2 10 31 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/8c4d566e88283ae57dd6f5895ddab41a.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=o6lON8IBiawLQlTlExY3X9sPWkfZ2QUS9yS1YxKHdKaVTUU7ABtNHbcRHQ6fOgYcLhyT2jf%7EDS99cnIIGGK81eGJn8Wksq9%7EFe6wBK9RdhkkBREoBRE1eznwdsgL1dwaAaAh73cY-aij-DOgmnujcHxKa2X%7EYxGPlhluxZk7%7EEDSeA6sg7pIsvRWZ28NsloK912BmajCEHZd3bpiK60BQiZwb9wJqcLe8G1eVAC31SmC3D8cHJzKddadYBCcOLc%7EvAk72N2E8yPCVh3XG8HFTbvRpf2Jd07ruG-scm7bNMJIFn6H0sH6QVB5eP4aq6gtL8j%7E-vJBaEcmQ-9LFlDtTA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 242cf9e2ca5e3ec62a97ca1429a8aec5 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM ( Lieutenant Zharkov given at the trial under oath; they place great importance up:>n the speech of the Trial Judge Advocate at the concl usion of the case in summing up the evidence favorabl e to the prosecution, as was his duty. It is unfortunate that you, the Soviet Army and Soviet people do not base your concl usions on the evidence which the court was sworn to consider, rather than on the distorted views of newspaper reporters. I alil more reliably informed and have no hesitancy :in accepting the obvious concl usion of the court that Dixon fired in the reasonable exercise of the right of self-defense at a time when he had every reason to expect further violence from one who had only a few seconds before threatened him with a deadly weapon. "I sincerely regret that this incident has occurred but I do not feel that the acquittal of Dixon constitutes an "unfriendly act towards the Red .A rmy. 11 The unfortunate incident was provoked by the unauthorized act of the Soviet personnel in boarding the train and the threatening act of Captain Klementiev. The Court decided Dixon acted in accordance with his duties in ejecting them from the train and no law or duty required him to forfeit the right of selfdefense •. "As I have stated to you on many occasions I am most eager that relations between oux respective forces be of the highest order, and I assure you that I shall do everything in my power, as in the past, to see that this standard is maint ained. I am certain you share tlids same view. ;, Sincerel y, ( /s/ * * * Mark w. Clark General , U. S.A. Commanding11 * VIENNA-~M.ARCH 6, 1946--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 and after having walked from his villa with General Tate. He immediatel y conferred with Mr. Erhardt. At 1030 he saw Gen. McChrystal, head of ISB, on the sugject of UNRRA publ i~ity and at 1100 held a promotion ceremony at which time he al so ·presented Col. Joseph Burril l with the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of Merit, and also promoted his aide,Lt. Traugott, to Captain. Tweighty-etght promotions and decorations were made in all. At 1130 General Clark saw Dr. Pernter and Mrs. Kauders who thanked the General in person for his generouB contribution of $1,000 for the weJ.fa~-e of the Austrian chil dren. At 1140 General Clark held a surprise conference at which t ime he decorated the following officers: Col. Leo Langan, Col. George H. Mccaffrey, Colonel Deutsch, Colonel James Rundell ; Col. Frederick Stephens, Lt. Col. L. H. Landau, Lt. Colonel Arthur Marget. 1 \ C f. �SEGRE After lunch a t his mess in the Bank Building at 1300, the General returned to his office where he took care of accumulated correspondence. On completion of a conference with General Tate he left his office, walking to his villa with Mr. Erhardt. In the eveni ng General Clark, had General Tate, Col. D1 0rsa and Col. Langan for dinner. Genera} Cl ark sent the fol l owing cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No. P-4135: u Subject is Russian demand for repayment of loan of four hundred million"" schillings. 11 1. Recent demand };:>y USSR for repayment by .!Austrian government of 400,000, 000 schill ings raises again the question of unilateral action threatening currency stability in Austria and authority of Allied Council. 11 11 2. History of the so-called ioan is briefly as follows: a. At time of occupation of Vienna by Soviet forces, they seized currency total l ing approximately 545,000, 000 Reichsmarks then in possession of Austrian banks. b. In June 1945, Russians advanced 400,000,000 of this amomt tc Austrian government to be over pr'inted and used to effect conversion of circulating Reichsmarks into stamped Reichsmarks• This plan was later abandoned in favor of conversion into A.M. Schillings. c. Austrian government insists that understanding has always been that the loan would be re~aid in Reichmarks. Soviets, however, refused to accept del ivery Reichsmarks and on 11 January demanded repayment of ful l amount in Austrian schil ings, arguing that they had advanced legal tender currency and were entitled to repayment in legal tender currency. d. Unable to reach agreement with Soviet authorities, Austrian government appealed on 6 February for decision by Allied Council, pointing to danger to currency stabilization, for which Allied Council, through December conversion, had assumed r-esponsibil ity. e. I.As result of appeal to iU l ied Council, Chancellor Fi.gl was smjmon¢ by General Zhel tov, and in ensuing interview Chancellor agreed to repayment of 400,000,000 in .A ustrian schillings. ' to action by Austrian cabinet on Figl's f. On 26 February, prior commitment, Austrian Foreign Minister informed u. s. Element of the situation. s �SECRE T 11 3. In view of .JAustrian appeal to [Allied Council, the Russian action quite clearly represents attempt to undermine authority of Allied Council and substitute direct dealings with Austrian government on matters, for which Allied Council has responsibility. \ "4• I, therefore, wrote to Chancellor Figl stating that if the pro• posed agreement were signed, the U. s. El ement wchuld submit to Austrian government a claim for l,~75,660,000 schillings, representing amount of A.M. Schill ings advanced by U.S. to Austrian government. I added that the basis of this U.S. cl aim would be that recognition by the Austrian government of the Soviet claim :implied recognition of U~ s. advances, since in both cases bulk of advances was for purpose of effecting a conversion that was never carried out, and currency advanced. was legal tender at time advance was madeo 5. _P urpose of JY action was to checkmate Russian attempt to avoid action Austrian authorities have informed Russ i ans that in view of total of two claims, they cannot act without direction by t he .!Allied Council." 11 by Allied vouncil. * * * * VIENNA•-MARCH 7, 1946--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0930 and im• mediately conferred with General Tate and Geno McMahon. At 1020 he saw Col. Langan on an UNRRA cable and at 1040 talked with Mr. Erhardt on the food situation. General McMahon was also call ed in on the conference and at 1110 General Clark saw Lt. Col. Eberhard on the safeguarding and protection of the food suplies in Vienna • .Again Mr. Erhardt conferred with General Clark, at 11.35, and shortly before noon the General saw Col. Deutsch. Col. Langan came in at 1215 to finish preparing the UNRRA cable and at 1240 Col . Grogan, Lynn Heinzerl ing, war correspondent, and Col. Deutsch saw the General. At 1300 the General had lunch with Col. Deutsch in the bank building, and afterwards walked to his villa with Gen. McMahon where he remained for the rest of the day. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 8, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 9930. Heimmediately saw General Tate and at 1005 held a conference with Col. Rundell and Capt. Brown on the procurement of veget able seeds for Austria. At 1000 General Clark saw General Howard concerning the answering of a cabl egram which had been received on the subject of his December audience with His Holines s Pope Pius. At 1035 General Clark conferr ed with General Bethouart on the various topics to be discussed at the Allied Council meeti ng, after which Col. Paul conferred with . the Gener al at 1150 on the topic of restitution to ex-enemy nations. The current food probl em was brought up with Brig. ~arminter, Chief of UNRF..A, and Brig. Parminter came to see General Cl ark in order that t he topic mi ght be more thoroughl y discussed. General Cl ark had lunch with the Brigadier and other members of his staff, in the Commanding General 's mess at 1300. At 1345 Colonel Davies, who had just recentl y arrived in Vienna to take over command of Tulln Air Base, called on General Clark to pay his respects. �After a short conference with General Tate and General McMahcn,General Clark l eft his office for his vil ' a where he spent the rest of the day. In the evening the General had guests for dinner and bridge. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 9, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and after taking care of accumulated correspondence saw General McMahon at 1010. Late,r he saw Mr. Erhardt and at 1100 Col. Marget was called for a short conferende. At 1130 General Howard conferred with the General. After seeing General McMahon, General Clark left his office and walked to his villa with General McMahon and Mr. Erhardt where they had lunch. In the evening General Cl ark had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Erhardt at their residence. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 10, 1946 --General Clark remained at his vil la during the day. He took a l ong walk during the morning and had General Tate and General McMahon for lunch, at which time they discussed several current issues. In the after• noon the General's dog, Pal, went AWOL and a thorough search was made to apprehend him. General Clark joined in the search and found Pal a f ew blocks from the vill a. The General spent the rest of the evening at his villa and r etired early. ( * * * VIENNA-~M.ARCH 11, 1946--General Clark arrived ·at his office at 0915 and immediately conferred with Mr. Erhardt and General Tate on the agenda for the 1100 Allied Council meeting. At 1015 ~eneral Clark saw General Mc6reery who made a shor t call to discuss the .Agenda with General Clark. The General left his offical at 1035 and arrived at the meeting at 1045 where he was met by General Bethoua.rt. General Clark r~turned to his office from the Allied Council meeting at 1900 hours. !After a conference with General Tate and Mr. Erhardt, he saw General McMahon for a short time and with General McMahon, Gener al Tate, Mr. Erhardt and Mr. Adams, -General Clark had drinks in the Commanding Gener al's mess. He l ater left for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening. · * * * * VIENNA--~CH 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 1000 after wal king from his vil l a. He immediatel y saw General Tate and General McMahon and later held a press conference at which time he gave an "off t he record" report of the . lllied Council meet ing which was hel d on March 11. The following corres:pondents were at the press conference: �SEC. ( . \ r ·; H.. l 1st. Lieut Simon Bourgin, Stars and Stripes ; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press ; Josef Israels, Internaticnal News Service; John MacCormac, New York Times; Edgar Mowrer, Press .Alliance; T/3 Arthur A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Harold Queen, United Press; Albion H. Ross, New York Times; John H. Thompson, Chicago . Tribune; Frederick ~eiser, ISB- USFA; Lt . Col. Frederick J . Betz, Deputy Press Relations officer. At 1130 General Clark saw Mr Jolm MacCormac and Colonel Grogan, and later talked with Mr . Erhardt. 'lhe General saw Colonel Ostler at 1230 concerning reports to the War Department and at 1300 had lunch at the Commanding General's mess at the Bank Buil ding. After lunch the General saw Col . Rich concerning the use of his ul tro-violet ray lamp . after seeing General Mcl'r<iShon again the General left his headquarters for his villa where he spent the rest of the day . The foll owing message was sent by General Clark to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No . P-4498: "Item l . .!At Allied Council meeting 11 March agreement was reached on UNRRA· taking over supply in Austria . UNRRA to assume responsibility for supply from l April, including financing of any stocks military imports turned over by each occupying power . Allocation of available supplies, including those imported by UNRRA, will be subject to final approval of .:Allied Council . Local UNRRA representative accepted proposal in statement before Allied Council. r nrtem 2 . Immed,iately fol l owing acceptance : UNRRA supply I made follow;i.ng statement, t aking into account State Dept. cable 201, 4 March: QUOTE The United States Goyernment has instructed me 't o present to the Allied Council the following important statements concerning the supply of food in Austria: 11 The Soviet request for the use of 27,000 hectares of Austrian l and to be used exclusively for the production of food for the Red Army is viewed by the United States as endangering the whole process of four-power cooperation in Austria. The United States Government regards this Soviet action as contrary to the agreed procedure of operating through the Allied Council on all questions affecting ~ustria as a whole . The withdrawal of such a large amount of arable land from the production of foodstuffs for indi genous consumption and diversion to the Red Army is clearly a matter which should be discussed in the Allied Coun• cil and undertaken only after the consent of the other Powers is obtained. Such a discussion was attempted at the last meeting of the AC but without success . llThe United Stat es Government regards this Soviet action in effect a requisition of ~ustrian food supply. wish to remind my coll eagues that we all declared last September that no Austrian food or essential supplies are to be r equisitioned for use by our respective Armed Forces. The United StatesGovernment considers that ·such practice would endanger the f ulfiliLment of the agreed Allied objectives to liberate Austria and secure the establ ishment of economic security f or the Austrian people • • • �SECRET "The United States Government has proposed that the present supply program be supplanted by an UNRRA program giving Austria a level of food consumption comparable to that of other liberated areas in Eastern Europe . The proposal will involve the pooling of resources and the establishment of an equitaple level of consumption throughout Austria as a whole . The proposal is desirable, not only from the point of view of providing uniform and adequate relief , but also in terms of the agreed Allied objectives to secure Austrian independence and to treat Austria as an economic unit ~ The United States Government has also proposed as a part of the same objecti ¥,e that the occupation forces in Austria be r educed substantiall y . 11 As the chief contributing country to UNRRA, the United States may not be able to agr ee to an UNRRA program throughout Austr ia as proposed, together with pooling of resources and terminiation of the present military supply program, if arable land ip removed from the production of indigenous food supply for exclusive use of the Red Army, or if Red ..Army local commanders persist in forcing rent contracts on l ocal farmers . In view of the discussion in Congress when additional funds were voteq for L1NRRA, about which I have advised my Soviet colleague on many occasions , it is clear that public opinion of the United States would react unfavorable to the fact that a large amount of arable land is used exclusively for the production of food for the Red Anny at the same time that UNRRA operations are begun and a decrease ih relief supplies to Austria is made necessary by the world food situation. The Unit ed States Government considers that such Soviet action would viol ate principles cl early annunciated in resolutions of the UNRRA Council , providing for equitaple distribution of available food supplies and the furnishing of full info:rmtion to the Director of UNRRA concerning any change in the system of local distribution . '!Unless assurances are forthcoming t hat the Soviet authorities will make a substantial reduction in thei~ occupation forces in order to relieve the pressing financial burden which maintenance of those forces has placed on the Austri an Government, and that no land will be withdrawn from Austrian production for the exclusive use of the Red irmy, except by Quadripartite agreement in the Allied Council , the United States Government intends to r econsider its position on the UNRRA program for Austri~ in the light of Soviet a-0tion and that the issue will inevitably be raised at the UNRR.A Council mee ting on March 15 . "The United States Government considers that the Allied Council was set up by inter national agreement to discuss questions of this kind and that all proposals aff ecting Aus t ria as a whole fall under its exercise of supreme authority in Austria . unquote . �SC I asked Soviet representative, Colonel General Kourasev, acting for Marshal Konev, who is in Moscow, to communicate with his Government concerning my statement in order that views of his Government could be made known to the US Government before 15 March. Kourasev replied that he could not accept the stat ement made by me as the Soviet element denied that the land taken by the Red Army in Austria would deprive the Austrians of food supplies, as the l and being acquired is fallow and could not be cultivated by the /Austrians. I replied that the information given by the Soviet el ement did not agree with the information made known by the Austria Government. I furt her stated that this matter should have been presented to the Al lied Council where any propositions of this sort would have the benefit of full discussion and all the facts established . The British and French elements agreed with my statement and the British urged that the Soviet el ement refrain from action with my statement an~ the British urged that the Soviet element refrain from action which would deprive the Austrians of urgently needed UNRRA aid . When pressed to r.eaffirm the decision of the Allied Council of l ast September that all occupying powers agreed to refrain from requisitioning indigenous supplies for use by occupation forces, the Soviet representative replied that he could not see any reason to reaffirm the action taken previously by the Allied Council as such action would not change such decision nor cancel it. 11 "For your information reports outside Council indicate l atest Russian request is for area in Semmering where most vegetables for Vienna are grown, and Austrians , fearing failure of Allied help and to bri ng about a delay by putting questions in litigation are trying the~sel ves to beat from Soviet demam through a counter-offer of 8, 000 hectares in four large blocks elsewhere. · "Since the Soviet re presentative agreed to communicate the test of my statement to his Government with cthe view of having an early statement made to the US Government as well as the Allied Council , I am withholding further action to this matter pendi ne the exchange of governmental views. I am prepared to take any course of action you desire in this matter. "Item 3. In view w~rld shortage -Council tooj action to reduce ration scale in Austria effective 18 March. New scale as fol l ows: Normal consumer Children ·under 12 Clerks Workers Heavy workers 1200 1300 1450 1850 2700 calories calories calories calories calories End of cable . * * * * �53 ( , VIENNA--MARCH 13 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediatel y conf erred with Mr. Erhardt. Later he saw General Howard and at 1015 saw Colonel Stephens on the preparation of a cablegram . At 1030 Coi . Grogan saw the General in order to brief lim on Mr. McKenzie, War correspondent for tha Associated Press . Mr . McKenzie interviewed General Clark at 1030 - this was his first interview with the General . At 1145 Col . Stephens was called in to discuss the final preparation and changes in the cablegram yoncerni ng Displaced Persons . The Genenal had lunch in the Commanding General,' s mess and shortly thereafter walked to his vill a accompanied by Mr. Erhardt . In the evening he had guests for dinner and bridge . General Clark sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the Soviet Repatriation Mission which has been wor king in the u. s. Zone . Reference No . P- 4575: · "Soviet Mission in US Zone is subject . !A Soviet repatriation mission in some form has been operating in Salzburg since last May • . There has been ample time to complete their task if these missions had concentrated their full efforts on repatriation . My top secret message P- 1666 dated 25 January sets forth some of the activities engaged in by such missions . The group referred to in that message was immediately returned to the Soviet occupational area and a new mission continued repatriation acti v.ities . 11 The Soviet Command requested that the time of the new mission be extended in order that it could complete its work . An extension to 20 February was granted . At the time extension was requested the Soviet Command pointed out that there were great nlllillbers of repatriabl e Soviets in the US Zone , and when questioned further on this subject, it was revealed that t heir lists included white Russians, Western Ukrainians, and Balts, which groups are not within the scope of my Soviet repatriation directives . They even went so far as to state we should deliver to Soviet authorities without question anyone desired by them . It was pointed out that the Soviet Command possessed a statement of the policy of the United States on the subject of forced repatriation, which I transmitted to Marshal Konev on 5 January, and that the US Element would not deviate from this policy. 11 0n 20 February the Soviet Command again requested an extension of time sufficient to allow the mission to complete its work. While I am satisfied that Soviet Missions could have completed their work long ago if the group we have had in the Zone had · made repatriation their primary task, I agreed to a further extension until 15 March, and at that time I informed Marshal Konev no further extension of time would be granted and requested that he inform the mission to complete its work by that time. n0n 28 February the screening board, composed of US and Soviet Mission members, began interviews at mixed camps containing principally declared white Russians, Ukrai.Jhians, Poles, etc. , among whom Soviet citizens might be expected to be found. /1,S a result of the Soviet representatives• taking notes during intervi'aws, many persons fai l ed to appear before the board as directed, evidently fearing reprisals against friends and relatives living in Soviet- oc cupied terr itory • .As a resul t the Soviet representatives recently abstained from taking part in the screening. Instead, Col. Gen. Zhel tov on 4 March submitted a l ist �of approximately 1700 names of alleged Soviet citizens whose repatriation was demanded. T~e s pecial US officer board set up to determine Soviet citizenship will have completed examination of this entire list by 15 March and will have determined what persons on the l ist will be subject to forcible repatriation in accordance with War Department cabl e 89544 of 20 December 1945. "The Soviet Command has fail ed to appear before this citizenship board and to present evidence in support of its demand for the names submitted by it • .As a result I am convinced that it is using every device to prolong the stay of its mission in the US Zone. As reported in my P-1666, these missions are engaged in intelligence work, which is no small part of their activity in the US Zone. "I am mo s t anxious to require the Soviet Mission at Salzburg to quit the US Zone not later than 1 April, but before doing so, I am clearing with you for fear tha t such action, although entirely justified in my opinion may leave us open to a Soviet cl aim of breach of agr eement. If I am authorized to send out this mission, I intend to prevent its returning until either a new scheme: of operations of such missions in US occupational territories has been worked out here, or at governmental level. I f I am authorized to handle this situation, I will remove the present mission by April 1st, and permit a new one of reduced strength to re-enter US territory only for a limited time and for a specific purpose on the basis of any new and concrete evidence submitted to be by Marshal Konev. 11 I have discussed this matt er witµ both M cCreary and Bethouart who are experiencing the same difficulties in their Zones and feel t hat little progress can be made toward repatriation mder the present set-up. They both are as anxious as I to get rid of these missions, feeling that t heir most important work is espionage. Mccreery is making appropriate recommendations to his government on this subject. 11 * * VIENNA--MARCH 14, 1946--Gener al Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and immediatel y saw General Snavely concerning his recent trip to Weisbaden. He delivered a message from General Edwards to General Cl ark. At 0945 General Clark saw Mr. Erhardt and Gener al McMahon on the recent report of the Russian demands to celebrate the liberation of Austria by the Soviets on April 12. General Ladue who had just returned from the St ates saw General Clark at 1105 and was immediatel y followed by Joe Israels of INS who conferred with the General on the writing of two articles which he and the General are planning to publish. One will be about the submari ne trip and the other an account of the signing of the truce with ildm. Darlan. These articles will be chapters in the book which the Gener al hopes to write in the near futur e. Shortly after noon General McMahon and Col. Martin saw General C' ark on the personnel problem. Immed±ately following this the General had lunch. Upon returning to his office Gener al Clark was interviewed by Percy Knauth of Time and Life who had recently arrived in Vienna. �C At 1435 Col . Burrill saw General Clark in regard to the housing of dependents, and after seeing coi . Lazar at 1500 General Clark left his headquarters for his vill a where he took a long walk . Accompanied by General McMahon General Clark at t ended a cocktail party at the G-2 villa given by Col . Kretzman and Major and Mrs . Pleasants . The General left the party at 1645 returning to his villa where he had guests for dinner and poker . * * * * VIENNA-- MARCH 15 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw Col . Langan on some very important documents concerning civilian supply • .At 0930 the General saw Mr. Erhardt and Col . Kretzman on the report of Col. Kretzman ' s talk with Chanqellor Figl , concerning the Russian demands to the Austrian Government t o turn over a lar ge part of the form.er Ester hazy estates in Russian occupied Austria. Chancellor Figl put up a strong protest and saw the Russian representatives yesterday afternoon . Col . Kretzman had visited Chancellor Figl to find out the results of the conference . General CJ.ark had a long conference with General .McMahon and at 1050 Mr . Erhardt talked with the General and was followed by Col. Lazar who introduced Mr . and Mrs . Hobs and Miss Vernon. Mr . Hobbs is the head of the USO shows in the European Theater . Miss Vernon is head of all women technicians who aid in the production of the shows . At 1)25 Col . D1 0rsa was called in to see General Clark on the subject of fresh food and vegetables for the troops . GeJ;teral~Clark at 1215 held a surprise decoration for Me . Cecil Gray, assistant to Mr. Erhardt, and presented to him the Medal of Freedom. Mr . Gray is leaving soon for the states and will be head of the Foreign Service Personnel Division of the State Department. At 1230 General Clark saw Col. Kretzman on the subject of the Russian celebration of the liberation of Austria on April 12 . At 1300 General Clark had lunch with Mr . Gray and other members of the State Department and members of his staff , in the Commanding General's mess in the Bank Building. After a short conference , the General left his headquarters for his villa . In the afternoon he took a long walk and after resting for a while, had dinner with General Sullivan. General Cl ark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reference No . P-4693. 11 I was informed at 1700 hours 13 M arch that local Russian authorities had approached Landeshauptmann of Burgenland that a demand to turn over entire Esterhazy estates comprising 40,000 hectares of farm l and, wood lands and vineyards by 1400 hours 14 March . Chancellor Figl was promptly informed by me that ceding of land by the Austrians to any foreign power was a matter for Allied Council decision. Figl forbade local authorities to enter upon any contracts on penalty of high treason . In a 3 hour session with the Russians at Hotel Imperial on 14 March Figl and Minister of Agriculture Krauss thrashed out the whole matter in an atmosphere which they described as one of hate and bitterness . Russian representatives were Morosov and Kiselov. Russian att itude �( was that they had freed Vienna and Austria, were trying to help the Austrians by feeding their ovm troops from the land . They accused Fi gl of promoting dissension among the Allies by bringing these matters to t he Al lied Council instead of handling them unilaterally. They scoffed at Figls statement that US troops were supported by US supplies . Fi gl and Krauss took the position that Austrians were obligated by Allied Council order and UNRRA agreements to exploit indigenous production to the fullest . Lacking assurances from Russians that short supply of seed , machines , and agricul ture l abor would not be impressed for Russian service , they could not agree to use of l and by Russian:. troops . To my representative Figl stated he would rather be ex• iled to Siberia now than hanged as traitor to the Austrian people 5 years from now. 11 Latest information as of 1100 hours 15 M arch is that Russians have not taken physical possession of Esterhazy estates and made no answer to Austrian counter proposal outlined in letter of 16 February from Agricultural Minister Krauss to Soviet Element of Allied Commission, Enclosure 3 to State Department despatch number 873 of 26 February . 11 Briefsummary of above Austrian counter proposal as follows : Austrians turned down Russian request for 27, 000 hectares of s pecified estates on grounds that the specified land comprised a major portion of vegetable raising areas and would give Red Army monopoly on vegetable production . In return offered Red Army 8, 000 nectares incl ud jng 4,600 hectares from the Ester hazy estates . Conditions of proposal included return of all previously requis i tioned estates and farms , annulment of leases contracted between local commanders and es t ate owners , and assur ances that Austrian production would not be crippled by the breaking up of production units . " * * * VIEN.NA--M.ARCH 16, 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 . He immediately conferred with General McMahon concerning the arrangements for receiving General Handy later in the day. After this discussion General Clark talked with General Howard for a short time . At 1015 General Tom Handy, Deputy Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, arrived at headquarters accompanied by Gener al McMahon. Other m9mbers of Gene r al Handy ' s party were Col . Michela, War Department G-2; Col . Starbird, OPD ; Col . Goodwin, OPD . General He.tidy is making a tour of the t heaters in order to confer with u. S. Commanders. Gener al Cl ark and Gene r al Handy conferred until 1200 at which time General Clark invited Genenal Handy's party to his office for orientation on the progress of the rehabili t ation of Austria . This conference lasted until 1230. Gener al Clark then entertained his guests at luncheon in the Commanding General's mess in the Bank Buil ding , after which General Handy was taken for a tour cf Vienna by General McMahon, returning to t he headquarters at 1615 . �During the afternoon General Clark conferred with General Tate , Col. Langan and Col . Eberhard on the critical food situation which is developing. The French have contributed nothing to the focd pool and the Russians have contri buted only a small portion of their share . This default on the part of the French and the Russians has necessitat ed the U. S. and British Forces carrying the entire responsibil ity for feeding the Austrian people . Gener al Handy returned to Headquarters and conferred with General Clark while waiting for a courier from Washington . The two Generals left the Headquarters for the Meidling Station at 1740 at which time General Handy departed on the MTO train for General Lee's headquarters . General Clark returned to his villa and after a short rest went to the Hotel Bristol at 2020 hours where he attended the annual United States Miiitary Academy dinner for the West Point graduates on duty in Austria . General Sullivan acted as Toastmaster . General Collins , General Tate and Mr . Erhardt were among the guests . General Clark delivered a short spgech to the assembl ed graduates which was answered by the youngest graduate who was Lt . William Clark, son of @'eneral Clar~ . It was a battle of wits between father and son of the classes of 1917 and 1945 . General Clark left the dinner at 2300 hours and returned to his villa . * f * * VIENNA- - M.ARCH 17, 1946--At 1400 hours General Clark, accompanied by Col . Martin, Captain Traugott, and Lt . Clark, departed from Vienna for a short trip to Switzerl and . Lt. William Clark accompanied General Clark as far as Salzburg ~nd the General and party continued on the trip. * * * * VIENNA--MP.RCH 18, 1946--General Clark arrived at Feldkirch at 0700 hours and at 0800 Gener al Clark was met by General Dumas, Commander of the French Forces in Vorarlberg,and several members of his staff who paid their respects to Genera] Clark. General Clark was then met by General Legge, U. S. Military Attache to Switzerl and, who escorted General Clark to Bern. The entire party left Feldkir~h at 0830 hours . En route at Zurich General Clark was met by Consul- General Sam Woods at the Hotel Baur- au-Lac for a short conference . General Clafk and party then continued on their journey, arriving at Bern at 1730 hours , at which time Genera.I Cl ark went to the home of the Hon . Leland Harrison, U. s. Minister to Switzerl and . At 2000 hours, Minister Harrison and his daughter had a reception and dinner in honor of General Clark and among the gues ts were, Mr . and Mme. Kobelt, President of the Confederation of Switzerland; General and Mrs . Guisan, Commander of the Swiss Army; Col de Corps and Mme Frick; General and Mrs. Legge; Mr . and Mrs . Bigelow and Consular of the Federation Petitpiere and Mr . Plitt. The General retired at 2345 . * * * * �VIENl'i!A--N.AF£H 19, 1946--At 1030 General Clark saw Mr . Kobelt, President of the Confederation of Switzerland and had a short conference with p:im . At 1130 General Clark, General Legge and Col . Martin l eft for Lausanne . * * -l(- * VIENNA--MARCH 20, 1946--General Clark remained in Lausanne. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 21, 1946- -General Clark remained in Lausanne . The following message was sent to the 'J 'bint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No . 