perhnps we can show you Bologna. 11 * * * FLORE~CE--OCTOBF.R 7, 1944--Genernl Cl-,..rk he1d his 0830 conference tr, is morning, following which he snw Dr. Peter Odegard, Assistant to the Secretary of' the �\ 09 "'rea.sury; Mr. Harbold Thomas, Chcirmn of the WPr Advertj sing Council; Frrink Isbey, Chairman of the Y1nr Finance Division. Genernl ClA.rk or:tenten these eentlemen briefly on the cm-rent Fifth Amy situation. Tli~ Generd s~nt the rernni nder of the day oonferrinf'{ 1i th various staff members, dining in the evening witb the regu1Fr members of his 1:1ess and retiring early to his van. * * FLOR'S1ifCE--OCTOBER 8, 1944--General Clnrk was ronfin~ tn his v:,n tcxlny with a head cold. The Generl'll spent most or the day taking care of an accw.ulation of paper work and conferring on the phone vri th his various subordinate conunAnders. General Cl,"1rk today received the follow.i ng cable from GenerAl Vasiliev: "I oongra.tulnte you with the reward of the Soviet Government which decorated you with the Order of Suvarov, f:ir st class for your · outstanding military work in conducting operations of the Allied troops in Italy in the struggle against Hitlerite Germany. Wish further successes." * * FLORENCE--OOTOBER 9, 1944--Th~ Army Commander was still oonfined to his van todny. However, the General din confer with Lt. Gen. Lloyd, GOC of London District and the Brigade of Guri.rds. The r~mainder of the day was spent in conferences and Rdministrati.ve work. General Clc'U'k dictated the followin~ random notes for inclusion in his dia.ry: "The first plan o-f' GenerRl Alexanner was that Fifth and T:ighth Armies crack the Gothic Line at the saMe time, side by side, from Florence to Bologn,-.1 trnd slightly to the east thereof \7here the mountaj ns are not as yTecipitous as in the west. '1eneral Leese, ]mowing the wenkened condition of l' ifth Army due to its losses to Seventh Army and knowing that Fifth Army would cnrry the ball as usual and beinr, rnrticularl;r v,ell trai~d for mountain +>j_ghting, decided that Eighth Army could not attempt this crossing of the rnonntnins. Alexander agreed and shifted the Eighth Army to the east. A me~t.ing was held 1-1t Leese I s headquarters on Aurrust 10th where this nt'lw plan was discussed. I aP,reed, but when Alexander tol<l me I ,vas to crack over the mountains ru.one with 13 British Corps in the Bologna area cooperatinp;, I deMnded thnt 13 Corps be E> ssigned to Fifth Army. I Jmew full well th:i.t it would be of no offensive vnlue to me, but if T wns to mnke the rmin wallop over the mountains I could not be 11 cooperAtin~" with a British force immediately 11.djncent to me find 100 miles from its oommnnder. Leese objected but finally gave in, a.nd 1'3 Corrs was assigned to me. It has been of littl~ value to me since. "Hy ori~innl in.en wns to m1'lke my direction of nttack g "'nerally from Flo'.l'"ence to Bologna, but due to the fact that I env1'loped the Altuzzo resistance by an effort through Mount Acute to the north, I found weakness and rushed to get Mount La Fine and Mount Battar,lia. This proved a ~rent thrert to tb e �\ \0 Germans, as it P,O.Ve ne a secondary route to move on in the directj.on of Imola. I might have sent two divisions thr,t way, had I had more troops [ind h~d the rains not interfered. The Firenzuola - Cast~l ael Rio ro~d has been under water since the heavy rains came on many occasions. At one time during the past two or three days it has been 4-l· feet under water, and we were forced to supply our troops to the north nnd bring back our wounded by a cable thrown over the river . "It hns always been apparent with the bad weather that I must stick to t},e main road, Route #65; it being a two-vmy, all-weather rord to Bologna. J "I hnv~ re~eived little support in this orera.tion from AFHQ, particularly Devers and his cohorts. Devers, due to his dual capncity,- has diverted troops badly needed in thls theater r'or his own use in France, guided entirely by a selfish interest, in my opinion. The Japanese-American troops should never hnve b~en taken. He tried to tA.ke all my heavy artillery, and only throur.;h the greatest rrotest throup;h Wilson was his plan circumvented. No, I am confronted with a shortage of replacements. In t:br~e days f'roM now there will be no infantry replacements availnble for Fifth Army, and I will lose from my four infantry divisions approxi.mitely 5,000 infantry for ev(')ry ten dr>.ys. It is inconceivable how such a disgraceful situation could confront a oomriander in the heip;ht of his battle when success is almost at hnnd after weeks of i:r,reat sacrifice and brilliant fighting. After all, I was directed across the Apennines but am not backed up in many respects. I feel thnt the American side of AFHQ has no interest in thj_s operation, have failed to sup:rort it and the true facts are not known in the War Dep(lrtment. In desperation, I am rndioing direct to Eisenhower, appealing for him to take over Seventh Arrrzy- requirements in order thnt some 5,000 infa'1try replncements now in the t,!-,eater but wr.ich Devers has earmarked for himself can e released to ~e. ' I I I 11 In the midst of my battle I received a letter froM General Ml"rshn.11 on psychirrtric cases, quoted in full in the diary notes of October 6th, indicating 1 the necessity of resting troops. rt is hnrd to see hmv I can rest my troops when J have f'our attacking divisions. I have attacked w:i. th them every day for a month and will do so for another month. We must take the consequences. I ha.ve had 10,000 casu.'31ties in this month. There is no &oice for me but to go on. I would not consider any other f,8th. It would be frightful to even consider stoppin~ in the Apennine Mountains for the winter. My only opportunity for resting troops is to rotate regiments with in divisions rmd batte.lions within regiments. I consider a fresh regiment now one thnt has hnd four nights• rest in this pouring rain in the mountains. "I am movin.g my command post into the mountains, notv,d thstanding the attendant difficulty in communication. I must get my headqur-irters set up with all its attendtmt faciHties in the mountains where they will aprreciate the ha.rdships bei..ng enn.ured by the other troops. I must also be as close to Bologna as possible when the reak-through does occur. "I have the South African Division on my left. Althour;h they indicate that they are more like the Americans than the British, they fight exactly like th~ British. 'T'hey got kicked off of ~~ount Stl:l.nco last night. It was vital that ~e hold it. They kept a ooy up on the mountain in order to rest the remainder of their troops. We don't do th~t. The 1st British Division �got ki ck"d of'f' Mount Ceco f 0r the same reason - a boy doing P.. man I s job. They th1n1< nothinlY of i t. A gln.nce at the mar will show hov far b""hind they art" on eac}, flank to the main American effort . The Americans hA.ve carried the ball every inch of the way in this battle, dragging the British troops on their flank up by their boot straps . ·ote the Ei~hth Army ' s irn.ct ivity for days upon days . They relieved Leese nnd put in a washout lik!'! M cCreery. He is a f eather duster type . I hPd him under r1y command for eight months . F.e held the ball on eve~r occasion. Vie nre exreriencjn~ the sn.me kind of fightin~ by RighU Army as w~s eirr1enced nll throua;j, the battle for Rome . 'T'hey were nlways miles ..,i:,~ nd, le:wi.nr.; my ri P,ht f'lrink unrrotect1a.d . They ha.ve verv T'Oor leadership. It is not the !"'en, -"or .;ndiv · aually they are brave an<l will fight co1 lectively i r mnde to clo so . General Alexander exercises absolutely no lnl'luence over the F.ighth Army. He :is not a driv"'r and is un.1.ble to make them go into an all- out attack. "I hnve P bout three kilomt"!ters to go and T _ will have tre last of tre hi~h a,round . When +,J:iis ·is secure I know J 1vill go into tJ-,e Fo 7alley, althouP'h it m:'1.y tnke r1e a little tirre to rest my troop:; for the f'inn.l drive . :-1ue to BrltiGh in,<>ctivi ty on tre Big},tJ:, Ar'f'ly -"ront , sev~-ral divi sions have bMn takt'!n away .f'rom that n.rer, and brou~ht to oprose me . Still thl'l -::i1hth Army does not nttac~ . I I I I v "I have wdtten to Gen!'lral r::1.rsliall 1rrr,ently r~q111'!stinr, th<1t he come here from France . I hn.VP- told h.: m th~t ]_--,,. Ctln l'lot be~in to realize the condi..tlons whicJ:, confront us without sedng trem. I hope to be nbl~ to cti..scuss tr,e,iter -problems with him w Jn he comes . ""here ~ s no excuse f'or hrivin~ a. 'IA"'OTTSA, an P.FU1 , ~ COJ'l"'11U'1ication ::>..o'l.e nnrl r,n AAI. I r.01 ,1-<1 e9tim~te thrt 50,ono military snuls :ire tied up tn trese actjyities con+ ,ributin~ 7 ittl,.. to the t,tl~ . ..!'!Ver were so few commA.nded by so many. 0 '"!y re'1uests ~o G neral C nnon f'or m"di.um air suprort hnv~ been r.,.f'used rereatedly. I have mn.de '10 iS'3U~, but yesterdny whim I received the follow~ n~ letter +"rom Gereral F~ker I went to bat . ' One or two of my o-Pficers were rresent at your rress co..,f~rence y"r;terdn.y and hnve told r'l!'! of t},. v~ry -Pj ne thi'lf"'J you h•c~ to st'ly about Chidlaw ~nd A.ir coorerntion in .c;eneral. ile rpprecinte wh:-it yo'-1 said t>n<l you cn.n rt":st assurerl tl-i~t y:iu will CO"ltinue to r-t all th"' a::r support we 'h.r>ve, inclt.ding the :1~diums anr'l. Vie H~avies ~s re1uired . 1 I am r'eli ,.htec1 that Chi0lnw is wrrkin~ nut so well . I hav rr.ce"'t confidence in riim 'J~C"'use, thou.qi not as exr-erienced ns Cannon a.nd Sriville, e is V1'ry l,ri !ht '1.n ' R 1ert and I "el t h" ha, su-l'f tciert under study of t11P. (,ld boys to e ~hle to do an effective n.:-1d satisfactory .job . ' ' T tr:at Ca nnon has moved be.ck over to tr is sire , I am sure you ftr"' going ow to :;,,t their undivided a.tt~ntion lmt i , by 1.;han ~"', you sh0,1lct get s-1;,uc 1c at any tire n."ld -"~Al you ne.,d more air l1elp, be c;ure to let me know . ' Give "7 ',i,st to Al l}ruent ,..r ar1c' A.11 your rardworkini-:; my el'lrn"st conrvatulatior1s on your 1·t,cent successes . 1 oys, and accept ��medium and entire fi~hter bomber a:i.r ~ffort he brought into the battle in clos~ support of my troops for our final attacli:: towards Bologna. Ia.mas= sured by Eaker thrit I will f;et this support, rmd Ale:x."'8.nrler has guaranteed to bnck up my requ"!!st. 'T'here is the constant reluctance of' most Air Corps commanders to use anythin~ 9ut fi~hter bombers in support of a battle. They resent any ~ound comrnrmder indicating any possihle employment of air. 'T'here is no question but that after the war there will be a sepnrate air force, and 1myone who hucks this "Villi. have his head cut off. 1 Jev!'\r will air forces be S'1bordinated to - g.r-ound conrnand. Un:::.ty of command, in my opinion, is lost -"orever. It is a i:;reat mistnke., 'T'hfll British bwe tl'lught us that bPd lesson. r could write for hours on the lack of cooperation by the Royal Navy in support of my ~ound efforts since Royal 1-Tavy forces in the Mediterranean came under Adm:iral ,Tohn CunninP,ham. His cousin coop1'ra.ted, but this man has stood on his poop deck end rl'lf'rained from ever doing anythinrt, th~t wns not accordinr; to the .best interests of the ~ravy. I hav• asked for n.aval gunfir;(, support on my west coast. It has been r~fused re~atedly, yet the Eighth Armv has it all the t:i.me." , * * * TRAV8RSA--OCTOBER 10, 1944--After the norning confer~nce, ~nerPl Clark decorn.ted ~;l~.jor Kendall, of the G-3 Planning Section, with the Bronze Star. r.1a,jor Kendall is return:i.ng to the Stl.3.tes for a new P.ssignment. Gi•meral Clar'k :<ilso bade g;oodbye to P.r:i.gadier Stayner, Chief of the Brjtish Incr~iment, who is being transferred to the Ei1:;hth Army. Lt. Gen. Clark, Brij;ish, Chil.'Jf Administrative Officer of 1\FHQ, ar:r:i.ved at 0930 and conferred with Genern1 Clark. 'i'oday G1•meral Clark moved his cormnand post to Traversa_ in the heert of the Apennines. (}l"neral Clari- srent the night 1:1t the Hotel Anglo-Americnn with Colonel Saltzman. 'T'he summery of battle progress for the week endini.; October 10th is ns fol- ct_~ tr~-' lows: -...... &i,\.~•·w,, 11 'i'he d1·ive continued r'luring the week against very d~~rm:inl.'!d t"!nemy resi~tance and hrmdicapped by unfavorable 1venther e0nditions, but_at the close our most adwmced elements were f'j ghting in the vicinity of J,<vergn~ astride H:rghway #65 less than fifteen miles from Bologna. 13 ~ . s s u m e d responsibility for the zone on the rip;ht of II Corps borderlng the Firenzuola-Imola. road, .<md :<irmored elements were assisting the main effort by pushing north on the left of Tr Corps. Re!Y,roupin~ of IV Corps units was completed and attack launched in the coastal sector. * * * TRAVERSA-... CCTOBER 11, 1944-.. r..enernl Clark arrived flt his new command post at 1230 and spent +,h~ nfternoon in his van. In the evening he din~d with the rei:sul:-i.r memb..,rs of his mess. �TRA"IJ'TI:RSA--0C'T'0BER 12, 1944--General Clark drove to Loia.no and enroute picked up General Keyes. The Army Commander and General Keyes <lrove to an OP north of Loiano where they could obtain a fine view of terrain f~atures. Artillery and fighter bomber missions could be observed. Gener1-1l Clark made special reference to Mount 'xrtmde to the northeast, which is the last importrmt high terrain feature before the Fo Valley. Generals Clark and Keyes then drove on through Loiano to a point on Route 65 just south of Sabbioni wher"' th~y could observe 11ount Rumici and r1ount Castellari on which the troops of the Qlst Division were fighting. Generals Clark and Keyes observed a heavy bomber missi on (npproxirnr-t~ly 200 B-17' s) flying townrds ob,jl"lctives in the Bologna area a.nd although they could not see the targets, they could hear bombs explode and observe clouds of smoke in the distance. General Clark then returned to his oommand post for lunch. Major General Peterson, Inspector Genl'!r~l, l'fo.r DepPrtment; Brigadier General Clarkson, In~ctor General of NATOUSA; fi'ajor General Sdwards, Deputy to General Eaker; Lt. Col. Van Zsso, Inspector General I s 0f'fice, War Deprirtment, arrived for lunch. Aft.•n" lunch Genernl CU"Jrk, with General leterson in his jeep, and Genernls Edwards, Clnrkson and Col. Van Esso follov,,in((, drove over the sa.me road t,hn.t General Ch.rk hnd passed this morning. Genernl Clark pointed out to General Peterson and oth"r of'ficers key terrrlin features. There was a great deal of air Activity, heavy and fighter bombers, ltl1 afternoon. General ClRrk and party returned to the Fifth Army c0mm<:i.nd rost where General Cl.,rk entertained the perty in his conferenee hut e. few minutes br,fore they took off by car for Florence. * * ~R~~r:;;nsA-~OO~OBER 13, 1944--General Cl~rk spent the entire day in his VRn today. At 1730 the Army Commander met with 1,lajor Neville, ed:i:tor of the Stars and Stripes and four reporters in hi"! conf ere nee hut and presented to J\'fajor Neville the Fifth Army Plaque and Clasp. General Brann came for dinner. Brann played cards. * After dinner, Generals Clark, Gruenther and * * ~B.AVSRSA--0C~0BER 11~, lQ4/¥- After the 0830 conference General Clark saw Major Brant of the 8th ;;;;vacuation Hospital, an ear, nose and throat specialist. 