5161: 11 For JCS: Reference is made to USFET secret message number S- 3532 reference clos i ng of border U. S. Zone Germany . Appeal referred to from me in that message concerns infiltration into Vienna and U. s. Zone Austria of Polish and Southeastern Jev.rish refugees . For sometime such refugees have been arriving in Vienna where they show up in the U. s . area, stay a few days, reappear in the U.S. Zone .Austria , eventually moving e~sewhere . It is presumed · tha t these people are working their way westward with the hope eventually of reaching Palestine . ( "Investigation reveals movements these persons well organized by an underground system extending back to source . Indi~.riduals and groups arrive in Vienna by train , on foot or by othe r me ans, are met clandestinely and escorted to an ex-Jewish damaged hospital in u. s. area . Most of these people are in poor health, have little clothing, require rations which deprive Austrians of such food , and generally constitute _a_ serious heal th and welfare problem . . Numbers arriving and departing daily vary between 100 and 200 . With arrival of warm weather it i s expected that this number will greatly increase . "Efforts here to discourage such movements have met with little success . Refugees appear in Vienna from Russian occupied territory and there is no evidence that the Sovi ets in Austria are taking practicaJ. steps to halt such movements . Several approaches have been made to local Soviet authorities on this matter with no tangible results. 11 It is my view that if the border of the U. S. Zone Germany is firmly closed the U. s. sector of Vienna and the U. s. Zone Austria /will become glutted with Jewish refugees, and that di sease , hunger, unrest with resulting serious reflection upon the United States may result. Austrian authorities are unable to assume responsibility for such refugees in view of the increasing shortage of food , housing and es sential supplies . The limited number of troops at my disposal makes it virtually impossible for me to close effectively the border of the U. s. Zone Austria , and without the full cooperation aI1d assistance of the Soviets it will be impossible to prevent arrivals in Vienna . Little dependence can be placed upon Austrian guards to assist troops in securely closing the eastern border of the U. S. Zone Austria due to extent and nature of border and ineff ectiveness of such guards . �( 11 For USFET: Above will serve to answer your S- 3271 from Adcock. If the S. Zone in Germany is to be cl osed as requested in USFET message number S- 3532 it is recommended that the troops to be assigned to border guard between Germany and Austria me assigned to my command in order to seal both zones by pl.acing a stronger guard along the eastern boundary of the U. S. Zone Austria . " u. * * * * VIENNA--MA..."9.CH 22, 1946--General Clark and Col . Martin were met on the outskirts of Bern by General and Mrs . Legge , Mrs . West and Barnie Legge, after which they proceeded to Feldkirch stopping at Zurich for a short lunch . The party was met at Zurich by Mr . Wight, friend of General Legge . General Clark arrived at his private train in Feldkirch at 1630 hours whe re he was met again by General Dumas and a French Honor Guard . The train l eft Feldkirch at 1700 for Vienna . At Innsbruck Col . CaroJ.et, Chief of Staff of the French Forces in .Austria crune aboard the train t6 pa;t his res pects to the General . In the evening General Clark played bridge with Mrs . Legpe and Mrs . West . * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 23, 1946--General Clark 1teturned to Vienna on his private train at 0935 after a short leave in Switzerland. He went immediately to his office accompanied by General Tate , with whom he held a short conf'erence . General and Mrs . Legge, Barnie Legge and Mrs . West went immediately to the Bristol Hotel where they planned to remain for the duration of their stay in Vienna. At 1030 General Clark saw General McMahon and General Tate at which time they discussed several issues which had cow.e up during the General's absence . Mr . Erhardt saw General Tate at 1055 and was followed by Colonel Grogan. After seeing Mr. Erhardt again at 1230 General Clark went to his villa where he had lunch and r emained the rest of the day . * * * * VIENNA- -MARCH 24, 1946- -General Clark remained at his villa during the day . In the morning he took a long walk and had lunch with General McMahon and General Tate . After resting for a short time in the afternoon Genera 7 Clark gave a cocktail party for General and Mrs . Legge of Bern, Switzerland . Guests at the part y included Mrs . West of General Legge 1 s party , General McCreary, General Winterton, Mr . and Mrs. Erhardt, Mr . and Mrs . Mellen, General Tate , General McMahon and Col. Grogan . General Clark had dinner at his villa and retired early . �( General Clark received the following message from ·the Chief of Staff , War Department regarding the closing Of the border in the U. S. Zone , Germany : Reference No . WABX 81839: Reourad WX 81553 which crossed your P - 5161 advised of agreement between Secretaries of State and War that borders of United States Zone Germany are not to be closed to racial and religious refugees until receipt of instructions from WD f ollowing Anglo- American committee report . This includes border of United States Zone Germany which is contiguous to your zone in Austria . 11 "Factors mentioned URAD will be taken into consideration in reviewing question of closing border in light of report of Anglo- American Committee'! * * * * VIENNA~-MARCH 25 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately talked with General Tate , after which he saw Col . Burrill with whom he discussed the progress made in the plans for receiving families of dependents . Wi th General Tate and Mr . Erhardt the General discussed the agenda for the Allied Council meeting and called in Col . Marget for this conference . At 1040 Genenal Clark left his office to go to the Allied Council meeting, returning at 1900 hours. He l eft immediately for his viJ.1 a where he had dinner with General McMahon. ( General Clark sent the follovTing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the subjects discussed at the Allied Council meeting , Reference No . , P- 5350 : "Today ' s Allied Council meeting was l argely devoted to dealing with matters pertaining to the UNRRA program . The final text of the agreement between UNRRA and the Austrian Government was found to be satisfactory . The Council then considered a letter from the Chief of the Austrian UNRRA Mission dated 18 March informing the Cormcil that the Mission had been instructed by the Director General of UNRRA not to sign the agreement with the Government of Austria until definite assurance was obtained that the petrol and oil necessary for the rel ief program would be provided otherwise than from UNRRA resources . I pressed for agreement that indigenous oil resources be used to maximum to meet this UNRRA demand, they beir.:g ample to do so . French and British were so eager to turn food supply responsibility over to UNRRA that they did not want this prejudiced by injecting the question of utilization of indigenous oil resources . French, British and Soviet elements were willing to make available the oil products nocessary for the UNR.11.A program for their respective zones and insisted that such a reply be sent to the UNRRA letter . I finally consented to furnish my share of oil products for the month of April only in order that I would not be alone in the position of obstructing initiation of UNRRA supply on 1 April, with the understanding that my ability to supply oil products after April would depend upon instructions from my Government in view of our policy to �( utilize indigenous resources for the rel ief program . 11 In the discussion it developed that the British, as well as the French, expect to meet their oil quota against a credit of later exports from Austria to the United Kingdom and France respectively . The Russians, on the other hand , wil l obtain their s hare from indigenous sources from so call ed German assets. This would mean that the United States would be the only power paying for oil products supplied whereas indigenous sourcesshould be uti zed . It would also mean that Austria itself in pay:_ng for current relief by exports in the future to the United Kingdom and France would be further impoverished . "The Chief of the UnRRA Mission was present and stated that he felt he did not have the assurance he was directed to get . The British and French with the help of the Soviet high pressured him into accepting their views that he di d have such assurance in that they assured hi m they would supply the oil for their zones . I r equested further instructions in this matter as guidance for the period beyond April . The Chief of the UNRRA Mission later informed the Allied Council that f ood supplies made available from indigenous sources , those supplied by the 4- Powers to get the UNRRA program underway and UNRRA supplies knovm to be en route would only feed Austria until about the middle of May. This is due to the failure of the French and Soviets to turn over to UNRPA the requested 30 days suppli on the ground and an additional 30 days in the pipeline . The French furnished only 1 , 000 tons against the 60 day requirement of 39, 000 tons , and the Soviets supplied only 4 , 700 tons against a similar requirement . This results in a shortage requested of the 4- Powers of 62 , 000 tons . I am convinced that the French have no more military food stocks or in the pipeline to turn over to UNRRA and the Soviets , although I believe they are able to produce more, hope to pass the buck to UNRRA or indirectly to the United States , and since UNmm can give no assurance what it will import up to 15 May it is evident that Austria will face a critical food situation about the middle of May . The Chief of UNRR't~ Mission informed the Council that at that time the Austrian population will be reduced to a ratioH in the neighborhood of from 300 to 400 calories . I agreed to turn over to UNRRA the full 60 days supply at the old 1550 calorie ration scale . The British agreed to turn over their full requirement of 39,000 tons . 11 11 The proposal was made by the Chairman that the Austrian Government be advised by letter that the Allied Council authorized the Government to sign the agreement wi~ UnRRA. Since no response has been received as yet from the Soviet Government as to reduction of troops and the withdrawal of its request for farm land in Lower Austria and Burgenland forte use of the Red .Army, as covered in my statement before the Allied Council at its meeting on 11 March , I insisted that there be inc' uded in the letter to the Austrian Government a statement to the effect that should unsatisfactory replies be received from the Soviet Government with regard to reduction of troops and seizure of arable l and that my Government might reserve the right to alter its UNRRA position in Austria . In this connection 55 , 000 hectares of land have already been seized or are in the process of acquisition . �11 The Soviet member protested on the ground that the insertion of this paragraph would be notification to the Aus t rian ~overnment and there was doubt in the Allied Council as to the efficacy of the agreement, and it would be notice to the Aus t rian Government that there was dissention among the four powers. However, he made no rgflevence to a reply to my statement made on 11 March . I insisted on this reservat ion to permit my Government to eonsider whether :under the present circumstances i t wished to reconsider its attitude toward the UNRRA program. I also wish :ito give the UNRRA assembly at Atlantic City time lto discuss the Soviet acquisition of l and and reducti on of troops . I shall continue to maintain my position on these points until otherwise instructed . If possible request that instructions be transmi tted to me at an early date , as under present plans UNR.BA will begin its operations here on 1 April . In the absence of instructions I have agreed to pool my supplies to be turned over tp UNRRA on a week to week basis . · n There is grave doubt in my mind that if UNRRA comes into the food picture in Aus t ria on April 1st with its inability to supply anything except military food supplies we hand over, only confusion and divided responsibil ity can result . In view of UNRRA 1 s statements today I would feel easier if military supply and ~espons ibility were continued until tn~RRA can produce the necessary food stocks in Austria to supplement indigenous supplies which will permit it to inaugurate a relief program on a s ound basis . I estimate that this. cannot be done before June 1st. I am convinced that I am mn a better position during the next two months to force supplies out of the Soviets than is UNRR.A. 11 * * * I VIENNA- -M.ARCH 26, 1946---General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0930 after having walked to his office . He immediately saw Gener al Tate and l ater General Howard and Major Pleasants at which t ime they dis cussed t he ~l atest intelligence reports . At 1030 he hel d an 11 off the record " press conference giving details of the Allied Council meeting . The following cor respondents attended the conference: Ernest c . Fisher, Associated Press; Lynn Heinzerl ing, Associated Press; Josef Israels, international News Service; John MacCormac, New York Times; Panos Morphopoulos , Newsweek; T/3 l¼rther A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Harold Queen, United Press; Frederick Yeiser , Information Services Branch; Lt . Col . Frederick J . Betz , Public Relations of ficer and Capt . Frank B. MacKnight , Public Relations Section. After the press confeJ;enr:e Mr . MacCormac tal ked to the General and at 1040 General Cl ark saw General Howard . Later General Clark received Mr . Helmut Dantine , move actor from Hollywood, who had just arrived in Vienna to visit his parents . · Mr . Dantine brought packages and letters from Mrs . Cl ark for the General . Short~ ly after noon the General saw General ~IcMahon and then had lunch in theCommanding General ' s mess in the Bank 'Building . After taking care of accU1p.ulated corr espondenc General Clark went to his ~illa with General Sull ivanmd spent the afternoon walking in the Vienna woods . In the evening he had guests in for a poker game . * * * * �VIENNA--MARCH 27, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 after having walked from his villa . He immediately conferred with General McMahon anq General Tate who were followed by Mr. Erhardt . At 1030 General Clark saw Col. Hynes, I:eputy Chief of the UNRRA Austrian mission . At the present time there is considerable discussion on the advisability of bringing UNRRA aid to Austria in view of the Russian demands for thousands of acres of ara~l e farmland . At 1100 Dr . Renner called on GeneP.al Clark at which time a discussion was held on several current issues concerning Austria . The General had lunch in the Bank Building at 1500 hours and immediately after lunch saw Joe Israels who is collaboration with the General on the writing of an article describing the submari ne trip taken by General Clark before the North African invasion . General Clark furnished Mr . Israels with clipps:ing, his diary, and sever al other articles which had been written on this subject . At 1400 General Clark saw Comdr . Musmanno who is preparing to write an article with General Clark on the negotiations with .Admiral Darlan . General Clark left his office for his villa at 1500 accompanied by General McMahon with whom he took a long walk through the Vienna woods . General 61ark had guests for dinner and bridge . Gener al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regar ding the Soviet Mission in the U. S. Zone . Reference No . P- 5453: "Reference is made to my Top Secret message No . P- 4575 concerning the Soviet Mission in U. S. Zone . The Board appoi nted to review the cases of alleged Soviet citizens will complete its work this week . The Soviet mission has t o all intents and purposes completed its task . For the past few days the members of this mission have been touring the U. S. Zone . Today I reduced the allot ment of gasoline to the mission which will restrict movement of the members to Salzburg and vicinity . The Mission Chief is awaiting response to a request made by him upon Soviet Headquarters for extention of the stay of the Mission in the United States• Zone until 15 April . Soviet Headquarters has made no request upon me for such extension, nor have I granted permission for the mission to remain in the U. s. Zone beyond 15 March . I propose to take no further action toward removal of this mission until a reply is received to my message No . P- 4575 . Request early reply thereto . " General Cl ark also sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No . CG- 032702 : "Reference my P- 5350 . A conference took place yesterday between my repre sentative and representatives of the other occupyi ng powers and UN.RR.A . As a result thereof, I am convinced more than ever that 'L'NRRA sh01:ld not be permitted to take over the responsibility of food supply in Austria until UNRRA has prpduced on the ground supplies to maintain an agreed program . They have practically nothing in sight at the present time except money . The minute UNR1tA takes over there will be a tremendous let- down by the French, British, and Russians, and they feel completely absolved from any responsibility . This has already been indicated by the inadequate contributions the Russians and French are making to the initial pool . I am convinced that better results will be obtained if the military retains �responsiblity and control until such date , probably June 1st, that UNRRA supplies will have been received to take over . We can expect great opposition to ihis, as the other powers , particularly the British, are most anxious to be relieved of financial res ponsibil ity for feedi ng Austria . The British are disposted to place more emphasis upon this than I consider justified in the light of available SUp"0lies . I have discussed this matter this date with Colonel John Hynes , USA Deputy to Brigadier Parminter , UNRRA Chief in Austria . He heartily agrees with my views as expressed herein , and tel l s me that Parminter is of the same opinion but is in a difficult position because of pressure from the British element here ." * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 28 , 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 after walking from his villa . He immediately saw General Tate and Col . Langan on the UNRRA question and at 1000 hours had a conference wit h Mr. Erhardt , Col . Hynes , General Tate and Colonel Langan on the same subject . Colonel Grogan conferred wi t .h General Tate at 1030 on the ISB setup and later Iilr . Fox of the National Catholic Conference of New York cal led on the General to pay his res pec ts . Mr . Fox has recently arrived in Vienna and is supervising the distribution of one million and half pounds of food to the Austrian people . General Clark then saw Mr . MacCormac and later General Tate and Col . Grogan . After having lunch in the Commanding General's mess at headquarters , Gener al Clark saw Mr . Adams who was followed by Colonel Rich . Colonel Rich briefed the General on the veneral di sease situation in Austria. At 1615 Under-Secre tary of War Kenneth C. Royall accompanied by : Mr . McCabe - Foreign Liquidation Comm Gener al Lutes - CG ASF Gener al Parks - D~r ector of Pub. Relations General Esposito - WD - OPD General Thomas - Air Tech . Service Comd . General Booth - Off ice Under Sec . of War . Lt . Col . Troja - Foreign Liquid Comm . Major Staples - Aide . arrived at headquarters . .A fter receiving a Guard of Honor, Mr . Royall and par ty went to General Clark 1 s office where a conference was hel d with the General and other staff members of the Headquarters. Mr. Royall left the headquarters at 1800 hours and went to the Bristol Hotel . General Clark left for his villa. At 19 10 hours General Clark gave a cocktail party and dinner at the Bristol Hotel for Mr . Royall and his party, after which the Gener al t ook his guests to t he Bristol Room to s ee the floor show. General Clark left the Bristol a t 2300 hours for his villa. * * * * �J VmNI;A- - MARCH 29, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and immediatel y conferred with General 'l'ate and General McMahon, and l ater saw Col. Grogan. At 1030 he conferred with Col. Hynes on the question of mmRA for Austria , after which he saw Col. Deutsch who is leaving on .Temporary Duty for the States . The General left the headquarters at 121,5 for his villa where he had lunch . .A fter resti ng in the afternoon he left his villa for the cub strip and flew in his L-5 to Tulln where at 1600 hours be poarded his B-17, piloted by Colone] Moore, and flew to Salzburg wher e he spent the night with Gener al Col} ins. VIENHA--MARCH 30, 1946--General Clark, accompanied by General Collins inspected the 232nd Div . around Salzburg in the morni ng and also the SS stockade, Camp Hallein. General Clark left Salzburg with Gene ral Collins and Lt . Clark at 1600 ar riving at his hunting lodge in the Hinterstoder VaJley at 1945 . The party had d.i1mer and the General retired at an early hour. General Clark received the followj.ng message from the Chief of Staff, War Department, Ref. No. WAR 2646: ( "REURAD p.. 5340 State and War Depts desire that a transfer of Civ Supply responsibility take place promptly as schedule, IE, UNRRA to assume financial responsibiJ ity of one Ji.PO and complete supply respons i bility on 1 May . mm.RA refuses to agree to the transfer unless WD obtains and arranges for April loadings which woul d be turned over to UNRFA in•~due course in addition to the 60 days supply referred to in URAD. British state that they are arranging for April loadings which will be turned over to UNRHA. 11 V ID has informed UNRRA that it will do its best to secure an allocation and ship during April whatever food supplies can be obtained with a target for the US Zone of 1200 calories level . On this basis is cabl ing its represent ative to sign the transfer agreement . 11The food situation in Germany and Japan is desperate and the WD has made such firm representations to the highest authorities concerning its minimum requirements in occupied areas that an add . 30 days requirement for Austria for April loadings for Germany and Japan . Since you actu.a lly wil: have a minimum of 60 days civilian supply in final reserve to meet an emergency it is suggested tha t while it might not be desirable from your standpoint to r elease an add days supply at the 1200 calorie level it would be the most acceptable solution for the WD . It of course would not be turned over until the first 60 days requirement had been turned over to UNRRA. "Here is amount on requirement for a minimum turn over on 1 April of a complete 30 days supply but is willing to agree to any compromise arrangement you may work out with local representatives for turnover of the second 30 days supply . State and War Departments believe you should agree to this project rather than your intention to release supplies on week to week basis . �r "Will have a shipment available during April of a surplus stock of about 26, 000 tons of white canned pota t oes. It has been tentatively scheduled for shipment to Gen Clay who faces a desperate food situation but if the proposal to release 1/2 of your final tfJ day r eserve is unacceptable to you it is believed that a diversion of this shipment can be made to Austria . Your pomments on which proposal you prefer are urgently requested . Regard pol continue t o press Russians to make available for schilling payment indigenous pol to mee t UNRRA requirements for all Austria . Cannot accer t British and French proposal that they reimburse themselves for pol furnished IDJP~..A in their Zones out of specific exports to UK and France or out of specific exports proceeds unless same arrangement is made for Pol furnished by U. S. agree your action regard furnishing Pol for April i nstructions wil ] be forthcoming soonest on furnish i g Pol beyong APRIL . 11 State is sending not e to British, French and Russians calling a t tention to obligation under terms of agreement to furnish tfJ days supply begiruiin,g 1 April and asbng assU1·ance that they will meet commitment . In view of position other 3 occupying powers in the developing food crisis in Austria, State considers furth er delay in mm.RA program inadvisable and proposes tha t in withdrawing res ervation regard UNRRA program which you have pr eviously maintained you make public sta t ement explaining US action if in your judgement such statement desirable ." 11 ( General Clark sent the following reply to the above mess age . Reference No. P-- 5686 (To JCS) : Receipt your message WAR 2646 aclmowledged . Action taken today to implement UNRRA program 1 April . Local UNRRA advised that U. S. Element will make every effort to contribute ~0 days supply in addition to the 60 days al ready pledged based on requirements for the U. S. Zone of 1200 calorie level. British representative made similar pledge to local UNRRA . I also informed UNRRA that I would turn over 30 days supply on 1 April and thereafter on 30 day basis under plans to be worked out . Based on thi s additional supply UNF.RA here agreed to sign agreement with Austrian Government which agreement was processed at Allied Countil meeting 25 March, and .Austrian government is being notified by Allied Council that it i s authorized to sign such agreement with UNRRA. 11 now scheduled under agreed plan supplies contributed to UNRRA by military will be pooled and distributed t hroughout Austria beginning 1 April on uniform r a tion basis in accordance with distribution plan submit ted by Austrian Go,rernment and approved by AJlied Council . This will result in increased ration in Soviet and French Zones over that now obtaining, as ration in all zones wil l be 1200 calories which s t andard is not now bei ng met in these two zones . Food contributed by the U. S. and British elements to UNRRA will be used to meet the deficiency in these two zones . I assume that such use of contributed U. S. military stocks has the approval of the War Department in light of your message \r.JAR 2646 . I shall proceed under such assumption pendi ng receipt of' further instructions . 11 As �11 In view of the desperate food situation faced by General Clay I am prepared to supply UNRR.A the additional 30 days supply from my 60 days reserve. I would like to retain the right to call upon General Clay for' a portion of the 26,000 tons of v1hi te canned potatoes offered if the situation here becomes desperate . 11 1 shall press for acquisition of POL requirements for UNRRA program alone lines stated your message . "Reference UNRRA Resolution passed at Atlantic city on 26 and 27 March the Austrian Chancellor reported today that the Russians have backed down very consider ably on their demands for land . They have withdrawn their demands for 26,000 hectares in Burgenland and have also refused the Austrian Government ' s compromise offer of 8,000 hectares . They have evacuated or halted requisition proceedings on a considerable portion of the 55,700 hec tares reported occupied, requisitioned or earmarked for requisition last week . They are still reported to hold 33,700 hectares according to Austrian Government figures . Of this total 21 , 000 hectares belong to the Doellerschein maneuver area, which Fi gl is willing to let them have . The Russians claim the remaining 12 ,700 hectares as German property under Potsdam , which Eigl refuses to accept . A large part of this land is property of Jews which was confiscated by Germany . I shall keep you informed of further developments in this land deal . 11 ( * * * * VIENrA••MARDH 31, 1946--General Clark accompanied by Lt . Clark and Capt Traugott left with two Austrian guides for a fishing trip. General Collins left the lodge after the part y went on a fishing trip and returned to Salzburg. The General caught six large trout in the Teichl River . Lt . Clark caught two trout . The party returned from the fishing trip at 1430 hours , at which time they had lunch . The General took a short nap·in the afternoon and at 1900 hours had dinner with Lt . Clark and Maj or Oswalt, the General 's pilot . The General retired at 2030 hours . * I \ * * * VI ENNA--APRIL 1, 1946--At 0230 General Clark and Capt . Traugott and an Austrian gu±de left the lodge to hunt for a specie of wood cock (Auerhahn). The General 's party arrived at the pre-determined spot on the mountain at 0400 to await the mating call of the Auerhahn . At 0430 General Clark shot the Auerhahn after which tfie party descended and r eturned to the lodge , being unable to find the wounded bird . General Clark and Lt . Clark had breakfast at 0700 . At 0745 General Clark left for Vienna by L- 5 piloted by Major Oswalt, arriving in Vienna at 0850 . He was met by Captain Luther and went immediately to his villa . He arrived at the office at 1030 and conferred with General Tate after which he held a conference with Mr . Erhardt until 1115 . Next the General saw General Tate and General McMahon and later General I'ncMahon introduced to General Clark Mr . Hilvering, President of the American Library Association, who is making a tour of the theater in order to evaluate the Army library program . General Clark left for his villa at 1230 where he spent the rest of the day . In the evening Genern.l Mc Tahon and General Tate had dinner with General Clark �General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Wash::ngton , D. C., Reference No . P- 5733: 11 im.'Ilediately upon return of Marshal Konev to Vienna from IJos cow on or about 27 March he dispatched a letter to me on the DI XON case ref e1·rinc; to my letter to him dated 6 March and accusing me of defending the 11unjust decis ion of the American court in this case 11 • In the letter he makes reference to several iterns in statement13 made by vlitnesses who appeared before my Inspector General in the i:-reliminary investigation ordered by me immediately after the incident , a copy of which report was sent by me to Konev as his Inspector was present when my Inspector Gene:::'al made his investigaticn . All of Konev 1 s references taken from this report were careful y selected by him so as ·to present a biased opinion that Sergeant Dixon is guilty of 11 premeditated murder by kjlEng a Sovi0t Officer, CaptainKlementiev . 11 11 He also refer red again to the astonishment of Soviet observers attending the trial of Iixon over the outcome of the case . 11 M arshal Konev closed his letter with the statements "under these conditions the true situation could not be disgufaed ; Dixon ' s guilt was fully proved , as the whole cause of the trial confirmed . The result of the trial , t hat is , the sentence itself , does not proceed logical y from the documents of either the pre•iminary investigation or the court proceedings . I remain firmly convinced that the acquittal made by the American court in the case of Sergeant Dixon, who killed the Red Army Captain Klementiev and wounded Senior Lieutenant Salnikov , does not correspond to the circumstances of the case and is an unjust act which compels me definitely to insist on severe and just punishment of the murderer of the Soviet Officer~ "I will answer this l etter point by point, but I will firmly ttiaintain the same position as set forth in my letter to Konev dated 6 March, copy of which was sent to you in my message P-4001 . ],S soon as completed, resume of nen reply to Konev will be furnished you and ~:Ios cow embassy . Sgt . Dixon has left Austria enroute to U. S. for redeployment . * * * VIENHA--APRIL 2, 1946--Genernl Clark arrived at his of_,:·ice at 0915 and immediately conferred with Colone 1 ~lartin on the subject of approval of marriages , after which he talked with General Tate . At 1000 Col. Sullivan , v1ho had just been reduced fror.t Brigadier General on April 1 , introduced to the General a tailor from Frankfurt who is going to make a blouse and some shirt for him . Colonel Martin again ta ked with the General at 1020 and was fo lowed by Hr . Erhardt . General Draper , head of the Economi cs Section in Berlin, with Mr . Fahey of the Berlin Legal Division andColoneJ Hall of the Berlin Economics Section, ca-led on General Clark to pay his and General Clay ' s res pects at 1100 hours • Shortly thereaf'ter Col . Sullivan and General I,lcMahon conferred with General Clark on t he subject of overdrawal of rations in Austria . After see5ng General Tate and Gene al LicI.1ahon shortly before noon, General Clark took care of all ac.:cumulated correspondence o.nd had lunch in the Bank Building with Col . BurrilJ and otl:er staff officers . He left short] y after , unch v:i th Col SulJivan and took a walk in the Vienna woods . At 1700 hou.rs Genero.l Clark dis cussed with "·r . Israels , war correspondent ,Ii th INS , the article whicy they are writing together on the submarine trip . Later in the even~ng General Clark had guests for dj_nner and poker . �( VIENNA- - APnIL .3 , 1946--General CJ ark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw General Tate . After conferr;i.ng shortly wi th General IfoMahon, the General received General Ts,1cCreery, Commander of British Troops in Austria , for a forty- five minute conference in his office . .Among othe r things General Mccreery wished General Clark to bring the Spanish riding horses .:flom: the American Zone to Vienna for a horse show wbich is to be held later in the J . summer . At ] 015 Gene"al CJ.ark talked with Colonel Grogan and later at 1100 decorated and promoted 15 offi cers and men among whom was John Eisenhower , son of Gene ral Eisenhower v1ho was promoted to Captain . At 1200 General Clark l eft his of fice and walked with Mr . Erhardt to his villa whe r e he recei ved Marshal Konev and General Zheltov at 1.300 • .After conferring rd th Marshal Ronev and General Zhel tov until 1445 General Clark had lunch ,Tith his guest s who departed shortly t hereafter . General Clar k rested in the afternoon and went for a short walk la ter in the evening . He remained at his viJla and retired early . * ( * * VIENl-A--APRIL 4 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his off i ce at 0905 after v;"tlking from his villa , with Gener al dcMahon . At 09.30 he conferred with General McMahon who was followed by GeneTal Tate . CQlonel Grogan talked with General Clark at 1015 and later with Ur . Erhardt afte r which Gene ral CJark called Col. 1-i'.undell and Col. Norcros s in for a co:nferenc e . At 1100 General CJ ark met Mr . and Mrs . Walter Lipi:mann who had just arrived in Vienna for a short stay . General Clark conferred with Mr . Lippmann until 1300 hours at w:nich t i me he had lunch in the Commanding Gener al I s mess with the Lippmanns and staff members . ImEediately after lunch General Clark recorded his Army Day s peech which 1=Jill be broadcasted on the morni ng of April 6, 1946. Later he received Captain Orrick, Special security officer , USFA, who brought a secret messag:3 from Salzburg. After s e eing Col . Howard at 1/ 45 General CJ ark left his off ice walking t o his villa. In the evening he had as guests for dinner, Mr . and Mrs . Walter Lippmann , Mr . and Mrs . Erhardt, General Ta te , General McMahon and Col . C. Coburn Smith ., · Gener al Clark s ent the f oll.01.'i:i.ng message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 6000: "I had Konev and Zheltov to lunch yesterday with view of' determining any change of attitude as result of their trip to Moscow . We had a long talk and r elations we1~e extreraely cordial . He manifested some concer n about t he stand I have taken in the Allied Council on the land question and the e:::ctent to vrhich tn~RRA has injected this and the oil question int o its Austrian relief program , and publicity therefore which has occurred . "After much discussion on t he UNRP.A program Konev made it clear that : (1) 'l'he Red Army proposes to use not to exceed 15 , 000 hectares of land in Lower Austria to raise vegetables and other perishable foodstuffs for troop consumpti on . ( 2) This acreage is property c onfiscated by the Germans after the Anschluss and t herefore falls under the terms of the Potsdam agreement in Konev 1 s opinion . (.3) Soviet authorities wil · turn over to UNRRA during April and May sufficient food to feed their zone in Vienna plus five other cities in the Soviet �zone based on 1200 calorie ration scale . Food will not be turned over by Soviets to feed smaller communities and farmers in their Zone . Konev stated it was unnecessary to provide food for smaller communities and farmers as these classes had access to indigenous supplies . I could not ascertain exact amou.."'lt of food the Soviets will tUJ..