0 Maj. Gen. Royce, Air Corps with 6th Army Group; Maj. Gen. Walsh, with the American Air Force j_n Russia; and General Chidlavr, of the XII Fighter Commrind, came for lunch vrith G-,neral Clark. Before lunch General Clark oriented the Genera.ls on the Fifth Army sitmtion. Generals Royce and '1 1Jalsh left directly after lunch for Florence. At 1700 Genera.1 Clark held a conference with General Kirkman, 13 Corps Commander; General Keyes, IT Corps CoMnander; Lt. Col. Freston, G-1 of 78th Division; Lt. Col. Beggs, G-3 of 88th Division; Col. Willems, Chief of Staff of 1 �II Corps; Col. Porter, Derut:v Ch:ief of Staff of II Co?T, s; G1'nernl Gruenther and General Brann. A.fter the conf'"'r1mce General Clrci.rk served tea in the con .. ference hut to his F;tiests. Following are minutes of the conference mentioned above: nGeneral Howar(l gave th~ enemy dispositions opposite the most 11ctive sector of the Fifth Army front, and said that enemy infantry in this area were estimated as totaling 72 battalions with 16,200 men. "The Army Commander said that the Germans had been massing their troops to meet the main Fifth Army drive, which has now rrogressed for 50 of the 60 miles \ from FLORENCE to BOLOGNA. l 11 He said that at the present time the Fifth Army contains 133,000 U., s. troops and 152,000 British troops; thRt the II Corps has been making the main Fifth Army effort; thAt in the current offensive, which has been going on for more than a month, u. S. troops have sustain!'!d 13,082 bnttle crsualties in the four TT. S. infantry divisions \mich are available and A.11 engaged, while British troops hav" susto.ined 2,451 battle cas1»1lties in the same period; toot the four American divisions in the period ha:ve taken '7,087 prison~rs, while the British and South l.frican troops have captureo 596 prisoners. Be sl'l.id tha.t ther("l had been and coulii be no let-up in the attack which has been going on day and night. It has boien possible to attack without pause due to replacements which have been ava.ilable to the A?1'ler:tcan di visions up to the present tj me. The 9Upply of replacements >'rill run out on 15 October. From then on it is esti-mated that losses in the four u. S .. divis:i.ons will occur at a rate of 500 infan• trymen, net, per day. No more repl.eicements are expected for arproximately twenty days, which means that 10,000 infantry losses in twenty days ere Pnticipated. "The Germans have been engaged in sideslippinF; their divlsions from ot,her\ . ) parts of the front to meet our main attack~ "There has been little advance in the 13 Corps sector, vrhere admittedly the terrain was difficult. Sim:1.18.rly, we have made little advimce in the vicinity of LJVF.RGNANO. "General Clrci.rk said that General Alexander had assigned the 78th British Division to the Fifth Arrrry, saying thrt it must fight in an all.,.out attack and not be merely leaned up against the enemy; however, the Army ComM<'!nder thinks it better not to mix a British division with the TT. s. divisions in the u. S. sector, but to leave the 7~th Division with the 13 Corps f'or use in the latter's sector. · "Troops of the 1st Armored Division have been given a sector in the line to be occupj.ed by :its infantry. Most elements of the 34th Division 8re now coming out of the line, to return in a few· days to the attrcick. At that time an attack will be made in the TT. S. sector with five TJ. s. diitisions abreast, disposed as follows from west to east: elements of the 1st Armored Divisj on; 91st Division; 34th Division (two combat teams); 85th Div-:i.sion; and the 88th Division. "The Army Cor1mander said he did not believe thnt the 13 Corps would be a.ble to make a. breakthrough to the northeast and thP.t even if this were possible such �a.n operation could not be supported, in his op:i.nion.. Accordingly, he d:irected a new boundary between the 13 Corps and II Corps, and directed thRt the 1st British Division be moved northwest toward the 7~h Division sector. 11 '1'he four TJ. S. infantry divisions will oontinue their attack horth as long as they ar~ able. Meanwhile, the 13 Corps will conduct operations to provide a strong defensive flank. A critical and current objective in these operations would be the taking of M. SPADURO. 'rhe 13 Gorps should take over GESSO; it should make its ma.in effort on its extreme left next to the II Gorps, which will make th~ main Fifth Army effort. "The .Army Commander invited C'zen"'ral Kirkman to state his reactions and to bring up any dif'ficulties he foresaw. General Kirkman said he saw none, but mentioned thnt in sideslipping divisions to the northwest it is difficult to move mules except by taking them on roads to the rear and then doubling back to the front. General Clark said that the G-ermans had accomplished the same thing, and that means should be found for overcoming this difficulty. "General Kirbnan agr~ed that the Army Commander I s plan was the best one availt.1.ble. "General Keyes made no comment. 11 * * TRAVP':RSA-...QCTORER 15, 1944--The General nttended the usual oonference at 0830 tld s morning and. at 1030 bade farewell to four WACS of the Fifth Army WAG. T'latoon who "'.re leaving for home, two on rotation and two on temporary duty. At noon the Maharajah of 1 atiala a..rrivfld with his ADC, 8nd a fsU.t:trd of honor was held. At 1230 Alexander Kirk, Ambassa.dor to Itnly; a.nd 1\/fr. Cnrmel Of fie, American J'olitical Arlvisor to AJi'HQ; Mr. Horn, Ass:istrnt to Ambassador Kirk, arr1ved, and n 1;Uard of honor was held. Gen"ral Clark briefed the rnharaja.h, Ambassador ¥irk and other gu~sts on the Fifth Army situntion. General Clark exr11'1ined to the 1 hhara,jah his satisfaction with the splendid performance of the IndJan troops under his command. The Mnharajah presented General Clark ,v:5 th a letter from General Auchinleck, Comrnander-in-Gh1.ef :in Indfa, which General Clark read aloud to the assembled ~ests. Genl!lral Cl. rk entertained the Maharajah, his aide, Messrs. Kirk, Offie, Horn and Brigadier Divers for lunch in his mess hut. The guests left directly after lunch. 0 r General Clark WA.S still having trouble with his throat And retired to his van where he spent a quiet e,1ening. He, however, held a. movie for his staff office:rs in his conference hut., General Alexander today radioed General Eisenhower as follows regarding the replacement situ~tion: RN 942., 11 I know you rer:dise and apprecirite what we have done And rire doing here to keep German divisions from being transferred to the western front, but the time h11s now arriv""d when my armies will not be able to oontinue the o+>fensive much longer. 'T'his is mostly due to the fact that all di visions are very �tired and completely lack rresh replacements. Esrecially is tl is the case with Americ n Fifth Army. I have done everything through officin] cknnels to get r,aplacements, bu.t I hA.ve not succeeded. !vi'y :last chrince is to appeal to you personally. Anytl--iine you can do to help Clark will 1)e to our mutual ndw.mtage. Lemnitzer has left today by air for General Devers' Headquarters with full details of Chrk I s requirements." General Clark today dictated the following random notes for :inclusion in his dfary: "Further ..2.U..!!"&.le c~ents: l't,r efforts to br:i ng to th!" o ttenti on of the Har Dep~rtment my replacement situ.0 tion appirently w"'re futile. I am positive trnt Devers never properly represented my case to General Eisenhower. I am continuin~ to attack with ny four U. s. in+~~mtr:r divisions. They have had over 13,000 battle casualtie~ jn approximately one month. They hnve attacked every day. My only alternative is to discontinue the attack and remf' in in tl•e Apennine r·ountni.ns for the winter. Sue], a. solution is entirely unsatisfactory to me. Besides, my directive sends me to Bologna. Germ~n r~inforcenents ~rom tre Ei~hth Army front continu" to nood i..n front of my II Corps. Eighth Army does !lnthin~ to stop :it. Whl"rea.s the British strength i.n the Fifth Army is 152,000, as nga.inst TT. S. strength of 133,000, their b:"ttl~ casua.lties Wt"re 2,451 as against TT. S. casualties of 13,032 for the period 10 September to 13 October. Tlurin~ this s~,me period the TT. s. troops ~.ptured 7,og7 pr:isont'!rs, ns rgninst British rrison~rs a:r.iounting to 5, q86. ,.,,hese _figures indicate who is doi.nft the fighting. With tJ"1e present <le~ee of resistance the II Corps is encountering and with no repl~cements :wailabl~ "or nr:rroxirntely 20 days, the outlook i.s for me to lose at the rate of 500 per day a~ proximately 10,000 more infantry out of these four divisio'<s. J am faced with the necessity of r-lmost destroyi.n1-7, the future usefulness of four infantry divisions. "There was n. solution wrich T r.resentec1 to General Devers in the following radiograms: 8839, dated 6 October 1944: 'Infantry rerlrcement situA.tion in Fifth Army is so critically serious th~t current o~r~tion may b~ end?ngered. Supply of jnfantry replr>cen~nts rmd infant.•7 overstrength fo divisions only sufficient to maintain rlivisions nt T/0 streneth throuf'sh q or 10 October. Losses in iny four infantry divisions during pnst "ive days h .ve riverai:r,ed SSO per day over and above returns to units. Heavy fighting continues with enemy aprrrently rusld.nr, all avPilable forces to r1 a1t our advanc~ on BOLOG1-TA. W:ithout nddi tional r~placements ~ nf'antry strenf{'.:;h of the f'our i. nfnntry di vis .i.ons will be redu~ed by approxj"'ri.t!"!ly 5,000 +"or ePch ten drys o.r fighting after 10 October. Inf'antry rifle ccrr~pan.ies will there'~:, be reduced so c;eriously as to create an extreme operationnl handicap. All di visions lave b"en engnged in heavy f'ightin~ 23 to 2t, days un1ler adverse we,ither conditions. Continuous supply of infantry replrcements js imp rative. This siturtion has already been presented orally to your 1,eadquarters. T urgently request th,,t it be brougrt to the immed fa.te :i.ttention of War DeJ)<.,rtl'lent as f" IT' tter o+> opern.tional emeri:;ency. 1 11 'lN' 11 R',T 8937, dat~d 9 October 1944: 1Sripnent schedule infantry rey,lr--cements contained j_n VA'T'C'tTSA F35i¼S provides rel1ef early ro•,ember hut v•ill not alleviate criticA.l sPorta~~ j n :present vital battle r·o,.. '1ologna. 1.'.::::ti r,['t~ PJY four infantry Givisions will be 1own to assir,ned 'T'/0 str~nr.rth by October 14 and �\ I '7 that infantry srorta~e b:r rovemb"'r L:;t will 1)e ~,ooo. I urgently reco:rrrnend thnt ~ ~T0TTSA shipm .nts no•¥ scheduled for 3e·rn-rith Arny be r~lt'!nsed +.o FiftlA:rmy iMmediPtely. If these <1hipml'!nts htc1ve Plready 1-iMYJ. m"'l.de, J r.:tron~ly urge trat you procur~ 3,000 infantry r~rla.cerP-nts from SITAEF and ship them by air or f'ast wnter t.rRnsrortation to ...,iftt Army at r.prljest possi l" date. 1 11 Genernl 11 :1.'I Devers rir;plied as follows: FJ554/+, cleta,d 7 October 1944. 1Conffrn:inP, conVl"!rsation :vi t}, Colonel '\7erner today the following is sumnary of' ':7ar I:eJ)flrtnl"nt 1 s r ply to our teletype insistenc"' thrit Octo"J""r E>'1d "o'J"!mber i.nf'antry replrceT'!ents '.JJ shipped to us. "Decision t0 sMr no ;nfan.L,r;-, rt'lplr: ceronts g inst your Octob~r and 'Tovemher req11isitions ms h sed on rollowinCI' fnctors: (a) 11,000 v Jr"tren,crth in infantry rHvisions whlcr must e a sor :ied 1r,1c not r"!f l"";~ec1 • U~) ,.::.,000 general a:=;siP;nment enlisted m~n on }'Pnn in the tJ,ea:tor including 21 ,000 inf~mtry. Thes" figures RS of 1 Sept JTihe:·. CP sual ty roports do not ~ 1dicnte l.'1.i'G~ lo::;ses tc t,1,,.., tr'"'!f'..te1· since th ,n. ...rippinE; for r r,J.acements is not avai 1P 1Jle to now, any larf~e nu.ql1"!r to "JATO prior to 1 ~·ovemb~r. Fron your uessnge it is E1ssum.-ii t11P~, f'ftl'.lr that tir-" ETO will supply Sewmth Army a.YJ.cl VTill :"'nrtuisition r .plncements t:,~r~for. Alti10U~'1 v e do not accept tie di>ta presented in your "'\TIC as justification "or CC'ntj nuinr, r.-rlrcernent requirements e ar" s .ippinr, lv,000 infantr;r ri,:r lacemen ts on UG.:3 58 on bnsis of o~rational ,.mergency .- W:m t <lesti.n.ntion do you 1leair,; "or tr ece L~,000? Flease ans11er now. Request you su mit y cr>blf'OJ de~!'liled jnst~"icr-tion on which v1 can plan your continuinp_: replacel"i"mt requir~r ents . 11 1 t11Your gg39 of <i Octoher rersonPl to Devers \ as repeated ver ·atiJ'l to Vfo:r D ·F" rtment )Y teletyr,-l"l . 11 ' ''R?{ FJ5845, datr?d S October 1°44. '.Su•,sequ"'!nt to our FJ5'544 to you, reference repbcements, WF!r Dep['rtment hvs reconsider"'r1 tinr chinged its decision. 11le have cable t},is norning parP.phrA.s"cl ris "o llows: "Regardinf; the acditiom,.l sl-iipm•nts of -lnf'nntry rfl'Jsulting from coni>~rl'lnce o,.. n October, shipments will je wde as follows: '!'he l+,000 rerlf'lcenents cor1mitted jn tr at conference are cnncelll'ld. In t~ t"!jr stead ''le nre rihipping during October '5,300 as f'ollows: UGS 57, 1, '300; trGF 16, ?,?00; 'C'GS 5g, 1,800. ,,SOO of t>1ese s:rould arr'i ve on or before 2 iTovenber. le cr-i n furnj sh 7, 500 infnntry in addition to the 5,300 departing in Octobt')r, the 7,300 to arrive in tl eater durin~ last t~n days of Nover·ber, provided sh ipnent of equipment n.nri supplies can he c'efl'lrrl'\<l by you to m,'Jke q}lippim; ~r-ce :w'1.ilnbl~ for tr;e '7,500 replac!"!m,.,nts. If the .-dditionl"l 7,500 are n"eder' i:tive us c1estinations ilesi"t-"'Jd and numbers to h~ -:;~mt to e~ch. i'le are ~nr'envoring ~t once to obttiln "rom '":MO a f·ty-m dt'te <is to when they wi.11 take ov"":r r"'nronsibiljty for replacements to the Seventh Army''. 11 'We a.r" havinr; ?nd '"'.IX C(mf'er"'nce "Vi th 1 frir D'°'~rtr·ent oq1 SJOA and clnd fy the situation "urther, but t'1e sh i.pmt':lnts now rror.ise1l rri.<i terinlJ.y improve the picture.' 11 R'l'{ :Xl7/i,C/O', dated 10 Octohi•·r 19//+. 'Fully apprecfr•te situ~tion v;i th rerp-,ct 1·~rlncements 3flwmth Army is worse -tr an trnt oonfr0nt;ng Fifth Arny 9' nee Seventr Army's divisions arl" o.Jready we11 b~low T/o str~mi;th. Jn vie v of Co,,,,,h'ned Chi-.,fs ot' Staff priority to DRN'i'O'T Oper;;.tion, I c,o not �feel justi fi"'d in r"lel'ts; nf; to you the shipments set up for Seventh Army. However, I am asking ETOUSA vrheth"'r it is ready to tflke over ~t tbis time the replacement support of the Seventh Army -instead of rs of' l.Yovember 1944. If' it is ~,bl~ to do so, T will thl'ln cancel all f'urther shipments to Sewmth ~rmy frorn 1lAT(Y(TSA nfter the D /, 60 convoy except for R'T'U 1 s. 1 11 Tnstead of carrying the ball with force to Eisenhower rind representing my picture, Gi,neral D~vers has misrepresent"'ld the facts, in my opinion. The only solution wr:s to give me the two or three thous11nri r~lacements in Itnly which he hnd eRrmarked for th" Seventh Army, calling upon F,fa enho,yer to furnish Seventh Army rephcements. Without doubt they are PVnilable in the UK or F-r>ance. I ha.ve likewise reported triis situation to th,, Inspector Gen~rr,1, Gen~:ral Peterson, when he visited rere. I indicnt"'d it in a letter to General Vo.rshall, but he WP..S trnvellini?.; in France, and I have no wny of knowing if he i:; aware of trie si twtion. I t:>Jll "I have telephoned to General Alexaro er today to give him the si tuntion. confirming it 1n another ra.cliogram which is quoted below: 11 'R.~J 9002, d;q.ted 15 October J.Q44. 'Confirming m;r conversation with you tM s mornini:;, I consider it is important thnt you renliz "l situation in Fifth Army concerning infnntry r~placement shorta~e.. My four jnfantry divisions were reduced to sHghtly below strenc,th in .;nfantry on 13 October. Approxima.tely 500 usable infantry repl<"cements expected within next three dRys. Shipment of 2200 sched:uhd tn arrive Naples f'rom States on 28 October with 1300 mor" on I+ TITovember. B"liev-e October 28 F.troup can be pla.ced in line tibout 2 Povember. By thP.t date I estimatP my four d-ivisions will be short 8,000 infantrymen which means shortage of' 75 men per rifl~ company. This r~duced strength during critical period facing Fiftb Army rtlll seriously lm1er the operational ef'ficirmcy of my divisions. '<.:ven when ? ,200 r~placements arr:i ve :i.n errly November thl!':y will have,. ;to be absorbed by divisions which a.re al ... ready well diluted by new men. l'or exnmple, 91st Divi<Jion hc~s received 1,200 replacem,mts 13jnce Septemh,r 13, bulk of which have gone to infantry rif'le companies. "'In :ny rnessR.ge 8937, dated 9 October, to Genera.I Dever':!, I ureemtly ~ r!'lcommend\"1d thl'lt sh5.pments of" rl"lpla.cements from Naples for Seventh Army b-., diverted to Fi f'th Army but my requinst W?S not favornbly considered. I feel that if nenernl r.:isenhower ret'tlized the urg,mcy of tr is lTl,"1 tter and the influence it may have on M.s battle he might be able to furnish iffi1'1edi.Ptf':ly the 3,000 infantry replacements which I re'luested in my 8937 from SllAEF sources., I recommend thnt you present such a request to him. t nr have also intima.ted to Alexander that I am oontinuing the !'ttrick but. thnt if he pllllrm1ts W.ighth Army to sit on its tail with at least f'our British divisions out in reserv~ not attacking, I Jl18.y be u!1'ei.ble to go on. I told h:i.m he must require 1action by the !i~i1;hth Army which will keep the ;?f\th and 20th German Panzer Divisions on F.:ighth Army front. If they too come in against my II Gorps, I will probably be st,0pred. V "Yesterday I sent for Kirkmnn, Keyes rmd representatives of the 78th and Inasmuch as :Kirkman' s Corps has contributed rracM ca.lly nothing offensively to my battle and :in spite of my repeated screams -f'or at- 88th Divisions. �tack without ::mccess, J h,,ve dl"cided to utlliz,.. B Corps almost in a deflllnRive role, l;I'ttdually tnking over :mo holdin~ key terrtln features wrich the Americnn troops ce.ptur"", i.n order thr,t I cnn r:n ss tr·.