-n over to UNRRA for April and May , but he indicated it would be an &~aunt substant ially greater than the 4700 tons reported in paragraph 4 my message No . 5350 . He stated however it would be much less than the tonnage to be tu_rned over by either the British or U. s. elements . We also discussed reduction of troops . Konev stated t hat reduction of his forces in Austria would be a continuous process . I rather gained the impression that a spe -·d- up in the withdrawal of Soviet troops from .li:rilstria might be in the offing . He would not agree to any discussion in the Allied Council on troops ceiling objectives to be attained . He made it c l ear tha t any such discussion must be conducted on Governmental level . I am convinced that we can make no progress here on this subject . In t his connection he laughingly stated: uGene r al Clark need have no concern about any Soviet offensive intentions in Austria" . 11 i i r raised the question of oc cupation cos t s . Konev agreed tr..a t such costs should be iJ1c uded in the Austrian budget and stated he is pre pared to discuss this subject with the other co1rr•anders . Unti ~ this matter is settled the Soviets will be unable to obtain Schillings to pay tl1- 9ir troops as other commanders took action in February with Austrian Government to block Soviet demands for funds unt il commanders agree on amounts to be turned over to each occupation force . Konev mentionea draft s.ubmitted by British on new control machinery and stated he is r eady to discuss subject in Allied Council . He believed agreement covlcl be reached on t i1is draft as Sovie•t element has in mind only two minor changes . 11 trKonev has invited me to Baden Friday where we will continue our informal discussions . I will send report of this meeting e11 General Clark also sent the foll.owing message to JCS in regard to the coviet Ropatriation Mission working in the American Zone: Ref . No . P- 6046: "Reference is made to my message 4575 and 5453. On l April I requested Konev to issue ins tructi.ons to Soviet 11 ission in U. S Zone t o quit the Zone not l ater than 3 April. He requested another dealy . I inf ormed him that this would be the subject of further di scussions between us . The mission was withdrawn on 3 April as requested . " * * * * �VIENNA--APRIL 5, 1946- -General Clerk arrived at his office at 09.30 after walking from his villa . He immediately saw General Tate and at 1000 talked to Col. McLean concerning t he Dixon case . At 1030 Joe Israels saw Gene:::-al Clark and conferred with him for an hour on data to he used in the writing of the article on the submarine trip in North Africa . Sufficient material has been Compiled to enable Mr . Israels to begin writing his article . After conferring with General McMahon, General Clark left his headquarters for his villa where he had lunch with Col . Sullivan. After lunch the General and Col . Sullivan took a long walk in the Vienna woods after which General Clark rested . At 1730 hours General Clark returned to his office where he conferred with General Tate, and at 1800 received General Zheltov, who escorted the General to Marshal Konev 1 s headquarters at Baden . General Clark conducted an informal conference with Marshal Konev, and returned to his villa around midnight . * * * * VIENNA--APRIL 6, 1946- -General Clark r emained at the villa during the day . At 0945 the A:rrny Day program was broadcast at which the General ' s speech, which he had recorded earlier in the week, was broadcast . At 1730 hours General Clark left his valla for the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail party and dinner for sixty guests including officers, Wacs , news correspondents, enlisted personnel and civilians . Later the General entertain his guests at the Army Day USO show, "Yankee Jubilee" . The General left the theater at .2300 hours and went directly to his villa . General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No :P- 6136: "Last night I had dinner with Konev at his home in Baden. was most pleasant and extreme friendship prevailed . The evening 11 Konev asked that I al l ow his repatri ation mission to return t<fl the U. s . Zone to complete its work . After a frank discussion of the subject it was agreed between us that I would allow a mission to return to the Zone for a limited and defini t e time after we had definitely worked out a program on an agreed basis . ( "I also had a frank discussion with him about the use of indigenous oil to mee t UNRRA 1 s needs in the Austrian relief program. He stated that this matter could be worked out without any diff iculty . 11 In the informal meetings I have had with Konev since his return from Moscow I detect a pronounced improvement in his attitude in his attitude . This same attitude on the part of Konev ' s staff has been observed by my subordinates in quadripartite work . 11 �( General Clark also sent the following message to JCS regarding a • letter which Marshal Konev sent t o him , in which he express his dis satisfaction of the verdict rendered in the Dixon case . General Clark qµoted Marshal Konev •s letter in the following , reference No . P- 6138 : " Following is my reply sent today to Konev 1 s letter 27 March regarding Dixon case . This refers to my message P- 5733 : 111 Your second letter, dated 27 M arch 1946, referring to the Dixon trial has been received and I note with the deepest regret your continued failure to recognize the result of that trial as fair and just, and in conformity with the laws of the United States . 11 1 You mention several points upon which you disagree with my former letter of 4 March 1946 and with the interpretation by the court of the evidence presented at the tr1.al . In view of the long record , it is extremely difficult for me to summarize for you all the facts before the court . It is impossible to resol ve al l conflicting testimony and paint a true picture of the mental processes of the members of the court in the perforrnance of their duty to "duly administer justice without partiality, favor , or affection" in the words of the oath administered to them . I shall therefore make no attempt to restate the evidence, nor shall I attempt to resolve all conflict in that evidence and evaluate it , as t hat is a primary du~y of the court itself . 1he court must case its findings on the evidence as a whole , and not upon scattered bits of evidence favorable or unfavorable to the accused . Attempted discussion by us of such isolated items of evidence can serve no useful purpose . ( 11 1With ref erence to the official documents furnished you by Col . Lloyd (referring to the Report of Investigation by the Inspector General), you are no doubt aware that .t he purpose of such an inves t 1ga tion is to determine whether resort should be had to trial by court- martial . Such an investigation can neither convict or acqu1t the person investigated . The report was not used at the trial. Instead, under our system of law, the persons who have actual knowledge of the facts are themse1ves summoned before the court and required to testify in person, under oath, and subject to cross - examination . 1he system was evolved for the purpose of best determining the true facts and for the protection of an individual ' s rights under United States code of law . It has stood the test of time and is rigidly followed in our courts , both military and civil . 11 You seem to believe that there was no basis for a belief by the court that Dixon acted in self- defense, and contend that Dixon "confessed" that (quoting from your letter) ''he, threatening with firearms, conducted the Soviet office:r·s to the vestibule of the railroad car and ordered them to jump while the train was moving, 11 and that "The reason for shooting Capt . Klementiev was the move by the latt er, interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to reach for the pistol . " You state that: nm reality, there is no basis to confirm that Klementiev was making such an attempt . 11 In the first place, the evidence is in conflict on the question whether Dixon drew a pistol prior to arrival at the vestibule . Some witnesses �( thought he did, while others thought he did not . Dixon testified that he did not . What I should like you to understand is tha t under the legal theory of self-defense it makes no difference under the circumstances of this case whether he did or did not . Your statement completely omits all reference to the fact that only a short time befor e the shooting it was Capt . Klementiev who threatened Dixon with a pistol , and so far as self-defense is concerned, the real question is whether Dixon, as a reasonable man, was justified in believing his own liie was in danger when Captain Klementiev made the motions interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to draw the weapon a second time . The court obviously believed Dixon acted in reasonable fear of imminent death or bodily harm to protect himself from one who had demonstrated his willingness to t hreaten him with a deadly weapon, and who, Dixon believed, was about to fire upon him • .And the shooting of Senior Lieutenant Salnikov can be explained in the same manner . All the Soviet personnel were strangers to Dixon . They were banded together in pursuance of their common purpose to board the train. They were knowingly resisting Dixon ' s orders . The light was poor . The slighest move by Lt . Salnikov might reasonably have been interpreted by Dixon as an attempt to draw a weapon . Whether Dixon used the words , "self-defense" , either at the preliminary.investigation or at the trial, is totally unimportant . Neither is it determinative of Dixon ' s guilt whether Capt ain Klementiev actually drew his weapon again , or even whether he intended t o do so . Klementiev had created the tense situ, tion resul ting in the unfortunate shooting, and the controlling question is whether Dixon, in this situation, believed he was in danger and was justified in t '1at belief . The court had determined that issue . "You men ti.on the fact that the unfortunate mis take of the Red Army officers in entering another car instead of J eaving the train as ordered ca:nno t be considered as grovnds for using weapons . My answer to tha t is to ask you the simple question; 11 \fuo first used a weapon? 11 "Finally, I find it necessary to direct your attention again to my former letter in which I stat ed that under our law no commander has the povrer to nullify an acquittal and cause a retrial when the trial has been conducted in accordance with Law. Article of War 40 provides that: 11 No personal shall , without consent , be tried a second time for the s ame offense . " That article also provides that: 11 No authority shall return a record of trial to any court-martial for reconsideration of: (a) An acquittal-l<--¾-* . 11 In viev, of this provision of the law of the United States governing this case, any differ ence of opinion which you and I may have concerning the performance by the court of its duty is totally tmimportant and any further discussion of the case is utterly futile . I regret the unfortunate incident as much as you do, but I must r epeat that the verdict in the case must stand , and I shall be most appreciative if you will consider the incident closed , as I do . 11 * ( ( * * * �VIENNA--P..PRIL 7 , 1946--General Clark and General Tate left Vienna at 0815 in and L- 5 and arrived at the General ' s hunting lodge in the Hinterstoder Valley at 0930 . Immediately upon arriving at the lodge , they went on a fishing trip. General Tate returned to the lodge at 1730 after having caught six trout and an hour later General Clark returned to his lodge with nine trout . At 1930 General Clark and General Tate had dinner and afterwards played cribbage . The General retired ear ly . * * * * VIENNA--.APRIL 8, 1946-- At 0815 General Clark, Major Oswalt and Captain Traugott left for a fishing trip . The General fished until 1800 hours and after a two hour delay due to transportation, returned to his lodge at 2000 hours . * ( 1' * * * VIENNA-- .APRIL 9 , 1946--General Clark left his hunting lodge at 0845 and arrived in Vienna at 1000 . He went immediately to his office where he conferred with General Tate and General McMahon and later with Mr . Erhardt . At 1115 General Col.lin13 who had arrived on the Mozart this morning saw General Clark and was. followed by Colonel Grogan, who introduced to the General Miss Vada Ward . Miss Ward is with the Publicity Section of USFET. After conferring with General Tate , Gener al CJark had lunch in the CG Mess in the Bank Building with General Coll ins and Mr . Bixby, a publisher from the States who accompanied General Collins . · After lunch General Clark saw Colonel Martin on several requests for marriage and later saw Commander Musmanno . General Clark left his office at 1500 hours and walked to hi s villa . In the evening he had guests f' or dinner and poker . * * * * VIENNA- -APRIL 10, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and immediately conferred with General Tate on the agenda for the Allied Council meeti ng. At 0930 he conferred with Mr . Erhardt and l ater saw General Tate and Colonel Ladue . Just befo re l eaving for the Allied Council meeting, General Clark saw his old friend Major General C.R . Moore who is now Chief Engineer at USFET . General Clark arrived at the .Allied Council meeting at 1100 hours and returned at 1330 • .After conferring with Gener al Tate and later Mr. Erhardt , General Clark saw Commander Musmanno . He left the office at 1500 and went to his villa where he spent the rest of the day . In the evening he had General Moore and Colonel Miller, USFA Engineer officer, as guests for dinner . The following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the subjects discussed at the Allied Council mee t ing. Refer ence No . P- 6352: 11 0nly i tem of importance in llied Council meeting today was oral report made by Chief of UNRRA mission in Austria . Report made and discussion thereon covered fol l owing: (1) US Element has agreed to turn over 90 days military supply based on 1200 calories for US Zone inc l uding Vienna . �( \ (2) British have so far agreed to turn over 66 to 70 days military suppl y based on 1200 calories for British Zone including Vienna . Ability of British to supply full 90 days depends upon arrivals military stocks not yet knovm to British element. (3) Soviet Element has contributed 30 days suppl y based on 1200 calories for Soviet Zone in Vienna only . Konev stated he would turn over 60 days supply based on Soviet Zone Vienna plus the five industrial cities in the Soviet Zone . He agreed to give UNRH.A detailed tonnages on this basis . This as agreed to at my informal meeting with Konev covered in my message P- 6000 . (4) French Element has contributed 1000 tons flour . Bethouart stated he would contribute further 2400 tons flour which should arrive by 1 May . UNRRA Mission Chief stated that he is conc erned about supply in June as he does not know schedul ed UNRPt.A shipments befor e that month . Military cotj.t ributions will be exhausted by 1 June and unless UNRH.A supplies arrive before then in quantities suff icient to maintain current ration scal e we will face serious situation at that time . He further stated that strong representations in this regard have been made by h~n to UNRRA Washi ngton and London . He understands that military supplies beyond those now pledged by the four commanders can not be counted upon . I distinctly gained the impression from remarks made by the Chief UNRRA Mission that he is sincerely worried about the food situation here in June . Everything possible should be done by UNRRA Washington to prevent a breakdown in its f ood supply program as there will be no means at the disposal of commanders to mee t an emergency situ tion . ,11 11 W hile the agenda of today ' s meeting c cntained relatively minor subjects , the meeting was in a spirit of extreme cooperation on the part of all comr1anders • 11 General Clark sent the f ol.lovi ng cable to the War Department , Reference No . P- 6350 : risoviets are now asking for only part of the Doellersheirn Maneuver area of 21 , 000 hectares mentioned in my P- 5686 , 30 March . The maneuver area as a whole consists of land which the Germans are using for military purposes , after having taken it over in 193$. Of this area a considerable is ar able land of whi ch about 1500 hec tares ·wore being lee.sed to farmers with a vi ew t o resuming production, althovgh no food was actually being produced in the area when taken over by the Russians . "Russians are apparently continuing to back down on land demands , except in cases of l and owned by Germans and still claimed by Russians under Potsdam agreement . n * * * �( VIENNA--APRIL 11, 1946--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0930 and shortly thereafter saw Col . Howar d and later Major Oswalt his L- 5 pilot, who requested a l eave to go to Switzerland. Later the General called in Colonel Mccaffrey, Col . Rundell and Col. Moore to inform them that under the present demotion system they will be reduced to the grade of Lt. Col. in the next month . The General sent a cable to General McNarney asking that a deference in Col. ~dell ' s case be considered, because of his reluctance to remain on his present job in the grade of Lt . Col . General Clark saw General Ta te with Lt . Col . Betz, acting Press Relations Officer on the :xubject of an article rvri t ten by Mr . Morgan, transit correspondent . Mr . Morgan had written a dispatch regarding USFA censorship and also stated that many co r respondents had grievances against this so-cailed censorship . General Clark leter talked to Mr . MacCormac in order to get the views of the correspondents . At noon General Cl ark talked with Mr . Morgan on this subject and an agreeable so]ution was reached . After consul ting with General Tate, General Cl ark had lunch in the Commanding General I s mess in tl1e Bank Building, with General Tate , Mr . Adams, Mr . Mel len and General Haynes . Gene al Clark talked with Mr . Erhardt and Gen . Tate on the peace treaty which had been submitted and the draft which is now being prepared . After lunch General Cl ark saw Comdr. Musmanno for a short while and again saw Lt . Col . Betz on the outcome of his previous conversation with Mr . Morgan. After seeing Col. Ladue on the V. D. r ate in Austria, the General talked with Col. D' Orsa . General Clark then held a long conference with General McMahon and General Tate concerning the results of General McMahon 's trip to Paris and his meeting with the newspaper people there. TheGeneral again saw Comdr . Musmanno and shortly thereafter left for his villa where he took a long walk. General Clark send the following cable regarding the Peace Treaty, to the War Department, Reference No. P- 6430 : tt'l'his replies to WAR 82750 and letter of 6 March to me from Deputy Chief of Staff Handy regarding proposed treaty for Austria andBritish draft for new Control Machinery • .Agreement . "Erhardt cleared his 345 March 9 to State Dept with me . 11 (1) I consider the treaty the primary objective, but also consider the proposed interim Control Machinery Agreement highly desirable provided it does not delay action on the treaty . 11 (2) I consider the British draft Control ffachinery .Agreement a good ,one . It was remarkably close to a draft which my staff had prepered and was holding in reserve . Detailed improvements I would propose in British draft are being trans mitted separately . They are designed primarily to define more c 1 early and narrowly the independent powers of individual commissioners , provide more flexibility and �( \ simplicity of administration, and estab1ish unitary Austrian customs and frontier control simultaneously with immediate removal of zonal demarcatio line barriers ; Quadripartite discussion of British draft has been begim ~ by Political Division Allied Commission to prepare report for consideration of Executive Committee . Views of other elements will be reported shortly . 11 (3) Regarding withdrawal of occupation forces it is essential that when it occurs it should be carried out simuJ.taneously by alJ Four Powers . I con• sider it desirable for treaty to provide for withdrawal of all £.orces by date fixed in treaty, or possibly {:f) to 90 days after treaty becomes effective. I hesitate to specify now definite data for final withdrawal since much depends on developments in hext few months, particularly Soviet att itude • .After withdrawal I recommend Austria be permitted to maintain defense estab ishment along lines suggested next following paragraphs . 11 (4) General . Austria to possess no capabilities for waging offensive warfare or committing major acts of aggression . Strength, organi zation and armament of Austrian defense establishment to be restricted to that necessary to maintainence of order within borders of Austria , patrol of borders , enforcement of customs regulations, and sufficient frontier control to assure integrity of .Austrian territory to a limited degree against aggression and to focus attention of public opinion on incidents threa tening Austrian independence . Austria to have an armed forces man- power recruiting system devised to provide personnel on a long-term volunteer basis without a reserve component, this to prohibit periodic short-term trainj,n g of personnel thus facilitating the formation of a potentially dangerous war reserve . Use of offensive chemicals, tanks, military aircraft, self-propeJled or guided missiles and atomic weapons prohibited . (b) Ground forces . Ceiling limitation of 50, 000 per sonnel inc1uding combat elements (infantry, light artill ery not exceeding 120 mil l imetre caliber, mounted troops , mechanized cavalry without tanks), service elements , administrstive overhead, national constabuJ arly and Danube river police patrol . River police l imited to 20 patrol craft and 500 total personnel inc uded in 50,000 ceiling above quoted. No chemical troops authorized; chemical staffs and schools authorized only for instruction in use of defensive chemical measures . Purely defensive fortifications and armed forces installations now in existence in Austria need not be destroyed or rendered inoperative . New defensive works and installations to be limited to those necessary to the internal and periphial defense of Aus t ria (c) Aviation . (1) Air Force . Austria s ea.ble future of supporting an air force of size and elongated shape of the country and sary tactical disposition even if she could force . Therefore obvious that Austria must is economically incapable in fore adequate defensive strength . Small location of Vienna make difficult necessupport economical ly an adequate air be de pendent on interna tional arrange- �( ments for air defense, and any air force which she may in the future possess should be more a contribution to an international arrangement than supposedly capable of standing alone . Therefore it is my considered opinion that Austria should be forbidden an air force pending further clarification of the European situation . On this aBcount , the treaty should prohibit the maintenance of a military air force for a period of 10 years, after the expiration of which provision should be made for this prohibition to be reconsidered in the light of then current circumstances . 'fhe term "air force" in this paragraph includes all aspects of military aviation and all types of active ground anti- aircraft defense . 11 (2) Civil Aviation . After effective date of treaty , civil aviation may be a}lowed to develop progressively in Austria to limits given bel ow . Flight of non- military aircraft or gliders by civil ians mµst not develop beyond point that it can be controlled by stringent national licensing and flight clearance regulations, nor may fliers band together in naticnal semi- military associations . Ho objec tion to l ocal clubs for purely sport purposes , having loose national liaison, and without foreign dominance . AeronauticaJ research, education and traini ng will be limited to that rAquired for authorized civil purposes . Aircraft and gliders manufactured in Austria must be non-military types only, and producing firms must be Austrian owned and operated without foreign dominance . Austrian individuals and organizations may acquire only non-military aircraft fror:i foreign source . Austrian airlines must be Austrian owned and operated, and be fr ee to provide ground service to foreign airlines . Austria may not send personnel abroad to participate in aeronautical activities t hat are f oroidden at home . " (d) Naval . No naval forces envisaged; nor should there be permitted research into or construction of craft designed for carrying armament greater than 40 millimeters . (e)_ ~ame:it . Industries . Ground force, anti-aircraft and naval weapons and. rn1:111.trnns li~i ted to research, development and production of weapons and munitions of caliber less than 65 mil] i r:ieters . Larger weapons and munitions theref?re to be imported :L.~ types and quantities sufficient only to maintain authorized defense forces. Research into, development and production of and importation of following prohibited: offensive c ;emical weapons and munitions tanks, self-propelled or guided missiles , atomic weapons or munitions and military aircra f t and air armament . " ' 11 * * * * �VIENNA--APRIL 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0910 . He saw General Tate shortly t hereafter and later conferred with Mr . Erhardt . General McMahon introduced Mr . Fred Motz , Agricultural .Advisor to Vir . Erhardt,for a s hort conference . After seeing General Ladue, General C1ark again conferred with General Tate on the arrangements for receiving Mr . Hoover and Justice Jackson. Sy Freidin, war correspondent, conferred with General Clark for a long time , and was followed by Col. Carraway who discussed local Military Government with the General. General Clark had lunch in the Commanding General ' s mess at the Bank Building, and shortly after lunch left for his villa where he went for a walk . In the evening Genera~ Clark haa guests for dinner inc ' uding Colonel Lazar . Today was Col. Lazar ' s birthday and the General had a surprise birthday cake for him . * * * VIENNA--APRIL 13, 194.6--General Clar k arrived at his office at 0930 after walking from his villa . He immediately conferred with General Tate who had made arrangements for receiving General Geoffrey Keye , former II Corps Commander under General Clark . General Keyes had called early in the morning informing General Clark that he would be flying from Salzburg to Vienna . Captain Luther and Col . Paxson went to the airport to meet him at 1030 . At 10/4.0 General Clark left his office to go to the Allied Council Buil ding where he met the other three Commanders for the celebration of the one year 1 s anniversary of the l i beration of Vienna . After the four 6ommanders took the report of the Commander of the Guard , which consisted of troops from each nation, they were joined by Chancellor Figl and preceded to the Russian monument on which each of them placed a wreath. They then inspected the troops and returned to the reviewing stand ~t which time the Allied troops passed in review. Immediately following the ceremony, General Clark returned to his headquarters and met his bld friend General Keyes , at 1290. General Keyes and General Clark had lunch at the General 's vi]l a and at 1430 General Keyes left by cub for Tul Jn airfield where he took off at 1500 to return to Salzburg . Gene:--· al Clark remained at his villa the rest of the day. At 1630 hours Justice Jackson, accompanied by Mr.Wilis Smith, President of the America Bar Association,; Mrs . Douglas, secretary to Justice Jackson, and Lt . Jackson, his son, arrived at Tulln airfield from Prague . They were escorted to the Bristol Hotel where they were to stay while in Vienna . In the evening General Clark entertained the Justice and his party at dinner at his villa . * * * * VIENNA--APRIL 14 , 1946- -GenE;ral Clark left his vil] a at 0915 to walk to the cub strip in order to fly to Tu11n to meet Mr . Hoover . Upon his arrival at the cub strip he was informed by General Tate that the party had been delayed and would not arrive until 1240 . Consequently the General returned to his villa . He returned to the cub strip at 1130 and flew to 'l'ulln where he awaited the arrival of the former president and his party . Mr . Hoover is making a world wide survey of the �( food situation in order that a general report might be made to ascertain the shortage of food for the entire v10rld . He is visiting Vienna so that he might get an over- all picture for Austria . Mr . Hoover arrived at the airport at 1230 and was accompanied by: Mr . Hugh Gibson Mr . Perrin Galpin Capt . Westmoreland Dr . li'i tzgerlad Capt . M. C. Allen r~~ Frank Mason !vlr . Henry C. Smith Bush Mr . Robert Murphy Mr . Maier (Secretary) Maj or Macodrun Capt . Delbert Ray Mr . Hal 1 em .Tuck Mr . John Brown Mason Mr . Morris Pate Irmnediately upon the arrival of the party, General Clark drove with Mr . Hoover to the Bristol Hote l where Mr . Hoover was given General Clark ' s private suite . Gen"'ral Clark then brought Mr . Hoover to his office where he entertained him and a few members of his party at lunch . After luncheon, a conference was held in the General ' s office in order to give Mr . Hoover the highlights and a general picture of the situation in Vienna . Mr . Hoover left the General ' s office at 1700 hours and went to the Bristol Hotel . General Clark left immediately thereafter for his villa . At 1845 General Clark arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a coctail and dinner party for .Ir . Hoover and Justice Jackson , and members of their patties . The guests departed at 2200 hours at which time General Clark went to Mr . Hoover ' s suite where they held a long conference. Gener al Clark left for his villa at 2330 and retired . * * * * VIENNA- - APRIL 15 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0830 and immediately conferred with General Tate and Gene:r·al McMahon concerning the arrangements for the food conference with the Austrian officials which was to be held at 1000 . At 0900 he held a press conference attended by the followin g members of the press : Mr. Williams Bird Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Mr . Leon Carrol Leonard Silk J . Kingsbury Smith Haines 'Thompson John H. 1homp~on Frank Mason Seymour Freidin New York Fbst Newsweek Christian Science Monitor Inte .·national News Service United Press Chicago Tribune New York Heral d Tribune �At 1000 hours General Clark received llilr . Hoover and Chancellor Figl at which time publicity pi ctures were taken , after which they proceded to the conference room where they attended the food conference . The Austrian officials were given an opportunity to give their viewpoints on the food situation and Mr . Hoover asked several questions concernjng the food situation which the Austrians answered . The conference ended at 1100 hours . General Clark entertained Mr . Jacks on and his party at lunch at the Commanding Gene"al 1 s mess at 1300 and immediately after lunch talked with General Tate and Col . Grogan . Later he saw Iilr . Erhardt and then conferred with General McMahon . He left his office at 1615 and walked to the Bristol Hotel whe~e he at tended a press conference given by ·Mr . Hoover and himself . In the evening he entertained Ur . Hoover, Mr . Fitzgerald , Mr . Gi bson , Mr . Jackson, General Tate and General McMahon for dinner at his villa . * * * * VIENl,A--APRIL 16, 1946--General C]ark arrived at the Bristol Hotel at 1810 in order to accompany I.:r . Hoover to the TulJn airfield . He arrived at the airfield at 0905 and after introducing the escort to Mr . Hoover , bidy him goodbye . Immediately a.:P-ter the party departed , General Clark returned to Vienna by cub going immediately to his of ice where he conferred with General Tate and General 1IcMahon for a short while anc then decided to take a trip to Italy . He }eft the H~ . at 1015 for his villa and then to the cub strip vrhere he flew to Turn and at 1130 departed for Pis a, , Italy, in a B-17 piloted by Col. 1.ioore . * * * * VIEln1A--APRIL 17, 1946--Gene r al Clark visiting in ItaJy . The f ollowi ng cabl e was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , dashington, D. C. ref erence No . P- 6765 : My views re proposed treaty, concurred in by Er hardt, were transmitted in my P- 6430 of April 11. 11 Political i,ivision All ied Commission has now comple ted tentative preliminary discussion of Britis h Draft New Control Machinery Agreement for .Austria with a view to making report to Allied Council which will make final recommendation t o respective Governments . 11 11 US member presented my views r eported below in accordance with '.';AR 805L,.3 of 14 March and State Depe.rtment tel 224 of 11 Uarc h to Erhar dt, who concurs these views . 11 I consider British draft is accepta . le but would be impr oved by changes proposed below. I shall maintain this position unJ.ess instructed t o the contrary. �( 11 Premable was agreed by all four . In addition other three r,.1embers agreed to reconr.rrend their Governments accept US proposal to insert fol;.owing new clause between first and second clauses in preamble ~ 11 In view of tbe delcaration issued at.Moscow on November 1 , 1943, in the name of the Governments of the United Kingd om, the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , where the three Governments announced their agreement that Austria should be Jiberated from German domination and declared that they wished to see reestablished a free and independent Austria, and in vie1•; of the subsequent declaration issued at Algiers on 16 November 1943 by the French Committee of NaUonal Liberation concerning the independence of Austria . 11 HArticle 1: All four a greed US proposal t o change "Commission" to 11 Council1' and "laws 11 to "legislative mensures 11 (.As defined by Allied Council) in .Article l(c) and throue;hout Agreement . French members proposed strike out words "other than the Goverri.Jnent of one of the four po~vers 11 , saying under instructions his Government it wollld rie emature permit Austrian Government make agreements with any repeat any Government without AC approval . Soviet aprJroval member insisted retention this phrase which is now in suspense pending settlement of .Article 6 . Otherwise Article 1 agreed unanimously. 11 .Article 2: In effort to define more clearly and narrowly the powers of individual commissioners acting independent ly, US proposed to strike sub- paragraph (iv) of (a) and all of (b) and add new paragraphs (d) and (e) as follows : 11 (d) Except v;here the necessary action is taken by the Allied Council the four several High Commissioners may act inderBndently in their respective zones in the cases covered by subparae,-raphs (i), (ii), and (iii) of Article 2(c) • 11 11 (e) Forces of Occupation furnished by the Four Powers vvill perform garrison duties in their respective zones of occupation in Austria and Vienna as previously agreed by the Fou.r Powers in the Ji.greement on Zones of Occupation in Austria. and the Administration of the City of Vienna, signed in the European Advisory Commission on 9th July 1945 . Decisions of the Allied Council which require implementation by the respective forces of occupation will be implemented by the res pective forces of occupation as ordered by directives issued by their Hie;h Conmissioner . n 11 To accompany this change several variants of a substitute for Jl.rticle 2(b) are under consideration, one variant reading 11 the authority of the Allied Commission shall be exercised by the Al"' i •ed Cotmcil addressing itself .to the Head of the Austrian Government" , another 0 the authority of the Allied Gommission shal l be exercised by the Allied Couhcil or Executive Committee or in matters of lesser importance by the staffs appointed by the four powers acting on instructions of the llied Council or Executive Committeen . All are weighing US and British versions of Article 2 as a whole for later reconsideration. Bri t ish prefer US version . Others expressed. no strong preference. �( "Article 3: French objected to guarantee of frontiers implicit in 3(b) , Solution was found in changing 11 maintain them 11 to "ensure res pect for them" . Article 3 thus agreed by all four . "Article 4: US proposed rewrite Article 4 as follows: 11 (a) In order to facilitate the full exercise of the Austrian Government ' s authority equally in all zones and to promote the economic unity of Austria, no occupying authority will maintain any restrictions on the movement ~~thin Austria of persons , goods or other traffic except as may be specifically prescribed by the lUlied Commission . The zonal boundaries will have no effect other than as boundaries of the spher e:!i of authority and responsibility of the respective Hi gh Cow.missioners and the location of oecupation troops" . (b) Control of the international frontiers of Austria will be exercised by the Austrian authorities subject to the provisions of items (v) an (vi) of J\rtic1e 5 below, and such additional provisions as the Allied Commission may make . 11 11 11 British and French agreed in principle . Soviet hesitated give Austriam; customs control of frontier vnless we except 11 goods belonging to t he four powers or their national . 11 Article 4 still under consideration between British and US versions . 11 Article 5: US proposed to strike out parenthetical detail of subparagraph (i) . To subparagraph (iv) US proposed adding 11 in accordance with Allied agreements" and all agreed . Soviet then proposed adding rron a zonal basis" . Others objected . No agreement . To subparagraph (vi) US proposed adding 11 by Allied personnel , displaced persons, prisoners of war or disarmed enemy forces . " British would not accept because they want to keep frontier travel control fro~ Austrians under Allied Commission, but will reconsider after study. 11 Article 6: Article 6(b) agreed changing "Commiss:iorl'to "Council" and inserting "legislative measures or 11 before "Administrative actions" . US proposed rewriting 6(a) as fol l ows: 11 (a) All legislative measures, as defined by the Allied Council , and international agreements which tl1e Austrian, Government wishes to make , shall , before they take eff ect or are published in the State Ga zette, be submitted by before they take effect or are published in the State Gazette , be submitt ed by the 1nistrian Government to the Allied Council . If within thirty- one days of the time of receipt by the Allied Council , it has not informed the Aus t rian Government that its objects to a legislative measure or international agreement, the Allied Council shall be deemed to have no· objection thereto and the legis]ative measure or int ennational agreement may be published and put into effect . " �( trSoviet proposed rewriting 6(a) as fol1ows : 11 (a) All the legislative measures, and international agreements except with the four powers, shall be submitted by the Austrian Governmm t for approval by the Allied Council before they take effect or are published in the Law Gazet t e. 11 "Soviet stood out aeains t British and US formulas as giving too much power to Aus t rian Government and as breach of unanimity rule in Council since one member could block Council veto and permit Austr ian laws to pass . Br itish French and US argued __ in favor of either British or US version , holding that t ime has come to permit Austrian Gover nment to function more freely , and_it would be breach of 1manimi ty rule for single member of Council to effect veto on .Austrian legislation . Article 6(a ) in suspense under reconsideration:. "Article 7 : . French a] one consider it prema tu.re permit Austrian Government exchange diplomats without approval each instance by Allied Council . Article 7 agreed unanimously t o read : 11:Austrian Government is free to establish diplomatic and consular relations ,•;ith governments of any of the United Nations . The establishment of s uch relations with governments other than the United Nations shall be subject t o the approval of the .Allied Council . Diplomatic missions in Vienna shall hav right to communicate directly with Allied Council . Military missions accredited to Allied Council shall be withdrawn as soon as their respective governments es tablish dii.ploma.tic relations with the Austrian Government and in any case not later than two months after t his agreement becomes effective . 11 11 Article 8: Soviet proposed strike all of paragraph (a) , refusing t o agree any limitation on occupation forces in this Agreement . Other three argued for retaining this provi sion. No agreement possible . Paragraph (b) agreed . Paracraph ( c ) agreed changing 11 'l'hi s ,Agreement" t o 11 the further agreement required by Article 8 (b) 11 • "Articles 9 and 10 agreed without change,. or comment . "Article 11: All agr eed US proposal to add to ll(a) 11 this organization may be changed at any t i me by the Allied Council . 11 In H (b) US proposed strike out "and shall take such action and issue such directions as are within the policy approved by the Allied Council for 'the Executive Committee , 11 ar guing that while divisions should tjaintain contact with Austrian Ministries and advise and report , orders or instructions to the Austr ian Government should go from one place , the Al.lied Council , to one place , the Austrian ChancelJ ory . British and Soviet refused limit authority of divisions to this e~tent . 1bis point ' still under discussion re both Articles ll(b ) and 2(b) . ( �90 ( ) "Article 12: US proposed first sentence should read "the decisions of the AUied Council , Executive Committee and other constituted bodies of the Allied Council shall be rmanimous . 11 British r aised technical obj ection this mi ght prevent appeal from divisions to Executive Committee in cases of disagreement . Still rmder study . n: 11 Article US proposed r evision to speed up transfer of' civil administration of Vienna from Kommendatura to t he Vienna Municipal Government . British will of f er new ver sion f or considera tion next meeting . "Article J.4 : 11 Aereed without change . US proposed inserti on of entirely new article r 8adi ng: rrrn order to conform to administrative sub- divisions of Austria and for other r o.asons , the .Allied Council may make adjustments in boundaries between t he zones of occupation includjnP: such as may be based on changes in boundaries of the provinc es or of the City of Vieru: a incorporated in Aus t rian J.ee:is] ation approved by .Allied Council . " "British and French agreed but Soviet firmly opposed any sug ·estion of altering existing demarca t i on lines , apparently having in •mind Potsdam agreement on neastern Austria . " To sum up , apart from minor drafting problems , the fundamentals now in questi on are these : "First , Russians want to r etain power of sin["le commissioner to veto Austrian legislation while maintaining the freedom of one of four powers singly to make international a~r eernents with Austria wjthout review by Council . Three other elements object to t hia . They feel that at t his stage of development Austrian legi slation should become eff ective i f not vetoed by Council unanimously within reasonable time . US and French also argue that if :ustrian laws are to be subject to veto of single member, then single member must also be able to veto inte rna tional agreements since treaties themselves constitut e law. 11 11 Second, Russ ians refuse to agree to limit size of occupation f orces , while other t hree argue strongly for it . Soviet pos ition on t fuis is not expected to change . "Third, Russians have an eye fixed on preserving their ri ghts rmder Potsdam agreement, by hold:ng zone demarcation lines immutable , reserving from Austrians to t he Commissioners the hand -ing of German property "on a zonal basis , " and avoiding any frontier control over "goods or proP':irty of the four powers or their nationals . " �Fourth, a necessary corol ary t o UNRRA and to el:iminRtion of zonal barriers is establishment of unified control, preferably Austrian, over international frontiers of Austria, but this is difficult to work out because of British desire to control travel and Soviet desire to control movements of goods and property. 11 11 ( * * * VIENI\ A--APRD., 18, 1946---General Clark visiting in Ital y . * * * * VIENNA- -Af='R.I:~ 19, 19/46-- Genen~l Clark returned to Vienna from his stay in Italy in his B- 17 at 1800 hours . He went immediately to his villa where he had dinner with General UcMahon and General Tate . * * * * VIElrn.A--.P.PRIL 20 , 1946 - Genera] Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and later held a conference with General Tate . At 1000 he saw Col. Hume for a s hort leave who was foll owed by Sy Freidin and Joe Israels . Freidin is l eavin g shortl y for the States anc Israels plans to leave in the near future . General Clark then saw Judge Parker who is t ne Assistant Prosecutor at the Nurenburg trials and at 1030 saw Ma jor Landan of the ( uartermas ter section of Frankfurt who ½rought the General ' s blouse and six shirts which he had made for him . At 1100 Genera l Clark saw Col. Hume again and later he]d a long conference with General Tate and Gene1al McMahon . He also saw Col. Flory who had just r eturned from t he States s hor tly befo~e 1300, and invited him to lunch in the Commanding General I s mess in the :Bank -;:,uilding . llfter lunch the Gene ral saw General r,IcMahon and la t er Mr . Erhardt . He left headquarters at 1530 hours for his villa where he took a walk . In the evening he had Gener·l McUahon and Col. Sullivan for dinner in commemoration of' their Jraduation fror1 Pest Point twenty-nine yea.rs a 6 o. * -l(· VIENNA--A?:;IL 21 , 1946--General Clar k spent the morning walking in the Vienna woods anc after having lunch with Col . Smith, came t o his offi ce at 1500 where he at tended a dress rehearsal of the conference to be held tomorrow f or news paper executives . After disci;Bsing final preparations for the reception of the publishers , General Clark left for his vi lla vker-:; he rested . At 1900 ho rs General Clark attended an inter- Allied concert 6 i ven in his honor at the MusikvereinsalJ e . He left for his villa at 2100 hours v,here he had dinner with General McMahon and General Tate . * * * �( VIENNA--APHIL 22 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and immediately conferred with Gen9ral Tate on the fina:}. arrangements for the conference to be held this afternoon . Latei· General Tate rought Lt . Col. McJ:i'ee ly in to see General Clark on the DP setup , in 11.ustria . At 0945 General Tate introduced Maj or Keyes to General Clark . I.Iajor Keyes is replad.ni;_· Col. Langan in the Civilian Cupply section of USACA. At 1000 hours General ri:cI:ahon introduced Col . Roffe , Gonm1ander of the 5th Infantry Regiment , who had just arrived in Austria . During the r emainder of the morn_nc , General Clark worked on his ori ent&tion which he will give to the newspaper pui,lishers this afternoon , and then held a conference with General Mc."1ahon and General Tate . At 1300 the party of newspaper executives arrived at the headquarters and Y1e1·e introduced to General Clark by Col . Grogan . The party consisted of~ Julois Ochs ./\.dler, Vice President and General 11anage'", New York Times, Hew York, N . Y . Alan Barth, Edi to rial Writer , ,lashington Post , 1.lashington , D. C • Paul B-ellamy, Editor, Cleveland Plain Lealer , Cleveland , Ohio Gardner Cowles, Jr . , Pu1-1lisher , [,es :,:oines Eecister and Tr· bune , Les ~.;oines , Iowa . ( Eo ber·t Fuos s , 1.lanaginr: Edi tor , Sa tlU'day Even fog Post , Phil ade]phia , Pa . Frank Gannett, I-resident, Cannet Nenspapers , Rochester , N . Y. Charles Gratke , oreign Editor , Christj_an Science Monitor Beston , Massachusetts Ec_ward T. Leech , Editor , Pitts burgh Press , Pittsburgh , pa . Henry Luce, Editor, Time Magaz:i.n~, New York , N .Y. Halcolm Mui r, Lditor, Hewsweek I.1a'_'azine, New York , N. Y. Glenn Neville , Executive Editor , New Yori Mir.row, New York , N. Y. Hami1 ton Ovrens, Executive l!ditor , BaJ timore Sun, Baltimore , Md . �( Robe' t Reed , .Associate Editor , Kansas City Star Kansas City, M o. Tom Hawkins , Foreign Co-ryrespondent, World Report At 1320 Genera] Clark entertained his guests at a "buffet hu1cheon in the Commanding General ' s mess in the Bank DuiJding and following the luncheon he conducted an orientation of the conditions in Austria . The conference lasted until 1600 hours at ·which time the r,arty attended anoth0r conference conducted by General Tate and were given verbal r eports by representatives of SACA . 'rhe General left his headquarters at 1630 hours and rested for a while . At 1910 he arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail party and dinner in honor of the visiting publishers . 11!:long the guests were officers, civilian , enlisted men and women and se}.l'eral opera stars of Vienna . General Clark took his guests to the Bristol Roorr. to attend the floor shov, and then left for his villa ,. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference l o . P-6987: "Information available here indic a tes Anglo- American Committee will soon submit its report and recomnendation . In order that I may be prepared to cope with any reaction among Jevlish people housed and cared for in U. S . Zone Austria, when results are announced, reqvest I be advised at 1 east 4g hours in advance of ann01Jncement . 11 ( * * * * VIENWA--.APRIL 2.3 , 1911-6--General Clark arrived at his off ice at 0945 and immediate1y saw General Tate and General Mc:iahon . Later he c onferred vli th Mr . Fodor , war correspondent, on the possibil i t,y of bringing l'✓Irs . Fodor to Vienna . 'i'he General then spoke to Col . Burrill and Col . Lindsey on the final Freparations for the reception of the dependents . BrigacJier General dcCabe who is head of C..A.RE , an organization of' coo:,erative a .~ ·encies made up of about twenty relief organizations, ce.lJ ed on General CJ.ark at 1030 to pay his r espects . Genei,aJ IIcCabe is on terminal eave ano v1iJJ make his headquarters in Vienna . Shortly after 1100 GeneraJ Clark conferred ,,i th Col. ., artin of C-1 on seve-cal .Austrian marriage cases ano later vii th Col. Grogan . After conferr:inc with hr . Erhardt for a short time Gene·a 1 Clark received .Admiral Glassford at 1230. Captain Winterhale r, Co l. Sullivan, Lt . (j . g .) Huffler, aide to Admiral Glass ford , and Ca tain Luther with Admiral Glassford , went to Gen<:ral Clark ' s vil ' a and had lunch wi t h General C1e.rk and his guests . GenGral Clark remained at his villa the remainder of the afternoon and at 1730 hours arrived at the Bristol Hotel where he gave a cocktail :"arty in honor of the fourteen newspaper execl,tives v1ho are now in Vienna . General Cl2r k left the hotel shortly before 2000 hours and went to his vi" ~a w_1ere he had din er with several of his staff members and later played poker . �, ( General ClarL sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P-7103: 11 I am very much worried over the food situation in .Austria after 1 June . Discvssions yesterday with the Deputy Chief, Austria UNRHA Mission, revealed that except for comparatively small amounts UNR."RA here does not yet know what UNRr..A food will arrive during 1:lay. He further reported that supplies contributed to UNRPA by the military will be exhausted between 25 May and 1 Jun!:) . As previously reported , I have ae;reed to turn over to l1JREA my fu} 1 ninety da;rs supply based on twe 1 ve hundred calories for the ropul ation in the US zone and US district in Vienna , which a ~roximates 52 thousand 500 tons . Sixty days supply has already been released to illHIB.A . The remainine 30 days supply is stiJl under my control . The British have contributed about 70 days supply and expect to make up to ninety . 'l'he Soviets have turned over to UNRP.A 30 days supply for their district in Vienna, amountinc.: to about 5,000 tons for April and promised same amount for 1·ay but not ing be"ond that date . UNRP..A has no information from Soviets rerardipg amount they wi 1 l contribute in Ma:, . Konev al so informed UNRRA thru Allied Counci) that Soviet element wi'Jl provide supplies during April and May for the five Jarger cities in their zone . This is estimated to amount to 7,000 to 9 ,000 tons . French have turned over to ll1RRA to date o~Jy 1,000 tons wheat . UNRRA has no informatiop from French re gardinq additional supnlies to be turned over in Hay , altho Bethouart stated at last AJlied Council meeting that French would contribute additional , 2 ,400 tons • 11 1 A-1 miJitary supplies contributed to UNRRA have been pooJed for dis tribution under control of the Austrian food ?Uthorities . This has resu]ted in a flow of supplies contributed by the American and British elements into the Soviet and French Zone3 , the two deficit areas . ' 11 As I have previously informed you I wiJJ have in reserve between 30 and 40 days supply for my Zone after I have turned over the 90 days supply to UNRRA . I have been extremely careful to guaro aeainst revea1ing this reserve . I am convinced that the British will have no reserve of miJitary suii:rJ y as they are having difficul ties in acquirine the 90 days supply they agreed to turn over to UNRRA . From the little the French have contributed to UNRHA it can be taken for granted they have no reserves . Although the Soviets are contributing much less than either the P.Jnerican or British el e ments there is no way of knowing if they have any reserves . 11 "In the absence of any information on UNRRA arrivals, it is clearly evident to me that late in Mey Austria faces a desperate food situation . P~ople outside the US Zone may be forced to live on indigenous stocks, variously estimated between 250 to 450 calories, until UNREA food arrives, or lacking th t ; until the next harvest in September. I will be ab 1 e to take care of my Zone to the Jimit of my reserves . "Since I have no way of knowing what reserves the Soviets have I do not know what they are prepared to do when the military stocks turned over to UNRRA are exhausted l ate in Ifay ~ I fee l , however , they wil 1 be quick to take advantage of the situation b:,r obtaining from some source a quantity of I �95 food to meet the crisis . This would be a great political weapon and be an opportunity to discredit the Western Allies in Austria . If the Soviets take such a course of action al] the good we wi,l have accom ished wiJl be overshadowed by such a move, and the prestige of the United States wiJl be greatly lowered . 7 I cannot emphasize too greatly the need for supplying food to Austria until the next harvest . I urge that UNRRA use every means at its disposal to get food here, even to the extent of diverting shipments, in order to keep the food pipeline filled . Since shipments must be unloaded in Trieste and Venice and moved by rail to Austria there is little time remaining for such shipments to begin arriving. At ]east two weeks are required from the time ships arrive at unloading ports to get imported food into the Austrian distribution system . Failing in getting any as surance from UNRRA that it can supply the nec~ssary food, I urge that the mi}itary again immediately assume responsibility for supply on the basis existing before UNRRA took over , and that my supply pipeline be reestablished . The group of publ ishers and editors sent from the United States to tour Germany and Austria are now in Austria and are fully informed on the food crisis we face as indicated above . 11 11 * * ·X- * VIENNA-- APRIL 24, 1946: General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 after walking from his villa . He saw Captain Foster, VIAC officer, at 1000 at which time he bid her goodbye . Captain Foster is in the G- 1 section. After conferring with Genera] Tate, General Clark had a long conference with Mr . Erhardt . Later he saw General Mcl,Iahon . At 1200 hours General CJark , accompanied by General Tate, General lilcMahon and Mr . Erhardt went to his villa where they had }unch and a long conference during the afternoon . At 1945 General Clark attended a dinner given by General and Lady I:IcCreery at General :kCreery ' s vil 1 a . General CJark went to his villa at 2300 hours . General CJ ark sent the foll.owing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7122 : non morning ApriJ 22 a US army transport plane flying authorized corridor approximately five miles west of Tulln airport encountered four Soviet P- 63 type aircraft nhich in tno separate attacks fired what appeared to be 37 mil-imeter shells in its irmnediate vicinity . Transport immediate 1 y land ed Tulln and one Soviet plane rapidly overflew fie}d below· 50 feet . Incident occurred full view American officials and press correspondents awaiting arrival 30 minutes later group newspaper publishers editors. On ApriJ 5 another incident occurred when Soviet anti-aircraft battery fired burst heavy fJ ak near 1,larbach at American transport also flying e'evation 7000 Linz-Tulln corridor, . 11 I have de}ayed reporting these incidents until ful1 facts could be determined . I have sent letter of protes t to Konev describing attacks as serious breach discipline jeopardizing American lives which might lead serious incident . At socfaJ rathering last night Kisilev , Soviet Pol itical �Representative, was extremely apologetic and assured me that pilots responsible wil 1 be severely punished . I sha] 1 advise you further when I receive reply from Konev . 11 (confidential) • General Clark sent the fol J owing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7123: 11 In accordance your te] egram dat ed r.1arch 23 and State Department tel egrams to Erhardt dated trnrch 21 , I wi::. 1 take up for discuss ion in AJ lied Cot:nciJ .April 25 following paper: (Text of M.,CO/P(46)54)" ( Restricted) General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, Reference Number P- 7172: "Following is report on attempted seizure of «inistry of Commerce BuiJding by Soviets today . ( 11 About 1030 this morning group of junior officers from Soviet 4th Bezirk Headquarters appeared at Fleischhacker ' s IIinistry of Commerce and Reconstruction , at main bui-ding on Schwarzenbereplatz , and demanded on orders from General Lebedenko that v1inistry staff evacuate the h,inistry' s adjoining building on Gusshausstrasse by 1600 hours today leaving behind all furniture and equipment . I.iinistry ' s main bui ding was then to be evacuated without delay . Demands were based upon Potsdam . Soviet officers immediateJy started making inventory of furniture and equipment in Gusshausstrasse Building . Around noon a message was brought to Soviet officers indicating that operation shoul d be discontinued . 'I'hey left about 1230 hours . "(One Russian officer indicated buildings were desired for Soviet trade de] egation. Soviet authorities had first advanced a claim to one of the bui · dings about two weeks ago; this claim was then rejected by Austrians, and nothing further had been heard until today . Our investigation discloses that both bui dings of s,Iinistry were formerly ovmed b:" Austrian Jews , and were acquired by Germans under Aryanization program after Anschluss and used as headquarters for Fourth Luf twaffe Command . ) "Thes e deveJ opments were reported to Erhardt b' - Foreign Office , and he immediately informed me . I sent word to U. S. press representatives , and four of them, incJuding AP and ms representatives , accompanied by a PRO officer, went to Fleischhacker 1 s office shortly before 1300 hours . They found no disturbance at I'linistry , though a fen Soviet officers were with FJ eischhacker . As soon as that conference ended, FJeischhacker received reporters and told them he had strongJy protested Soviet action as unilateral and had himself gone to report developments to Gruber . Gruber in turn got in touch with KisiJev ' s deputy and protested strongly . 11 A second group of Soviet officers had arrived about 1230 and conf i r med t he tern orary standstill . (About · 330 Foreign Office informed Erhardt 11 Lebedenko I s order of seizure wi thdravm11 , though per- �haps not permanentl y.) '.I'he second Soviet deJ egation had made proposal that if Austrians wo1: : d fl1rnish t wo other suitable bui dings in Soviet sector within two weeks, an exchange coul d be arrane;ed; Fl eischhad:er had some time ago off ered t wo buil dings in internationa distrkt, but this was not satisfactory. At 1600 hours t here were no Soviet officers in I.1inistry . U. S. press here fi l ing full stories with their papers . "JCS s11ould al so see Erhardt I s 588, t o State Department Aprii 23, re Soviet taking over industrial plants end of J ast week . 11 {SECRET.) * -)(- * VIEJ:fi1 A--APRIL 25, 1946: General CJark arrived at hi s office at 0905 at which time he saw Commander ,Iusmanno for a short time. He i mmediately conferred wi t h General Tate and General I.ld ;:ahon on the agenda to be discussed al the All ied Council r1eeting today . At 0940 Colonel LtcLean saw General c- ark on the case of Pfc LittJeton, former member of the 202 :J. P . Company, who had been court rnartialledon a charge of being drunk and as l eep at his post at General Clark ' s vil la . General Clark is very interested in the case as he has received considerable correspondence concerning it . ( General Cl ark again conferred with Generals Tate and JcI.~ahon and at 1030 left his office accompanied by Mr . Erhardt to go to the Allied Council meeting . Before the meeting General Clark conferred pri vately with Marshal Konev . General C~ark returned to his office at 1430 hours and immediately held a press conference which was attended by the fol lovling correspondents: H.W. Fodor, Chicaeo Sun ; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; Josef Israels II, ms; John MacCormac, New York Times ; Sgt . A.A. Noyes, Stars and Stripes; Peggy Poor, INS; Harold Queen, United Press; Frederick Yeiser, Information Services Branch; Lt. Colonel F. J. Betz, Pub, ic ReJ a tions Section . After conferring with Mr . Erhardt and General Tate, the General left his headquarters for his villa, where he s pent the rest of the afternoon . At 2030 hours Genera] c - ark l eft hi s vin a and wa:; ked to the Franz Josef Bahnhof where he boarded hi s private train. The General ' s train departed at 2300 for Hinterstoder where the General wi lJ s pend a few days fishing. Members of the General I s party are General Tate, Genera] SnaveJy, Colonel Grogan, Colonel Coburn Smith, and Lt . Fisher, General Tate 1 s aide. General Clark sent t he fo l lowinf message to Joint Chiefs of Staff, pass to State Department, Reference Number P-7246: ( 11 At All ied Council meeting today followi ne agreed: (a) Authorized Austrian members hi p in norld Postal Convention, (b ) approved plan for reconstruction Austrian Railways, (c) estab 1 ished measures to be taken against persons who illegally pa rticipated in the na t ional el ections, (d) a'lproved instr1,ctions on free movement of Austrian citizens throughout Austria, (e) aprroved r:ay 8 as day for ce 1 ebrating liberation of Austria, (f) fixed dates for future meetings of 1~ ] lied Council and Executive Committee, (g) approved proposal of ",ustrian Government for exchange of �( political re· resentatives between Austria , Be 1 gium and Poland, (h) authorized Austrians to celebrate 1 Lay as l,1ay Day, and (i) discussed paper presented by me concerning United States polity in Austria, which statement was transmitted to you in my message l'-7123 . "Uy statement of U. S. policy was nost significant subject on agenda . British and French members stated the paper I presented to AJ Jied Council contained policies genera ly in line with the policies of their respective Governments . Konev stated that the policies contained in the paper are being carried ot t by the AJ J ied Council and suggested that the paper be referred to the Executive Committee for study . He carefully refrained from committing himself that the policies of his Govermi1ent agreed with those of the U.s . Government . I tried several times to get Konev to agree on this point , with no affirmative results . The Council finally adopted the following resolution in connection 1;7i th the paper: 11 The .AJ. lied Council having considered the statement of the United States Government policy in Ai.:stria made by General Clark, and being in general agreement with Section I 1 Status of Austria ', and with Section II I Iiajor Objectives 1 , decided to refer the statement to the Executive Committee for study and for the submission of recommendations at the earJiest possible date on the concrete meas1res necessary to estab'ish a free and independent Austria . " I shall continue to press this matter at all 1 evels in the Al lied Commission r,lii1 e I am Chairman of the Council next month . The resolution adopted is the best we coi.,;Jd get out of Konev . 11 Last night at dinner given by rJ!cCreery I spoke to Konev about the attacks made by Soviet fliers on U• .S . aircraft, as reported in my messages to the Har Department . He was visibly disturbed over these incidents and assured me that he would take immediate action to stop such practices if his :i.nvestigation proved they had taken place. He told me he had sent for his Air Commander and wou)d see him as soon as he returned from , IcCreery I s dinner . nThis morning I arranged to see l(onev before the AJ Jied CounciJ meeting to discuss his recent action in seizing certain properties under the Potsdam Agreement . I tried to get him to agree to quadripartite discussions before future seizures are made . He wold not agree to this . I indicated to him that untiJ he agreed to discuss contemplated seizures with the other commanders I mieht refuse to enter into discussions concerning funds he needed to pay Soviet occupation costs . He made no comment . We are in a strong position on this as Konev needs funds badly . He has not paid his troops since February and he cannot get funds without consu·; ting the other corw·:anders . This might possibly be our chance t o make headway on Potsdam question . I propose to make maximum use of my strong position by forcing the issue . 11 (SECRET) * * * * VIENNA- -APRIL 26, 1946: General Clark remained at his viJla in Hinterstoder . * l * * * VIENNA--APRIL 27 , 1.946: General Clark remained at his villa in Hinterstoder . * * * -l( �( VIENNA--APRIL 28 , 1946: General Clark left Hinterstoder in his private train at 1215 and arrived in Vienna at 1915 . Accompanied by General Tate and General r,id1ahon , General Clark went to his vi11 a where he had dinner and spent the night . * * * * VIEUA-- APRIL 29 , 1946: General CJ.ark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . He immediately saw General Tate who was followed by General l'.lcMahon . La',er Colonel 1,Iartin talked to the General concerning Austrian marriages and at l 030 Colone] I,:oran discussed the General I s communication at his villa wj_th the General. General Clark again saw General Tate at 1045 ·who was followed by General Flory , who discussed the commissioner's report with General Clark at 1100 hours . At 1130 J.!r . St . Aubin of the American Red Cross introduced Ur . Ryan to the General . Mr . rwan is he ad of the Red Cross relief progr-am for the world and is in Austria to get a better view of the situation here . At nnon General Clark saw Colone] l-1cLean , Judge .Advocate , with whom he discussed the case of Pfc Littleton . Later General Clark saw Private Littleton at which time he reduced Littleton I s sentence to six months . After seeing General Tate and Genera] i.:c ·lahon, General CJ.ark left his headquarters and went to his vi,la where he s~ent the rest of the day . In the evening he had guests for dinner and bridge . General Clark sent the followinf message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department, information to Secretary of State Byrnes, c/o Embassy Paris; USFET for llcNarney, Reference Number P-7396; 11 TOP SECRET. Reference URAD WARX 86047. Information procured locally in Austria indicates the Russians are at present planning repeat planning large scale withdrawal of troops from Austria . These indications v1i th sources summarized as follows . 11 British source states high Austrian railroad official as stating Russians requested railroad trucks for 70 thousand between now and July 1, and for additional trucks to move 150 thousand betv,een end of June and end of September . 11 High Austrian government source expresses be:ief based on a variety of evidence that Russians plan large withdrawal from Austria . He states much ~ovement particularly northern part of lower Austria indicates withdrawal has a ready begun . "Another Austrian goverm1ent official states that during trip to BurgenJand he noticed that Russian troops there are preparing to l eave and are taking with them all property such as furniture they can trans port . Same report comes also from section of loner Austria immediately adjoining . 11 SSU s ource reports: ten thousand .,are to be removed from Eisenstadt soon; 17 thousand to be withdravm from St . Poel ten; 15 thousand to be removed from Dollersheim area next week . "Civil censorship report indicates 4 thousand have recently moved from Eisenstadt . This is beJieved to be loca~ movement and not neces sarily in execution of plan . "Other unofficial sources corroborate above information . �I HThere is no confirmed large departure of troops for East as yet . Recent identifications indicate major units in Austr ia are still as last reported . Uaneuvers still continue . Latter are responsible for much moverrent which sometires leads to erroneous conclusions . "Reliab:e source reports that forty high ranking Russian officers met at Baden on Easter weekend to compiete plans for a large scale withdrawal of troops from Austria between now and end of September . Baden is headcuarters of ::arshaJ Konev 1 s Central Group of Armies . Comprehensive plan has been ut into effect to check present information and to obtain full and immediate coverage in event of execution of withdrawal . 11 "Possibility that this is Russian cover and deception plan being considered . nr wilJ keep JCS informed of developments . " General C~ark sent the following message to Joint Chiefs of Staff , pass to State Department , Reference Number P- 7434 : SECFET . I had another ta 7 k today with Hynes , Deputy UNRRA Chief . He informed me that he sees no hope of getting u'NF.RA food into Austria in time to meet the food crisis which will devel op about 1 June v1hen military sup J] ies contributed by the four powers are exhausted . On 28 April he issued a press statement on the subject which clearly points out that people in Austria will be required to subsist on indigenous food , abo~t 250 calories daily , at that time unl ~ss outside aid arrives shortly . T11is meager diet will contain no f our . 