- Arri"'1"ictm troops who will fight f'or the clecisive hlo~7 on a narrow front. I minced no words r>t this conference. I E;ave them the er sualty and prisoner -rigures and my rep]p cement situation as indic.'l.ted above. .,. told thrim tht'!y hnd to get into the battle in a more effecti1re wny. It is ahsolutel3r nppallinP,, anr1 only one crin know the situation who comm.ands British troops, thRt they wilJ. not att!'!ck ngf{I'essively and in ~-n ru.1-out manner, nor will th"'Y take the cr>sunlties. It is thf.l snme old manpower proposition and brittle weariness thnt n:f'fects thn entire -l"ighting m chine of the "3ritish F,mpjre. "After having tl'l.ken the Li vergtino escarnment feature, which w'4c s rui extremely touish nut to crt1.ck, the Formiche feature and the 578 Hill Mass, I have three more important terrain features to takl'!; namely, /')55, 62'2 ana Mount Grande. I htive recirled to ooncentrate on thest"! nne rit a time - put all my fi~hter bomber support on ,.,22 tomorro Y-, mass ,:ill tl-1e nrtilJ ery, ~ploy all the infantry 1vhich I ce.n rossibly brim{ to beP....r on it rind over rhelm and hold th~t feature. J will then next divert my nttention to Grttnd"'• W~th reference to air, I SJ!l p,ettini:; fine cooperation f'rom Ger."'lr['l Ch:idlnw. In -l'act, Ira El'l.k!"!r ,ma Cannon came in effectively to support me with th!"! Tcctic 1 and Strs.tegic Air Forces. I sent CFtnnon a mesSc'lge of appreci..-'"' tion wh i.ch is quoted below: "RN t.,297, dated 11 Oc+.ober 1944. 'Desire to express to you my appreciation of splendid air support of our operations yesterday. }le~se convey my thanks to General Enker 1 • "As an item to indicrttl'! furth"'!r lP ck of understan<ling of tl>f, Itllli.il'ln C11m•) pai~, all brou~ht n.bout, in my opinion, by Gen..,ral Devers' misrepresentP.tion of our picture, every gun of my heavy artill~ry is bein~ tAken away on the 17th to 1;0 to France." * * TRA'RRSA--OCTOBF.R lt>, 1944--FolJ.owing the 08'30 con-rerence, the General srent most of the morning :i.n hi.A vnn working on tidministrri.tive rm t.:ters. GenAra.l Alexander n.rrived ~t 1?15 "'ml conferred wit.h G~nerals Cl:eirk and Gruenther, a.ftl'!r wh:i.ch Grmeral Clr->rk entl'!rtrdn"d Gener"'l Alex:1.nder, Tiajor Grh1sley, his ide, for l1mch. Grm.,.rnl AlexFtnc~r J.t,,-f't <'11r,.Jctly nfter lu11ch. At 1710 ('~nernl Goodmnn of r-r;rBARK ,ma (l.enernl rrrite, with Colonl"!l l,lcCrnry, SOS N'A'1'0TTSA, called to see General Clr-rk. General Cl ..,rk hriefed Genernl Goodman on the current Fifth Army situ.,,tion aril ,xplained his greri.t sntisfaction in the wey the supply o-r his nrrny h"'S been handled. Colonel f'c hhon was the G,.neral 's JsU1'St -ror dinner t}, is evening. Gt'!nernl Clark tonif.:rht dictated the followinP, randoM notes for inclusion in his dj ary: �TIWe have indications tht!.t, the 2tSth Panzer Division is coming over from Eighth Army front. Already one regiment f'rom the 2Qth Prnzer Grenl'!.dier Division a.s com"' -l"rom tre ~; grth Army front to our front. It is perfectly disgraceful - tre im cti vi ty of ti'" T•:ighth Army. There is no will to -l"ight indice.ted. Over the phone yesterday I trl<l AleX23nder tl l"t 1 c id not understand how }1e could k4'ep four infantry divisions and one R.rr11ored division :in rest'!rve behind tr·e Eighth Army rt l'l critical time Hke this when the Fifth Army is fip;hting witr evl'lry m~m. Fis Fmswers were evt'lsiv~ but to tre effect that } e would job Mccreery. He did, t'lnd McCrMry rhoned m"', but th"'r"' was nothin~ I could say to r~ccreery. The l oles are to attrick on t'he left fll'lnk of Eigrth Army. I requested tha.t they SP'ed up t},eir attack, even if to the extent of makin:::; daylight movements in order to n.ttrnct tl--e 2!Stb Frmzer Division to it. There is no question in my mind but tliA.t 'Sj ghth Army and AAI as well will do "'verythinf; i.n their poY1er to bring 21':,tr h•nzer Division nnd 29th Panzer Division to my rront in order to give l<~ 1F;htl Arr,i.: tr e oprortunity to advance. If Finyone is to advJ1.nce into tr.e Fo ~hlley, th y much pre.f'er that) t11e Brjtisr Eiehth Army gi,t the cr~dit, ratr er thr-m the Fifth Army. 11 AleX!!.nder is coming to see me t noon, and lth1ugh I can indict3te ny disnppo:i.ntnent on the bck of activity by t}'e Eighth Arrri,y, T g~t nowhere. Vle are caught in the British Empir~ macJ,in/0!, ~nd to try to speed t''em ur rroduces no results. 0 11 ! sent r:tnotr1'r rl'l.diogr~m to Alemnder on r"'rl~cements, anrl le has ~ppi,a.led to ,isen 0"'1er. It is too lr:,te, for wl en t},ey sPipred t}ie last r~rJFcements out or Ttaly !>or France 1•1e missed tre boat. It is anott1er indiCllltion of AFHQ failing to back up the Fifth Army in its most critical situation in the Apennine Vountains. I run even nov1 confronted with curtA.iling n.rtillery runrnmition,) lO"i Fow·tz""r, bt">ca.use of lnck of credi.ts be~n~ ,..urnish1'd Fifth Arrny "or the next mont~ or two. "I m g'l"!'!atly disn.ppoi.nted in the 34th Division. The attPck of tre 135th on Monterumici is evidence ~f th~ir l~ck or will to slug it out as the new d5.visions ~r" do:i.ng. Gener~l Bo1te is a. surerior leader, but he h s inr erited a dise::-sed division; diseRsed bee, uc1e of the F'lmpering General Ryder gave it. I did not know this, nltl ou~,- I Wl'I.S soT:lewhn.t suspicious o:' it at tJ,e time Ryder left. "'here nre m:'\ny old m~n in the 34th Division who '.M.ve een witr it overse~s f'or t,.,o "l.nd a. half years. They ar~ h ttle-wise and btt+,le-weary. Tris \ is the di vision vrhich ras lonr' clamored to e sent :bome. T} e,y do not undersfarnd w y trr.v should be required to -<'ight one battlt'I after ~nether. Their small unit lenders ar""l poor, and it is a TM.jor tPsk -l"or P Division Co~nander and one or two ~ood leaders to crange tr e wl ole division. New men entering Vt'°! diYision as replncernl"!nts jmmedi~tely succumb to tris disease. I would relieVI"! hnr ~rt f'rom t1 e com>nl"l1<1 of the 135t}I Inr-l'!ntr:r except tJ,-,..,t I have no one to tnke his pltice. Fe r1i.s fn_iled miserably .in his l'!ttack on Mont"'rumici. I h.~ve evidence tbnt the 168th li'k-.ewise } tis no zip. The bt-st regiment in t• e division is tr~ 133rd, i:1nd this i ci onl:, 1 ecause Colonel r11un, wro is ,. nritural born leaoer, ras een put in command. As soon a.s this battle is over, I must take steps to clean rouse in thnt outfit,. 11 * * �TRAVF:RSA--OCT0ilr.R 17, lq44,--Tre Gen"ral ru:in is usunl 0810 conference-and at 1)00 went tvith his personal pl'ysician, r~~jor rA.nt, to the 8th Ev~cu~tion Fosrital flor X-r~ys of his ~rest, throat and teeth - a.11 of wl'ich \Vere nega- tiv~. TJ:,e Arm.r Cornti.nder spent t],e rest of the day in liis van and had Major rP.nt as' is dinn~r rruest in the evening. A suml"l1'l"Y of t} e battle progress for the week ending October 17, 1944, ollowa: is as Continued ~ains W(!lre made, alt',ough every effort to f!dv~nce w,i,s i--.itterly cont"'ste bv } eavr concentr, tion of en~m'V -i-orces. Rel L-f's And regrouping of cert in units wrs carried out by II Corp~ and 13 Corf'9• In Ii/ Corps sector enemy contact was maintain~d bv active pa.trolling and surre a.dvt>nce was achieved townr s "assP and Castel Uuovo. Gener11l Cbrk dictated the following materia.l for inclusion in ris diery: "Tl· e ?9ti Div·ision is ::i.11 coming to our froat. Eighth Armv could not hold it. '1e received a severe counter-~ttl"ck frori it in the Belmonte Pren \ toda v w' ere- tl " le!!ni 111 batt, lion of t1 e "!..1'3rd In.f'aT1tr~r had advanced to l;11st night. Our position wns held in spite of t e cou.--It.er-nttr:1ck. He r:. y be able to get through wi tr ·',' ,.dd"'d ?9tr Division, h1~ 'i ~ is touc'1 and go. General Fowl'!rcl ht:1s just rhoned i"e thr,t it looks as thougl 90 Ligr t is coming over from tl ~ Ei~r,th Ar11v fror+. TM_q is about more than we cPn htrndle. Our "Y" servj ce rns :ind::crted t· "' lead' n~ at talion fa now l".lnroute and will go into the Grande n.r~n. W attack th•t tomorrow. I o.m nf'raid tl is indicates thttt ·+) .- r.-at o~ the division will come. This see:,s more thm we can stanil.. "Eightr Army is not attncking, nnd, although trey are mE>king a feeble effort wit11 the Polis} Corps wl ich was scr"'dul"'d for attack tonight artd which I rad reperitedl,r urged be made l'lt nn earlier dnt", T receiv~u inc1icPtions f:rom General Gru"nth~r, a./"'ter his talk 'Vith General Farding, that the Folish Corrs was ~oing to again postpone its attack. This is outrageous and again indicl'.'ltes to me that Ei.grtr Army And AAI are perfectly willing to 'have tie additional German divisions come my vray in ordt",r to permit Eighth Army to ~Ake an adv~nce nt my expense. 0 "I telephoned to Gen!"!ral Alexander and told 1-iiin I understood t},ere was a dela:r in the folish Corps attack. re told me probablr there vwuld e bec~use it vrns r _inin~ over tr ere. : told rim it i ad een r11ining l'ere for a month, yet we a.ttacked every de:r and ever~, nigl t nnd tl 1 at someL'Ody b1tj. to \ \ make a cfocision as to wr etrer l e wrrnted us to ~o on, and if so t},e Zi.ghth Army must attack. I received the usual apologetic r,.rlies - no satisfaction no action. He finall,v said, 10f course, if "OU think you had better stor the attack, ~'OU do so 1 • There is no guido.nce from above. He will not tell the Zighth Arny to attr- ck. He will not tell the roles, so it is up to ?"le to carry on as '!,est I ca.n. I told him I would not stop, but there is a limit to our endurance And it soon will be renched if 3ighth Arrey does not show some signs of tictivity. re told l"l" he would re-study tJ,,e s::tuation in the morning and get in touch witl-1 me. In the me"1.ntime, we v:ill conti"1ue to attack." ' ��TRAVERSA--OCTOPER 18, 1944--F'ollowing tre 08'30 conference, Gener 1 Clark was interviewed Ht O ?30 y lillia1'l King of AF and Jack Bell, rerres-,nting the i~inmj Herald, Akron p,..ncon-JourMl A.nd the Detroit Free Pres"'. G"!nertl ClPrk left b:r jeep at 1130 for II Corrs FeadqU!.lrters in the vie· nity of Piamaggio . At II Corps General Clark net Gener ls Ke·res, C nnon, L1'mnitzer and Chidlaw . General Keyes entertained Gener:-.1 Cl~rk a.nd the other ofric~rs for lunch . General Clark then drove to the 91st Division two mil~s sout, of Loia.no where he conferred with Gen,.,ra.l Lives~y. The Army Conr:iander then drove mrer terrible roads to the 34th Division in the vicinity of Quin,::ano where he conferred with General Bolte. From tl,e 34th Division General Clnrlr drove to t1"e 85th :)ivision in the vioinlt r of Gragimo, where he conferred with Gener 1 Coulter, Division Commander. The Arm,r CoIT.1mt1.nder decorat1'd Colonel O1Hughi,s, CoT"'llt nding Officer of' the 337th I11fantr.·•, with tr e Legion of Merit. He !'.lso deco:rc.ted Colonel nruss, Corr,r,1a.nding Offic'""r of the 752nd Tank Datta.lion, with the Legion of Merit. i\t this s1~ll ceremony Genernl Clnrk oon,ended the 85th Division for their magnificent ~ccompl1 shments in t eir difficult battle. The Armv CommRnder U 1l"!n returned by jeep to his cor.unn.>1cl post, arriving at 1800 hours . He dined dth the reguh.r members of his mes'3. General Clark today received the following cable frorr Gl'"neral Imtr~ , Drazi litm 1 inister of w~...r: "In a fl"!w d:i -rs I will he ag:rl.n in Br zj_l, trucing with me the pleasant memory of h~ving been in your company. I take thin opportunity to thank you for the many personal favors you have shown me ~nd the party which ac- companied me . " * * * TRA1TERSA- -CCTOBER 19, 1944-.-General Clark attended his regular 0830 conference this morning ~nd shortly thereafter , at 0930, R"'rresentative Bdith 7-Jourse Rogers , Congres'Jwoml'l.n from t!assachusetts, arrived w·ith CoM.rrander Mutter and Colonel Forsythe of the Surgeon's Office NATOUSA, Captain Whnrton, Fifth .4rmy Hurse Director , and General Martin, F:i.fth Army Surgeon. General Clark briefed Congresswoman Rog"rs :vho showed great interest in the Genernl I s difficulties in eetting repL~cemen:ts. She offered to do nnything she could to help. A decoration ceremony was held at General Clark ' s h"adquarters shortly thereafter at which General Clti1rk decorated the following members of his staff: The followin~ received the Legion of Merit: Lt. Col. Thomas A. Lane , Col. Kenneth P . Zitzma.n, T/Sgt . Glen L. Wilson, T/Sgt. John C. Hrunmond, WOJG Basil 1 . Bodge, Maj . Elmer N. Holmgreen, Col. Stanley Grogan; the following received the Air Medal: Capt. Michael J . Strok, Lt . Col. John T. Walker, 2nd Lt . Raymond H. Porter , 2nd Lt . c~.rl A. Bio,rgman, 2nd Lt . !alter A. Holle . Generl'll Aaron Bradshaw received the British CBE, tmd the Bronze Star was pinned on Captain Paul Savary and Cnrtain ,James F. Graha.m. �\2 3 The General spent the afternoon in his van. came for dinner . * * Genl",ra.ls Brann and Lewis * TRAVERSA--CCTOBBP.. 20, 1941~--Gener 1 Clnrk left his oomma.nd post at 0840 fer his cub strip in F:irenzuola where he left by L-5 for the 92nd Division three miles south of Viaregeio . It was a flight of a hnlf an hour, and a ftne clear dti.y which enabled. the Gen~ral to observe the Alps to the north, Corsica to the west and the coast of France to the northwest . At 0945 the General landed at the 92nd Division cub strip south of Viareggio r,here he was met by Generals Crittenr.ierger ~ntl Almond . GenerP.l CJ.Erk and party drove to the command post of the 92nd Division in Viareggio. A guard of honor was held for Generul ClP.rk, consisting of one company from the 370th Regiment . G-.n~ral Clro-k decorated the following with the Silver Star: Capt . Allen L. Johnson, 2nd Lt . Millard L. Sullivan and s/sgt. Charles J . Patterson. Colonel Sherman, Regimental ComJMrrler , was rresented with the Bronze Star as were also Ca.pt . Jesse E. Jarman, Jr ., 1st Lt . John W Log11.n, . T/Sgt ~ J:1-rion G. mans nnd T/sgt. Frnnk 1hisonnt . Major Lor'-"nze , G- 2 of the 92nd Division, and Major Mac'iillie, G- 1+ of the 92nd Division, were both promoted to the grade of Lt . Colonel. The General then spoke briefly to the officers and men, congratulating them on the:ir fine ecco:r1plishments and explnininr, briefly the big picture and the important part they were playing in it. After the ceremony, General Chrk gr"'eted General Fhscarenhtis anr1 members of his Brazilian staff, and together the part ;r were oriented on the current situation in the 92nd Division area by the Division G 3, '~jor Shepard . - General Clnxk then drove with Gener~l Almond to en OP in the vicinity of Pietra Santa . From the OP Gen,..,ral Clark could plnjnly obs"-'rve ~~ount Gau.a.la , the immedi<'te objective of the 370th Infantry, and to the northwest the city of Passa , which is still held by the enemy. From the OP General Clr-rk and party returnf'!tl to the 02nd Division Headquri.rters where General Almond entertained Generals Clark, I~ascarenhns , Crittenberger and :rrr.mbers of the 92nd Division staff for lunch . Genl"ra.l Clc-:trk spoke briefly at the luncheon p rty tellin'; how proud he was to hr,ve the 92nd Division in the Fifth Army and how for tu.rr1te the Division wns in hPving such a fi.ne leader as Gen"'ral Almond . After lunch General Clro-k bRde goodbye to General Almond and his staff and drove with Gen"rnl r.rascarenhas and. Gereral Crittenberger to the staging area of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, two miles northwest of Pisa , wh~re he wns isreeted by a. guard of honor . General ,la.scarenh.'ls introduced Generrl Clark to staff members of the t ro new regiments of the Ih'a.zilian Expe<litionary Force . General Cle.rk trooped the line , reviewin~ 11, 000 newly- arrived Brazilian troops . After trooping th!'