11 In light of the food situation now confronting us I am convinced more than ever that it 'was a mistake to al low UNPw. to take over in Austria until its food supp] ies were on hand or enroute . Uuch of the supp]ies turned over to ill~RFA by the American and British elements has gone into the Soviet and French Zones because of the sma]l quantities of military stocks made avai 1 able to UNRRA by the Soviets and French . I have already turned over 60 days of the agreed 90 days supply, and the last 30 days supply wi]l be turned over about 3 fllay under the present plan . 11 "It is extremeJy doubtful that UNREA can get its supplies here before mi l itary ccntributions are exhausted I therefore see no advantage in turning over the last 30 days supply I am holding for UNR ?J.. . By doing so, much of this supply wi ll again go into the Soviet and French Zones, and it wi 1 only hasten the day when the people in the U.S . Zone wi'l be forced on the starvation ration foreseen by UNRRA late in Lay . "As stated in the last paragraph of rny message P-7103 dated 23 April I urge most strongly that food supply responsibility be turned back to the mi':i:lary authorities immediately unless some pJans of which I am unaware are bejng worl:ed out to meet the expected emergency . If this is done I can retain the last 3C days supply I have agreed to turn over to UNR-iA . This , together with my reserve , wi-] feed the people in I �Lo t the US Zone and the US area of Vienna 1200 calories for a period of 60 to 70 days . By conserving in the Zone in order to take care of the critical situation in Vienna I feel I can then get by untiJ the next harvest is expected early in September . Furthermore, if food supply res ponsibi i ty is returned to the nili tary I ,rill be in a position to ,force honev to :-ut food into Vienna as I have done in the past. He has furnished no food in the foviet Zone to date so the people in that area ni 7 l be no worse off than they have been for months . The same applies to the French Zone . The British no doubt will have difficulties, but I am convinced they can 1,·ork them out some way to get by :a forced to i t . ' 11 \!hil e I rea ize that it is the desire of the iiar Department to divest itse1f of responsibility for disease and unrest in Austria , I feel that this cannot be done until some agency is prepared to take over that responsibility . The mere transfer of such responsibility without effective implementation wiJl not reJieve my limited troops of the tasl: of dea ing with any si tua1;ion ;,hich develops here as rest1J t of any s1 prly shortages . mmRA shou d con tinve at tor, speed v,i th its rrocurer>1ent program so it c an take over or supplement supply responsibi"ity at the earliest possible date . 11 1 have received your 1.'IARX S5514 and fully arpreciate the ideal situation envisioned therein with regard to restoring economic unity in Austria, but tlus can on I y be ac comp I ished by a SL r -,,J y agency "Ii th full neans of il:irlenentation, which Ll,RRA does not noH have , nor does it nov1 foresee either from its ovm resources or from the m:i." i tary . 11 * VIEhNA--APRIL 30, 1946: General C' ark arrived at his office at 1000 hours after having walked from his vill a . He immediately saw General McMahon followed by General Tate and la ter conferred with Colonel Burrill concerning the dependents' train . fors. C1ark and Ann will arrive in Vienna this evening with the f:irst shipment of dependents . Genera 1 Clark left his office at 1230 and s pent the remainder of the day at the villa preparing the reception for ,,1rs . CJ ark and Ann . At 1900 he had his old friends j_n for dinner and they awaited the arrival of the train nlnch was six ho1.Jrs 7 ate . * -x- VU:LNA--1.:JiY 1 , 1946: General CJ ark arrived at Franz J osef Balmhof at 0030 and awaited the arriva1 of ,..rs . Cl ark and Ann . The station vms decorated for their arrivaJ and a band was on hand to aid in the welcoming of the first families. After a long wait the train arrived at 0130 ' and it rras really a haprnr occasion for the reunion of the fami 1 ies . Lieutenant C ark had boarded the train at Salzburg and accor;;panied his mother to Vienna . The entire family went immediate] y to the villa v,here they retired for the night after insr,ecting the house . At 1000 hot,rs General Clark v·as serenaded v1i th 11 Happy Birthday to You" b the band and was v,ished many ha!",J:Y returns of the day by severaJ members of his � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, March 6 - April 30, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from March 6 - April 30, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1673 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/cee579ffd8c76274ecd4c45773b84616.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=LnwykLrPgAqmR920gzpWwCgXyTYQnIljJ0BuDSD6p7iiKqDbzFE-ssXBkUMvVc%7E62uj8zaLhTY5%7E6G5cnLQD6KAbv7r2nE9k-1sXFDms%7Ebb-nkNqO6eHy4OE-DHBnFWZL46m3hp7elO2melL87ARGHvyPwHP-f4ltOyFefqA5%7EDA-r-ZkkqTQfineo-QVBOy52wJhkfcM%7EC-icy82ZJLkjUrR2u3siRH3Vt4iNe6%7E10LI64zsV-7Z1Ukoy8Ez9mFUGOfNTjoinpOgsELsIh5T08vCYKho2hLDwc7haVhmDatk3iPJZ%7EWZcB1TjRa4xNbaP4JpbAQxleGa4rEJG3bwQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 492963e3af70302fe7ceca5267048dde PDF Text Text EC J THE CITADEL. r.1 . ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM VIENNA--JANUARY 8, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1010 after having walked fran his villa. At 1040 he conferrea with General Tate and General McMahon on the pressing current issues. Later General McMahon introduced General Clark to Monsignor Landi who is in Vienna in order to initiate steps to bring aid from Catholic organizations to the people of Vienna. Later General McMahon and Colonel Paxson talked with General Clark on the issues of bring families over and plans for the housing of the dependents. At 1130 General Clark presented General McChrystal, head of ISB, with the Distinguished Service Medal, and promoted Major Betz to Lt. Colonel, with Major Hotchkiss , Liaison, and Captain Morrison of the Signal Section. After dictating a letter to General Gruenther, General Clark discussed the Commissioner's report with General Flory . This is a report which is submitted monthly . After conferring again with General Tate a__nd then again with General McMahon, General Clark left for his villa where he had lunch. In the afternoon he took a long walk and that evening had Colonel Martin, Col. McCaffrey, Lt. Col . Kretzman to his home for dinner and bridge. * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 9, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0920 hours and immediately conferred with General Tate and then General McMahon. At 1035 Col. Rich, surgeon, conferred with General Clark concerning medical supplies which is to be one of the issues discussed on the agenda at the forthcoming All ied Council meeting. General McCreary called on General Clark at 1100 and conferred with the General until 1200 hours on the topics to be discussed tomorrow at the Allied Council meeting. Immediately following General Mccreery, General McMahon end Colonel Betz conferred with General Clark. J.At 1234 hours General Clark saw General Flory, General Saltzman and Col. Rundell. At 1245 Sgt. Hyatt of the headquarters I & E section was called in for a conversation with General Clark. Sgt. Hyatt ~as the composer and signer of the telegram sent to the various congressmen and other people in the United States concerning the slow-up in the redeployment program. The coµversation between the Sgt. and General Clark was quite free and an understanding was reached whereby Sgt. Hyatt was asked to become a member of the committee to investigate the cutting down to a minimum of the personnel in headquarters. By this means General Clark hopes to be able to release the maximum number of men. The General then saw Gener al Tate . At 1345 General Clark again conferred with General Tate and at 1430 General Clark went to the first f l oor of the Bank building where he presented the crown jewel s of Austria to Mr. Figl, Head of the Austrian Government. 1 The reception of the return of the crovm jewel s by the Austrian people was tremendous. At 1404 General Clark again saw General Tate and l ater Mr. Gray introduced Mr . Cochran to Gener al Cl ark. Mr. Cochran is the head of the foreign Service of the / State Department and is conducting �CHET an investigation tour in order to see conditions and work of the State Department . After again conferring shortly with General McMahon and General Tate, General Clark left his office for his villa . In the evening he played bridge with Col. McCaffrey, Colonel Martin and Lt . Col. Kretzman. * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 10, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Tate and General McMahon . Shortly thereafter Maj or Jaccard called on the General and at 0940 Mr . Gray, General Tate and General Flory conferred with the General and later Col. Betz was called in concerning certain articles which had been published on the redeployment situation. At 1015 Monsieur du Theil, Governor General of the Tyrol, talked with General Clark, and shortly thereafter General Clark left his headquarters for the Allied 6ouncil meeting. The General r eturned to his headquarters at 1520 and immediately held a press conference attended by Joseph Israels, INS; Fred Wackernagel , ISB; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; Arthur Noyes , Stars and Stripes; and Colonel Betz . After seeing General Tate and General McMahon at 1625 , General Clark left his headquarters for his residence. General Clark received the following let ter from Dr . Renner , President of the Austrian Government: ( 11 The President 11 General , I have the honor to aclmowledge the receipt of your letter from January 4th in which you informed me that the government of the United States has authorized you to instruct me about the recognition of the present Austrian government on the basis of the elections from November 25th under the conditions that the Allied Council will still be the highest authority . 11 With :my sincere thanks for this ·information I beg you, General, to accept the assurance of my highest esteem. 11 Signed: * * * Renner" * �~EGRET 3 VIENNA--JANUARY 11 , 1946- -General Clark arrived at his office at 1015 and immediately saw General McMahon who introduced Rabbi Ralph Lookstein of the Jewish Welfare Committee , to General Cl ark . The General worked on accumulated correspondence and later saw Count and Countess Larisch . He then saw Colonel Nygard who had just returned from Ital y, for a short time and at 1215 conferred with General McMahon, General Tate, Colonel Luongo and Major Jaccard on th:eir views on the redeployment question . General Clark stated that he believed the situation to be well in hand in Vienna and Austria in general and desired to keep it that way. Later Col . Caum, Commander of the 242nd Inf . Regiment and Col . Paxon, G-3 were called in on the conference . .After seeing Mr . Gray at 1300 General Cl ark talked with General Tate and Gen . McMahon . The General left his headquarters at 1/4.50 to attend a decoration ceremony of the 250 Combat Engineers Battalion and decorated 31 officers and enlisted men for meritorious service in support of combat operations . He returned to his headquarters immediately thereafter and at 1615 left for the opening of the Information Service Bureau, Information Center at which time he delivered an address which was broadcast to the United States. The Information Center will be opened to the general public in order that they might develop a broader understanding of the American people their economic, political and social life . ( After the ceremony General Clark, wi th the rest of the guests, including members of' the Austrian government, went to the Bristol Hotel where a reception was hel d . After the reception the General accompanied by General McMahon, General Lewis , Mr . and Mrs . Denby, faj . and Mrs . Pleasants and General Saltzman went to the general ' s suite for cocktails . The party was joined by General Tate and then left for the General ' s villa where they had dinner. After dinner they returned to the Bristol Room to enjoy the floor show. At 1115 Gene r al Clark ' s party went to the Sr . Officers ' Club and from t here the General went to his villa. General Clark sent the fol l owing message to the Joint Chief of Staff with request for message to be pas sed to the State Department: Reference No . P-0685 : Today I tal ked with General Bethouart and he told me that at the present time he does not know of any plans of F'rench Government for supplying food for French Zone in Aus t ria, incl uding French districts in Vienna . This perturbs me very much as French were informed as far back as November that combined US/UK supply of French occupi ed Zone would cease end of January . General Bethouart further informed me that he was proceeding to Paris for a conference with his Government on this subject on 18 January. He eJCPressed the hope that the emergency UNRRA program requested by the Allied Council on 19 December would be forthcoming by the fi rs t of February. 11 �4 11 The Soviets are having gr eat di fficulty in supplying food for Vienna and even the food they provide is not in the various types of established in the agreed ration scale . British and US elements are meeting their agreed commitments . 11 If the French fail to meet their food commitments after 31 January a s erious situation will develop and I may be forced to feed American imported food in Vienna in the US Zone only which presents many complications . "Request that strong representations be made to French GoYernment to accept on 1 February their full commitment for feeding the approved ration scale in their Zone Austria , incl uding their districts in Vienna . 11 The followi g is a copy of the message sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in regard to the Allied Council meeting held on January 10 , 1946 . Reference No . P- 0693 : 11 Allied Council held harmonious meeting Jan . 10 with following results : (1) Routine approval various laws incJuding plan for ap;:-roval laws adopted by Parliament before their promulgation. 11 11 (2) Resol ution was submitted to obtain agreement that until decisions are reached by the four Governments concerniLg interpretation and implementation of the general provisions of Potsdam protocol no attempts would be made to implement those provi sions by unilateral action . British, French and U. S . representatives agreed to resolution. Soviet member declined discussion of subject as he had received no instructions from his government to tr.e effect that Mr . Molotov and Mr . Byr nes had decided this to be a questi on for discussion by the Allied Counci l . Soviet member by this action to obtain consideration of U. s. views on Potsdam protocol as set f orth in State Department messages number 316 dated 29 November , which views were transmitted to other commanders on 4 January . (3) Rejected proposal to allow new political parties to be formed without approval of AC, instructing instead Political Divi sion to examine applications and report on them . 11 11 (4) Entrusted quadripartite Denazification Bm·eau under Internal Affairs Division task of effecting complete denazification Austrian state machinery and report on them. (5) Approved dispatch of commission under Chiefs of Military Divisions to various zones to investigate and report upon Austrian or Gennan military or para- military organizations, etc . In this connection Soviets presented last minute paper containir.. g fourteen specific instances of alleged military organi• zation in Austria , none in US Zone , the principal ones being fifteen thousand man Austrian brigade and thirty thousand man German corps, bot µ in British zones . Soviets made quite a point of thi s and it was agreed that above commission would 11 �SEGRE .5 I also investigate and report on these cases presented by So,riets . 11 (6 ) Approved plan for calling for Austrians to el iminate Fascist and anti-Allied literature in Aus t ria . 11 (?) Approved resolution providing for reestabl ishment telephone and telegraph communications between Austria and other countries except Japan, Manchuria , Korea and Formosa, with target date Jan. 15 . tt (8) Approved draft telegram to Director General UNRRA Washington re• garding two suggested programs for .Austria, one for seventy-five million and one for one hundred fifty million dollars, s pecifying seventy- five million program was inadequate and strongly uring UNRRA approve one hundred fifty million program . All elements agreed to accept objective specified by US Conf ress in passing last UNRRA Appropriation Act except Soviets who claimed no instructions received from Moscow on this point. I made strong statement on subject and Konev agreed to r equest instructions from his Government . 11 (9) .At close of meeting I pointed out need to obtain early Allied Council agreement on three most vit al questions affecting Austrian Economic recovery : ( a) Elimination of demarcation lines; (b) settlement on interpretation of Potsdam Agreement ; ·and (c) r eduction of occupation troops . I urged that all C- in- C1 s instruct their subordinates on Allied Commission to strive towards early settlement these questi ons . I shall push for consideration of these subjects during period Jan 15 to Feb 15 when I am Chai:iman of Council . 11 * * * * VI.E1'l11JA--,TANUARY 12, 1946--General Clark arrived at his offi ce at 1045 after having walked from his villa . He immediately conferred with General McMahon and Col . McLean concerning the Maulhauser concentration camp ., Lt . John Eisenhower reported for duty this morning and talked with the General for a short time . Lt . Eisenhower is to be on duty with the .Allied Secretariat. Af ter talking with Mr . Gray, General Clark saw General McMahon and Col onel Paxon on the R.apido crossing . This subject has been brought up in recent publi city in the States as to whether or not this maneuver was neces sary . After conferring with General Tate, General Clar k accompanied by Gener al Saltzman walked to hi s vill a where he spent the r emainder of the afternoon . * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 13 , 1946-•General Clark remained at his villa during the morning and at 1300 hours , accompanied by General Saltzman had lunch with Mr . and Mrs . Denby of the State Department . He returned to his residence later in the afternoon and made plans to go t o the Ice Revue . However, becaus e of bad weather the General remained at his villa during the afternoon and evening. * * * * �T G ( \ VIENNA-- JANUARY 14 , 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 hours and had a long conference with General Tate , lasting until 0925 , after which he saw Mr . Gray . At 1005 @eheral Clark conferred with General McMahon and Gener al Tate . Later Col . Paxon conferred with General Clark on a cablegram to be sent to General Gruenther on the Rapido crossing . The cab:le is being prepared andCol . Paxon will make additions later . At 1130 General Clark bid goodbye to Lt . Col . Thayer who is l eaving for Korea by way of the States . At 1135 General Tate and Gen . McMahon talked to General Clark and at 1150 Mr . Gray introduced Dr . Penrose . Dr . Penrose is one of the Political Advisors to .Ambassador Winant in London. At 1220 General Clark.had a conference with General Tate, Mr. Gray and Col . Marget on the question of Austrian schillings . The Russian Element of the Allied Council are making plans which are contrary to the policies of the U. s., British and French elements , regarding the currency problems . General Clark is sending a letter to Marshal Konev on this subj ect, as are the other two governments . At 1225 Col . Kretzman was sent to check with Mr . Figl upon this issue . Colonel Pesek talked with the General at 1250 concerning the party which the Gene al is giving at the Bristol Hotel on January 12 . At 1315 General Clark left hi s office with General Saltzman and had lunch at his villa . He spent the afternoon and evening at his residence and had dinner with General McMahon. General Clark sent the following message to General Gruenther in regardto the recent article published on the Rapido crossing . Reference No . P-0902 : 11 I have had no reply from you to my radios numbers P-0364 and XV- 189 of January 7t h and 10th. I assume you are complying with my request as time does not permit of much further del~y . If War Department wi ll not refute this story, and I firmly feel that I have furnished you sufficient f actual data to answer this biased story , and if time does not permit you t o carry the ball f or me, please advise immediately for I will carry it from here . Tone of Aston article indicates -deliberately biased story designed to mis - represent mili tary actualities . I feel the War Department must go on record and if they will not , I will , to prevent the United States public from r eceiving inflammable, distorted , and factual l y incorrect information on this important battle . "I assume you have Volume four of 5th .Army history. Incidentally , what is Grogan doing . Howard should be able to devote some time with him on this subject . If War Department will do nothing, I request you, Howard ;md Grogan prepare an answer based on information I have furnished you and available in the History of the 5th Army , and send it to Lowell Thomas, Mark Watson of the Baltimore Sun; Doughlas Freeman in Richmond, and Hanson Baldwin of New York Times . Have Grogan go see these people if necessary with this information , with the request that should the January 21st article be published and arouse sufficient interest to warrant r eplies that these men who are interested in the big picture and factual accounts of this battle , tell the true, story . Have yo~ contacted .Amon Carter? SECRJ: �SECRET 7 "Following additional information submitted reference to each paragraph of Aston article . Refer para three of Aston article. Basic order of course originated as operation Instruction 32, Headquarters 15 Army Group 12 January 1944. See pages 193 to 198 inclusive , Fifth Army history Part four . In event you do hot have book following are extracts of pertinent portion(:) first quote par four Fifth Army will make as strong a thrust as possible toward Cassino and Frosinone shortly prior to the assault landing to draw in enemy reserves which might be employed against the landing forces and then to create a breach in his front through which every opportunity will be taken to link up rapidly with the seaborne operation unquote . Second quote para two Fi fth Army have now started on a series of operations on their present front designed to break through the enemy ' s main defensive positions in the area south of Cassino, and to draw in his reserves. These operations will culminate with an attack by two Corps across the Rapido river on or about 20 January unquote . 11 Refer his para six. For Details of flank support as ordered by Clark see page 25 Five Anny History Part Four and Ope r ation Instruction 13, Headq~arters, Fifth Army 10 January 19/44 page 205 and 206 Five Army History Part four . Furthermore report of French Expeditionary Corps participation in Cassino battle lists among other corps objectives the missions of "to seize the high ground north and northwest of Cassino and t o protect the right f l ank of Fifth Army11 consider most important now to stress that Fifth Jrrmy Operations Instructions provided normal flanking attack in support of main Two Corps effort in center. In contr ast to May 1944 offensive wherein success was achieved by a major thrust on left flank, when weather permi tted operations over formidable obstacles, the January main effort was canal ized by weather and terr ain conditions which dictated that attack be launched in center of Five Army Front, the only place where armor could be used . 11 ( "Refer his para eight . Terrain and road net north of Cassino permitted in January only a local attack as eventuall y made and was iµsuf f icient at this location to support a main Corps attack'.. Suggest you check pages 49 to 55 inclusive of Five Ju-my History Part Four which describes obstacles i n way of 34 Division crossing of Rapido north of Cassino . Thi s could be classified as only a local attack on te~rain prohibited use of armor and no breakthrough could have been obtained . "Refer his para nine . Walkers admission that attacks on left and r i ght flanks were ordered refutes implication in his para six that "attacks were misupported on either f l ank11 • "Refer his para ten. Note that Two Corps attack was only a part of an integrated plan scheduled on a timetable of staggered attacks, the most important of which being Anzio. "Refer his para thirteen. Paxson, Engineer Executive, Five Army at time of attack states roads were built and rocked to vicinity near river banks by 36 Division Engineers and Two Corps Nineteenth Engineer Regiment . Suggest Colonel Gal l agher· now believed Engineer instructor Fort Belvoir and formerly Two Corps engineer be contacted for further engL.eer details. �SEC .ET ( ) "Refer his paras fourteen and fifteen . Such losses are normal for an attack against a heavily defended river line; if ,the Gennans had not been fully engaged with the Rapido battle then .Allied losses Would have been much greater on the beaches at .Anzio . Fifth J.rmy in January 1944 contributed to strategy of combined Chiefs of Staff by holding in Italy many enemy divisions which could well have been employed on Russian front or planned Second Front in northern France . Serious losses in German per s onnel and equipment aided Allies materia ly in war of attrition . 11 "I still do not want to enter this controversy and feel you have sufficient data to refute it the re • 11 * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 15 , 1946--General Clark r emained at his villa during the day . In the morning he consulted with Colonel Paxson in the preparation of a cablegram to go to General Gruenther concerning the Rapido crossing . He worked with Col. Paxson until lunch time and after lunch rested for a short time . After taking a walk he left for General Saltzman 1 s villa where he had dinner and spent the evening. C Genev.al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 0934 : "Because the Soviets have not contributed their full share of food the ration scale in Vienna has not exceeded 1375 calories for normal consumers during the past three weeks . For the same reason the ration scale for this week will be d·:mn to 1108 calories • I have had repeated assurance from Marshal Konev that the Soviet element would make and continue to make its full contribution of food to Vienna . I have thi s date sent a strong letter to Konev inviting his attention to the current situation and informing him that unless all powers co~tribute their full share of food I propose to feed our food to persons residing in the American Zone plus one- fourth of those living in the Interna tional Zone , District I. The people i n my zone are now receiving less calories than they are entitled to get even though we are contributing food on the agreed 1550 ration scale . This affects seriously the prestige of the United States , as the public obviously feel that the United States is not living up to its ' promise in this regard. "Unless Soviets take immediate steps to provide their share of food I pr ~pose to implement zone feeding about 9 February. I propose to make appropriate explanation of this changed system to the press ." * * * E * �SECRET VIENNA-- J.ANUARY 16, 1946--Gen9ral Clark arrived at his office at 0950 . He immediately conferred with General McMahon andColonel LLoyd concerning the shooting of two Russian officers on the "Mozart . " These two officers attempted with several other Russians to board the Mozart and after having been removed from the train boarded the train a second time, three or four cars from the first location. Vlhen the American guard attempted to remove them a second time the Russians pulled their guns and the .American guards were forced to shoot in order to protect themselves . An investigation is being conducted by Colonel Lloyd . After conversing with General Tate , General Clark had a decoration ceremony for two enlisted men at which time he presented both of them with the Bronze Star medal . The first for meritorious service while in combat operations and the second for heroism. After the ceremony General Clark talked with Mr . Gray and later saw Colonel McLean, Judge Advocate, concerning a court martial case . At llL►0 General Tate and Colonel Sloane saw t he General and later General Clark discussed the Displaced Persons situation with Colonel Stephens . After a short conference with General Tate and later with General McMahon, General Clark walked to his villa with General Saltzman where he remained the rest of the day . In the evening .W.r . and Mrs . Denby, Col . Mccaffrey, Colonel Martin and General Saltzman were invited for dinner and later Col . Langan joined the party for bridge . { * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 17, 1946- -General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 and irnmedia tely talked with General Tate . General , 1cMahon was called in to see the General, and later General 1\ilcMahon and Colonel Lloyd discussed the progress of the investigation which is being conducted on the shooting of the Russian officers who attempted to board the 11 Mozart11 • General Cl ark then saw Mr . Gray at 1100 and at 1125 saw Colonel Betz concerning a publicity article which has been published. After seeing General Tate for a short time, t he General had. lunch· and 'af,ter taking care of accumulated correspondence walked to his villa where he spent the remainder of the day . In the evening he went to &neral Saltzman 1 s villa for dinner . The following cable was sent to General Gruenther from General Cl ark; "Your two radiograms received and appreciated . Be sure to inform me result of Thursday morning meeting with Chief of Staff . Presume you are able to get air mail letter to Amon Carter if necessary. Presume Walker is thoroughly indoctrinated with entire story and necessity for attack. Can he be persuaded to wholeheartedly tell the whole story if necessary at the convention . Explain the absolute necessity tor all out attacks by every element on southern flank in order to give Anzio landing a run for its money . SECR T �~ECRET lO Delay in answering question of Fodor due to his absence from Vienna . I will assume responsibility and have asked Hil dring that young Fodor be sent immediately . 11 "Give me your estimates as to Drew Pearson ' s statement on investigation . I am sure this can be clarified by proper explanation . Hold Grogan longer if necessary . 11 * ( * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 18, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0920 and immediat ely conferred with Mr . Gray on the new appointment of Mr . Erhardt as Minister of Austria . At 1006 General Clark conferred with General Tate and at 1000 saw Mr . Fodor and Mr • .MacCormac, war correspondents . General Clark desired to talk with the correspondence on their ideas of the Scripps Howard account of an article concerning the Rapido crossing . At 1100 General Clark met Col . Vodopivec , Head of the Yugoslav Military Mission . in Austria . The General will present the Colonel to the other members of the Allied Council at the Monday meeting . Later General Clark talked for a short while with Lt. Col . Kretzman conyerning a suitabl e house for Mr . Figl, and at 1215 conferred for a l ong time with General Tate . Later General McMahon , Col . Pesek, General Tate and Mr . Gray were called in for a discussion of the plans for the party to be held on the night of the 21st • .After thi s the General left his office for the villa where he spent the remainder of the day. ' In the afternoon he rested for a short while and at 1800 saw Colonel Porter for a short time while he bid him goodbye . Colonel Porter is leaving for the States after being with the General for three years . In the evening General Clark had gues ts fc~ dinner and poker. The following cable was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Clark, Reference P- 1208 : "Receipt of your WAR 93037 Cite CAD acknowl edged . Fully cognizant of directive reference termination combine suppl y to French as outlined in WARX 28652 . My message P- 0685 makes no reference to loan of f oodstuff s for feeding French Zone Austria. Therefor e reference to this in your message WAR 93037 not understood . "Complications referred to in third paragraph my message P- 0685 pertains to difficulties in distributing food in a sector of a city as i arge as Vienna through a centralized Aust rian food administration and the political :implications of feeding American food only in the .Ame:rican zone. " In view of difficulties being experienced by Soviets in supplying food in their zone of Vienna and in Lower Austria and fact that French are unable to give as surance that they will be in position to assume responsibility for feeding their district in Vienna and the French zone Austria, it is urged that UNRRA make every effort iD provide food arrival s in .Austria earliest �EGRET ll possible date . This is most critical period of year . Amy lowering of food s cale during winter months wil l increase sick and death rates, parti cularly in view of shortage of fuel for space heating. " * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 19, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately conferred with General McMahon who was followed by General Tate . At 1045 he saw Countess Larisch who discussed a few personal problems with the General and at 1100 General Clark received the two millionth doughnut which has been made by the .American Red Cross in Vienna . The presentation was made by Mrs . Wayne , Supervisor of the clubs in Vienna; Mr. Evans , Director of the Red Cross; and Miss St one , head of the officer s ' clubs . General Clark again conferred with General McMahon and General Tate upon the Rapido crossing question which i s receiving much publicity . At 1120 General Clark talked with Gene~al Schuyler, Commanding General of the Allied Control Commission, in Rumania . General Schuyler is en route to Washington . After talking with General Tate for a short time the General left his office , accompanied by General Sullivan and walked to his villa where he had lunch . After resting in the afternoon he had dinner wit h General Howard , Col . Lazar, Lt . Col . Kretzman and later played bridge . General Howard has just arri ved f rom the States , and brought the first messages from Mrs . Clark which the General had received in five weeks . * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 20 , 1946--General Clark remained in his villa during the entire day . He discussed the Rapido crossing incident with Col . Paxson in the late morning and had lunch wi th General Tate who discussed several current issued with the General . General Clark has been receiving much publicity in connection with the Rapido incident and a cable was prepared to be sent to General Gruenther on the subject . General Clark spent the evening at his villa and retired early . * * * * VIENNA--JP..NUARY 21, 1946-- General Clark arrived at 0845 and immediately conferred with Lt . Col . Betz concerning the request which was submitted by the United Press for a comment on the Rapido crossing . The veterans of the 36th Division at a reunion made a resolution criticizing General Clark for his ordering the river crossing. The resolution also called for a Congressional investigation o General Clark had no comment to make and wired United Press to that effect o �.At 0914 General Clark saw General Howard, General Tate, General McMahon and Colonel Paxson with whom he discussed the details concerning this incident . General HoVTard and Colonel Paxson worked for the rest of the morning preparing battle casualty figures to be submitted to General Gruenther in order that he might use them to combat the charges being made against General Clark. At 1015 Mr . Fodor and Mr . MacCormac talked to Gener al Clark concerning their ideas on the best policy to be followed . Colonel Pa.."reon worked with General Howard for the remainder of the morning preparing data for General Clark and later had lunch with him . After lunch Gen~ral Clark worked on all accumulated correspondence and later in the afternoon saw Sgt . Ken Pfeifer, memQer of the Commanding General ' s Section, who is leaving for the states by the way of Italy . The General left his office at 1500 for his villa where he spent the remainder of the evening . General Clark sent the following cabl e to General Gruenther regarding the Rapido case: ( "Have received your three messages. Am doing my best to prepare casualty figures for \{a tson. As I recall Birkhead was the former Commander of the 36th Division who was relieved by McNair during the Louisiana maneuvers . This action being wholeheartedly concurred in by me . If so, may give an insight into him as the ringleader . Fodor and MacCormac, who know this story and want to help, suggest playing up the angle of the dismissed Commander . Please verify immediately his being Commanding General 36th Division and release by McNair . Advice urgently o" The following is a copy of the story which Frank .Aston submitted to Scripps - Howard and contains so many unjustified criticisms of the F.apido crossing: Ft . Worth, Texas , Jan. 21 --Evidence on the Rapido River operation in Italy of January 1944, places responsibility for that disastrous maneuver on the high command of the Fifth Army, it was disclosed today . 