? line , Gen"""r'al Clerk ,:iro•re ·'.n hi"' jeep past the troops agnin and wns greeted enthusiastically by Brazilians singing their r1!leimental sonis . General GlPrk, accompanjr>d by Generals '1ascarenha.s and Crit tenberger , drove to the Pisn airport where he took off in his 105 for the Florence airport to meet GernJral Eaker . Upon ro~rivin~ ~t the field, Generrl Clnrk rnt Congresswoman Rogers and �l2 Y her :rnrty who ,.,ere nbout to take off for Gnserta rfter Dn extended tour of the Fifth Army sector. Genernl Chrk br-ide goodhye to Congres"'"omnn Rogers and her p:l'lrty and then ioinJd General Eak"'r in his C-53 where he oonferred for three quarters of an hour . General Clr-rk b11de goon bye to r.reMral Eaker ~nd left in his L--5 for the Firenzuola cub strir, arrivlng at his oommrmd post at 1700 hours. The General dined r.i th thA regular members of h:i..s rre ss rind r~tired enrly to his van for the evening. General CL,,rk dictat~d the folloV'r.ine notes for inclusion in his dfary: "I hnd quite a frank b.lk vr.i th General Bak ,r today in his plPne at Florence. I told him that we h~.d received no backing from Devers, and described the replacernt"lnt sit~tion to him, which he lmew about. J wanted him to get this 1nform~tion back to the Str-.tes. He is returning for a few days' visit. "From information he brought rre, Generals White r-md S wbridge, wrile at \ Devers' P'eadqunrters, sent i.nformation fo Eisenhower •rl- ich made it a.ppe:eir as though our casualties had been entirely too hea ry here. In th-is oonnP,ction, see Devers rndio to me E' nd my reply to him, both of which ('re quotAd elo 1. One only has to see this country, ronlize the mission, the ferocity of the fighting and tre degree of enem:r resistt>nce to undersknd it cnn not be do11e \'lithout hen-vy loss~s. 11 "Following is Genernl t·evers radio of 19 Dctober "'nth rc:gm-d to rer ]✓.,-. cements: 'I have ·juc"t seen your rtlported dnily crsunlty list. Suggest you rest a division or rAgiments '\'dthin Ft division ns is being done here, as yot.r casualty rate will break dovm Pny replncAment system. Fnve stopped any replrcements coming to Fr~nce ns of' October 15 rnd ~m trying to s~cure ro~ SHAEF 3,000 replt>ce~ ,nts, to ~e ...lo·m to :rou 'y nir nurn:i.shed by AAI. Your rro lem is one of usin•"; .?vt1·:.lr1 le troops to best Ddvrntage 11n1~ is th~ sa..'T!c rro 1~m you hr,d lrist FebrU,~ry.' "General Clark repli •d ris follous: 1 Yom· rrrlio ooncerning rerlncements inrHcr>tes r lack o" nrr-recirtion of our tnctic~l sitmtion, the t.-errPin, enemy resistPnce .-.,nd my mission. •,nfortTu"V"tel. • .rou '-,-,v,... ,-wt bP.en t' ½le to visit th· s f'ront in ap1,:--otlmotcly two months. I h1we b~"'n keenly aware of my crisua.lty rate and I hn.ve taken every rossibl ✓ opportunity to rAst regiments within div:isions consist"'nJ., w.tth Lhe urgP-ncy of my m·:ssion. ,..,1· ✓ rotation of regiments within di visions end battalions within rE'lgfr. nts is L1.bltu~lly prec+,iced in Fifth Army. In spite of these measures my casu[lltfos have 1~l"'et1 11ir,h because we are engag~d in Rn all-out. effort to c'l.estroy Kesselr::.ng 1 s Arm:i es so th~t they can not apyier>r :igainst Genertil 'j;"'isenhowor. E1emy is rushing a.11 available r~inf'orcements to meet •:;_s nnd lock us in the mount~ins for the winter. We r-ust nttack 'Vith all possibl vigor and t..hnt is ex.."C~ly ..,mt l:,h~ Fi.-"th Army is aoing. Our success no -r hnngs i.n th" bcll'!.nce, i•nc: our r,rowing l:runntry shortr~~e m y prove the decisive hnndicap. General AlP-xame1' took up directly with General Eisenhower c reques-1~ f'or 3,000 replr>cements. Generel Eisenho"er hns not:if:i ed us th·1 t they nre avaiL-"lbl0, r>nd m-rn.ngcments "l'~ under ,wy to fly all or r:irt of them to this theater, balonce to cone by wrter. I regret that you d:i.d not SM ..-i..t to release to Fifth Army the Seventh Arrw repl~ cel'lents ; n �I,ATOUSA Depot as requested in ny radio 89,7, dated October o. m:id you done so ond arrnrw:ed for Seventh Army supply from SHAEF sources it would have saved r:iueh tiFJe and obviated necessity of shipring replncepcnts fr-om Ifoly to France n.nd shipment bnck of "n equivalent number to Itnly. 111 * TRAV::::P..SA--CCTOBER 21, 1944---The weathl'lr tod8y wns 1.'S follO\rn: clouds throughout the day nnn rains in the lc1.te afternoon. / * ~3cnttered Shortly a.fter his early Fiorntng <Xmference the Amy Commrin::ler left by jeep for Firenzuoln. where he met General 1 irkmAn, 13 Corps Commarrler, nnd Briga.dier Lambert, Brigadier Generr::l Staff of 13 Corps. Gener1=tl l(irkmnn join1'd Genert-1 CJ.nrk in his jeep, and together they drove to the '78th British Division Main Headqunrters in Castel del Rio. There, Lt. Col. Preston, Division G-1, met G<,r..P!rnls Clark, Kirkmr>n and Brigadier V1 Tiber-t rind oriented them brfofly on the Division's cm·rent situation, nfter which Generals C1r1rk, Kirl::man an.d Brigadi,•r La:r.1bert drovo to the 78th Di vision Advnnce Hl2 in the vicinity of San Apollinare. TMs Hea<iqu,.,rters servl'?s 7Hth Division both as a TAC Headquarters nnd a.s nn OP and is urrler enemy obsl'lrvrtion. 'i'l·ere, General Clark was grMt"'d '·)y Brignd1.er Arbuthnot, Acting GOC, 78th Division, who explained brfofly trl"J currP-nt situation. Brigadier Arbuthnot, Tith Gererals ClRrk, }'j.rkman and Brigadier L'lmbert, viewed tr. e terrain from the OP, and Brig- dier Arbuthnot pointed out their objectivo hill features of i.1onte Spaduro, r~onte Del Vero, '"onte Slntn. and Monte Penzola to the norther st. . The Brigadier also pointed out n fin, view of Ivlonte Grrurle to the north in the 88th Divi ion sector. Il Genernl Clnrk bade goot'l1)ye to General Kirkman, Brigadier l.r:.mbert nnd rigadier Arbuthnot nnd drove in his jeep to the 88th Division oorrunand post in the vicinity of Villa di Sasserono wher~ he was met by Brigadier Genernl Kendall, ActinP, Division CorrirnRn::ler of tho gs-th Division. Genernl Cl.n.rk n.nde a combat promotion to 1st Lt. Dr>vid L. m.lson of the 351st :Tnfantry, pronoting him to the grade of Captain. Mer:ibers of the Division staff mre present at the promotion ceremony, and General Clark sroke briefly to them, telling them the outstanding .., chievenents the R8th Division h,_-, ve accomy lished in the Battle of the Apennin~s. Genf'}rnl Cl.'.':rk lunched ,-,~th Genert'l Kerrlall and members of his staff. Gcn".lnJ. Kend~.11 told Gener. 1 Clnrk that he hnd lost nine battalion cormnand ers in recent operations - three killed, two wo1mcted, one captured and three in hospitals. After lunch, Gener, 1 Clqrk oonferred with Gen~rn.l Kerrlall in his vnn for half an hour, after "rhich they drove to the regimentA.l command post of the 340th Infantry in the vicinity of Monte <1rande. Colonel Crmvror ,, Comm".l.ndin.1 Officer, rP-viewed his current situation with General Clnrk n.nd pointed out to the General the dffficulties he! W8.s having, due to the shortage of personnel. Colonel Crawford stA.ted th.nt in recent operations h~ hnd lost between three and four hundred enlisted men and forty of'ficers, including his three battalion commanders. Officer A.nd HCO replacements were not avtiih•ble, nnd h~ was running dry of oi"ficer ond ~JCO leaders to promote to h:i.[11er grades. Gen ~r~l CJrrk assured him th..,t reph.cenents were forthcomine rmd err.ph11sized th.nt, where possible, Colonel �Crawford should appoint good rrco I s to commission~d grac'i.es. Gen er- 1 Cl.., rk, wlth Gen~ral Kendall, then <"rove to the 35oth Infantry rngimental corunend post, where General Clark pt•esented the DSC to Colonel }ry, Regimental Comm~nder, in the rresence of sever~l members of his staff. Gen~rn.l Clark spoke to Colonel lt'ry and ris staff, telling trmn of th~ !TI1'lgnificent job they had been do~ng and how fortut1t1te they ,.,ere to hnve such a fine lender as Colonel Fry. Genl'!r~l Clr,,rk, 1:i th Genr>ral Kt<!rr:1 nll, drove then to the 351st Infantry Regiment, now jn reserve. GenP.rr,l Clark conferred briefly with Colonel Chnmpeny, Regimental Cof'Jmander, a:-'ter which Gr:neral Clark bade gt)odbye to General Kendall and Colonel Chrmpeny and returned to his oornmand post by jeep over Route 6520, the 88th Division supply route. General Clark dined w~ th the regulnr members of his shortly thereafter. * l'1' ss and retired * TRAVERSA--OCT0BER 22, 1944--The weather tcxlny was as f'ollows: and fog all day. * Light rains Gen..,rfll ClEirk did not ettend the 0830 conference th is morning but conferred in his van with Gen~r:ils Gruenther, Brann tind Howard. !\.t 1000 hours the A:rmy Comr,nnder met with General ffr-cGruder, G-4 of !1A""0tTS.A, Genernl Gruenther and Gener:-il "'ate, Fifth Army G-4, in his oon·"erence hut. At 1100 hours General Clnrk left by j"'ep with Captnin '~n Dyke, South African Linison for Headquarters of the 6th South African Armored D:!vision in the vicinity of Castiglione, arr1vin~ Rt 1230 hours. General GL.,rk wns met by Genernl Poole, GOG of the Jivision; Colonel De,,e.lf, Conrn~nding Cor1bat Comnand D of' th~ 1st !lxmored Division, now 1-1tfoched to the 6th South African Armored Djvision a.nd on their left flrmk; c.nd Colonel Eaggs, G-1 of the Division. Colonel Dewey ask9d Grmerril Clnrk for some infnntr;,r help, and Generrl Cl:1r 1 : told him he would try to get him a battalion of infantry as soon as possible. Gener 1 ClPrk conferrl"ld for hrilf .,n hour w·tri Genl"rnl Poole in GeMr"ll Pool~ 1 s van. GenersJ. Poole then entertrd n"l<l Gen0rr-l Cl,.rk nnd Colonel Dewey for lunch at his headquarters. Just hefore lunch, Generr·l Clrr}- explained to G,1nernl Poole's staff tJ,e over-nll picture on the Fifth Arm:r f'ront, pointing_ out the important pArt the f1th South Africi:m Armored Di vision were plPying in the battle. Genernl Clark p:-esented G~ner~l roole with a p8ir of the new U. d. Army issue shoe packs. Due to the low clouds and drizzly rriin, Goner"'l Poole could not show General Cl.,rk the hill features over wli:tch the 6th South Armored were fighting which could be observed fror1 Genern.l Poole I s He.<idquRrters on a clenr day. During the discussions betv een General Cll'rk nnd Gen':lr?l Poole, General Poole recor.mended trf!t Brjgn_dicr Cljve, Commandinr; the 24th Gu:=irds Brig1:de, be rel 1evad. Gnnernl Poole also re1111"sten more nir rhoto cover ge rnd nir support U' possible. Gen<?ral 1 oole also "'"-T'ressP,d his thr>nks to Gener:-1 CJ:,rk for nrrangin · to release to the 6th South A:rican Armored J)j vision one nrule �company. At 11~15 Genern.l Cl.,rk br-de ~oodbye to Generr.tl Poole and Colonel Dewey n.nd drove to the bend'1u"'rtArs of the 1st l\rmored Division in SFln Anr1rea. · Upon Ms arrivn.l, General ClPrk w, s riet by Generril Pritchard r>nd his Ch:i.ef of StPff, Colonel Howse. Gener11l Cl-1.rk, before an ass ,mbl~a group of the 1st Armored Division staff rresented 1st Lt. Rowe •ith .the D~Btinguished Service Gross. G.,nerr-1 Cbr also rresented L~gion of' Mer:i.t awards to Lt. Col. rovming, nrdnance Officer of the 1st ArMored Division, and ~t. Col. Edwin Russell, Comm.,nding Officer o" the 31st Recon. The General also mn.de the following rromotions: Sgt. Swri.rtzlnnder ot' t}-,p,, 1st "'nn"k Bnttnlion to 2nd Lic,uten'lnt, Sgt. Fuglett 0f the 14th Arrnoren ""'ttalion to ?nd Lieutenant, Cript. 1 /hitsit of the 701st Tank Destroyl'!r Bnttrili.on to Pnjor, ?nd L:t.-:uten~nt Pntter o+"' the 1st Tank Battalion to 1st Li'"lui;enn.nt, ;'.'nd Lfoutenant Riley of the 1st Armored EP I lntoon to 1st Lieuteiw nt. After the ceremony Gener.21 Clark spoke briefly to the stn -rr of the 1st Armored Division, col"1J1ending them on the fine _job tt e:r are doing in their defensive role a..."'l.d thrit h.., hoped shortly t},ey •vould be able to get sol"le reA.1 armored ~ction. Gen-..:r['.1 Cb.rk, v1ith Genert;l Pritchard and Colonel HoV1se, then confer:red in General Prit C:bnrd I s office. Gt""nAral Pritchard. requested ' Genernl Clr,r 1 c to Sl'Jnd Colonel J'owse to F'rnnce f'or ['nroximately ten d3ys to sturly armored tactics :i.n France. Genl'!rnl Cl~k agreed. Afti,r conferring il'ith Genernl FrHcha.rd for h,ilf nn hour, Gentirnl Clnrk too· of'f in his j~er over tr,e miserr>ble San Andrea - feJ.m"'ggio ro..,d to Route 65 nnd then bnck to his benr1qunr·ters. The G"'nernl arrived bAck nt his headquarters at 1730 and ht1.d "our ~uests for dinner, after w~ich he enterta~n~d Members of his striff at 8 Movie in hjs conference hut . * * * TRAilr:RSA--OCT0BE"R. 23, 1944--The we11thl'lr today wt>s overcast, cle"ring towar·d th~ l~te a~ternoon. GP-nernl Gl:'lrk spent the mornin~ i.n his van vrorking ::1nd conferring with members of' M8 stnff. At l:.>00 bours Lt . Col. Grr-y, Armv .TACr, c1>me to confer with Genern.l Clrirk. At 1600 hours G"'tl~ral Cl,,rk left f'or FlorPrice with Colonel Saltzrnnn and his AlC. Enroute to Florence, the Generrl met Gener!"l_l Lemnitzer :1ho a5 on his wa::r up to Army Headquarters. (}~n .r".l Glrir'l< t,-11{:ed to Gen~rrl L"'lrinttzer "or t"YJ. Minutes on the ro~c', and tren continut'ld on to the Fit"'th Arm:, Officer's Rest Fotel in Florence. At 1~10 (}"'!neral CL,,rk entertl'lined for cocktails ~/Ir. & Mrs. Guthrj e YcCljntock (Katherine r,ornell), Er. Bri:m /1.herne, l.liss rncy rnd :mother rnem,r of the cast of "'T'he Barretts of Wimpole Street 11 now rlaying for }'ifth rmy troops, and !1isees Elli, Logan anci ::Ulriney, , lso onterfoining Firth Amy ~ roops. ('ren~ral Cl<ir d-tned with Colonel Saltzoen 'l.nd his ADC, retu.cninfs shortly therer-tfter to 1is comru'md post j n mrnv~rsa. �i'R.AVF:RSA--OCTORBR 24, 1q44• ..t}i,ner11l Clark },ad hj_s usual 08JO conf"rence t:r.:.s morning, rit which General Lemnitzer was also rresent. At 1000 hourr:; ri;r. rancis I. ~ratthews, Supreme Knight of the Knigrts of Colut'\bus, cti.lled wit:i G•n~rnl Gruenther to see t'1•en'"'.!rnl Cll'l.rk in the con-<'erence hut. Gen,..rnl Cl"'.rk oriented 'r. ifRtthews on the cnrrent ifth Arey situation. At 1?30 r1r. Basil O'Connor, Chnirmm of +,he Red Cross, .. nshington, D. G.; Robert Allen, ~Tice Cba1rmnn of tre R~ Cross ; r.1:r. Sterling Tomrkins, Delegate o" th~ Red Crans in l, shiiv-;ton; Mr. Vf. W. Jeff,..rson, D:irector of' Ci. vilfon W!il' -:'lelief in the ttalfon ,,,h,..nter; n•lr. R ymond Healy, D·:rector of' Facilities in the Italian Theater; and Th:-. James ""e, ls, R"!gional Director of' t're It linn Theat"!r were G.-n"'rnl Cl~rk I s lund1Mn guests. Before lunch General Clnrk revie red the tacticnl situation on the Fifth Army front. 'r. G~me:.~a1 Cl.s-,r' · srent n qu.:.et rf'tel"noon 1n h's vrui until 1600 rours, at which t'i.me h1' l~r0 - _ to TI Corps HeAdqU:"rters in 'Dif-J•1nggio whi-re he conf err~d for three quart~rs of an hour with Gen":r:<'ll K,oyes. "'he Army Comrnnnder returned to his headquaFters ~t 1730 and entertained two rNests or 1inner, retir_i "lf; eE!rly to his VA.n. A surnwi.ry of battle rrogress +~or t},e week endinE; October 24, 1944 indicat~s +h~ followin~: Steady 1 ut cilo"1 advances ci:mt.;nued to 1-)e m,"¼de along the lin.., o" the main / effort in II Corrs, t1:tth flPnk uni.ts in 1J Corps ~nd () SA Armd :)iv seizing control of such tmportnnt ·"'eatur~s as M 3J Attmo on t:i,e right nnd Hill 826 and M / TEm.1nrr: on the left. The oo mmanding f eatur~ of M GR.A'[:; in r-i.~ht I of II ~ Corps sector v:as seized and "urth..,r .<1dvaYJ.ces rnt1d~ towArds Route 9 ir tr e FO Vtil ley. 