11 11 The losses were 136 officers and men killed; 932 wounded; and 908 missing. The 36th Division, commanded by Maj . Gen . Fred L. Walker was ordered to cross the river in the face of murderous fire . 'I'he order came from the Fifth .Army high command . In command were Lieut. Gen. Mark Clark, with .Maj . Gen . Godfrey Keyes as corps commander . 11 "Gen. Walker protested the orders unsuccessfully. The operation was attempted first on the night of Jan . 19-20, again at daylight Jan . 20 . A third order to try was rescinded. 11 E �SEGRE 11 'l'he attacks were unsupported on either flank against a well-entrenched well-equipped enemy . The deep, swift Rapido could be reached only by crossing mud flats heavily mined and covered by German machine gun and mortar fire. I do not know of a single incident in history,"' Gen . Walker commented, where a defensive position protected by an unfordable river as an obstacle was every captured by the direct frontal at tack, such as the one attempted by the 36th Division at the Rapido . 1 11 111 11 1 "Staff officers report that Gen . Walker suggested the attempt to cross the Rapido be made north of the village of Cassino, where the river was fordable and where a crossing later was made successfully by the 34th Division . Gen . Walker later said that the plan was for the British to -ake heights on the left of the German position and the French the heights on the right . Neither the British no~ the French succeeded . 11 " ' Then we were ordered to cross the Rapido anyway, 111 Gen . Walker said . "Survivors tell of scenes of horror. For instance , there were 80 bodies of their comrades stacked on the northern bank of the river and never reached by Allied forces until the following May ~ 11 In killed, wounded and missing, the 141st lost 49 officers and 958 men. One battalion lost all its company commanders . "Survivors said the Rapido at the place to 18 feet deep, swift and treacherous . The on both sides and the only approach was down roads could not be built under the withering of attack was 30 feet wide, 12 said steep, six-foot banks rose flat stretches of mud over which German fire . ''The entire area across the river had been heavily mined . Barbed wire was thick and deep . Covering mort ars and machine guns were supported by light and heavy artillery. "Patrols went out to bring in the wounded and never returned . iven in assault boats were mowed dovm. Hundreds were killed or wounded in the desperate crossing i tself . - 11 some got across . those who could . But they were pinned dovm by fire . '.l"hey had to return-- 11 0ne surviving officer said: "I believe it is high time that responsibility for such ruthless sacrifice of human life be placed directly where it belongs -- on the blunders of those who order such unsound attacks even after information from group troop commanders in pms ition to know better than anyone indicates and points out their futility . " �SECRET /4 "Most men in the 36th were Texans . Gen . Walker's home is Columbus, O. After the capture of Rome he was transferred to Ft . Benning, Ga . He nov1 is director of military training, k'my Service Forces, \lashington. He is not a West Pointer." * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 22 , 1946--Ganeral Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and immediately saw General Tate and General McMahon on the developments of the Rapido River cvnssing incident . The i\/Iilitary ld'fairs committee does not seem to be taking the 36th Division's resolution very seriously . Later General Tate discussed the agenchfor the .Allied Council meetine and at 1020 General Clark with General Tate and Mr. Gray left the office for the Allied Council Meeting. General Clark assumes the Chairmanship of the Council today . General Clark returned from the meeting at 1445 and held a press conference at 1500 attended by M. ~ . Fodor, Chicago Sun; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press; John .MacCormac, New York Times; Sgt . A. A. Noyes , Stars and Stripes; Albion H. Ross, New York Times ; Frederick Yeiser, Information Service Bureau, Lt . Col. Frederick J . Betz, PRS, and Lt. Frank B. McKnight.of PRS . General Clark discussed the developments of the meeting. He left his office shortly before 1600 and rested at his villa until 1800 . ( General Clark arrived at the Hotel Bristol at 1815 at which time he acted as host to approximately 400 guests at his party held in honor of his assuming Chairmanship of the Allied Council . The party was held in the main dining room , Oval Room and Bristol Room of the Bristol Hotel . The party was a huge success, and the General remained at the party until late in the evening . * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 23, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 . He immediately saw Mr . Gray and at 1000 had a conference with General Bethouart on the subject of the French food situation. At 1040 General Clark saw General Macon, Commanding General of the 83rd Division, who was in Vienna for the Genev•al I s reception the night before . Shortly thereafter, General Collins saw General Clark and at 1105 General Clark decorated 26 officers and enlisted men . Among those was Colonel D' Orsa who was awarded the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of fi.ierit . After conferring with GeLeral Ladue at 1135 on the problem of' bringing over families, General Clark saw General Haynes and General Mc1,Iahon . t 1230 after conferr i ng with General McMahon and General Tate , General Clark left his headquarters for ·his villa with General Saltzman and in the afternoon the General rested . In the evening he had guests for dinner and pokero The following cable was sent to General Gruenther ; All your messages received . Certainly appreciate the magnificent manner in which you have handled this case . Please thanks Grogan, Wood and Porter . Also tell Jackson, Lyle, and others cf my deep appreciation for their going to bat on my behalf . I will write letters to all c U. s. Element after Allied Council meeting yesterda entertained all other Elements, including new Austrian Government. All wanted to be remembered to you., Affair was quite a success . n 11 �ET 15 General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Reference No. P-1472: 11 Allied Council met 22 January with following results: 11 (1) Approved resolution on treatment Austria as economic entity which has for ob'ective encouragement free exchange and movement of available surplus goods and service between various zones. Resolution authorizes Austrian Governr1ent to utilize such available surplus goods and services for movement within Austria or for export transactions. Determination of what constitutes zonal surplus remains with commander of zone . 11 (2) Approved resolution providing that Commanders-in-Chief call attention of their respective Governments to advantages to be derived if such governments would authorize representatives in Vienna to seek solution of question of rapid resumption navigation on Danube and to make proposals towards finding provisional modus vivendi o 11 ( (3) , I Approved eight laws and decrees of Austrian Government . (4) Soviets continued to refuse to agree to objectives specified by US Congress in last UNRRA Appropriation Act. Konev said Soviet Government had not recelved notification of such stipulated objectives and I replied Soviet Embassy informed in Washington January 10. I made emphatic statement on subject clearly warning Konev that Soviet attitude might result in his zone not receiving any UNRRA supplies and that in any event it would certainly delay UNRRA aid to Au~tria . For STATE DEPT; Please put pressure on Moscow to instruct Konev to change his position o (5) On matter of food situation in Vienna I openly charged Soviets with def ault on meeting their commitments and said if situation not corrected I might be forced to use US food for US zone only , Konev in reply contended that Soviets had put more food into Vienna than all other powers combined but his figuxes covered period from April 24, 1945 and therefore not pertinent to existing situation. Konev promised to continue Soviet food supply for Vienna with indication he 1ntended to meet commitments (in fact Sovi ets did somewhat better last week . ) 11 1~6) I brought up medical supply situation in Viem1a, showing US had delivered 161 tons, British 47, Soviets 10 and French none. I stated that because of acute shortage of medical supplies British and US elements had agreed to contribute an additional 42 tons each from reserves on hand for use throughout city, and Konev and Bethouart expressed satisfaction. n(7) i also called attention to failure of Soviet andFrench elements to meet commitments on fuel and transportation for Vienna and urged that respective commanders make every effort to meet commitments o 1 �"($) Bethouart read long statement on recent Hapsburg incident in Tyrol gist of which was that this was ..Austrian matter, F'rench were not supporting Hapsburgs and would give 100'% cooperation to Austrian authorities in carrying out laws on this question . Mccreery said we should help Austrians to keep Hapsbuxgs from entering Austria and Konev added that it was necessary to remove these ueople from Austria immediately and see that Austrian laws were enforcedo I agreed with position taken by Konev and Mccreery and it was decided to put the Council on record in press communique as standing behind .Austrian government in enforcement of Austrian la?~ excluding undesirable political elements. 11 (9) Mccreery called attention to serious situation created by unannounced arrival within past week of three trains in Vienna with 4100 Yugoslav Volksdeutsche, reportedly containing 5 adult and 3 children dead . He said when these trains attempted to cross into British Zone they were turned back. Later they were routed to Vienna via Hungary and Lower ..Austria . This he said was directly contrary to Allied Council resolution Nov. 10, 1945. Konev stated that in the future he would allow no more to come into his zone without previous arrangements and clearances with AC. It was agreed that I should call in head of Yugoslav military mission and ask him to have his Government put a stop to these unauthorized movements . This has been done. 11 * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 24, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately saw General Tate for a short time and later talked with Col. Paxson · concerning the Rapido River crossing . Col. Paxson has been compiling more data for use by the General. Col . Lloyd saw General Clark at 1030 concerning t he court martial case of T/Sgt . Dixon who was an .American guard on the train (Mozart) when the Russian officer was killed . Later General McIJahon and Col . McLean talked with the Gene;i;-al concerning the court to be appointed in this case • .At 11:30 Dr . Kleinwachter was introduced to the General.by Mr . Gray . Dr. Kleinwachter is the newly appointed .:Austrian representative to the United States and will leave for the States shortly • .After having lunch in his mess, General Clark again conferred with General Tate, and later with General McMahon . General Clark is preparing to start bringing families over about May l, 1946, and has so advised the War Department. After taking care of all accumulated correspondence, General Clark left the office and returned to his villa. After taking a long walk in the afternoon,• the General saw General Howard at his villa concerning a very important G-2 case which had been released during the day. It had been discovered tha·t Russ ian members of the Repatriation Committee now working in Salzburg had been involved in political .activities and criminal acts and are to be turned over to Russian authorities in Linz tomorrow. �At 1815 hours General Clark left his villa for the Bristol hotel where he attended a cocktail party and dinner given by Col . Laz:ar and the Special Services section . General Clark neturned to his villa at 1100 . The followin c- cable was sent by Gen.e ral Clark to the Joint Chief of Staff regarding the Soviet Repatriation Mission in Salzburg: 11 I desire to report to you incident in U. s . Zone involving members of a Soviet repatriation mission . On evening 23 January three officers and one enlisted man of the Soviet mission stationed at Salzburg were caught by the CIC in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living in Salzburg. One officer was dressed in the complete uniform of the United States Military Police with helmet liner bearing markings of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion, which unit is stationed in Salzburg. Second officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a civilian hat . '.l.'hird officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform . All were armed . Officers were threatening the Austrian citizens with pistols when arrested • .All were arrested and coRfined • .Acts of this group constitute flagrant violation of authority of Soviet Repa:briation Group and mutual understanding between me and Konev. "I reported above incident to Marshal Konev by dispatching my Deputy Commander to Konev ' s Chief of Staff on evening 24 January and requested Konev to take custody of the group at Linz at 1400 B hours today where they were delivered under United States escort. I also asked that the remainder of the mission of ·which these four were a part be withdrawn from the U. s. Zone immediately as there is evidence that all members of this mission have been involved in intelligence activities since they have been i n our zone . Today I dispatched a letter to Konev confirming the report and reiterating my requests made by my Deputy Commander to Konev 1 s Chief of Staff last night . "Another Soviet repatriation Jilission to relieve one referred to above is working in U. s . zone for JO days as per agreement between Konev and me . I will see that this one is removed as soon as repatriation work is completed, which I will try to have .accomplished by end of thirty days . 11 General Clark sent the following report in connection with the activities of the Soviet Repatriation Committee, to Marshal Konev : "Subject: 11 To Report of Arrest of Russian Officers and Enlisted ~en. Commander in Chief of the Soviet Forces of Occupation in Austria, .Marshal of the Soviet Union IVAN S. KONEN. lo The new Soviet Repatriation Committee in Salzburg consisting of' three Lieutenant Colonels , seven Ma,iors and two enlisted men were officially permitted on 4 January 1946, to proceed with the screening of Soviet civilians �in the Land Salzburg for repatriation purposes . It was understood that the old committee in Salzburg headed by Maj or Rumianzew would depart from that station after having turned over their duties to the new committee. This old committee has not yet left , after 20 days. Although the new committee arrived in Salzburg in the early days of January i t did not begin active screening operations until four - or five days ago~ about 20 January 1946 . "2o At 2100 hours at the house situated at No. 24 Nussbaumer Strasse, Salzburg, the following members of the old Repatriation Committee were arrested by United States Military Authorities: a. b. c. d. Major Yankowski Captain Zeleniev Lieutenant Kretov Private Ziablykh '1'his group of Soviet Army personnel was caught in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living at the above- mentioned house. Major Yankowski was dressed in the complete uniform of the United States Military Police with the helmet liner of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion. Captain Zeleniev wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a civilian hat . Lieutenant Kretov wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a Red Army cap without insignia . It is obvious that they were attempting to hide their identity. The above named members of the committee were threatening the Austrian citizen with pistols . These acts definitely are a flagrant violation of the authority of the Repatriation Committee and mutual understanding between the Allied Powers, constituting the following offenses: 11 ( a. Forcibly entering a private dwelling during the night. b. Being in the possession of firearms and using same for the execution of a crime . c. Attempting to kidnap an Austrian subject in United States Zone, Austria, with the aid of pistols. · d. Illegal possession and use of a United States Military uniform in the execution of a crime e. Wearing of civilian clothes to disguise their real identityo 11 3. In view of the above incident the above named personnel can no longer be tolerated in the llmerican Zone and will be delivered by the 42d Infantry Division to Russ ian representatives at Urfahr Bridge, at Linz, at 1600 hours , 25 January 1946 in accordance with arrangements made on 24 January 1946 personally between General Tate and General Kleshnin. It is requested that you have accredited representatives meet the escorted Red Army personnel at the appointed place and houro l �4 . There i s evidence that other members of the old Repatriation Committee have been involved in intelligence aptivities, including kidnapping Soviet citizens ~ith the aid of members of the committee dFessed in United States Military police uniforms . Therefore , the presence of the remainder of the old Repatriation Co□mittee can no longer be tolerated in the American Zone and it is requested that you withdraw them immediately . 11 5. Inasmuch as it s apparent from the actions of Soviet Vission personnel in the U. S . Zone that they are engaged in activities other than repatriation, and have violated the privileges accorded them by the United States authorities, it is requested that the new Soviet Mission which arrived at Salzburg on 4 Januar~r 1946, be instructed by you to complete its repatriation work bv the expiration of the 30 day period agreed upon, 3 FebruariJ 1946, and withdraw from the United States Zone at that time . In my opinion the M:is sion can complete its work by that date . 11 S/ MARK H. CLARK ·General , U. S •. A. Commanding General Clark sent the following cable to General Gruenther in regard to the recent Ranido situation : "Your 7962 receiv~d . Is McNeil story designed to be favorable or unfavore.ble . Classification of ' 5th Army histories is up to \Jar Department . Reason for confidential classification is because histories contain certain information with regards to ceception plans, a subject which G- 2 feels should not be revealed. I suggest you talk to McrJeil , showing him pertinent references in Chapter r:v , particul~rly emphasizing 15th Army Group Operations Instructions Nos . 32 and 34, also 5th Army Operations Instructions No. 13 which emphasizes the all- out attack by every element of th 5th Anny . It is true the 36th attack failed from a Divisional point of view, but was a great contributine factor to the success of 5th .Army operations as a whole, by per mitting 5th Army 1 s main .Anzio attack to succeed . Emphasize Anzio being the jumping off place for suc cessful Rome thrust , and continuous threat to Division ' s flank and rear . 'I'here are certain passages in Volume r:v which, if read alone , would give the impression that Rapido 36th Division attack served no useful purpose . Thi s is entirely incorrect . The over- all situation in the entire 5th Army ~us t be understood at that time and continuously kept in mind in handling Rapido story . Scrj_pps Hovard having been the instigators in this story , I assume McNeil is continuing to tackle it from a point of view disadvantaeeous to me . If that is the case , I would sug~est that ,lark Wa tson turn something loose . However , you know the situation best and nothing I can do from here . Will be glad to see Grogan ." 11 * * * * �VIENNA- -JANUARY 25, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 1000 and at 1015 saw General Tate and Mr . Gray . Later he conferred with General Howard about activities of the Repatriation Committee which had been discovered performing criminal acts in Salzburg . General Clark saw General Hume at 1130 at which time General Hume discussed a personal matter After seeing General Tate and General McMahon , General Clark lef t his headquarters accompanied by General Saltzman and had lunch at his villa with General Saltzman . He took a walk in the afternoon and after res ting ha.d dinner at his villa . General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chief of Staff regarding the Soviet rep~triation mission . Reference No . P- 1666 : 11 I desire to report to you incident in u. S . Zone involv:_ng member of a Soviet repatriation mission . On evening 23 January three officers and one enlisted man of the Soviet mission stationed at Salzburg were caught by the CIC in the act of forcibly attempting to kidnap an Austrian citizen living in Salzburg . One officer was dressedin the complete uniform of the United States ~ilitary Police with helmet liner bearing markings of the 250th United States Military Police Battalion, which unit is stationed in Salzburg. Second officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red A:rmy uniform and a civilian hat . Third officer wore a civilian overcoat over his Red Army uniform and a Red Army cap without insignia . The enlisted man was driver of car and wore Red Arrrry' uniform . All wer e armed . Officers were threatening the Austrian citizen with pistols when arrested . All were arrested and confined . Acts of this group constitute flagrant violation of authority of Soviet Repatriation Group and mutual understanding between me and Konev . "I reported above incident to Marshal Konev by dispatching my Deputy Comm.a nder to Konev ' s Chi ef of Staff on evening 24 January and requested Konev to take custody of the group at Linz at 1400B hours today where they delivered under United St~t es escort . I also asked that the remainder of the mission of which these four were a part be withdra\m from the U. S . Zone immediately as there is evidence that all members of this mission have been involved in intelli gence activities since they have been in our zone . Today I dispatched a letter to Konev confirming the report and reiterating my requests made by my Deputy Commander to Konev 1 s Chief of Staff last night . " Another Soviet Repatriation Mission to relieve one referred to above is working in U. s. Zone for 30 days as per agreement between Konev and me . I will see that this one is removed as soon as repatriation work is completed , which I will try to have accomplished by the end of JO day period . 11 General Clark sent the following message to General r,IcNarney . No . CG-012501 : Reference "Confirming my telephone conversation recently with you, herewith my recommendations to be included in your report to the War Department . �"I have recently submitted questionnaire to approximately 2000 married officers , non- commissioned cfficers of the first three grades and civilians presently in USFA . As a result of this questionnaire 260 officers, 14 noncommissioned officers and 32 civilians have a ready indicated their desire that their dependents to number approximately 550 come to Austria as soon as possible , with understanding that they wil) remain in Austria for a year after the arrival of their dependents unless released sooner by proper authori ty . As personnel of OTB is more firmly established it is anticipated that this number will be substantially increased . It is felt that situation in Austria is somewhat di fferent from situation in other parts of the ET0 and I , therefore , request that dependents up to a total of 300 be sent to Austr ia to arrive beginning 1 May ,with t½e balance of 250 the following month and thereafter , numbers as requested by t hi s Headquarters . These families can be housed in existing buildings without additional requisitioning and I am prepared to take the necessary steps to meet them at the Port of Entry , and transport them to Austria . Those with small amount baggage coulct be flovm from United States to Vienna if air trans portation is available . At the present time there are in Vienna , famil i es of Russian , British, and French offi cers , as well as members of my State Department Staff , and it woul d be highly desirable from morale point of view that .American military wives be present . Also , presence of wives will broaden Allied contacts so desirable among the four powers . Large proportion of this first increment of 300 dependents v.rill be located in Vienna and will inc2-ude the famiJ ies of many of my key military s pecia i sts 1n Legal, Financial; Economic and other military government and Allied Commission positions, mostly reserve officers, who cannot be replaced and who otherwise would not consent to stay . I am prepared to furnish names of civilians and non- commissioned officers whose families will be sent in first increment , as we 1 as names in first increment of approximately 2000 officers ' families who wi]l be selected throughout all grades , based upon the length of service of head of families overseas . Commissary privileges will be avaiiab 1 e commencing 1 I,iay . Commutation of rations will be provided enl j sted men of first three grades whose dependents come . "Because of this added inducement I also look for increase in regular army enlistments for Austria . I strongly urge favorable consideration of this request in order to have representative .American families in this area , and also to take positive steps toward the improvement of family morale both here and in Uni t ed States , where forced senaration is source of increasing discontent among dependents . I recommend that the War Department make early announcement of the privilege even though its implementation will cover a period of time . No question in my mind but that I will be prepared to handle deuendents from United States commencing 1 ·,1ay, when cold weather will have ended . 11 - * * * * �SEC VIENNA--JANUARY 26, 1946--General Clark arrived at 091,.5 and immediately conferred with General Tate ano General Mci,1ahon who were followed by Colonel Luongo of the 222nd Infantry Regiment . Colonel Luongo 1 s regiment is being replaced by the 242nd Division, and Col . Luongo came in to bid the General good.by . At 1200 General Saltzman saw General Clark ai1d accompanied him to his vi1la where they had 1unch . In the evening General Clark accompanied by General Saltzman, Miss Eyer , . General 1vichlahon went to the opera and after dinner at the villa returned to the Bristol Hotel where .the General saw the fl oor show. General Clark left the Bristol Room after a short time and returned to his villa . * * * * VIENJ:..A--JA.~UARY 27, 1946-- General Clark spent the day at his villa. He had lunch with General Saltzman and in the .evening had guests for dinner and for a movie entitled 11 Duffy 1 s Tavern". * * * * VIENNA--JANUARY 28, 1946--Ceneral Clark arrived at his office at 09300 After conferring with General Tate and General r✓.icI1iahon, General Clark addressed the Staff conference at 1010, concering families: "Gentlemen, I thought it worthwhile to come here this morning and bring you up- to- date on the steps I am takin g with regard to bringi.Dg families over here . It is a subject which is very dear to my heart and one that I intend to push as hard as I can in spite of some of the reports I get from the Viar Department that they are meeting with all kinds of difficulties with regard to housing . I sent a radiogram yesterday to USFET on this subject . I am going to read it to you . This is not for publication in the press because i t might embarrass the War Department . I don ' t mind your indicating to your families those of you who are interested in having your wives come over - of the fact that I am deeply interested in this matter . (For text of cable which General Clark read at meeting - s ee Diary J &nuary 25 , 1946) 11 Now one point in there about hovsing - we have a board here that has been appointed looking into troop requirements. At present we have troops in many apartments . In the summer it will be possible to get them into more desirable barrack-type locations and the small apartments made available for families . We are pretty well spread out at this Headquarters with well over one thousand pieces of property requisitioned. I think that by some readjustment with cutting down of the headquarters by that time and not turning back an~ of this property , we will be able to give reasonably adequate accommodations to families and all of you who are interested in having dependents come over must impress upon them that it is no picnic . There will be hardships, but it will be a privilege to be here and have the families together . I a~ shooting this thing to General Eisenhower for his information . He discussed it with me before he left and he is very much interested . That will give them something to chew on when they get it. �11 0ne other point is requisitionjng . There will be no more automatic requisition of apartments and nicer places to live. From now on they are all ve:.7 carafully screened . We are begi:nning to be subjected to criticism because of the number of real estate parcels , approx~nately 1 , 335 , we have taken from the Austrians . We haven 't received much criticism ye·t, but if they found out what we had, we would . I want to contract rather than expand so that we can take families :in. Are there any· ques t ions?" At 1030 General Clark saw General Saltzman with General MciJahon and at 1100 promoted eight officers in his off ice • .Among those promoted were Colonel Moo:re, the General's pilot , and Captain Kennedy, son of Col. Kennedy . At 1115 General Clark saw Mr . Erhardt who had just ret.urned from a vacation at Bad Gastein . General, Clark conferred with Mr . Erhardt for some time concerning the developments v1hich had taken place during Mr . Erhardt I s absence. Colonel Rich spoke to General Clark about the General ' s physica} condition and joined the General for lunch at the Commandjnf General ' s mess • .After conferring with Colonel :Jiarget at 1415 on the currency problem in Austria, General Clark saw General J,lci,lahon and then after taking care of his corres pondence, left his headquarters for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening . General Clark sent the following message to General Gruenther : Reference No . 012802: 1'hanks for informa tion on Chai:rman 1 May 1 s quotation and on New York Times editorial . Please have Grogan thoroughly briefed by Persons on last minute situation . What is your estimate of s ituat ion with r egards investi• gation and confirmation . Hope Chaney gets well soon . I need him . 11 11 * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 29 , 1946---General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 09050 He immediately conferred with General Tate and then dictated letters . At 0940 General Tate briefed General Clark for the AJ.lied Council meeting which i s to be held tomorrow and discussed all items on the agenda , for the forthcoming meeting . At 1100 hours General Clark left hi s headquarters t o go to General McCreery 1 s headquarters at Schonbrunn Palace, where he discussed the financial situation and currency problems of Austria. He arrived back at his headquarters at 1225 and immediately saw General Tate concerning his conference with General ilcCreery . Immediately followinl? General Tate, GeneraL Clark talked with Colonel Paxson concerning the assignment of Lt . Eisenhower • ..After seeing General Howard for a short time concerning the recent investigation and report of the Russ ian Repatriation Committee, General Clark had lunch with General Howard and his staff . General Clark saw General Tate for a short time after lunch and left his headquarters for his vi1la. After having rested in the afternoon, General Clark invited Ambassador and iwirs . Patterson and their daughter for cocktails. The Ambassador ' s party had arrived early in the afternoon from Bel grade. Other guests included Ii1 r. and iilrs . Erhardt , Miss Coltharp, a member of Ambassador Patterson ' s party , General 'I'ate , General mclriahon, Lt . Traugott and Capt . Luther 0 s �SE ET VIEllliA--JANUA..tY 30, 1946--Gene"Y'al Clark arrived at his office at 0840 and immediately saw Colonpl ?axson . Later he saw Genera] Tate with .,.r • .,e;rhardt on the a~enda to be taken up at the Allied Council meetinf . Later he saw General 1,Ic11!ahon ,and at 1030 left his office for the AJ.lied Council meeting . The General returned to his office at 1545 hours and after conferring with i.!r . irhardt went to his villa where he srent the rest of the day . Gene:r- J CJ ark SPnt the following- messaee to General Gruenther: "Your 211 received . Committee ' s request is step in right direction . Report must be factual and cover battle in its over- all aspects rathe~ than from the poin~ of view of an iso-ated divisional attack . Have radioed General Eisenhower offering- Paxson as consultant, if desired . Jlssume you wil 7 be given opportunity to review report . Is this correct? Under new agreement of two Al 1 ied Council meetinrs a month, I finish my Chainnanship after today's meeting . Am takinp off morning of :F'ebruary 3rd for Capri for two weeks badly needed res t. '! * * * * VIE~lil:,A--Januar;r 31 , 1946-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 . He immediately saw General dc11lah n about the plans for the reception of General Lee . At 1000 hours General Clark met General Lee , who had arrived earlier in the day , and after an honor guard in front of the Bank BuiJding spend the rest of the morning :in his office discussing various problems with General Lee . At 1300 hours Genera . Mccreery arrived at General Clar k ' s headquarter s and h d lunch ni th General Clar~ General Lee and other guests among whom were General Moore , Commanding General £8th Division, and Genera Smith of General Lee 1 s headquarters . After lunch General Lee and his party toured the ci t~r and in the evening attended a cocktail party and dinner given by Genera' Clark . Liarshal Konev, General Zheltov, General Cherriere , Ambassador Patterson and 1,lrs . Patterson were among the guests . After the party General· Lee left for faidlinr; Station v1here he departed in General Clark ' s train for Udine. General CJ ark returned to his villa at 2300 hours . The fol lowing messaee was sent to the .To int Chiefs of Staff from GeneJ·al Clark: Ref . No . P- 2043 : .Allied Council meeting 30 January characterized by tenaci tJr with which opinions were held . British, French, U. S. supnorted general plan on restitution United Nations property as conforminr to .AJ.lied Council directive . On Soviet insistence report referred back to Cuadripartite Division to pr"'pare complet'9 plan including lists of properties. 