'T'h"'J s~verely--f'ought for M rr~1r,~0·rrB feature El'l_st of Fi gr1wP.y 65 in tre left sector of n Corrs fell to our troors nenr th"'J end of the period. Enemy resistance cont· m1"'Jd •,tiff -in froi1t or the mP.in effort l'li tl~ many severe counter attacks bei~~ rerulsed . In the r1 Corrs sector activ~ rntrols continued to maintain contRct witt1 ~nerny el"m"'nts, with no indications of enetn:v withdrawal in sector front. -tr"" * * * ,..,RAV'!-::RSA--0'.;l'l'OBER 25, 1944- -The yreather today was rniny r-ind cold. G~nerR.1 Chrk n~t"'Jnr1ec Ms 0830 conference rnrl at 1000 hours drove cio m Route 't~5 to th~ junction of Route #~5 nnd the Imola ron~ wrere r.e met Lieutenant General Jfolfo_rney, T'a,jor Gen"'r<Jl ' 1ill"r Yihite, G-1 ·iATC'TTSA. G~'tlernl Cl~rk, with General r~c'Tarney, dro~.-e over the Altuzzo mountain pn.ss. Rnroute (1-{'nernl Clnrk poi-•1ted out key terrain features r-nd enemy forti-f'ications . ,,,h" ptirty arrived at Arm:, Feaclqunrters at 12?.0. G-n""rl'lls Grul"!n~her, Ft>r<'lin,:, Lemnitzer, Cannon rnd Chitll~w ret Generl'l nc·,:arnev, and then C'r~n~ral Cl11rk brit'lred General ·rcr--Tarney on t're over-nll. picture on 'Sighth n.nd Fi-l"'th Armv fronts, r fter which the ent5-r~ f'll'\v 1'!10 lunch. At l/~00 hours Gen,ral A1ex,nc'er :--rriv~d, at'--1 +,re entire f{roup co"t"errer• in th"' co>1'"er nee l ut. n~nerr1ls J\.l<"lxar.r er, rnrcinP:, LPrmitz"r nnn Cannon left at 1530, ~nd rr~n ,rals 'Jlr,rk n.nd r•c•·arney co-rif'erreil ~loYJ~ in the hut until 1700. �Gener al Clrrl.;: entt-rt aint'ld Ge11r,rals Nc"rarnt"ey "nd White for dinner . ral !'c·rarnr-y spent the n~ ,;ht in G~neral Cbrk I s ~est van . * * Gene- * ✓ 6 , 1944--The weather today was very poor with a heavy rain falling durin~ the entire course of the day. TRAVERSA--OCTOBER In the no;rning General Clark, witJ-, Gen~rals M cNarney and White , drove to II Corps where they were ~et by GenerPls Keyes ano Prit ch~rd ~nd members of the II Corps staff . General Keyes briefed tre JY.rty on tbe current situation . The pnrty tr en drove to tl-e 91st Division, wJ-,ere they met and conferred with General Li vesay. The Army Cornmi:mder and y:-arty returned to t1"e FiftJ-, Army command post direct from t:be 91st Division, arriving back at noon . Genersls McNarney and Vfhite departed shortly after lunch , and General Clark spent the remainder of the afti,rnoon in his van , working on a.dministrative roo.tt~rs and conferring with v,irious staff officers . In tbe evenini:; the GenAral had Generals Brarm A.nd Lewis for dinner . Gener al Clark today received th~ following memorBndum from his G- 3 with regard to resting, refitting And training Fifth .4rr.ny troops: " I. In order ments Absorbed a.nd be rested to areas accomplishing this 1. that Fifth Army troops be rested, re- equipred and rerhicegiven soJ'lle tr,dning, it is necessary to move t he units to "'ell bl'l.ck from tJ-,e front line . There are two met:bods of project . To move out complete divisions to rest areas. a. AdvantaCTes . (1) When o+'fensive operRtions are resuned , there would be availAblA possibly two divisions - with all personnel rested and best rrepared far a strong attack. (2) This method would give more flexibility to any plan to resume the attack. b. Disadvantages . (1) II Corps zone of responsibility is so wide and the enemy ~lon~ tbis ~rent is so strong th~t it is Most difficult to cover this zone witr two tired divisions . f2) All +>our of our infantry divisions are very tired . I believe that if any complete division, or even all of the infantry of a division , is withdrawn , it would 4ffect adversely the morale of the divisions left in line . ✓• mo move infantry regiments or battnlions and an appropriate percentage of othar units of all divisions in turn to rest areas. �a. "II. Advantages. (1) The enemy can be more easily led to believe that we ro-e in strength across his f'ront. This, it is hoped, will cause him to continue his withdrawal from in front of Eighth Army. (2) By leavin~ all divisions in line, tre responsihili t;v of th"} generl'l.1 zones they now control will be much easier th1m it ,vould be if two divisions held the entire sector. (3) W are in better position to follow up any e enemy withdrawal with parts of all divisions forward. Location of rest areas. 1. Our troops are both physically and mentally tired of fighting. They need :rest, but trey- ,ilso m~ed recreation, tre opportunity to walk on a sidewalk, see picture shows nnd relax. 2. Troops in rest areas must be under heavy tents or in buildings. AFHQ hRS recently announced the policy of using buildinrrs for troops whenever possible to save tentage. I am informed tha.t several thousand men can be put in build-lngs in f1 0~ECA'T'INE. It may be possible to find additional housing in PIS'T'OJA or FLCR'SNCE. 3. Any rest areas selected in high ground will be very cold and muddy. In addition, my bivouac personnel can not find any area into which a large number of troops can be concentrated in a tent caMp, except the FI'.1I'OIA - PRATO - SESTO area. 4. Troops bivouaced astride Route 65 interfere with the movement of supply trains and their w,hicles running out on to 65 carry so much mud on to the road that a ~eat number of men w.ill be required to keep it clear. 5. Class I, II and III supply dumps ::ire in the FLCRENCE area. heaV;r maintenance repair stores nre in the FLORENCE area. All 6. mhe a.dditional time requ:ired to move troops from their forward position to the FLOR.ENCE area over that require-d to move trem to some pl."!ce along 65 South of FU'J'A PASS is only a matter of a few },ours. This is more than compensated for by the fact that tr- e troops in rest areas will be very near Rll supply and JM.intennnce establishments. "III. Timing. 1. The date on which Fift1, Ar_my resumes its offensive to capture B0LOGNA must oepend to a great part on the German oper~tions during the next few dayfl. UnM.l Eighth Army carries approximately ebrt':last of CASTJi:L S. PIETRO, and, until some G'1rman strength is withdrawn f'rom our front, I do not believe we liave t},e capability of capturinE.; BOLOGNA. It is estimated t}•pt our troops, after a short rest, will be capnble of Pn effective attack for A. yeriod of about 8 to 10 days. Ava.ilabb nrnmunition will not support a strong a.ttnck �l 31 for a longer period. 2. It aprears t:ra.t once we begin resting our troops, it is to our t:idvantage to rest ns long as possible, cont~ngent on tre date Eighth Army is to cease opRrations to prepare +'or tr P,j_r next commitment. I will, of course, be~in at once to plan for a resumption of tre attack, but trese plans must be revised daily in accord with Gi?rma.n action. The only tring that rnust be completed in the near future is a plan to follow up any German withdrawal. "IV. Additional Troops. 1. Shortly a+'ter l!ov('!r,ber 1, additionA.1 troops of tr e 92d Division and BEF will become available for combat. Exact dates of t1vailability are difficult to determ-lne because tl--e status of equipment on bents now unloa.dinP, and some yet to come is not lmmm. I was informed tr-is morning thAt tre 371st ROI' of 92d Division would be ava.ilnble by November 5. It will probably be near 1rover.ib,,,r 15 before BEF can complete tl"e minimum training of one RCT and haV'3 i.t reRd:,r for combat. 2. The 6th RCT of the BEF, now in action, could be withdrawn at once from its present Eirer and attFJ.ched to II Corps. 3. The area in whic1' troops of either of t} ese units are employed must he carefully selected so that any withdraw<tl would not endanger a critical sector. 0 "V. Recom.~endations. 1. That troops of' Fifth Army be withdrawn to tre FLffiENCE area for rest. 2. Thflt personnel from all divisions be withdravm for rest. The number to he based on a careful study by division conrnandors o+' the necessary strength required to hold their respective zones of action • .3. That the withdrawal of troops in t he M. GRANDE area be based on our determining the Ger111c~n's intentions in thnt sector. 4. ThA t wren possible infantry regiments, plus A.n appropriate percentai;;e of other units of tre division, be withdrawn. When it is impossible to reduce the strenrrtr of any division sector by one infantry regiment, that one or r>1ore battalions be withdrawn. 5. That, in so far as facilities r,ermit, troops withdrawn for rest M quartered in buildings. 6. That as soon as certtrl.n operat:i ons now be·i ng conducted by British troops of Fifth Army are completed, they be directed to conforn to plan for resting II Corps troops. 7. That tre 6tri RCT of tre BEF be attached to II Corps and the remainder of t hat division brougr1 in as soon as possible. t �8. That the 92d Division continue rressure along t!-,e West coast. 9. That t}-,e A:rmy Commander and tre undersigned whole },eartedly perticipate in the rest period recommended Above." * * * TRAVERSA--OCTOBER 27, 1944-~neral Cl~rk had a conference with Generals Gruenther and Brann at 0930 in the conference hut and was joined at 1000 by Gen"'ral Keyes and Colonel Porter of IT Corps. The remainder of the morning General Clark remained in his van. At 1400 in the afternoon Gereral Clark h,ld a small press conference which was Rt tended by Colonel Grogan, Fifth Army PRO; Milton Br'ncker, New York ~imes; Frank Conniff, INS; and James Roper, UP, in the conference hut. ~he remainder of the afternoon Ge~eral Clnrk spent in his van. The G...,n~ral hRd dinnt"lr in the evening with .the regular members of his mess. In the evening General Clark dfotated the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: "I have received tr e following letter from Gen~rnl Alexander: 1 1. With reference to my CGS/4~9 of 10 Oct. 44, it is now possible to go a stage further in the developm~nt of future plans. In the f:irst place it is quite clear that no additional A.llj_ed forwtions will be avaiL.,ble for operations in this t'beatre now or in 1945. On the contrary 4 Ind Div nnd the Greek Bde haYe b~en taken for duty in GRr.;:E:CE, Hnd Rre not likely to r~turn to A.A.I. In addition 1 Br Armd Div and one British inf'a.ntry div will have to be dlsbande<l to provide su·"ficient repL-=i cement personnel to maintain the remaininr- British forMRtions in a 191+5 campaign. None the less it is the C-in-C's intention to carry out A. sustained offensive in 19!~5, a.nd he has rece~ved instructions to rnRke plans f'or a campaign on the ~ener~l 1:i ll"!S indicc1ted in para 6 of rrty CGS/429 . 1 1 1 2. Plans which will now be ttiken in hand will be based on the aseumption that durin~ the next two nr three months the advance of the Russian Armies in HTH1GARY, combined vith the opera.tions of our light f'orces ?nd the Farti~ans in Y1TG0SLAVT.A, ~ill force the enemy not only to ~ive up the ports on the DalmatiA.n coast o.t least as far nortl as ZARA inclusive, hut to withdravr from the mountains in trie hinterland of' trose ports to a line between the SAVA and the coast bet :"Teen ZARA and Filn£ • 1 3. It is the intention of the SAC -in-C to occupy the rorts of SPLIT, SIB~NIK and· ZARA with COJ'lll"lA.ndos and other ljp;ht forces as they are evacu.,ted by t},e enemy, and to develop operRtions in conjunction with the> Partis1ms to gain control of the roads running inland over the mountains. If these opera.tions nre successf'ul it should be po ·sible to develop the ports t=ind the road and rail communicntions from t'.rem, under the cloak of openinr; up the country, and under the protection of our li,:;ht forces nnd the Partisens. As soon as �l 33 these prepnra.tions are sufficiently advanced our mnin ho<lies '"ill be brought in as quickly t:i.n<l secretly as rossible f'or nn advance on L.nJBLJANA and Fim.£ . This is a g1m-3ral conception , the actual rlan will of course re'1Uire a gr/lla.t deal of detailed '1tudy, i=ind its final form must rwturally der,end on the situation at that time . This oreration will be the task of ~ighth Army whose H. Q. "'ill be reljeved of opArntional resron.sibility in tir1e to :plan it, rrobably by placinit n. corrs H. Q. directly u.mer A. A. I. in command of the Eighth Army front . 4. '!'he first object of Eit;hth Army ' s operr-tiorn will be to cut the enemy ' s road and rail comM1.mjcations through LJUBLJANA AS ri step towards the destruction of KESSBIBPTG ' s Armies . Th~ capture of' the port of FIUME ·rill be esciential f'or the rn11.interumce of' the tirmy." At the si:rr'\e tirrie these operr>tions will have to he coord1nated yrith those of' It,,rsh;:il 'T'ITO 1 s forces , a.nd. rossibly with those of the Russfa.n southern Pr'f"!y e.s well . 1 5. Suffident cra.f't <'or Pll MSA.ult 1:.1-f't of one di11ision for ferrying troops to the Dal:MP.tion ports, l"nd therenfter for Pmrhibious operations in conjunction with the advance up the coast will be R.vailable for Eighth Army. 1 1 6. 'l'he task of Fifth Arrrry' will be to continue the offensive on the main front with the obJect of holdinv, the enerey- +>orce"l in I'T'ALY and driving them north eastwards . EventuAlly the two rtrmies would complete the pincer riovement by conver~inl',' on GORIZIA nnd 'T'RP'S"'E f:Teparetory to a combined r-idvance into ATT'3TRIA . Even if this conception rrowis too ambitious f'or the f'orces llVAilable it will At least serve to contain the mRx:i.mur:1 enemy forces on this front which ,\Till be a very valll.ll.ble contribution to the overall Allied strategy. 17 . 'l'hfl target date for the openini:1, of this CPJnfaign is the beginning of FebruPry. .If it cPn he launched earl ~er so much the better from the overall point of' vievr . '1'he reli:itive tinin~ of' the orerations of the two Prmies , and the final allocAtion of troops nnd other re,.,ources t'lre matters f'or discussion nearer the time • .,,here Pre ho~ever certain qmstions which must be decided in the very near f'uture . 'T'hese flre cliscussed helovr . 1 B. .,,o o-ive f'ormi=itions time for essenti~l rest, reorganization Pnd trnin:inq- before embr-trking on another protrt.Jcted offen,.,ive campair;n, it is estir.iated that it will ,e necess:iry to "'Uspend the current of'fensiv~ about 15 Nov . More over rra.ctic1> 1.ly all formations in both Prr.iies h~tve now hrd long periods of continuous fiphting , and rnPny ha .. rea.ched the stage ,,,hAre "'urther effort without rest is rm unecononical rropositj on. On the other hrnd f'ailure to se cure BOLnGnA and RAVENHA before settlin~ down on 11 winter 7 in1J , will h11ve the most serious ndverse effect on rr"pr-trPtions ,...or re.,.,1..Tlling the offensive on thP. mn.in Italian front :i.n 104'5 . With B0LOGHA and ~VF?TNA in our hpnrls rinr1 suffic ent spP.ce beyond them to n~ke it rossible to use the +>ormer fl_S " rorid nnd railhead , Pnd thP. lntter PS .<i const\vic:e port , we should be Abl13 to huild up c:uf'ficjent sup:plfos north of the A~nnines to suprort r-n 11ttack on the ADIGE position ns 1 art of a contj nuous mover1ent . Inr-> bili ty to use th".lse Preps rind the co:mriru.n:iotitions of which they f're the term·nals for "dm5nistr2tive build up durin~ the vdnter mr-ty, and rrobrhly 1•rill necessitate P nel-,y of' two or r.iore months betw~en the capture of BOif'G!