11 1. 2 . Upon U. s. insistence supported by British f:ina7ly agreed to send only warnin_.- lette~ to al] editors concerning violations of A11strian press dlrectj_ve . Soviet held out at lenrt:1 for more drastic imr1ediate action inc 1 uding suspension of certain napers . 11 �s '!3 o Agreed on tv,o Allied Council meetings per month . on 10th ~nd 25th. In future meetings "4. Reparations Division ordered to examine and report on concre te cases Al1ied reparations claims to German property of doubtfu1 origin locat ed in different zones . 5. In accordance with WAR 93685 , January 20 and 62 , Januarv 19 from Sec:,_oetar;1r of Ptate to AFSPOI f,J' I :introduced a pro1)osal to instruct Executive Cornrrdttee to ex&~ine strength of Ajlied armed forces in Austria and submit study with recomr,1endations coverinr' phased :reductions . French and British mer.ibers arreed . Soviet member said he could not agree with proposed action as sub.ject is matter vrhich should be handled by Governments and not by Allied Council. After the meetinf I a.,.,.ain raised question with Konev and he repeated the stand taken by him on this subject in AlJ i ed Council meeting . It is clearly evident Council can make no procress on this subject until Konev gets instructions from his Government . In his discussions on paper presented on reduction of ' troops Konev stated Soviet forces are beine steadily reduced by demobilization; that he could not arree to action by Allied Commission to reduce troops because: it is a matter for GovernmentaJ determination; German surrender instrument remains to be fully carried out; demilitarization and denazification of Austria are still incomplete; the campaign against i~azi ideology has not been satis factory; trial of Nazi criminals is beinc delayed; and all this has even raised hopes of Hapsburgs who have arain entered Austria . 11 ( 6 . ..'\fter th meeting I asked Konev if he had received instructions from his government concerning acc8ptance of the objectives stipulated bv the U. s. Con?ress in connection with last mrn.r'lA Appropriations Act . Konev stated he had no instructions from his Government . I shall continue to press for fulfi}lment of these objectives. Soviet element stands firmly against stipulations unless instructions are received from i,.oscow. 11 11 0 * * * \"IENNA--February 1, 19/,6--General Clark arrived at his headq arters at 1000 hours . He immediateJv saw Colonel Reeves of the Siimal Section and Colonel Paxson concernine: a teletype conversation to General Gruenther later in the d_ay . He later conferred with General 1c.,lahon and General Tate on the Rapido River crossinr a.>1.d to!)ics to be brought vp in the teletype conference later in the eveninc. After seeinp Colonel Nvgaard , w"o is Roon J eaving for the States , Gr:sneral Clark talked with General Snavely . At llL,5 General Clark saw Mr . HcCormac and Mr . Fodor , war corres1')ondents . Ac companio·l by Genera ' Saltzman, General Clark left his office for his villa where he had lunch and spent the remainder of the afternoon . He returned to his office at 700 hours where he made last minute notes to be used in tne te3 etvpe conversation to ·.-:ashington . The conversation be r an at 1800 hours and lasted until 2100 hours . Durine: this time General Clark discussed the complete Rapido River crossinr incident with Genera Gruenther and gave him aJl his views on the subject and answered al1 questions desired in Vlashine-ton . Genera] Cl ark left his office at 2015 hours for his vi1 la where he spent the rest of the ni.crht. 11 �~IElTiiA--VBBEU!JlY 2, 1946-- Gener 1 Cler~ arrived at his office at 0900 . He conferred with General Tate for a short time and later with :.rr . £rhardt . At 1000 hours he at ended a Guard of' Honor which was held for Admiral Hewitt , Cormnander of the l,ava] :r orces iri the .C::'I'0 . Ad□iral l:ieni tt , with Commodore Shelley and other haval of~icers , arrived early this morning by train . The purpose of :;heir visit is to present Genera" Clark with the liavy Distinguished Service medal. .After the rtonor Guard Gene ..:·al Clark escorted M.miral Hewitt and Commodore SheJley to his office and spent a short time there wnile th~ General ' s staff gathered for the rresentation . Shortly tb0reafter General Clark and .Admira: Hewitt went to the Conference Room in the Bank Building TThere the ld,,_iral presented General Clark witr.. the tistinruished Service ,,:edaJ for his superior work at Salerno . .After the ceremony General CJark discussed the work iI Austria with Admiral. Hewitt and his staff . At 1100 hours , dniral Hewitt and accompan~rinf officers v1ere taken on a tour of the city, returning to the Bank build:ing at 7,300 uhere they had lunch with C'eneral Clark in the Commanding GeneTal 1 s mens . During the afternoon the Admiral 1 s party continued their tour of Vienna . Geno1·a] Clark left his office at 1500 hours and walked to his vi]la . At 1930 hours General Clark gave a cocktail party at the Bristol Hotel for Admiral Herritt and his party, r.10nbers of the S·~ate Department a:1d Sr. Staff officers . :E ollowin[' cocktails , dinner was served in the Oval n_oom of the Bri.stol . Gene1'a) ClarJ· accompanied by Ad:nir'.ll He,vitt isited the Bristol h.oom and at 2400 hours Genera}. Clarl,. de-p3rted for his villa . Gene'·al Clark sent the follow;ng messar-e to the Joint Reference i:fo . P- 2199 : hiefs of Staff, 11 In ac cordance ni th authority f!ran ted in W]l.R 9/, 820 I h~ve arranP-ed to lond French approximately 2500 tons food for Vianna feeding to tide them over first half li' February. Under Jocal afJTeement French wil1 r9pay loan not Jater than 20 Februar:" . French food Sl'fT'lies scheduled to arrive between now and 20 February adequate for one month supply . kn unabJe to ret an;r information on French pood situation for :,Iarch . 11 * * * * VBl11-IA--:FiB1'.U.ARY J , 1946- -Gene-:-a: Clark left his vil a for the cub strip and at 0930 flev1 in his 1 - 5 to Tul_l n airfield, accompanied by Genera] Saltzman . The General took off from 'lulln in his E- 17 accompanied by General .SaJtzman, voJonel Klein and Cart . I-uther for a t,7o- week 1 s rest on the Isle of Ca"'ri. The Ger,eral landed at Rome at 1230 ho11rs and with his partv went immediately to the 3xce7sior Ho.,_.e 1 "1he.,.,e the~· stayed durinp th"' tir11e s1ent in _ome • . i.ft.er lunch Genera Clark spent the afternoon walkinr throuph the cit:r with Genera SaJtzmen . ID the eveninr he had dinner at th9 hotelo * * * T * �R0iIB, rr T,Y- -F ::PJUA.BY 4, 191: 6--Genera] C rk snent the morninr- wa7 kin.:' and at 1800 hours Col. No.,..man Iiske ca 1 ed on ..,h0 Genera1 at the hotel to bring him two beautiful bibles r·hich ,-,ere a gift fror:1 1,he Comnittee of Liberation of Tforthern Italy . General Dascher, 1corne Area Commander als called on the General. At 1930 hOUl'S Genera• C ark uent to .'¼mbassador Kirk rs for cocktails . Amonr,- the ·uests were Ca:::nel 0:f'f'ie, .tia~or Gew~ral Art ri1son,who 4 s retirinP to become Vice President of '!:LA, an0 other members of T..lA. General CJ ark accer ted an invitation to tale a short flir--ht in the 'l'1 lA Conste· lation 11 ,Star of ;,adrid 11 "':.he next day . Gene.ray Clark J eft the cocktan party and returned to ~he hotel Hhere he remained for the rest of the evening . -)(- * * * PO 'lE, I"'ALY --FEBB.lTATY 5, 1946--General ClGrk arrived at the Campino airport at 0945 and at 1030 took a short ride in the 'Y11A ConstelJ ation . .After the hop the Gnn,=,•a1 took off in Ihis B-17 for Hales and ·anded there at 1210 hours . General Clark was met bY General Jaynes at the airport and escorted to the · dock where he boarded a crash boat, for a f i fty- minute run to Ca·,ri. General C: ark went immediately to his vi] la , Unphia ·,.arina, ,.-,here he was to sta;• durinf his vacation on Ca,..,ri. He spPnt the rest of the da~, rel axing . * * * CAPRI, r ATY--:?EBRUARY 6, ]9/6- -General Clarlr ·,ent fishino- at 1000. However, the only t 1 ·re of fishing at C&pri was pullin[" in a 1 ready prerared lines so the General came in after a short while . In the afternoon he rested and later took a walk . Thct eveninrr he had dinner at his vi 7 la with Genera] Sa}tzman and , General Sullivan j and Co} onel KJ ein . ':'he foll ovfinr messa~·e was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Refer nce P- 2/;,.38: 0 No 11 0n February 4, a Sovir;t deleg-ation headed bv a·'l Arm~r Lia,ior nal"led !\aR"an anT'eared at the Creditanstalt Bank jn the International Zone of Vienna, in.formed the bank manager that the Donau Dampfschiffahrts Gesellschaf (Danube Steamship 1:avirration Company) and four :;.ess imr,ortant companies had become Soviet pro:'lerty as of February 2 in consequence of a decision 11 passcd. by the l llies 11 , and demanded the funds on deposit to the credit of these companies. 11 The Ban:V manarer refused to hand ove:!'.' the funds without a written order from the Allied Council. He was informed by the Sovir-its that the matter uas one between them and the bank and did not concern the JI 1 7 ied Council. On per sis ting in his refusal to turn over the money the m, na[~er was given until 9 AI,: the fol lowino- d"l~· to have the funds ready for de1iv8ry . SECRFT �C 11 '1' 1-ie same Soviet deleration ca} led at the offices of' the DDSG and informed the manacer tho. t the Comnany was non Soviet propert;v, but that the staff ·1ould be retained under Soviet· control officers, who remained on the premises. After denarture of the Soviet delegation the manarer.1ent of the Credi tansta1 t appealed immediately to the Austrian Government and to the Commanders of the western Allies for sunport and pui0ance. Each of these Commanders sent to Creditanstalt on the evening of February 4 a written notice of their objection to the nrooosed Soviet action . 1 11 0n the mornin .a of February 5, m:r Leputy, actin: on my behaJ f, sent a 1 etter to 1,1arshal Konev statinc- the US view that the nroposed Sovi"'t action with res ~Act to DDSG, and to the other companies by imp1ication, was contrary to the London agreement, Lioscow agreement, the apreement not to fake reparation frorr: A1Jstria , and to a recent decision of the Allied Council to bring about discrssion of reparation claims a:ainst djsruted German assets distributed in mor, than one zone o:f' occupotion, in the -ight of tho yrnes - PoJotov understandic1g . Konev was urged to take no further action but to submit the case to the Al lied Council for consideration and decision . 11 0n the mornjng o:' February 5 the Soviet delegation returned to the Creditanstalt and repeated their der.iancl for the DDSG and other comnanies 1 funds. British military police had been r osted in the bui] ding as insurance L-i the event of threatened violence . The manager of the Creditanstalt presented the Soviet leader with a 1etter from the Austrian Finance :.Iinistry stating that the proposed transfer of funds was i 7 -1 era] under the recent SchiJJ inc Law which had been enacted at the request of the Allied Covncil, and claimed he could give up no money without authorization frol'l the AC . The Bank manarer referred verbally to the letters from the \,estern AlJied Commanders objecting to the trans fer, but did not produce these. After reiterating their demand and again stating that the !!latter did not concern the AC the Poviets left without set ting any future deadline for deJiver;-tr of the funds . 11 Thereafter the Soviet deler-ation appeared in turn at the Austrian National Bank, the Laenderbank, and the Postsparkasse and made simi1ar demands for the funds of DI:SG ar.d. other companies. At the Na tiona] Bank ulaj or Kagan presented a letter signed by himself and statinr that the property had passed to Soviet ovmership in consequence of a "decision by the Allies" . Each of the three banks refused to turn over the funds without written authorization from the AC but were given a deadline of 3 PM, February 6 in which to have the money ready for delivery .. "The companies af f ected by the Soviet action, in addition to the DLSG, are the foJ lowing: Continentale ::otorschiffahrts AG (Cosmos), Bayrischer Lloyd , HITAG 1 and STINES. 11 The funds of DDSG on de!'osit in the banks concerned are reported to total roughly 15,000, 000 Schil:infs . SECRET �CRr "I be] ieve that the Soviet references to a 11 decision 1)assed by tho Allies 11 as noted in the foreR"oinP can only' refer to the I-otsd~ proto~ol. I feel thPt a firm stand is necessar;v in the 1resent situation in order to maintain our interpretation of th9 Potsdam anc other re)evant United Nations aereement.. J.s both .1arshaJ Konev and General Zhel tov have been absent from Vienna during the above described events, I believe the actions taken b;,r their subordinates must reflect a policy laid down directly- from :.1oscow. We have repeatedly experienced that where the Soviet e'emF3nt in ~ustria is carrying out a policy determined by their 1:1overnment , debate and discussion in the AC cen rroduce no sip:nificant chanres , as the local ,Soviet re!resentatives are unable to devi[lte from their instructions , even v1hen their convictions are not in har ·1on~r with these . "It is dif:"icult to judge how lone the Austrians can hold out under the Soviet prAssure ,;i th,~such indirect support as we can give them . I th refore propo::,e to dissuade the Soviet element from takin,.,. such nrecipitate actions . I am sure I will receive the full sup"'ort of the commanders of the other weste:rn itllies, ·to\,ard this end . 11 0 The folloming cable was sent to the Joint Chiefs 0£' Staff and is a res 1 1.rne of the , Allied Council Exe cuti ve Committee on 5 February : lteference P- 2Li39: 11 J t meeting fil.lied CounciJ xr>c1..-:.ive Committee 5 February 19/46 French "21ement stated tha t instruction::, had been received from their Government that owinr· to preca,,,ious si tuat::i.on world market in cereals and sup l:v of German corn, Gene ·•c1l Koeni rt Corun"'nc5nrr }:rerch troo,..,s j.n Ge man1:1 had been indur.'3d to reduce br...,ad.ration in French occuuation zone in Ge,,,many by 25;' . ::-rench Government had ins+,rl'cted Ko<>nir-" to 1 t.>'.' ni, ttn:r before Con+roJ CoP1mission in Be:-lin and press , firstly , for s imil.<-r red uc tj on i '1 bread ration· ne- in all zones , and secondly, for a poolin,· of .food resources • · 0 II 11 rr nch Gove -nment considers it necessary that some measure be adopted in Aus,ria and th refore J.irench ~lement herA introduced resolution in Executive Committee as f oJ lovrs : 0 11 Firs-i;lv, that th0 ration of brec.d or f 1 our a located in the Iirench occupetion zone in Austria should e immediatf:lly reduced bY the same percentare as in Ger::un1 . Secondly, that the enforcement of a simil· r mer.sure be asked of the oth::::r elements of the Allied Control ComTcJission in Aus+.ria by the French Element . Lastl", that the pooling of rt?.sources in cereaJ s and other food products be likerlise proposed . 11 "French rer resentativ9 stated at ;vesterdav 1 s r.' eetin~ that vnder ins true tions from his Governr1°n t recluc tion in bread ration was to be eff ec ti ve as soon as ossib:e but not later than 20 February; and to remain in - effect until next crop un} ess UNB '.A surrlies avai 1 ·,b: e sooner . iirench repre::ent11tive upon re uest other Lllied members of Execuvive Committee agreed to recomnend to his Government thrt rresent ration standard in Austria be maintained pencing investieation and estabJ ishment of ros ition on this subject b;, other three po71ers . �11 :Je have Vi enna co ,.ies of Paragr ar,s h 3 anc'l beari nf on bread ju t reci:dved cable lrn . L,J from Ul'JI,.:.A r!ashini::-ton to UHRr..A whi ch were sent to chi efs of UNRF..A •.!is s ions , worldwide . 4 of this cable are quot ed below as they have impor t ant rationinc : t .3 . In t he J i e-ht of the infor'tlation given j_n paraf raphs l and 2 above , I request you to consult as a matter of urgency 1,:-i th the hi 7 hcst author i ties of · the p-overnment to which you are accrec.ited with a view t o 11 t a . Gr-ireful husbandinz. of both imported and indi-:·enous sur1plies of not onl;v tho norrml bread cereals wheat and rye but also maize , barle:r, oats and potatoes ; 11 . '.!.'akin" steps Lo reduce both the gen0ra 1 and srecial rations of bread and flour to fi ures c on1'7'ensurate with the pr esent extrenel;1r bleak outl ook . 11 11:: 11 1L . In ur~:ing you to h~1 ve at the ee.rJ iest possible date the cons ul tEi,tions referred to in par avraph 3 above I wish you to know : uIa. ( 'lhat I have personally apueal ed to the heads of the Governments of -~.he lnited ...-tates , Canada and Aus r alia to do everythinp ·:dthin their poner to riake l a r rer bread grain supplies avaiJ able to mm .A and 11 1 b . 'I'hat we will continue to ress on a J concerned for the comraitrnent to UUP. ?.A of '.7heat frc:n alJ sources of sup-'l:r of not less than ~ 'i" J'l' thousand netrjc tons per month . 11 .At the present time rntion scales in effect in Aus aria are arrroximately as fo- lows for the norma 1 conSU'll9r : 11 Vienna - average 1250 calories American anc British zones exc 1 1.:sive of Vienna 1550 calories F~nr..ch and 1ll1ssian zones exclusive of Voenna - 1000 calories A 257 reduc tion in the bread ration thr oughout Avstria vould mean a reducti on of aprrox:i.ms.tely 250 calori es Derday in the 'scales mentioned above . I consider that in view of the rr8at shortar-e of' indi'"enous fcod , a redt'ction of 25;' in the bread ration ( 250 calories) nithout compensatinr; food substit uti ons will have S<3r:.'. ous effect unon the heaJ t:· of the Austrian people , particulflr] ~r throu ·hout th0 balance of the v1inter . I fee] that the current ration scale shou]d be continued untiJ benefit i s derived from next season ' s crops. I -nronose to ta~·0 this s;and in t he Al ied Council , unless otherwise instructed . 11 11 * * �FT 3l CAFr.I ,, IT:ALY --FEBRUARY 7, 191,6--General Clark Jeft his vil, a at 0930 um~ waH·ed to Ana Capri \1ith G·eneral f,u:i J ivan and Genere.J s,,, tzman where he visi te11 the home cf Dr . i:ircl dun the, writer of the book "'l h9 Story of San Miehe] e 11 • At 1300 hours the Gen-'ral had lunch in a loca 1 restaurant with the rest of his narty and walked to his viJ l a ~ He sren t the rest of the day at his vi]la c * * * * C.AIRI, I'i'ATY --FEBRUW 8, J9/6- Genera} Clark s:,~pt the day relaxinr and took a walk in the afternoon . * * * * CAPPI, ITAT:Y--FEBRUA.FY 9, J 946--General Clark took a lorn, waJ k in the morninr w~. th General .Sa] tzrian and General CullJ.van up to tho ruins of the palace of th-3 Emperor of '1 iberius . 1 The fol Iov,iN· cnh1 8·· 'i.'c.,S :..~ c":ivec1 b,r Gen°ra} ci~rk from tho Chief of Staff, 'Jar Lenartnent : .:-:efPrence ~~o . 961:8~/~ 0 ( I " kble quoterl below is beinp sent by UNi=:.:i-i.A to Parminter . For ;vour info state understands British wiJ press for cut-off date of 2r :feb •. War DenPrtm,,nt resT'om1jbi H:• for AuP1-rian Supp]ies ,,Ji7 J cease with iniation of UNRPA Prosram . State 1md ·:rer concur that it is immaterial whether cut- off date of mi] i tary responsibi 1 it~, is 28 }r.,b or 31 l.iarch but UNlI':.A should not assume financial responsibilit;-<r uniiJ. i"G has distributing responsibi-..it. also . ,·;ar fepartment Letter dis~atched to }eb . 46 r0fers . 1 11 In order to clarifv areas of responsibi1.i ty A.S betwP~n UNRI-U:. on one hand and the AlJ ied Control Council as \le 11 as the Cons ti tuen t Oc cup;,ving Powers on the other hand , we propose: 11 1. mrn::-.A will J oad from 1 .arch th3 rel.ief and rehabilitation supplies provided under the General Austrian Proeram novr before UNHLA Central Comr;ii ttee for a , ·roval amountinf'" to approxi'r1a1:,ely 70 , 000 exclu.dinf shi.ppinr cof'ts . All sup lies J oaded under this proeram wiJ 1 be consicned to the mmi°{A idiss:i..on for distribution . in Austria in ace ordance v:i th whatever a£reement is finally arrived at betHeen the Austrian authorities the AJ lied Council and mm1.i.A . • UH::;_:cA vrill take over such ir1ported relief anr rehabi" i tation supplies as fall within its proi_~ram and which are located or arrived in Austria after April l a.rid belong to t:1e Occupying Authorities and wiJ l ray therefore asainst a::·,,...roprir:te receirts in accordance with strict inventory , price and accountin']' arranpements to be aP-reed unon and al 1 those sup~lies vlill be considered for distribution in the whole of Austria in accordance v-ith the terms of the a 0 reement between the Austrian government, Allied Council,and UNRRA. s T �11 3. The proposed arrangements concerning sur;-,lies for displaced pe.,.,sons eli?ib] e fo:r UNR?.A care wiJJ be covered by J ater cable . "4. The total prozram for Austria as apnroved b;v the Central Conmi t tee wi11 inc J ude al l of the supplies delivered b:r 1JNRHA to .Austria and the supplies oricinally DX(J{* HBY ZED by the occup:rin[' povrers and turned over to UNRRA after .April 1 . This will of course inc] ude the supplies shinred b:7 mr~.lJI.. under its Janue.ry and February Emerfency Propram and the supplies for displaced persons ." "We must have an immediate answer from the A"l liecl. CounciJ. on whether these po5.nts are acceptable . Appropriate rrovisions should be made to cover th9se poj_nts in the basic afreernent beinp nep·otiated in Aus ria . "Above was communicated to repr '·sentatives of United States 1.JK , France , U...,SR in Washington . " * ( * * * CAPRI , L'ATY --FEBRTJARY 10, J 9Lr6-- General Clark received Generel Sir John and Lad," i.!orran at 1245 and had 1unch with them at his viJ 1 a . General ifor fan and Lady ,.. organ left the Island by PT boat at 1500 . G,meral Clark spent the rest of the da~" at his villa . * * * * C.APR.I, I'rALY -- FEBRU.ARY 11 , 19L,6-- General Clark spent the da:r relaxinp- at his viJla . * * * * CA.l-PI, ITALY--FEBRUARY 12 , 1946- Ceneral Clark spent the da~t relaxinr- at his vi1 J a . General Tate sent the fo]lowing cable to General CJark , Reference No . T- 021102 : "Bethouart stated in AC today that French have NO wheat and only limited quantities other types of. food for Vienna RJ l.Tarch . 11 He urged thRt other Allies poo· .-rood , inc udin'.:" reserve atocks to el'l.sure that all zones in VIEN.i:JA i'lould have prover amount of food . He stated that nerotiations in the 'C'nited States to acquire v1heat b~, }rench have broken down and he does not b10w what future wiJ J. brinr . ( �RE 11 i:'le did not agree with Bethouart I s pro;'osal that A1J ied rc.:.serves be pcole to Latisfy French deficiency. On t.hG other band it ~-;as agreed that sone solvt.ion wc1Jd have to be worked out in view of announcements by ll1U'l'i;D STATES, illHTED KINGDOM and UNO regardjng .mrld food shortaze . "I discussed this matter informally ,dth : ..onev and ·rccreery and both exoressed al arm over situation r,e face in I.:arch if French unab1e to pet food . All of us feel that in viev1 of £OVern:t'1ental statements on food shortaee we cannot afford to c-o to Zonal feedinz . Reperci.:ssions would be too e-reat to justify such action . On other hand ~'!e recoc:nize fac-4:; other Al 7 ies cannot crntinue to carr;,7 l rench inclefi1:ii te 1 y, esneciallJr since they have lmovm since i.ovember first thRt the~.r · would have to assume their full food cw.mitm~nt beeinnins l February . 111.IcCreery and I feqJ we should tr,· to rnal·e some arranc-ement whereby we turn over French March recuirements for vr::::~.i,A on a dea, vJith mrn•.A to extent illi!RI'.A cr,.,di ts us ·ni th cost of these ::;upp1 ies a rains t U!.TEF'.A prorrcim in \ustria. This seems to be onl;r V:ay out . If Jrou agree with this proposal I wilJ follow throurh with UlTF..R..A and tr7 to get aprrova 1 from War re:.--:,rtment for our share . 11 PJ.ease 1 9t mr-, l now :ronr views soonest as ther"' is consi<lerabJ.e de• tail to com:!_)1 etinP' deal .. " Genera] Clark received the fol] m·1inf', messace from Genera) Tate in rerard to the AlJ ied CounciJ r.:eeting on February 11, 19.46, r..eference Ho. T-021103: "AlJ ied Council meetinc- today was row:;h . Session broke up at 1930 toni 0 'h't, . Hain discussion centered around resolution clea, in · with results of investic-ation in zonos to d9terrnine existence of miJitari:t organizations. All the h:-ord work I · did Jast Saturda;r to Fet agreement went by the board· today. Point of contention was situation in British Zorie • ..lcCreery and I onev hnd it out . After :'o~~ hours of r1isrprsion and severa 1 conf9rences of col11I'l.anders no acreer:1.ent reached. Both :.:ccreery and Konev s+.ated thAy ''1011ld send rerorts to their 7overnments ~ Konev stated he felt free to inform Press on conditions in British ZonP. Bethouart and I did 01.,., best to reach a:rel'!MP'1~. Jj ·rf8rerce :Lr viev•s ITcCreer - and Konev could not be breached.. I have not mentioned srbject to our fress and do not intend to. Frrcmch throw bombshell into meetinc bv cal lint: for a rP-duction in bread ration in Vienna by 25 percent (250 caJ.ories). I took stend that instructions from our covernment would not permit me to 8E,7'ee to any reduction in Vienna ration below that of Berlin; that since Berlin according to 1 atest inf'ormation was feedinv 1542 ca]ories French proposal nould place Vienna below that scaJ.e. It vms agreed that matter should be studied by Economic 1irectorate and recommendations would come before next meetinc of PD . We have had no reply to messac:e to JCS on this subject which I sent 11 C �fe"'J da~•s bacl· . Serarate message bein,, sent you reeardinc- French food position for Barch . 11 Have had message from State 1epartment advi sing the.t Department , and :iar Department arproved action vre took regardinc Sovir:➔ t seizure of ITSG st"'amship property and assets . ..less age urged 1.:s to raise action cf Soviets in t ,1is case in AC . This was done today . honev stated properties were taken over 1.nder Potsdam and that ether A1Jies had no right to dfaregard stated vi rrs of h0ads of governments at Potsdam by attemptine to interfere with Soviet action . HcCreer;;", Betbouart and I virorously opposed l\onevs views . ,1e P-ot nowhere except to clarif~r further Soviet s to.nd on entire gl'estion of reparations . State Deuartment asLed us to re:,ort results our raisinc question so they can bring ur on rovernmental level . Erhardt is makinf fulJ report . "Considered messaee from UNRRA about takinc over responsibility for supplvinr Austria on J. April . I sent copy this message to you uith Paxson . ,.latter was referred to Econor1ic Directorate to stud:- and report next meeting AC . I feel we sho ld send mess age to JCS regarding implications this chane-e • .Am sending you separate mcssare outlinfing what I fee] you should send . "Remainder items on Ai:;enda unimportant . Have your rnessaee about Bi ll . Will let you lmow later about sending him by air to Narles • 11 * * * * CAPPI, I'J'AI.Y--FEBRUARY 13 , 1946--rreneral Clark left Ca!='ri by crash boat at 1000 hours f or Sorrento -;bere he stayed at the Victoria Hotel. The Gene,.,('.} took a Jonr walk and after dinner retired early . 1 * * * . * NAPLES , I'.i'Al.,Y--F'EBRUARY l/4 , 1946--Cren,:,raJ Clarl: 7 eft Sorrento at 0910 and arrived at Naples at ] 100 hours . Colonel Coblentz , Commander of PBS met the . General at the dock and escorted him to the Universi t~r of Naples , from which the Gene:~a1 had previ ously received an honorary degree . The Genera] taJ ked to the Vice President of the University and other members of the faculty . After leavine t:i-1e University the General cal led on the Duchess of D1 Aosta at her home and then drove aJong the waterfront of Naples . General CJ ar:h received the fol10 1·d.11f messace from E . Gaspar Dutra , President of the United States of Erazil : �SECRET ( 11 It was v1ith much satisfaction that I received the conrratulations you sent me on m;v assumption of the :residency of my cocmtry 1 s government . I felt particularly the delicacy of your reca1linr on that occasj_on the feats of arms performed by Brazilian soldiers in conjunction with your valorous .American firhting rrien . Vie f011rht for the highest principles of liberty and human dir:ni ty . I am sure that increasinrly anc' ,vi th r:iore solidarity, as has already been demonstrated throughout a whole century, therr> wi]] b e friendship between the United States of .Ar.1erica and Brazil . 11 * * * * CAPRI , I'i'ALY- - F~RU.f'JIT 15, 1946--Gene; al Clark spent the day on inc and j_n the afternoon took· a lone walk . 1 * C pri rent- * * CAPP I, I'""AIY --FEBRUARY 16, 1946--General Clark spent the day at his villa on Canri with Genera]. Saltzman . * * * Ct'l}JRI , I'"AlY , FEBRUARY 17, 1946--Gen°raJ CJ ark sr-ent the morning at his viJla on Capri and at 1230 hours received Lt . General J . C.H$ Lee , .Admiral Jal"es and Commodore i.:cCandlish and 1 ater entertained them at lunch . General Lee ts party left on .Admiral Jar1es I P T boat for Naples at 1530 and General Clark Spent the rest of the da;r at his villa . General Clark sent the f'ol lowir c; message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . F- 3075: 11 1 . Reurads HAR 96487 and WAR 97056. Subject concerns UNRhA . Concur th::it in interest of economic unity Austria, mmRA should assume full responsibiJ i ty Austria suppl:r at earliest possib 1 e date and that War repartment responsibility for imports should cease as soon as tnmRA pro["ram is effective . AJJ ied Council cannot cive immediate ansv,er on UN-1-LA questions quoted :in your cable but is now studyinv problem . 11 2 . In considerinv assumption hv UNP..=-'A of complete supply responsibilit;r as of 1 April 1946 , th.,, follov,;ing facts must be wei?·hed carefully . a . Prorosed UNRRA pro::ram for Austria is 70 mil 1 ion do1' ars . US exr.,erts here advise 70 million dol' ars is re(luired for fo od i tern al one for 10 months, on basis of ration scale providine 1550 calories for norma1 consumer . 'Ihis l9aves nothinf to apply against all other it.ems . ~jresent estimates of US eX'r)3rts :inclicate minimum requirements other items for 10 months as follows : agricultural rehabilitation 40 million industrial rehabi1itation 70 mi1lion (inc 1 udin17 18 milJ ion for coal and 7 mil ion for POL), medical and sanitation 2 million, and clothin,..., textiles and foot 1·1ear 2 mil1 ion. If industrial re- �habilitation item is rec'l,1ced to overall total of 40 million, these estimates are approximate1v in line with AlJied Council recor11mendations for IDffiPA 150 miJJion program submitted in December 19L5 . Prof1ram therefore seriously insufficient . Unless UNRRA increases its pror-ram or some other acrenc;'," pichJ up when UNnF~\ funds exhausted military 11cust take over then . 'Ihis break in sup 1, responsibi1it:, will cause many difficulties . 11 b. Under tn~!nA conditions as Jaid down to Austrian Government , mr.Jl: does not assume responsibility of distribution as cited in your cab]e 96487, nnra • Jn cons~derine; current mu.LA emerP-enc;v p,..ortra.rn the Austrian Government has ca' 7 Ad upon the Allied Cot:ncil for assistance in providine securitv at ports of discharge , and while supplies are enroute to Austria .. They have also asked for ass:istance in trnnsporting supnlies from rorts of dischare-e to distribution centers in Austria , as we 1 1 as truck tr..,nsports .for locaJ distribution . Al) this assistance is aslred for becm,..se Austria has no security force or motor tr-:msrort to do the job . LI:v troop basis is b0in,.. .c;reetly redliced and it w:U] be JT1ost difficult to provide assistance . \ ·hile UNRRA is sunpl ying a limited number of trucks it will be some time be' fore they are received and made operable . At tho present time a considerabJe number of mi} itar;v trucks is bein,..,. used to assist Austrians in food distri... bution . r.;otor transport situation vmul be eased if authorit:v is granted to turn over militaJ'.'"lr trucks now used in this work to Austrian Government on quantitative receipt as charge against cost of o~cupation , of if they are purchased by tnmRA . 11 c. :oubt exists in my mind as to abilitv of rnmFA to create an op/'-'>rati onal organization with the Austrian Government as of 1 Anril , due fo shorta['"e of exr~rienced lJNFR.."l. and Austrian. personnel . • I 11 d. Food estimete in tnfflii.A proeram is µredicated on reasonable return from 1946 crops in Austria . Such return is r;redicated on receipt of seeds, ferti} iz ers and farm mPchinery in rnm ..A p ogram . Recej nt of these i terns is considered highlv doubtful in sufficient timP. to plant successful crop , t:1ereby resuJting in necessity of increased imports of food . "e. In addition continued pres ence of laree number of Soviet occupational troops ri1akes it doubtful whether full return from indigenous crops can be secured for benefit of Austrian ponulation . 11 3. It is my belief that best re;;;,uJ ts rroula be ob tained b" 5raduaJ turnover as mmw. Sl pplies and services become availab e and the dis+,ribut:ion acencies are deveJ oped. Fur.th"'rm,ore assurance should be riven that once lJlURA assumes fu11 responsibili~y adequate funds will be avaiJab'e to carry the rehrbi- itation , disease and unrest programs to the end of the year and that provision is made by sor:'le a~enc7 -..i th the Al~s trj_an Gov,3rnment to ensure th& t needed supplies after 1 Jrumary 1947 are fo,-.1:,hcominr- . 1 �SECR T "4 . In the J irht of information ga-cl10red thus far in stud;r::..n::- this prob] er1 I feel i + \'/Ould be extreuol •,r difi'icul t for ul' RHA to assume ful - responsibi" it" for svr ly p:rio-r to •.iay 1. Also I be1ievc i t would be inadvisable to m'.:l]~e the complete chanre-over until warm weather arri ves . 11 * * * CAPRI , ITALY--FEBRUf.RY 18, 1946--General Clark and Genera Saltzman left the vi~ l a at 1000 hov.rs and spent the rest of the morn.:nc vmlkinr to .Pna Capri wlLre they had :!_ unch at a ] oca] restaurant . After lunch they r:alked ,back- t o the v illa where the· spent the rest of the day . * * * * CAPRI , ITAT,Y- Fi!!BR.UARY 19. , 1946--CeneraJ Clark left his viJ 1a at 0830 and walked to the dock vrhere he boarded a crash boat to depar t from the I s le cf Capri after having spent a t wo-weeks vacation there . He arrived at rJap]es at 1000 and drove in his cadil-ac to Lor1e arrivinp there at 1 3.30 hours . The General I s cadil a c arrived i n Lome on the General I s train and was driven to Nap] es by the Generq 1 1 s drivers . Lfter J unch Genera 1 Cl ark \d. tb. General Saltzman went for a waJk and returned to the hotel a cut 1700 for a rest . At 1930 hours General Clark entertained CardinaJ Francis J . SpeJ lman and Colonel Bina dachado , C'hief of Staff of the Brazi1 ian 1 rmy , at dinner in his Sl'ite at the Hotel ExC'elsior . After dinner Genera] Clark talked with Colonel ,achado for some time and then after a short vmll: retired ear1y . * * * ,.mIB , I'IALY--FE.'BFlUARY 20 , 1946--General Clarlr took a r1alk in the morninn- and at 1 '300 v,ent to the Grand Hote' where he had lunch with Cardinal Syie man , .:r . Jim Fcrley and Ur . Frank :Jalk~r . Gone:ral ~> 1 tz~an, Genera 1 Sul 7 ivan , Colonel lancan and Colone 1 "cCaffrey accom:~anied the General . At 1030 General C1 ark with Genera Saltzman , General .Sul i· an an, Ca.