~ and an attack on the ADIGE rosition . The immedirite rroblem therefor~ is to oolPnce the advantages of' sncuring BOif)GNA and RAVRT\THA a~a-inst the need of' the troop~ f'or rest . ,e �T '9. The best way of iMprovin, our chances of' CApturing BOLOG11A ·vould s seem to he to ~rsuade th~ rmemy to "'love somn of his troops -rrom ~ ts defence. The following plan to thnt en<l ha.s befm su~gestect:- a. Fiftr Army to suspend t1 ctive opP.rl'ltions; :i thctraw sry two di visions to rest in the FIDR~tTCE AREA; and simulate to the wi thdrawAl of a third div ?nd prP,parations for defence. ]2. A cover plPn to be ini tinted to tho effect that Fifth /1 rmy had been compelled to i:;o on the defensive owj.11~ to exhaustion and he1wy casualties. £• EiP.:hth Army to continue their o-rfensive w5.th all avl'ilable resources at least t5.ll 15 1Tov, to draw enemy f'orces off Fifth Army f'ront nnd to capture RAiF?r»'A. g. Fifth Army t0 pr~pro-e n pl11n f'or 1:1 f'inl'l 1 all out i:,+'fensive to capture DOT.OGNA, and th('ln to move the divisions withdrawn to rest in the I'LORF,NCE area back to the f'ront +'or th~ purrose as quickly and secretly as possible as soon as the enemy hRd moved troops away and the weather was rropitious, or P .t any rate not later than 15 tTov. ~- E; g:hth Army to concentrate on the capture of RAVEtJNA. , If this plan f'::,ilP.d it is considered th::>t the disadvHntagP.s of not holdini:; Bf\LOCP·l'A and RA~WTA must be accepted, ano th~ best •vint!'lr Une exclusive of those r-JEcM should be held. Tr0ops jn ti,e lin" shouln t}-,en be t1'i:r.ned ,cind rest, reorP,Rnization ,rnd trniniri!Y ffi'1 ould begin An<l hPve rriority. If it is not rossible to capture Bf•LOGNA and RAVE!HJA before calling a hPlt in the present offensive it will be o:"' o-reat jmportrmce to secure FORLI to open up Route 67, 11.nd r"Cl!J'l'E SMT MURE (L 873q) to cover· the northP.rn F.lxi t of the t-flllimE AOO!: ~ tunnel. 1 10. 1 11. ":'h.-, ~ajor problcl'!ls to be settlr.n At once are therefore:- (a) r-row cHn BClL()(}NA and RAVEF TA be captured before 15 ~J'ov'? (b) If thnt proves impossible whnt is the best wj nter line to hold? (c) "fu.A.t assistance or further jnformation do Armies want +'rom A.A.I. at this stage to enable them to go Ahead ':'T.ith planninp; a campaj_ on the lines indicated in this lett~r, anrl 0esif-;ned to gn be~in eA.rly in Febrmiry 191~5? •va11 you please examin!'l these questions and any others connected vrith the pla.ns outlin~d herein trat occur to you Pt tri is tage. mhe C-in-C ,;,rill holr. An Army Co..,ma!Y1er's mect:'ng rit this H.Q. at 1100 1-i.rs on 2() Oct to a~scu"s these and anv other connected questions. VT ill you please inform mP. by 27 Oct if you have any points not covered by this letter trFJt you rish to discuss e..t this meeting, also whether the rroposed time find date a.re convenient. Army Commanders r.,p_y brin1: two staff officers with them to this meeting. 1 nr have dj scu<1sed this mtter with General Alcxand er, l'md it hApp")ned thBt ��135 Genernl McNarney vras here Pt the Sl'lrr.e Mme. T told .Alexander I was not in fa• vor of abrmdoninf!, our attack on Boloenl'l but that due to the lnck of all-out effort h;v the BiP:hth Army, the German hnd been permitted to mss his defenses opposj te Fifth Army to close the ej ght-mile gar b"fore Bologna And the fourmile r;ap to Route #9 in the Fo Valley. '!'he Germtm hPs removed his best divisions at will from the F.iP,hth Arrrry +"ront, Pnd Eighth Army has done nothin~ to help us except lean aga1-nst the enemy. The -;;;ighth Army has never, in my year of nssociation with it, indulged in an all-out attack against the ~nerny, nor will they ev~r do so, in my opinion. Had they borne the5r just burden of this Fifth - Ei£;hth Arrrry pnrtnf'!rship, we would ht>Ve been in Bolor,in. Th"l enemy woul<l not have found it rossi..ble to take al 1 the d:1visions from Eighth Arrrry front Rnd plt1ced them agi:iinst us. 11 ! agree ,,rj_th the proposal to launc}-, an AY!lJ2hibiqus operation into the Balkans by ~ighth. Arrriy"w.r-Ui.r'rrth Armyrefnrorced by Poles f!nd British troops attFJcking nf'!xt sp:rin(; across the Po pist Yenice and tovrnrds the Ljubljana Gap. As a prerequjsite to this a.ttack in the sprini:;, I must htwe Bologmi this winter in order to build it up as a. base for thes,., future operl'ltions. AAI ,•u1n"t,s to withdraw Sip;hth Amy by ~ovember 15th in or<ll'lr to rrepere f'or their 11r,phibious operation wrich will be nothing but a ferrying exercise without oprosition. My troops Rre so 1':x:hn.usted now that they J'!lUst rest ~or at least t}-,ree weeks, in order to absorb new replace.ments rind rerfect sm~ 11 unit teamwork. I Pm ~oina to a reeetin~ the day after tomorrow at AAI with the following proposal: (a) That r::ii:;hth and Fifth Armies carry out an 11.ll-out desrerA.te attnck ) on or about 1\Tovember ::>oth on Bolognl'l.. Eighth Arrrry nrust put rill resources into the ettack. (b) least H '!'hnt all air suprort, includjng strategic, is mHde availn.ble for at week -in adwmce and during the attA.ck. ( c) Th,.t the l oHsh Corps be mde avFlilable to me to attack on my left ,. fl1rnk to op~n up Route #64. / 'l'hRt if bnd vreath~r slows up the attack the Britfoh Eighth Army be ~ ~~~~~:: to remRin in this area a'1 late as December 15th in order to secure ~~~ ~ (d) "I11 the meantime, I am stopring the attAck on MY front, will move 13 Corps \ \ to the north to take over Mount Grande, thereby rel-leving desp('lrately tired 8~th Division for rest. "Amrnmition will be crit~ cal for the oottle, but by r[-ltioning during this lull until '1ovember ?oth, I will ruive enough for about two weeks I all-out effort. By -r-rovembP.r :::ioth my replacem~nt situation will be suf'fici.ent to bring rne up to overstrength and to me.intain r,e in a desperate battl" for approximately two weeks. If ~i~hth Army will attack, and they n1'V~r hr>ve yet, I will attack up Rout~ !!65, and "e have ~ood chances of' cartur:ing Bologna." 11 * * �TRAVERSA--OCTOBER 28, 1944--Genertd Cl..,rk did not have his usu.el 0830 conference this mornini:; but did confer for a short whil~ w:i th Gem~r11ls Gruenther 11.nd Brann. At 1030 the Army Cornnnnr'ler, a.ccompanit"d b;v GPneral Brann, depl'l.l1ted for 13 Corps Headquarters at 'licchio, where he conferred w~th General Kirkman . Follow;n~ this conference, GenP.ral Clark drove on to Florence. At six o'clock in the evenin~ the ~neral enterteined mrious of his section chiefs +'rom the renr echelon And a few nddi tional f'riends at the J\nglo-AmeriC8n Hotel for dinner. * 17 * TRAVERSA--OCTOP.ER 29, 1944--The Amy Commander left for AAI Headquarters at Siena, accompanied by Generals Gru"nther t'lnd Brann, to confer at eleven o'clock with GenerRl Alexander. The GenerAl returned to the hotel for lunch and drove back to his commRnd po~t, arriving at About 1615. In the evening the Army CommAnder entertRined memb~rs of his st11ff '"ith a perform1mce in the hut by Miss Rlltt Logan 1md her u.s.o. Show. The performance Yrns f'ollowed by a buffet supper for approximAtely thirty guests. * * TRAVffiSA--OC'T'OBER 30, 1944--Gener,i.l Cl11.rk srent the early part of the mornin~ wor'ld.ng: in his van and at !'!lev~n o I clock oonferre<l with Generals Gruenther and Rrnnn jn his conference hut. Previous to this conference Glllnerl'll ClArl<" conferred with Lt. Col. I'fllh.off and Col. Ellison of the Inspector General I s Depirtment. At 1430 the Army CoTm"lAn<ler held a conference in the hut rit which the follovr~ni; vrere present: Generals CJ.Rrk, Gruenther, Kirkman, Keyes, CrittenberD'.er, MascFJrenhas, PritchArd, Poole, BradshPw, Lewis, Brann, Tate, Bowr1an, Fow11..rrl, Chidlaw, Bri~. Divers, Briis. Roe, Colonels McMahon, Saltzman, Zitzml'ln, Ladue, Brayner, Lt. Col. Cooper, Maj. i'lalters, 1-\:'1.j. Th".!unisson and Capt. Case. Follovring /'l.Te notes on the conferenc"! compiled by Colonl"ll Saltzman, Army Deputy Chief of Staff: llThe Army Corinmnder stated that he had convoked this conference to describe the new picture which confronts Fifth and Ejghth Armies. He h~d received ., direct:ive from Ge~ral A lexarrler purs1mnt to which th~ bulk of the Ej /:;hth Arny will und.ertA.ke another mission during the latter pl.rt of December. General Clark stressed the necessity of CRreful security in this connection. l I 11 He stated thAt another Bttempt vrould be made to take BOLOGNA and that \ such rt drive by the Fifth Army nn1st he carefully timed Vl.r~th th1' efforts of the EiP,hth Army. "C'renE"rFil Clark c;aid that the Fifth Army has advanced to rositions on a 14ne generally throui:,;h LIVBRG"TAN'O and Tir1I'. GRANDE, wh"re it has been �13'7 stopped. The four divisions of the TI Cor s could not press the att11ck further without l"lnormous c.nsualties, e.nd it is doubtful if it would bl'! possible now to ret=i.ch BOLOG1-TA on account of' the lRrge r-i.mount of Gerynpn re inf or cements which hnd bP-en throvm opposite the II Corps sector by hringinr,; units from other parts of the +'ront, particularly from the Bighth A:rmy front. "It had been R.ssurned by Qf!!nerAl Alex~urler that f!S "re threatened the principal Germ1m lPteral highway the enemy vmuld not let us cut behind him. He therefore ht:id two alterm:1.tives: to 17ithdraw or to stop our attack. He chose the latter And put l'!leven divisions in the area of the II Corps. General ClRrk had planned a new effort with II and 13 Corps but decided agri inst it when the 1st German Pt:irRchute Division was brou~ht in. "The Army Comrm.nder explPined thAt it is now necessP.ry to devise the most effective mea ns o+' resti . .ng our troops in time to mAke nnoth~r nttnck on BOLOGNA) before the rleparture o+' the bulk of the Eighth Army. It has been decided in conference At Fer.dqmtrters AAI that 11 coardin-"ted nttack to secure BOLOGNA "''ill be launchP-d A bout 1 December. We mu"'t rest the troops wh.ich will rrovide the spea.rhead of the next Pttn.ck, ,,,.,mely, the four tT. s. divisions. Means of getting them out of the line would be discussed hy G,,nerRl Clark lPter in the meeting. r~erimrhile, General r~cCreery will continue to push h::i.s "Sighth Army of'fl"lnsive. "It is difficult to judge where the Germans will try to corie to rest; there ar4' wrfous rossibllities, and the 'Rii;hth Army ,,,jll have to find out in the course 0f its A.dwmce by drivinr: the G~rJ'TFns bPck and stabjlizing the Hne. This is :fully understood hv General Mccreery. As the Germr-n rulls back to a new line he becom-.s rrogr~r,sively stronger, ann if later PI'fePrs to be su "ficfontly stron~, there is a possibil ;ty thPt the coord~nated FifthEii:;hth Army attack miP,ht not be l"lP.de. "G~nerPl 0111.rk ciaid 'thAt in order to get the TJ. s. <livisioris out of their pr-.sent positions +'or r ,u rposes o+' rest, it had been decide<'1, nft~r P consultation with Genern.ls Alexander a.nd Kirkrnrin, to r"quire the 11 Corrs to take over the terrriin in the ,,icinUy of the MI'. GR.A1IDE feature. ,r,h" Army Co:r.nn,i:inder understPnds thi:it the 13 Corps '"ill have some transportation require:rients to Rccomplish this m:ission. Pe told Ge>:rieral Kjr1~n several da'Ts arso thtit F:ifth Army is prl'!pe.rP.d to assist 13 Cor:rs to the Brnit of its Pbiljt,, in rrmriding the additiorutl transrortRtion necessnry for rnaintenr>nce durin~ this mission. 11 'T'he Army Commander believes thf't the Germflns have hrid the cqiabili ty of MA.king P stronrr, cou.ntArPttt=ick in th is Prea but does not believe he will do it. He stated thPt seven b:<ittalions ::>re required for the defense of this sector, And th~t this comnitrnent must he ~ade b:v the 11 Corrs. He stated also tht:it if lPt ,r our r>ttack shouln go toward the lest, it is rossible th~t the 13 Corps mri.:v have to trike airer more terri tor:,. 11 '1'he 88th n;vision should be rel il'!Ved as soon as possible, the t!:'rget a~te for completion heinrs a week. Geni..ral K:i.rkmrm said he hr,d !!lreadv scheduled the relief for November 2-8, rind Agreed to do it os soon as possible. 11 �✓ Genernl Clark stated t ht=it th"'! 8~th Division had unrerisone 4 , 800 battle ca sualties; thAt the 85th ,ind ,4th would stA'' ~n the line "'or the rresent, and that the 91st Division hRs .t'l Jread" two COJ'llbat tePms out of the Hne . The 1st Armored Divi'3ion vrill take over a. larger sector than rit pres"'lnt . "Gtnnera.l Clark .':JtPted thi>t the 6th South Africi>n Division h11s been fi1;hting in hifsh mountl'lins , and thPt he understnnds General foole is still plannini:; to attemnt to take SOLE . 'l'his nas confirmed by General Foole . The Armv Commnncier said tha.t it ,,.,ould be v~r· helpful if SOlE could be CAptured; otherwise fewer batt.<1.lions cnn ,:,;et out o-i:- th~ line . 11 Gener<>l Clark ~uiid it was rlanned to brinf" thei BraziHPn Division into the Un"' alonr hii,;h:<1nv 65, one conbn.t tePJ'll to rto ;nto position ri.r;ht P.wa-:r Pnd the other 11s soon As pos'3ible, probnblv· tirouna tre 10th 0r l?th . The ?3?nd Germ~m Division is opposite this rart o'"' the lin~ , Hnd the Army- Commander felt thnt rro~ess could he rm.de there . He stated l"lso that he planned to bring the IV Corps ~arther to the East . I) · "General Poole stAted that SOLE is ti very strong position, stronger than CA.SSPm; th11t it is w,ry difficult to att,-ck. The min:ir.rurn scale r,tta.ck to tak"' it And hold it T'fould htive to be n two-bnttalion attack. He does not have two available battalions at the moment . The 24th Guards Brignde is tired nnc'I must hold a certRin shoulder with one battali on. He could make an attack '7ith one battalion and :i:-ert of Another . If the situr'tion stabilizes he coulcl add nnother oottFilion to the Guards Brigade . This opern.tion would be versr costl:v; the ground is hP,ld b;v two battalions of the SS disposed AS indicated by General Foole on the map . The seizure of SOLE would not be valUAble unless exploited to th~ northeast down a difficult mountain feature with R ni:f'ficult Ma~ntenrmce problem. To be effective this rrogress should be coordinat~d with the adv;:ince o~ the division on his flnnk . GeMral foole would like to r,~'ke the attack w~th three battalions but cannot r,aintain three battalions . General Clnrk said to hold the project in abeynnce for the rresent. 11 r~neral Clark said that he desired General Poole to ~et some of his units out for rest if possible, reAlizj_ thRt this would be difficult if the diving sion sta_rs in its present position and takes over the territory to his norrwl • boundA.ry. "'T'he Arny Comander invited Gen~ral YirkrlPn I s coTTJn~nts and su~gestions from anyone present as to any improvements in the outlined plan. He stated tha.t on" of General Kirkman' s divisions may leave the 11 Corps during ~fovember, and toot some of General Kirkman 1 s units ~ill probably be pinched out as the new line devia,lops, thereby affording rm op:nortunity for restin~ such units . General Ch.rk hopes to get 18 battalions out of t}1e line . "G•meral Yir1-:rnA.n dj scuss1'd roan difficulties Hnd pointed out thAt many vehicles of British divisions are u~eless umer th~ roAd situntion confront ing the 13 Corps . H~ had nA,de a roup:h e stimate thnt :in order to ~Aintain troops in the Hf' GRANDE c;ector he would n~ed 120 a.ddi ti onal 6 x 6' s a.nd that he woul<l need an additional 100 for six dA.ys to get his units into position . General Clark said thRt we would furnish thl'lm. General J{irvrnan stated that this estil"l:=tte includes no allowrmce for bringing up res~rves , replA.cing motorcycles which cannot he u2ed , etc . If he coulo get any more je~ps they would �-be ver;r u s eful for the Frovost, dispatch riders and signal re:rairs . taking awny jeeps from other divisions for use in this '3ector . l39 Re is "G~neral Kirkmnn asked what work can be done on roads b~r the Fifth Army, and ~n~ral Bo,'frnan discussed the work which will be undertaken. General "'ate stated thPt the U. S . vehicles which will b-e turned over temporarily to 13 Corps may use Route h5 and the RADICOSA-SKSSA IF,ONE Road (65.,9) . 11 Grmeral Kirkman said a. res,,rve would be provided from the '78th Division, and that the battalions on th"" east of the 13 Cor:rs sector vlill make such progress as nay be rossible . General Clr1rk said that General Keyes ' corps wj_ll assist th"" 13 Corps es much as rossible . He also stAted thr--t this hendquarter s ,vill prescribe a main line of resistance and a regimental reserve line . "General Crittenberger stated that the Fifth Army requirenents present little difficulty for th" IY Corps; thAt General ~~scar~nhas hl'l.s one conbat tea.m ready to move Pt once ; that ~ntiaircraft units will take over their sector promptly startin~ their reconnaissa.nce on the day following the meetinp;; thRt the availabil-ity of more Brazilian units depends on equipment; that he knt,w he was exrressi.ng General Mascarenhas ' sentiments in saying that the Brazilians a.re Vf!'lry anxious to get in action . "General Vascaronh.<1.s reJ')eRted that his ability to act depends on delivery of equipment; that his units would be ready five days after such de livery. "General Clark sai d General Alexander had indicn.ted th.<it he could m1>ke some Itl'l.lian combat units RVailable , and that hA had told the C- in-C that } 1 e would he glad to take them. "~neral Chidl1m said th1.t the XXII TAC has certain training problems and problems with respMt to tre Eighth Army d1n:-ing th~ reriod betwe.en now and 10 t!ovem ber . "The Army CoP1M.ander stated t.,_,A.t thl" date for t1,e next attack mtueit not be too ri;,;idly set as tre army rmst be in a position to tak"' advimtage of any (;'ood weRthAr , but tha.t December 1 was the deadline and speed was the watcl->word . He stated that the bulk of the artillery must be left in, though soMe of' the personnel r,ay bt'! talnm out f'or rurposes of rest . " General Cll'rk this afternoon dictated the following randon notes for inclusion in his diA.r:v: "In going to General Alexander ' s conferenr,e I intended to dernnnd an all- out effort by Fifth And Eighth Armjl'! s to capture Bologna before Eighth ArMy moves out in prepA.ration for 1ts other mission . 11 Bnroute to Ale:x,:i.nder ' s conf er•mce I visited Kirknmn hecause an essential }:flrt of my plan jnvolved 11 Corps' taking over the Mount Grande fea.ture. Thi.s requires the better part of an infantry division . By so d9ine. I would rnat""ria 11v help in the re lief of U. S . troops f'or rest , r"organizA·faon ~nd \ \ ��trAining prior to the next offensive. I was sl-iocked to },enr Kirkman tell me 10~1.sticall:r tjt was not on'. He could not r,n5nt'fl.in troops on Gra.nde. The fallac;v of his stAtement lies in the fact thnt we are alrtl!ad;v maintaining over a. <B vision up there in hell:i.sh weather. His argument is that his transportation does not havf"J the SA.me mobility as ours. He is somewhat correct. \ I went on to Al~,m.nder ts meetinf; wh-.r"" I talked •Tith Mccreery ahead of the conference. I was pleased to find trat he could not t=1ttack in an A.11-out effort for Boloi:;mi. until !lovember 30th. This, I thoui;ht, was the latest date thRt F.i~hth ArM~r could rem,.,in in this HreH. I r~nd jt ca.n remain until Decemb~r 15th and possjbl;v A little longer. This will ~ive me more opportunity to rest mv troops. Alexander, Stayner, Robinson Pnd Hardini; were mn-prised at Kirkman I s A.ttitude. With their backing, I ha.ve decided to or<ler Kirkman to occupir Grande A.nd '\"1'ill tell him so at rny conference this r-ifternoon. I will bring in tre Brazilil'ln Division to relieve the P,5th. I will use the 1st Armored Division, e!'lplo;-ring all its tank crews as jn.f'ant:r", and believe I can get out practica.lly f-lll of the ~5th and 8%h and the 91st, perh,i.ps less a cornbA.t team. 34tr will have to remain in the a.rea witr A. narrow sector and as reserve. One other division, probably the 91st, will be kept in the Futti Pass area, for the German, with 11 divisions massed on the II Corps front, r11s the capability of embA.rrassin~ me by limited obJective, strong countl"lrattA.cks eit},er to regain Mount Gra.nde or the Livl'!r~ano feature. I must li~wise see that Brit.; sl1 ,lernents are rested, but not to the extent of tre American units, for t} ,e U. s. troops rave had between fotn:' and five to one casualties over tre British. 11 "Althoug} J h~we told Toole of the 6tr South African Division tliat he did not ht'lve to take Sol~ if he thought it was beyond his capabilities. I Understand hi'! intends to attempt it. If he is successful, it will }-,elp considerably. ~fr i ..e,...::t' ~ t ) 1 I;-)~~ 7 ·,._,._ ... -1. ~ - ~ ~·~- "I will tr:v to get most of my U. S. regiments lm.ck to Monteca.tini under cover. "At the AleXA.nder conference it was decided that Eighth Army iiill continue its attack, pusr•in1; nn alrea_ withdrawing enemy in [' north,~esterly d,r rlirection up the Po Valle,,. I will let 11 Corys assist tre Polish atti:i.ck by makin~ a.n tl!ffort on their right. I hope that ~ighth Army, by continued stroni; pressure and attacks, will force the enemy hack to a line r,cross tre Po Vallev generally in the CA.stel S. Pietro area. McCreery wants to make his r,,rd n effort in the attack on Bologna around November 30th astride Route 119. ThA.t precludes the possibilit"T of m•; using at least one <livision in the Po Valle·,. 11 '1'h1' c0nference also decided thflt both flrmies v1ould Attack All-out for Bol01;!1fl And thA.t Fi.round December 15th, after f'ifteen da7S of further effort, if we },ad fail"d, all rernr>ininir P-lements •rould he turned over to me, and Eighth Arm:r pulled out f'or its new venture. "Mv schene of :Ma.neu,rer for tre November 30th attack is undetermi:na ble at tre present time. rtr m,dn job now is to rest the American units And then, dep~ndin~ upon enemy reactions dur5nt; the next montr, tre westrer, I ��progress of Eighth Army, I will decide \Tr1et~er to make my at ta.ck along Route #65 and to tPe west t0ereof or to demand th8t I come into tre Po VAlley astride Route #9. I have indicated this latter possihility to Alexander. "When I do attack , it will he my last venture for Bolognn. . I will deml'lnd all the P.ir support possihle . There is a <::;rowin~ tendencv flowing ge nerall·r from Genert1.l Cannon that the:' know how to eriplo~r tre air better trian 'l'fe do. There is a reluctance to accept our targets . I feel thl'lt '"" must blitz ,1ith Stra.te~ic, Tactical and Fighter Bombers right in front of the troops astride Route .J65 ••• just spra.7 in a line on either side of the rond . I will carry that all the way to Washington in order to get it . ttr am havinf', a. neeting of corps and division commanders and my key staff officers At 2:30 this a.fternoon in order to notify them of my plans for the future and to discuss a plan for puttinP- into effect the temporarv relief of u. s. units . " TRAVERSA- -OOTOBER 31, 1944-- Genl'lral Clt:irk spent t },e entire morning in :bis van workin-; on an accumulation of pl'l.pers nnd conferring with various staff offi- cers. At 1445 in tre nfternoon General Clark, accomptmied by Colonel Saltzman and rrent"lral 'Rrann, drove to Florence, riaturning to his comm:md post at 1700 hours . · The General dined \Vith the r.-,gu].(lr Mem"1ers of his mess and in the evenin~ played hridge with General Gruenther, Lt . Col. Eberhard end f;1r-ijor Hunter. A SUJ'nmary of operations for the vreek endin~ Octoher '31, 1g44 is as fol- lows: Advances continued durim~ the enrlv part of the reriod aga inst increasin~ enem;v opposition and adverse ,::ren.ther conditions with the supply of forward elements becomin~ A. difficult pro'l,lern due to v:irtuall;r impassable, muddy ro!'lds . Du.ring the latter pa.rt of the period some withdrawAls were r.-;ade in II and 13 Corps sectors to More favorable, less exrosed defensive positions; reliefs wer"l effected to rest Porward unjts and rehabiljtate equiprn~nt; en;;ineer efforts to improve routes of supply were intensified . On the extreme right of 13 Corps, in the 6 SA Armd Div :md in IV Corps sectors our forces continued to successfully Rttack and gain local objectives. Results of operations for the month of October, 1944 are as follows: Ground forces: Stead:-, advances continued along the front of II Corps despite stubborn enemy oppos·ition and terrain very favorable to the defender . Key points were captured or by- passed and , at end of period units were firmly astride Route //65 , M BEUDNTE was secured along with the important high . ground running generally east along M FAN'O to M. GRANDE and Hill 568 to the . north of M. GRANDE . 13 Corps continued pressure and secured the important feature M. SPADURO and the high ground to the southeast . On the right 6 SA Arrnd Div seized Hill 826 and M. TERMINE while IV Corps maintained contact and secured local objectives. All ge.ins were consolidated and determined �counterattacks were successfully repulsed with heavy losses to the enemy forces. At end of month reliefs ~ere in progress and elements were enroute to rea.r rest areas. Heavy rains throughout month handicapped operations considerably and maximum effort was required to keep supply routes open. Air Suppo1:t: Weather was generally bad during month and air operations were hampered considerably. Fighter bombers flew 685 missions with 31'76 sorties and li 6ht bombers flew 6 day missions with 72 sorties. Operations on a large scale were conducted on 12 October when approximately 6(:l) heavy, 300 medium and 177 fighter bombers attacked targets near BOLOGNA. * * TRAVERSA--~OVEMBER 1, 1944--At 0900 this morning General Clark decorated Colonel Guild and Colonel Hutchinson, Chemical Warfare Officers, with the Legion of Merit. At 0915 the Army Commander met the new infantry field grade officers who reported to Fifth Army Headquarters upon their arrival in this theater from the United States. General Clark left at 1015 to go up to II Corps where he conferred with General Keyes, Corps Commander. Following this conference, the Army Commander proceeded on to the 91st Division command rost where he had lunch with General Livesay, Division Commander. Following lunch, Generals Clark and Livesay went on to the command post of the 361st Infantry Regiment where General Clark promoted Sgt. Crafton A. Palmer and Sgt. Walter Werner to the rank of 2nd Lieutenant and presented Silver Stars to 2nd Lt. la.lmer, Major Eli Black and T/5 David C. Steinman. Following this ceremony General Clark briefed Colonel Broa.dlmv, Regimental Commander, and members of his staff on future plans of the Fifth Army and the 361st In"'antry in particular, after which the Army Commander inspected a QM area and then departed for the 34th Division. Enroute to the 34th Division General Clark met General Bolte, who continued with the Army Commander to the Dbrision corirnand post where they conferred briefly prior to the neparture of General Clark. Enroute back to his command post, the General stopped in at the 8th Evacuation Hospital and talked with several of the wounded men. General Clark had dinner with the regular members of his mess and played cards in the evening before retiring. * * * TRAVERSA--'tfOVEMBER 2, 1944--General Clark remained in hi'3 van durin<=; the entire da~, working on administrative matters and conferrin~ with various staff officers. The General had Generals Brann and Lewis for dinner and for cards in the hut later in the evening. �l43 General Clark today issued the following directive to his subordinate commanders: 11 1. a. It is apparent that the enemy has regrouped his troops to place his maximum strength astride the Southern and Southeastern approaches to BOLOGNA and thereby deny to Fifth Army the accomplishment of its Phase II mission as envisioned in O.I. #34, and amended by subsequent verbal and radio instructions. b. It is also evident that Fifth Army units, particularly those of IT Corps, after more than six weeks of continuous all out attack, during which infantry casualties have been extremely heavy, are sorely in need of a period in rear areas to absorb and train replacements, rest and re-equip. 11 2. Fifth Army will therefore: a. On the mnin axis of penetration, using minimum forces, consolidate present positions, withdraw maximum number of troops to rear areas for rest, absorb replacements, and carry out tr~ining program. b. On the right flank, maintain pressure Against the enemy, withdrawing troops as pinched out by advance of Eighth Army. c. On the left flank of the penetration, improve positions to secure a sound defensive line, thereafter withdrawing to rear areas troops vrhich can be spared. d. On the coastal sector, continue to exert pressure, nrvancine as means and conditions allow. e. tTtilize the -f'ortJ,corrdng reriod of active dAfensjve to regain combat efficiency ana be prep~red to launch a major offensive in conjunction ,rlth Eighth Army on or about 1 Dec 44. II 3• a. lt Corps will: 1) Relieve troops of II Corps on the M. GRANDE hill mass to include M. CASTELLARO (L 9933) and M. CUCCOLI (L 9832). Corps Comiw.nders will arrange details of relief and of boundary and forward agreed recommendation to this Headquarters. (2) Assist the advance of Eighth Army. (3) Continue ratrol action to follow up enemy withdrawal. (4) Submit rlans for relief and resting of troops pinched out by advance of Eighth Army. (5) Maintain contact with Eighth Army and protect the right flank of Fifth Army. b. II Corps will:• (1) Using necessary minimum troops, consolidate present positions. (2) Facilitate relief of 88th Division by units of 13 Corps. (3) Maintain crmtact and follow up any enemy withdrawal. I �Plans for offensive action prior to maj_n attEJck which involves more than 1 infantry company will be submitted to this Headquarters for approval. (4) Rotate units so as to w:ithdraw as many troops as possible to rear areas for rest, re-equipring, absorption of replacements and training. PlRnnen schedule for relief and rest periods of units and other personnel will be submitted to this Headquarters (Attention G-3) with the least practicable delay. ( 5) Provide every facility for comfort r>nd welfare of troops in reserve positions in forward areas. If practicable, mess buildings and heavy tent sleeping accommodations will be utilized . c. 6 South African Armoured Division (with CC "B" attached) will: (1) Continue preparations to capture M. SOLE (L 7829); attack to be on Army order. (2) Assume responsibility for defense of division zone of action, relieving II Corps troops now in the area as soon as practicable. Contact will be maintained with minimum troops, as many as possible being withdrawn to rear areas for rest and recuperation. (3) Be prepared to follow up any enemy withdrawal. (4) Maintain contact with II Corps. d. IV Corps will: (1) Establish small command group of Corps Headquarters in position to facilitate movement, reliefs and subsequent assumption of command of new sector . Corps Comrnanilers will notify this Headquarters when he is prepared to assume command. At such time, IV Corps will assume responsibility for incompleted missions indicated for 6 South African Armoured Division under c above. (2) Concentrate 6 RCT (BEF) in area n';;w held by CC "B" (1st Armored Division). As soon as practicable, relieve CC 11 B" and attached troops . On relief, CC "B", less 2d Battalion, 370th Infantry (92d Division) reverts to parent unit control. Movement to II Corps sector will be accomplished by mutual arrangements Corps Commanders. 2d Battalion, 370th Infantry reverts to control of 92d Division and will be moved on IV Corps orders. (3) After relief of CC "B", press forward along Highway 64 to narrow zone of action of 6 South African Armoured Division. (4) If, on assumption of command, M. SOLE is in enemy hands, prepare plans for its capture and submit same to this Headquarters (Attention G-3). e. 92d Infantry Division will: (1) Operating directly under Army control, assume command of new sector and troops therein (less 6 RCT (BEF)) with least practicable delay, coordinating such action �with IV Corps. ~otify this Headquarters when connnand assumed. (2) Coordinating with PBS, make ev8ry effort to ready remaining elements of the division at the earliest possible date. (3) Hold maximum enemy force in coastal area; continue to exert pressure, occupying any areas the securing of which is deemed within capabilities. (4) Protect the left flank of Fifth Army. (NCfl'E: Attachment and detachment orders of troops now in IV Corps and 6 South African Armoured Division sectors will issue separately). "4. Security - Every effort will be made to conceal from the enemy any movement of troops away from the front. Road movements of troops will be initiated during hours of darkness. The Army Engineer is charged with the necessary coordination of camouflage and dummy instalJJ:itions. The Army Signal Officer will issue necessary instructions to insure radio deception. 11 5. Bivouac Areas: a. 13 Corps - Corps zone. Troops will not be moved South of the ARNO River without express permission of this Headquarters. b. II Corps and 6 South African Armoured Division: In general, area SESTO - PRATO - PISTOIA - MONTECATINI. Assignment of bivouacs in this area will be the responsibility of Fifth Army City Command Detachment, operating under Army Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, which will open Headquarters in MJNTSCATI~rr at once. Army Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, will coordinate selection and assignmP-ht of training areas. Training directive will issue separately. c. 11 6. IV Corps - Corps zone Boundaries: • a. II - 13 Corps: 3 ~ (1) above. b. To be submitted for approval (See paragraph II Corps - 6 South African Armoured Division: No change. c. II - IV Corps: Present II Corps - 6 South African Armoured Division boundary will become II - IT Corps boundary when IV Corps assumes command of new sector. d. IV Corps - 92d Division: 250 E~sting. Effective when Commanding General, 92d Division assumes comMand of new sector. 7. Operations Instruction #35 is cancelled. fensive will be covere<l by separate instructions." 11 Resumption of the of- �TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER J, 1944--There was a heavy fog over the entire area today, and a slight drizzle fell during the day. Just before leaving the command post, General Clark conferred with General Cerica, Corunanding General of the Delegation, Italian Army General Staff in Florence, who came to the command post to pay his respects to the Army Conmander. General Clark left the command post at eleven o'clock for Florence and went dire tly to the Anglo-American Hotel, where he had lunch at 16J0 hours. Generals Gruenther and Lewis drove in from the command post in the evening and had dinner with General Clark. * * * TRAVERSA--N'OVEMBER 4, 1944--The General arose at about 10'30 hours and walked with General Brann to the Anglo-American Hotel whe~e they had lunch, returning to the villa at 16oO hours. General Clark and Colonel Saltzman stopped in at a small reception at the 13 Corps Gazelle Club in Florence in the late afternoon where they remained for an hour before returning to General Clark's villa. Generals Gruenther, Brann and Lewis had dinner with the Army Commander this evening. * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEUBER 5, 1944--General Clark arose at 1030 this morning and spent the early part of the morning walking around the grounds of the villa before going down to the Anglo-American Hotel for lunch. He returned After lunch in mid-afternoon and took a short nap before dinner. Generals Gruenther, Tate and Bradshaw were General Clark's guests for djnner, and all played poker in the evening. General Clark today wrote the following letter to General McNarney regarding the Fifth Army situation: "Thank you for your telephone call to Gruenther yesterday in which you expressed the hope that you might be e.b le to procure for us a few 240mm howitzers. As you well know we have an urgent need for heavy artillery in the Fifth Army, and I shall be extremely grateful to you for anything you can do for us. If the 240mm howitzer is not available the 3 inch howitzer is our next choice, with the~ inch gun in third place. However, we are in the position of beggars ann not choosers, and we'll be extremely happy with any heavy caliber. "General Alexander h8ld an Army Commanders meeting at AAI on October 29 to discuss future operations. In spite of the logistical difficulties of launching an attack in the Apennine Mountains in November or December, I urged that an all-out attack be made on Bologna by both armies before Eighth Army is withdrawn for its new mission. McCreary indicated that he could not make a full-scale attack in conjunction with Fifth Army until approximately December 1st. That date suits me, for it will give me an opportunity to rest my American troops and f!bsorb replncements before another attack. • "The plan, as a~eed upon, is for Eighth Army to continue its at- 0 �l L{ '7 tack along Highway 9 to drive the enemy back to a line generally through Castel San Pietro, and extending from there to the northeast. Once the German has come to rest on whatever line he has selected to defend Bologna, both armies will square up to it and attack with every ounce of strength they have. You know, I know, and Alexander knows that Fifth Army will do this. However, based on an experience of almost 14 months association with Eighth Army, I am doubtful that McCreary will launch an all-out effort. I fear that hls attack will be made with a battalion here and a battalion· there with the inevitable danger that progress will soon stall. ) I expressed my views privately to Alexander and urged him to have Eighth Army attack vigorously now so that there will be time for Eighth Army to readjust and make a strong effort in conjunction with Fifth Army on December 1st. In my opinion the German is willing to pull back on the Eighth Army front now if pressure is applied. "I have directed 13 Corps to relieve the U. s. troops on the Mt. Grande feature and the relief by the British 1st Division is now in progress. General Kirkman has expressed doubt that the condition of the roads leading to the position will enable him to support the div~sion. However, I am determined that we can solve that problem. "I am now carrying out a plan to hold my front with about half of the present strength. U.S. troops are being sent to Monte Catini, where we have buildings and bathing facilities. In thAt way I hope to have my divisions in fairly good condition again by December 1st. "My scheme of attack for the December 1st effort has not been determined yet, but it will probably be generally along Highway 65 and to · the west thereof. I nmst be able to support my main attack along an allweather road. "I have now moved Headquarters IV Corps to Highway 64. It has under it the 6th South African Division and the Brazilian Division. The Brazilians will attack along Highway 64. Almond, operating directly under Army, has been placed in command of the coastal sector west of the 25 Ea~ting. "We sent your headquarters lViessage #6566 dated 1 November, in which • attention was called to shortages in certain critical items of equipment. I have listed these items below with a tabulation showing the allowance per infantry division so, that you will see at a glance the significance of each shortage: NUMBER mM 6omm Mortar 81mm Mortar BAR Cal. 30 YG (Lt) Compass M2 Telescopes M4 Grenade Launchers Ivr? SHORTAGE 112 85 1,134 289 207 181 3,370 ., AUTHORIZED PFll DIVISION 81 54 405 121 103 41 1,598 �I know that you realize the urgency of filling these shortages before the\ December 1st attack. I' 11 be grateful to you for any assistance you can / give us. "I am proceeding with plans for the formation of an infantry regi- \ ment by disbanding AAA units, as I discussed with you when you were here. j From our understanding of the equipment situation in the theater it appears probable that it may be necessary to delay formation of the entire regiment. If the shortage is not alleviated in the near future it seems to me that we might be able to start with the organization of one infantry battalion and complete the regiment as equipment becomes available. I shall send you a message soon nominating the AAA units-to be disbanded. "I am glad to learn that the 366th Infantry will be turned over to us soon. Your speedy action is greatly appreciated." * * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 6, 1944--The weather today was foggy, but there was little rain. This morning General Clark, General Brann and Colonel Saltzman walked down to the Anglo-American Hotel for lunch. General Clark returned after lunch and took a nap in the afternoon. In the late afternoon General Brann held a cocktail party in his apartment, after which General Clark returned to his villa and spent the evening playing poker with his guests. * * TRAVERSA--NOVEMBER 7, 1944--The sky was overcast most of the day today, but there was no rain. General Clark spent the day at his villa with members of Ms stnff. Generals Gruenther, Brann, Tate came for dinner and after dinner the entire group played cards. Operations for the week ending Uovember 7th wer0 as follows: Forward defensive positions were maintained wjth some local improvements resulting, numerous enemy counterattacks were repulsed and a rotation system of scheduled reliefs to rest units was begun. * * * TRAVERSA--T,J'OVEMBER 8, 1944--The weRther was cloudy today with light rains in the afternoon and evening. The Army Commander remained at his villa in Florence all day today, taking care of an accumulation of papers th~t were sent down to him from his headquarters by courier. In the evening the General dined with General Brann. * * * TRAVERSA*-NOVEMBER 9, 1944--There was a steady drizzle in the air throughout the morning developing into a foggy and cloudy afternoon. General Clark left his villa this morning and tirrived at his command post for lunch. He spent the afternoon in his van working on papers and conferring wjth members of his staff. The General had General Tate and Colonel Niblo for dinner in the evening. Colonel Niblo left Fifth Army Headquarters this evening enroute to the United States for twenty-one days' leave. �TRA"\ITTR.SA--NOVCMBER 10, 1944--General Clark spent the morning in his van conferring with his various staff officers. After lunch the General drove to his villa in Florence. Generals Keyes and Pritchard came for dinner and to spend the night . General Clark entertained General Keyes and Pritchard and three Red Cross girls for dinner . General Clark dictated the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: "I spent several days at the villa which has been fixed up in Florence. It gives me an opportunity, while we s,re resting our troops and preparing for the next offensive, to get some needed rest and also a. place where :r.iy commanders and senior staff officers can meet with me for relaxation and for visits to the Florence area. "Upon my return yesterday, I checked with G-2 and G-3 on the situation, and based upon information which reveals the enemy intentions to cling to his present positions, I made the following decisions: 11 (a) To continue to rotate U. S. elements of the II Corps into the Montecatini area to rest and absorb reinforcements . The best I can give the 34th and 88th Divisions is about ten days' stay at f/fontecatini. Afterwards they must go back into the line in order to get 15th and 91st out for an attack which I hope will take place on Bologna the first week in December. 11 (b) That the earliest day I can attack is approximately December \ 5th and this, of course, is predicated upon two assumptions - first, that the Eighth Army has attacked and progressed, and secondly, that they have withdrawn by the weight of their ettack German troops now massed on my front . "(c) I have directed G-3 to prepare orders for an attack along our west coast in the direction of La Spezia in coordination with Fifth Army's attack on Bologna. I discuss < with Captain Gray, my British nflval rep1d resentative, naval gunfire support for this effort. "(d) I directed that orders be issued IV Corps to have the Brazilian Division attack to the northeast on or !'I.bout the 20th of November in order to capture successively Castelnuovo and Mount Pero - this to facilitate the attack by the 6th South African Division on Mount Sole . Both of these attacks must precede my principal effort on Bologna. "(e) I directed G-.3 to prepare plans for the Fifth Army attack, main effort by II Corps generally west of Highway #65, utilizing Routes 64, 65 and the Prata road, and that 13 Corps, depending upon the position of Eighth Army, attack generally towards Castel San Pietro from astride the San Clemente road in order to draw enemy forces in that direction and away from the main effort . 11 As I see Eighth Army's effort, I am convinced that their heart is not in their attack. I have repeatedly represented my views to General Alexander and in a letter to General McNarney copied in the diary notes for November 5th. �lSO "I am preparing a letter to General Eisenhower in answer to two from him which will let him know our eagerness to attack, how we appreciate the contribution we are making to his effort and my worries with regard to the Eighth Army. I still believe that my e~xly December attack will never take place because Eighth Army will not exert the pressure they are capable of doing. The Germans have 15 divisions on my Fifth Army front 13 massed in front of II Corps. Their infantry strength is greater than mine. My restrictions on ammunition and replacements make a prolonged ___attack out of question. I must get superiority at one spot, and this cfa.n only be accomplished by forcing the enemy to divert divisions massed there now to the Eighth Army front or elsewhere. I am convinced that / Eighth Army and Alexander are more interested in a Balkan operation than in the capture of Bologna. A Balkan operation by the Eighth Army would permit a landing behind Tito's forces without opposition. Great ballyhooing would follow for the British Empire, leaving the bulk of Kessel- \ \\ ring's Army opposing me. The withdrawal of the Eighth Army without combining in an attack with me may permit the German High Command to move divisions to meet Eisenhower or Stalin. This might be fatal to their efforts. Our mission, as unglamorous as it may be, is to keep the 28 German Divisions here and gradually chew them up. They must not be permitted to intervene in the battle of W estern Germany. "I am pleased with the prospects of getting another American division. 11 If the Eighth Army is withdrawn and does not attack, there is nothing to do except hold my present position, rotate my troops, build them up and be prepared for an early spring offensive or to follow up or attack in the event the German starts relieving divisions on my front. I still feel that Eighth Army should continue to attack with more effort and both armies square up and smack him in early December in order to capture Bologna. Then Eighth Army would be free for a Balkan venture. "I am not entirely satisfied with the air support we receive. General Eisenhower masses heavy bombers in support of his ground attacks. There is great reluctance in this theater to do so. It stems principally from General Cannon. There is reluctance on his part repeatedly to accept targets in the Bologna area for his medium bombers. I am convinced, and will so demand, that when I attack in December my assault be preceded by all air medium, heavies and fighter bombers directly in front of the main effort and that this keep up every de.y. I will accept the responsibility for bombing my ovm troops. No more important targets exist in Italy. For over a year the air people in this theater have felt it more important to go after German communications than to support directly the ground ) troops during my important attacks. It is perfectly obvious from the results that their efforts on communications hc~ve been more or less futile, for the German has moved divisions at will, maintained them in battle. and fought tenaciously. I will go to McNarney and demand all air on my call for at least ten days prior to and during my attack. I know the air won't win battles, but it will do more good in supporting me directly than by being employed on Strategic missions far remote from the battle for Bologna. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, October 1-November 10, 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns United States—History, Military—20th century Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from October 1-November 10, 1944. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives and Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text