-, ai:1 1 uther r1ent to the Virinale , the ~:o:-:- - Falace , ,he-re he had a corife,·ence with Lieutenant General of the Rea] m, Cro,rn Prince Umberto . The Genera] tooJ.r a s 1ort shopr inr: tom~ throv::h sor.1e of the streets on his return to the ho+eJ and at 7 800 ["ave a cock'--.ail party in his hote1 suite for the off i c ers of his headquarters who had come to Rone for the Consistory . Genera] Lash ir , Commandinr Gener'11 }'one Area Command , · Colene·· Bina ,1achado , Colone- Tiernan , Chief Chaplain of the E':CO , also at:' end ea . · At 2000 hours General Clark r1as a cuest of General Lee at a dinner held in one of the private dininf' ro oms oi' the Excels i or HotA l. General Anders, CoCT,andinr, Gener-al of Fo 1 ish II Corps , was amon 6 the other _;ues ts • ..1essai:.:e t o the Brazilian r~0rle fron Genera 1 C ark, piven to Cclone1 Fina ..iachado, Chief of E'taff , Brazi1 ian Army : �RE 11 It has been m;v rood fortune this we"k to be in -0me when a sroup of my Brazi 1 ian friends are here, i nc vdj np, Co 1 one 1 Bina ; "achado, nho accom- panied the Brazilian cardinals coming to the Cons is tor:r, anc Gol onel Bra~rne'."' t ~jljtarv Att"lcho. It has rriven me fT at pleosure and satisfaction to see them and to renew my associat:i ons of the Ita ian campai1m and of my visit to Brazil ] as t July . 0 0bservinr at the Consistory the d.istincuished Brazj jrJ.11 carc'lina,s, their stronC' resolute fcatvi--es rPminc8d me of the Brazi 1 inn soldiers who had fotwht so marnif'icently in Ita 1 v 1.mder their Pa' lant "eader General .. 1ascarenhas De '.orais in order that the wor]d mivht be free. I 1vas touched to hear from m;v Brazil :Lan comrades and friends that the;v had made a ri - i:;rimap:e from lLome to the beautiful Brazi' ia.n cer;, ter-y at Pis toia . Her-c. 1 ie the ha 1 lowed dead who unselfishly gave their 1 ives so that future generations of their o,m end other neo::::i1es mirht enjoy the freedoms we hold so dear . 11 I send mv best wishes and admirations to the Brazi]ian neople and their Presidort Dutra ." * * * ROME , I'FALY--February 21, 1946-- General Clark left the Lot..,] Exce'sior at 0845 acco11:panied b Genera' lee , .Ir . Gowan of' thn V?tican Bmhassy, Gen°ral ... aJ t.zrian, .Adrrir1 James and .. lrs . Tittman for 2t. Peter ' s Cathedral to attend the Consistor;7 at which four .American Archbishops were made Cardinals . Gene"al Sullivan and General IIc,.:ahon had r.receded the party to St , }eter 1 s so tho.t the entire i::;rcup was assU1·ed of satisfactory s eating arrangements for the ceremonies . Generel Clark had one of the most exce1l ent seats - to the ri:"ht of .,,'ope ?ius ~ Tl1e ceremonies were ver,r iinrressive and colorful and J asted from 09.30 unto 1230 , General C1 ark returned to tho Excelsior Hotel and ,ioined General iee in his suite for cocktails. After lunch Genera 7 C ark tool; a wal k, returning to his suite at 1600 and took a rest . At 1800 hours I.Ir . Jim Iarley , accompanied by Father Ga,,non, President of l'ordham University, paid a caJl on Gene!'al CJark at the hotel . At 1830 Genera] CJRrk left the hotel with Genera] .Saltzman for General Lasher ' s vi1la to attend a cocktail rarty . Other pues ts at the party vrere Col one Bina Machado , Col cnel Bayn°r , Brazilian :,iilitary Attache in home, Adr:dral Jan.es and I.rs . Tittman . General CJark and part;v left General Lasher ' s home at 1930 and went to Barberini Palace where they attended a dinner "'ivon by P.mbassador Eirk . At 23]5 Genera] CJark arrived back at the hoteJ where he retired for the night . * * * * RO,lE , ITALY-:-FEBRU iY 22, "946--Genera 1 Clark deri 0 rt 0 cl from the hoteJ with General Lee , Genera 7 Saltzman, Colone 1 Paxson , Co} oneJ. Klein and Captain Luthe::r, at 0830 for the airport where he was to take off for Ancona . t the airport Genera: c1 ark bid eooclbye to Gi=meral .Sa] tzman, an o] c friend and companion , "lho j_s returninr tc tho states tocay . Genera- 8a] tzman had been with Genera] Clark for many "!lom:,hs overseas and had been one of his ·cl o'sest associates and friends • At 0915 General Clark t ook off from the Rome air--)ort with General 1 l �T J1ee in his B- 17 and ianded at .Ancona at 1000 where he was met by General .Anders , Gommandin GenPral of the Po" ish II Corps . IrnTiediately upon arTival an Honor Guard. made up of new Polish troops was on hand for the General , after which he proceeded to General Ander 1 s Headquarters 'S'here he had a short conference and then lunch . Immediately after lunch Genera Cl arlr left for the airport whore he r,wiewed an honor guard mede up of crac:k- i'oJ ish Lancer troops . Genera} C'ark departed by B-17 at 1420 enroute to Vienna , landinf at Tul1n Airport at 1645 . He immedia1:.e-1 y went to his villa wherc.:s he srent the r 0 mainder of the day . * * * VIENUA--F3BhUAB.Y 23, J9/:6--Gene~a1 Clarlc arrived at his offfoe at 0945 and irnrnediatel:v c onferred with l-..r . Erhardt on is' ues which had come ur during his absence , and later ta:ked ,ith Genera] Ts.te . Gene,..al H01-:ard saw General Cl nrk at 1000 with Genera 'l.'a:'-,e on the inteJ" irrence setuo and abot1t Gene··al Cl ark I s ~ e ·sona] safet, • At 1025 Gene.,..al ,.oran saw Gener&] C1 ark and was fo11owed bv CoJonel Stephons, head of' the Disrilaced Persons Livisjon . Genc,..al ':!. te c-onf9rr9d wi.th Genera7 Clark aeain at J.055 and at J 100 Genera] C7 ark rec~ived Generai Viin_,_erton , ie"'ut1 - Co: nanoin Genera} of the British Forces, with ·hom he conferred unti] J.1) 5 . Ehort1~, thereafter CoJonel Burrill, newJv appointed D,:,n11t7 C'hief of S+,af-", tal 1 ed 'Ii th General C1 ark unon the st1bj9ct of brincr:i..i:,r famiJ ies over . .H.e i:,-ave GeneTal C7 ark a ro:'."'ort on tre recent develoDment on t,hi2 s11bject . Gene ~a1 Clork left his office at 1 230 for hir viJla wher0; he sr•ent the rest of the dny. In the even:inr he attendA<l a hussian narty at the Hofburf Pa1 ace in co:amemorat:5 on of the 28th anniirersary of the R1Jssian Army Day. He returnec1. to his villa at 2300 and retired . 1 1 1 * * VIEtIT~A--F::OPUAT.Y 24, -9L6--G9neral Cl ark s::,ent the r:iorninu walking and at 1300 received the fo) lon ~ n · Jn9mbers of the iillr·J.o- American Co:m.7i +tee for J uncheon at his ,,jJlA : :.ir. Jose h 1-Iti+chirson, Sir John 2::. Sin~Jeton , .ilr . J . :,lc!'ona1d , Mr . Croirnman, .1r . Buxton , Lord I.iorrison, Sir l . I efuett, i.ir. CruJn, 1 r • .• Ihi 71 ins, f;r. Aydelotte, ..:aj or lanninri-ham-Buller . Th9 P1.Jes ts - eft at 1500 hours, after which General CJ ar~ rested for a f'.hort timA . /tt J 700 Gen,.,.rc 1 c- ar.· :eft his vi 11 a and v:alked to thA Bristo} HotPl where he attended a cocktail pa.,..ty r•iven bv ~mbassador and ,,.rs. Patterson who a'"e on t eir 1.-:a-1r to L,he States from Bel c-rrtde . Gene1:al CJ ark returned to his villa whe,.e he sr)ent the rest of the evenim:t. * * * * VI8.JNA--l .i.IBhU.Af.Y 25, 191,6--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and irn• medi,:itp,~, t.::llked with Genera] 'I'ate on the agenda for the AlJied Covncil meetinf. later he talked with Colonel Eatman on the subject of alJotm•=mts and at 1000 discussed certain noints of the ae;enda with t.r. ~rherdt . At 1030 with G9nera~ Tate and. r . Erhardt, GenernJ C7 ark left his office for the Allied Com1cil neetine, returm nf to 'his headmarters at 1600 . He inunediatel;v held a press conference, givinP- the war correspondents an "off the record" reriort of the A" J.ied Council ·,neetinr:. '.ihe followinP- corresrondents attended th;j confer- �1 ence: Hendrie Burns, Inforrnotion Services ~ranch ; John Coburn , Associated Iress; 1; . · • Fon.or , Chicaro Sun; Gera:d lrank, Jewi;=3h 'ieJe.crarh Acency; Sevmour Friedin , :i.~e':V York rie.raJ d 'l'ribune; 1,uth Gruber , l'Jew York i ost; Lynn Heinzerling , Associated i>ress; Jose:rh Israels , DJS anc; 'lhis v:eek; John ... acCormac , New York Times ; T/3 Arthur 1;oyes , Stars and Stripes; John PhiJ''irs , Li~e; Harold Queen , united Press; r,;ichae1 Stern , I av1cett ru· J icaticns; John H. Thompson, Chica o 'l ribtme; :rederick Yeiser, Info-rmation Services B...·anch; 'I'his was the largest press conference held. to date . General CJark left his office at ";700 and snent the rest of the evening at his vi] la . In the eveninp he pla~"ed bridee with Col . .1cCaf:t'rey and other rues ts . 1 * * * * VIENNA--FEBrUAHY 26 , 1946 - -Gene2·al Clark arrived at his office at 1000 accompanied by Col. Lattimore , an old friend of the family . At 1030 he saw Col. r:cI.e n on a court martiai case , and at 1100 he sa'.7 Liss Eleanor Benetzka . :.Jiss Benetzka act as personal interpreter for Gene, al l e•ds At 1115 J'Jr . Llike }odor anc Mr • .'.acCormac conferred v:ith General Clark on their recent trip to theBEllk-ns . General Cla.rlr saw General Tate and l.ir. :Grhardt at 1135 and called Lt . Col. .c,ar et in for a con.:'erence . rrhe hussian GoverllJ11ent has de1'1anded from the Austrian ~·overnnen t a 1 arP'e number of schi:l · in["S . In order to s to') this demand , Col. i:arget pointed out the fact that if the Austria'.'1 Governr-iPnt m9t the demands of the Ru: sians he would also demand payment of schi} 1 ini.,.S owed to the United States bv the Austrian Government, which had been passed to them for conversion . General Clarl is sending a }et-:..er to vh~ncei lor Fi[l'l iYJ. which he is fo rc eful~y poinUng out this fact . At 1215 Generel C1 ark saw General '.late and left shortly th9reafter to -r;1a 1 . to M.s villa . In the eveninr General CJ erk had guests for dinner and poker . Gene1·al Cl 9rk sent the fo lovline messa("e to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Reference No . P- 3605 : For the past several neeks we have attempted to mal:e rro_o-ress in the Al }ied Covncil in the c'levelopment of Austria aJ on:°' economic Jines . 'l·hese efforts have been blocked b:, the veto power of the Soviet element . 'lhe most important efforts made include : 11 "2 • Clarification of German assets . 11]2 . Breakinr dovm demarcation lines to enable the free exchanp-e 0£' [Oods without gt1.ara;1tee the. t Soviets will utilize for ovm benefit . ".£ • Reduction of troops in order to relieve A stria of excessive occupation costs . 11 g. · esuJrirtion inf 1 ustria of inter- state traffic on the J.anube with th'J v · 3v1 of allo to ri:-turn to normal su,]~l" sources o 1- �11 No pro"'ress whatever has been nade on any of these matLers since the Allied (ounci1 was estab ished • .t!jach t1ne P-,ese ,..l9S-1 i ons, as well as others which vita 7 l" efl'ect the future of Austria, are raised th0 So rie+:. element 11ses ever" rne:•ns to block nroP- ss . IIIt is clearlv evident to me that Soviet policy is to prevent the establish1;1ent o.f 'u11 'ria as an econc.,ic enti t;,r wi th01 t str0n7 +,ies to Soviet teI· i tory or Soviet contro] led ar as. ·hile the Governments of the three ·,Jes tern pm1ers are atte'11.;-tin,... to reach arreenent on the vita] question of German assets , the . . oviets are removing marw ir1 1;ortant plants, resources and other economic assets from their zone . In other cas"ls, s1·cl:1 as the Zis tersdorf Oil fie] ds and the ranube Shipriw· Co:Tan;v , the,.r are taking ov0r control in srch a way that Austria must rel"lain dependent 11i-;on Soviet infJuence for years to come . 'hole pl an:ts essen 1·ial to the existence of Aus' ,ria hEave been strj Dl)ed of ,1achi, ery . O·i.hers have een nut to rmr, so] ely on production of items most reeded by the Red Jlrmy ~ ~here are indicfltions t,b'lt ·;,he Led A.rm~, is using scl1i. 1in; s obt~ined to ..-,ay troops to mAet r•a;vroJ ls o.f' civilian personnel o-;-eratinr such plants . ,~lso it is rerorted (not verL'ied) that hed troops are l1Sinr pay derived from schil= ings to purchase proyierty . 11 '.Lhe Sov:5.nts have acqi.:ired control of th3 Danube iu Hungary and .humania by their recent aereanentsv,ith these countries lAading to the es tab- ishment of joint shirpinr inte.rests . 'ihe fact that they recentl:v took over the properties of the DDSG in their Zone of .Aus t,ria , except funds deposited in Vienna banks and the · boats and docking facilities in I inz and +assau, indicate their intention to extend this control of t he Danube to inc2ude 1ustria . It is pointed out that the Soviets control north bank of the river betvreen Enns and ?assau, and have full control of tho river in 'ustria fror.i Enns to the Hunparian border . ':'hey can effe c tively bloc~ the Liver at Enns , which ther have done , and we have no r 1ay of blockinf the river between Enns and Fassau . This gives them nor1:i.naJ. control of the ..;anube from Pass au through Austria , Hungclry and F:unani a to its mouth in the B 1 ac: Sea . •11 All efforto to Cate to br:i.np a" out sett] ement of traffic on the -anube have been blocked by the Poviets . I am convinced that no prorress can be made en this sub,ject as this waterway is too vital to the econonic ife of the Danubian coun.:.riP-s 11 Sever.::-.1 attempts have been made to see - fulJ. relaxation of the der~-:rcation barriers betv10en Zon s . 'l'he SoviGts have cone-istently taken the position th~t the removal of de 1 ·,-crcation barriers is a mat ,er not v:i thin thA com·"'etence o-' the .AJ1ied Council. Their ::Cone is blocked so r,f' ·ectivel~; that i:t is almost irmosnib]e to · earn tihnt activies are takin,. place th'1rein . 'lhe SoviBt e' ement is most relt'c,,art to r-rant ras$eS for A11ied personnel , inc udin,· corros::--ondents , to visit an;r nlace in uhe Zone, or to I as.s through the L>One .. �11 'J.h9 ,'"ovie '-' elemeni:, has ref1.:.sed t o discuss reduction of troops . 'I'he :estern A1 lies are fast reducing troop.strengths in theirrespective zones . Accordinf to the best inte~ li,~ence information the 1,ed rnw in Lm,tria tota s a::,proxima-ceJ,r 130 , 000 . I;Ty troop strength now is 32 , 000 and by 1 i.pril will be 12,000 . Each time the question of redvction of troons arises 1',onev justifi the nresence of fied. /l.r!ll,· forces becm'se of the slowness of de- nazification b" the Avstrian Governmrmt and existence of 'o-1~-3ntiR r-1iJj tar~' and r ra-niJ i tar;r or 0 anizations in Austria, boti1 of which reqvire carei'u~ observation by i:;hc Sosriei:; element. 'lhe r,~suJ t of a 1 l this is thc>,t th8 Red Armv is remaining strone in tust,ria and the '/estern A• 7 ies ar'°' da~.l" growinf ,,,ealrer through redeployinent and r,=,d11ction of streno-th . furthermore, the denands made by the -rea Army 1.,pon the Al1strian Government for Schil ing to nay troops each month is r-re::.ter 'o;,r more than one- fourth the combined total oi' the three Festern AJ, ied . I or example , in Janu2r:,r the Soviets obtained 2/:3 , 000 SchiJ 1 inrs as arraiN::t 55 , 000,000 obtained bv each of the three 1'leste·,n A" 1 ied. 'lhis riJ aces a serious drain ll:;,on the economy of the countr? and ,·ives rise to inflation . 7 0 7 11 \s a ft1rth"'r indicaU on that the 0 ovi ets intAnd to maintain substantial forces :in J,ustria, the Red .Armv has ;iust placed a de"121'1( uron the Aus ...,r:i an 9.ov3 n:'1°nt for apnroximatel y 60,000 acres of farm land :in Lorn"' 'l1rtria for 11se bt the Red A..-r1ny to raise vege tabJ es and other carden prodl1 ce to feed their troons . Our ex'E>rts estinate that this acrA'1f!e is sufficient to feed 60 , 000 to 100 , 000 people for one year at 15 50 calories . 1 ·i tharavml of this 1 and fro1:1 "ns+rian econom.r will indirectlv m~an that tTIWk.A will be feed:i.1117 the Red ,Army becaPse of the necessit~r for f'reater food i'Ilports to meet Austrian deficiency due to loss of this• farm land . trBecavse of the strenctl, of th8 Soviet position in .fi,ustria j t is daily becomin::r more e:u dent t:i'"'t th ~ustrian govPrnment recop:nizes +,he inabi] it,, of t .e .est,3rn A.lliPs to cone effectivelv wit this ~...,ositjon . ':'ithin ·che "ast tno weeks the Aust'.l"ian Governm8nt has adopted th,~ strate['Y of submittinr: a counter oro::,osa 7 to each dermnd made by the Soviet element~ This indicates c:i early that the .Avs+rian Government feels it must get alonr someho,· 1 with the Soviets, am~ .1..h" + i,t is too much to expect the tJ es tern J\J l ies to cope with thG s tronP' Soviet nosition, other than to voice a protest to der. ands made which are in confJict ,Jith announced policies of' the resnective ·'estern rov0rnments. Prominent Austr:i ans ih Vienna r0n1 ize t.hey are s1.,1'rounded by So 1 riPt- held terri torv and there is little hone of e c onomic liberation under such a situation . 0 1 "At the moaent it appears to the averer-e Austrian that the best the \', es tern Al- ies can do is to sup-~ly food and otho.r es t.ential sup:'.)lies to keep down disease and unrest; tha t the presence of western a-, ied troops servr- 0 rhainlv as a hope that some so] ution to Lhe future of Aus.';ria ma,, devel or , al thou.uh that ho:ie ri -wes no imr.edi te encou:r·ar-enent . 1 11 '.J.·here is incr.,asinr' inc1 ication that our ")r0ss corresnondents arA becominr imrressed with th!=> ho!1lessness of the position of the .es tern Al1 ies and are b erinnj ncr to recornize that the \ 1este:rn J\. i s are, ca·"r?:in_a on a n:rograr h"re , wh.ich in tlw face of Soviet po] icy can onlv r;::,sul t in ,raj_ns for th'3 fovi1;t r.over:"",..,~nt with no P-rent benefit to the ,Govern.m.ents of the Western A11 i9s . Soon<>r or i a ter the ,...,ress wi] J berin to raise doubts in the minds of th8 n°ople of our count,r;r ref•ardin <t the J Pclr of benr-:'.'5.ts if we pursue the t:rpe occm ational 7 · 0 1 �role ,. e have assrnned. '1;hj s rvestion wi - r-~ow in ir•nortancr-i rrhen, and if, TlW' A t J·es ov·"r .s1r,pl Y res' onsibil i tJ' , since R"'l Y'OXima te y 7?S~ of UI:JP" .A :vnds arn deri•red fron the United States. :}-ij_l,-, J rncornize the r9s~,om;jbjljty of the Fnjted States tonard At s t riA, I an of i.he onjnion :,hat 1 ittle can be aceonplishecl toriard dischar 0 in""' +.h,..,t r·,srons:Lhji it'" untiJ th'3 r-ov.,,--nments of the four nowers adopt a r,niform po1ic·r in car:r;vinrt out the avowed intentions. i:"r 1 y satisfactor,· settlement o-r• the nuestion of German af'se ..,s rri] l do r1uch to aid in thP resto.cs.tion of Jl.ustria as an incependent, denocratic state anc.- to brinr rr>al econor.iic hopP to -i-h0 coun ~1""lr. 'l'he · es tern JJ.- ies are at I re ent bJ ocked b;,r the So-_riet veto pov:er :tn the •• 1 lied Counci arw the·· can onJ y r-i v0 lip-service to the Austrian Gove1--nment on an? ro7 ic~r "v1hich tl1 e Sovi':lts choose to adopt end 'lhich is contrary ·\o the !'0 1 icv of the .:este:rn li0s. This does not serve to accomn1ish our mis~ion no"' d 8S it increqse thA ··,resti.=e of the 'western 'llies . 'I'hc econonic .aain:::- being made b,· thP Sovi 0 ts can result on] y in eventt1.o.l roli tic al stranr·ulation if Soviet ro 1 icy is aJ.lo·.ved to continue . n 111 1 Genera] CJ nrl: sent the follo;·Ji'1r "etter to 1 :arsha1 l\.onev: "Col"lr.e.nder- in-Chief of the Sovi"'t Forces of Ocru1,ation in Austria :;arshal of the Soviet Union Iv&n' S . Lonev . r.:;}' dear ,:arshn] Eonev: This is :1.n _.e..,l;cT to your 1 etter of 22 J annar:r J 946 rep·arcUn -, the twe1 ve alleged Soviet cj_tizenG arrested at Sa] z.huro in Sem ember ] 9/ 5. TJron reoues+, fror.i the Soviet :.Iission in Salzburc in Se:;:-'1.,e'n er 19/,5, the twelve persons :-ou lj_stecl in :'ovr Jetter wnre e.r··rAhended and r,Jaced in jaiJ . Their. cases Viere investigated in October 1945 by our Counter Intel}i~ence Corrs and aJ so by a s· ecial boa re: of officers a"': ointed to determine citizenship status . As a result o · these investir·ations, it was determined that only four of the twe] ve persons a:l'.'0 8ovi9 t citizens . Kudryavtsev, Alexander Nikolaievich NikolashviJi, Elizaveta 1orfirievna KaJ yap•in, Dl11: +, 1•i tmitrovich r,:ezhevich, Vl adirni:r I[!orovich 1 s. our investiP-ations revealed that th-= ei ght remain:n(} n;,sons viero not coviet. citizens, we advised the .Sovi--t Renatrfotion dission in aJzburg on 23 Oc:ober 1945 that if any of the twelve rersons ap~2'.'ehend-8cl wer., vranted by the Soviet Union for tria 1 for Har Cr1mes, a formal request for the delivery . of each st1ch ne"sons would have to be r:iade, c:ivine- tre ;Jlace and dates of the offenses and a descr:irition of the acts which consti~uted the ',,ar crimes committed . �I. "As no charges for ·,Jar crimes W<;re resented a ·ainst any of the peorle a~ r rehended, the, eir•ht non-S~vi •t citizens were rel eased from jail in December 19/ C.. The fou Soviet citizens i:1ere held in ,jail nendinrr f1rther di::ectjves from ou.,,. Government on th"-"! n,,,stj_on of forcibl re1)atriotion , as none of ".:.he four ex~r .ssed wi} J j_nC'!less to return to the Soviet Union. U:-on receipt of your letter of 2< January 1946, a crrr,ful reviev, of all tweJ ve cases ·.vere ordered made b, a snecial boar d of officers . After careful reconside:ration of these cases, based on interviews e.nd a restudv of the evidence available, it has been concl·uded that onJy the four .,..,0rsons mentioned above are Sovi<et citizens, and the reMaininr eicht listed in your letter of 22 Janue.ry o.1·e not Soviet citizens . 11 "In the absence of any charges that the non- Soviet citizi:ms had commi tt0d ".lar Crimes, it s ar· "rent th'"l.t tl ey are not subject to forceful repatriation under an7 'lrovision of directives from our Government . 0 uo::: the four rema~.ninp persons 't'Iho aclmoi.1J ed,:.e Soviet citizonshi , one, a woman , Nickolashvili, Elizaveta, was not cantured in a Gernan uniform: was not a member of the Sovfot Armed Forces at an·• time ; and the ·e is no evidence to indicate t\'. t she vo 1 1.mtarilv gave aid and assist-'1nce to the emimy. Ls she expresses tniwil" inrness to return to the S01riet Union , she does not fal 1 \'li thin any of t,he renatri'lhl e cate ories of v1hich I advised you in m:r Jetter of 5 Janua:r:~ 91,6 . Under existinG dj_rectives, t½.erefore, she is no'- sthject to forcible reratriation . 11 'l'he r9:naininr- three Soviet citizens Kudryavtsev, AJexander Ka yap-in, Dmitri Iezh F ich, Vladimir by thei,~ cYwn admission were members of' Vl assov 1 s . F'rAe :=-:i s : ian Arn:· and , 'here• fore , fall within the cate.o-ory of thosP Soviet· citizens who ma:r be forcib y rer;atriated to the Sovic:;t Union . 'Ih se three ··ersons ni] l be del ivcred to your rer:~esen atives at Enns or Urfahr at an:v t.ime yov desire . I trt.1st that you will rromrtly advise rio of your uishes as to th. ·lace of de]iver:v of these three persons . 0 Since e1y, _JARJ. .', • CI.A..'8.K General , ~ - S. A. Commanding * * * .* �\ c·1 arl: arrived at his oi' foe at 1000 and irrn.e6ia.te v conferred ,dt½ Geno-r.qJ 'J.[:'i=; an'- ct 1030 11it h Mr . "rho.rdt . Sgt . Lixon ,7ho had been recentl" acqPitted in a court n:,.rtia 1 case for havinrr shot a. ,..1-ssian of'fjce:r saw Gene~1." c-.-.rJ.- '1t ]OL:'- , and nas foJ10-10d by Gene:::·al Foward at 1100 . General Co]] ins ~iho had arrived fo,.. a da;v 1 s insr,ection of the 2L:2nr1 Infantry talked with tho General for a short f.ime and at J 120 Jack 'lhom-nson of 1~h0 Cl1ica,·o ribtme ne 1"] ,- arrjved in 7j enna inte 1 •vj ened t 10 Gen°,..al in order to obtain some of the Gene-"a] 1 s views en various current iss'IY'S •• VIEb.TA--PEBlJ'AHY 27 , 1946--GeneraJ Gene a Cl "rl~ J e.ft his offic e at '230 to p-o to Gene"a1 McCre ery 1 s vi] la where ho had uncheon wi tb Gener:--7 ,foCreer7 and Lad,r licCreery , and Iajor and ,,rs . ,;arr . f;ajor ·:rarr is Aide- de- camp to Genera] .:cCreer J...fter luncheon GAne 'a] C""rk and Gen"'ro l llicCreer;r conferred on severa] cllrrent issued . The General r9turned to his · office at 1500 . 11'.fter conferr-·nr sho::'.'t ~' rr::i.th I,Ir . ::rhard t and General Tate , Gene:r·a] CJ ark left his headq1·arters for his vi] la · ;here he spent the rest o: the day . 0 ' General Clark sent the foJ lo·:lin Referr->nce 3627: • messa.c-e to Genera.l ;7ci'larney, CG , USFET , .rn. np1ans arc completed to accoll1f.loda.e families o:f' mi,itary an'i civilian personnel this headquarters so thr-t the~r ma? be rPceived here in April . Instructions for miJitary personneJ h·ve been r<:Jceived and ap1')lications are be 1 nc forvmrded . l]P}ET reports no worri from .,1'1r LepartT.ent with reference to trans portation of dep:mdents of civi" ian p9rsonnel. 11 Am-roximatelv 35 a0.ministrative and professiona] civi 1 ian nersonnel this heado1.1 arters , Jarre majorit;1: of them nssi"iled to key positions in military cove,..:n..-1ent , have r9quested that tbeir fal'l'lilies be a lowed overseas trans ro.,..tation rith the der,endents mi~itary p rsonnel. 'i.he' state th-t commitments were m~de.beforA ~e-viw• t1e United St:.ates triat their famiJies cou]d folJow them in six months or when the families of mi' j-caryr i::- rsonnel crme ove,·. If fa:niJ ies of civi' ian pe?."so nel of this hgarlcnia.,.ters a"e not 1,1,mnitted to come ov;.,r with oth,,,rs , it wo, ld af,' c si:;riot slv th<>ir mora . . e nnd man? wo1 lrl recuest immedfo te ~i:;J ease to return to the Unj ted States . Accordinr-1 ;r it is rc➔ commended that thAse famiJ ies be :'Armi tted to proceed to llustria at abo11t the same time as f ard J ies of n1i 1 i tary p9rs onnel . Fami 7 ies of civil inns emr1oyed by our AJ lies and those of L . S . State Lep,Ttment officials are a lready here . 0 0 1 IIT r(')'e eer 1 y n1h1ication of' rPf" l atior:.s concerninr• the ove,..s 0 as t 1 ·a11s.r-or l,El 1,j on of fa!'li] i~s of rl:i vi] ian pe,..sonnel. liITrrlP f'1ci i ties are avai' ab] e in ..lh?strin, anr' I am r-,ady to receive them in April alon~ uith thP famiJies of mjlitary ,erso:nnc] • tr * I * * * �Vli:i,hA--:ii'EB>UAf.Y 28, lgLG-- Genec'a1 C ark arrived at hiP of-foe at 0QJ0 ann immedi[ tA l ;! saw Gen0ral : nave 7y , Jenera 1 Lewis and Col . Lloyd . General Sm. vel:r, accorr.1;anied bv the oth2_ two officers, was plannin,· i.o f1;v to the States.in Gene·r•al Clark ' s B-17. Hov,ever, USIE~· did not dear the rlane so they wi11 be unable to r ake the f1irrht . '1.hP three of\'icers desired General G}ark "~o interv,.:me ,.,jth -c-c:}.r.!.:'l' in their behaJf . IIo :eve-r, t.his uas im-ros,~:lble due to new re.r1.11ations and Gener:17 Clnr.. · secured ai:c tro.ve for Genera] 1 ewis and Colone Lloyd back to th" States . 1 At 1000 hours the Gr:mero. conferred with Genera) ra+;.9 anJ then Gen°ral Mc ahon nho vras accom'aniPc' by alone .. il',-,r, d Colone} _:..,rtin for a dis cus.:,ion on ,·,91,sonnel prob} ems . l'he G ,ne -·a] left his of 'ice at 1200 and went to his vil a with Lt . Cl·=irl and Lt. Zisenhor:er where he hc.d lunch . It . C1 _rk had arrived ear] y this mo ·ning on t.he lozart to srend a fe, days i ith his father.in Jienna . 1 1 At 1630 horrs Genera] Clark returned to his of.f'ice where he cc.,nf9rred with Gene.,,.,Pl c Aron on num0rour citatioi1s which , ere ready for a"")proval. .it,h GenA1\3.l '... .,J:e and Lt. Cl "rl uhe General left his of.~ice at 815 for the Hofburg Palace -to attend the rAce· tion sponsored by .,rs . Fi1( t o raise funds for the care of Austrian chi,, ren . GenereJ Clark c'onated. 1,000 to this ft:nd . After t11e r~ce7 tjon General Clark , acconpanied bv Gene:3 and T,ad~' cCreer~r nent t o the Pristol h. orn for th"' floor s11c ·, ant J ater had a mid ni rht sr.ack served in the General ' s s1.1Fe . General Clark returned to his villa at 2400 ho11rs . * * VIENl,:..---.\RCH 1 , 19L6--·General C ark arrived at his office at 100( . At J.010 he saw ( ol. · ,ic11 on his rn.rsonal heaJ th . General c1 arl_.;: then conferred with General Tate and at l0L0 consu1 ted Genera} :c.. ,ahon and Col. ~ axson on the severe shortc.ge of personnel in the hec.dqi_"arters . :.:r . Joe Israels , war corTesr.ondent , interviewed General Clark at 1100 hours. At 1230 General Ha con of the 83rd Division and Co] . Crabill, Chief of Staff, talked wi th th8 General. The 83rd Divis ion will be l eaving f or the States next week . General C1 ark rresented Genera] i,lacon with the first Cor~",ondation Ri bbon to be },resented in Austria . Innediately after the · resent tion General Lacon and Col. Crabil: had lunch in the Cor.r.tindinl· General's Mess ·.Jith General Clark . Shortly after ll nch General Clark went to hie villa v:here he spent the rest of the day . In the evenini: he had Genera" and Lad:,v :cCreery , ..Ia,.ior and :rs . ,:arr , Col. . Yarborouch and Col. C. C. Smith at his vil J a for dinner rnr1 a ·novie "Be 1 1 s of St . ;ary • " 1 * * * �' ..... Ed· '1. ' · , ~!IENLA--:.If,ECH 2 , 1946- - GeneraJ CJ ark ar r ived ,at his ofi.'ice at 094~- and immecliately conferred with Generr.;l 'l'ate . At 1000 he ta1ked ~vith i.lr . Erhardt on the sreecl1 "!hich 8ecrPtary of State Byrnes had made in the States , in ·w hich he set forth a new anc r.mch sterner foi•eien pol ic,r towards th,q ~:uss~Lns . 'J'hjs corifirms Gen'3rAl c-:u·k 1 s actions ,'1J,< ideas on this sub·ect . At 1135 . Col . T azar and Ir . Carrol , head o.1.' the motion pie 1:,ures in th3 . .]uro-r ean The atre , ta ked nith General Cl 0.r:_ ref&rdir1r, thP possibi i tv of a 7 O''li!1£ civiJ inns to attenc1 the movies . At 1200 General c: ark tal keel aoain ;j th Jr • .!irhardt and at ]2.30 Gene r al !c iahon ·)resented r,r • .la)sh , nrofessor at Georpetorm Universjtv , anc" now com1ected with the Hv ->nberp. trials . Gener· l (' ,'-'rl' had unch with Lt . Cl"rl· at his vill a and after }t1nch mlked for an h01T . In the even~n~· he had r1;e:sts for dinner and brfrJ,-e . Gen Aral CJ r:rk sent th0 fo1J o vinP' messa,,.e recardi·1r the c:ri tic al personnel shortare in USFA, to General . cl•,rney , ref"!r0nce Ho . P- 3887: 11 1. .\1 .,hourrh I am certain that ~,rou a-re a-t.lD''G o · critical ~ersonnel short2ges deveio:ring in my coMrnand as result of redeplo:vment , I wish t o ar-ain hrin"' to your attenti on the seri011s nature of the situation r esu· ting f rom the current nersonnel attribution . 11 2 . Acc9rdinrt tc best estimates of our staffs vJOrkinv jointly on the pro Jen th9 1 oss of! 9000 i;ersonnel in I obru.?T'Y and 11000 in Iiarch 11i th tentative a l· otment of only 2000 renJ acemonts bv "md of 1arch "ril' redt'ce strenr· t h lTni ted Sta "·es ~ C-'"ces A1Js t,ria inc} ud:h"' Vienna Gar:"ison to below 15000 ers ons aFainrt Cl'rrent CY.::'B of 29000 , :inc t·c"i.w· 42, c Infantrv 1Jjyj_sion . ,1e rrj_l 7 th1_1s be short n r3onnel eouaJ .1 i, strenrth o.·" Infantrv I.iivision on c'LrrenT, 0'::'P . In effect rede~,Joyrient rithout comn-.n:catin"' rerJ acements is forcini:· my command to its J Ju])' OTB leve1 on ·, Arril . It is estimated thn+ the stren,,th o-r this, command '.'1il be further reduced by 5000 between 1 ApriJ and J. Ju] ;;r , resulting in an actual strenrth in ustri'l on 1 Jul: 7 of less than 10000, 1-nless arlc1iti onal replac ements ar e re c eived . " 3. Present. DEF and DP comitments , which are not bejnf r educ ed to keep pace wi th troon s trenc:th reductions , ma:· mal,e it imnossible .,,or mP to accoP1nl ish m;:r mission in Austrja with such reduced forces on 1 Anril. 1,ith3r (a) svbstantia1 nt t'lbP.,..,s of 1;E:Fs anrl DPs rmst be removed fror1 my ,iurisdiction befo.,,·o ] Anril or (b ) ther- must arrive in 1m2+r-i_a before 1 A ril. 1 01, o:r Medium 1ojnt r.corq re~7 ace,1ents suffj cient to nrovide strenrth of ?0000 . B,· progrPSPive red1..;ctions thereafter we 'Vi11 arrive at finaJ OTB by- J JuJ? . 0:f snedaJ need by 1 Anril is the s-=:, ~rate InfantT'lr i'e.("imont be•:w• assir,ned 011 7 July O'.I'B to replace 42nd Infantry Division , 1,7hich I 1 1nd0rstm:d r,e v1i] · lose b:r Jun.., . 1 0 11 4 . 'lhe food situation in .Austria, as pl sewh..-re in ':,he : r:lrl d , is deterioratinf" so rapidly thc1t the c i viJ ian rat:i on ir1 th° Ci tv of v:Ii.enna mav b e 1 o,.,ered to approx i m:1 tely 1000 calo:des ,i thin one week . 'l'his mo.:v result :in d:isorders 7hich :0 1d requir"' mc:re than the nv,r•=:re troop res01 rces available tone if the -rresent serious redeplo;vment attrition contjnues . 1 1 1 1 �SE 5. Austria is situ,:>. i:.ed astride a main na tura1 ro te from Po] .'"lnd and other ·astern Buropean coum~ries to .. estern Europe . dith the a..,rroach of PA.rly .Spriw and its r0s11 J tant better travel conditions th0r8 ma;:r be a J a r ge unre;-uJ ated influx of refurees , inc] udin,r.i Jewish anr1 'volksr'l.eutsch personnel . 11 6 . If relief reru-::isted in p11ra'"'raph three above canno+ be riven, pJ eflse advise me ir1rnedi "tely in order th•it I ma~r acm'nint the join-! ChiP.fs o:'.:' Btaff with the s·~riousness of the obstacles uhich ma:' m.~"'vent me from carryi n.c- out the mission which they have assipned to me . 11 11 * * * VI:8Ni-.A- - 1 1A.PCH 3 , 1946- - General CL rk s r;ent the da:7 at his villa , ta_ in a J onr rmJk ~n the morn:'.ng . He had "vnch with Lt . Clark and in the eveninr had auests for dinner and poker o General Clark received the following reply to his message to the War Department ' (P-3605); Joint Chief of Staff, War Department, Washington: "Reference P-3605. ment for consideration. of difficulties you face fundamental problems, of ' * Problems raised have been passed to State DepartYou will be informed of the results. Serious nature recognized here and efforts are going forward to solve which matters you mention form an essential part." * * * VIENNA--MARCH 4, 1946--General Clark remained at his villa during the day and worked at his office there. He had General Tate for lunch and discussed several current issues, including the food problems, and in the evening had General McMahon for dinner. * * * * VIENNA--MARCH 5, 1946--Genera1 Cl ark arrived at his office at 0930. At 0950 he saw General McMahon who introduced Col. Garrison. At 1020 General Tate tal ked to General Clark and at 1045 the Gene r al saw Col. Grogan~ -Col. Smith, Headquarters Commandant, was called in for a conference at 1110 and later in the morning General Cl ark conferred. with Mr. Erhardt. The General had lunch at 1300 hours in the Commanding General's mess with General Sullivan, Col. Langan, and other members of his staff. At 1400 Gener al Clark saw Col. Stephens, Head of D. P. Branch and later saw Gen. Howard. At 1455 General Cl ark began a long discussion of this subject with General McMahon, Col. Grogan; Col. Martin and Col. Klein. The General left his off ice at 1630 and walked. to his vill a where he spent the remainder of the day. ( f �I' ) Gener al Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No. P-4001: 11 0urad P- 3988 send 4 M arch to US Military Mission Moscow, AGWAR and USFET replies to WARX 98920: 11 In this connection and for your information am quoting below letter I received from Marshal Konev and my reply thereto. "Letter from Konev dated 1 March: "Dear General, "~t the trial of the case of Technical Sergeant of the .American Army, Shirley Bell Dixon, it was proved beyond a reason of a doubt that Dixon purposely kill ed the Soviet officer, Captain Klementiev and wounded Senior Lieutenant of the Red Army Salnikov. 11 As was admitted by the American prosecutor on this case, Major Sessions, Dixon's acts constitute a crime as prescribed accordingly in the 92nd and 93rd articles of War of the iAmerican Arrrry . ttNotwithstanding the complete proof of the commitance by Dixon's serious crimes, which were directed toward an officer of an Allied Army, the court martial of the American Occupational Forces under the chairmanship of Colonel Tainley (Stanley) Grogan ' brought out a verdict of not guilty for the slayer. 11 The acquittal of the named murderer, whose guilt was proven beyong a reason of a doubt, cannot be construed in any way other than an unfriendly act towards the Red Army. "Thl.s unf'.air verdict created a sad impression to all the soldiers and officers of the Soviet armed forces in Austria, as well as on wide social circles in t he Soviet Union. "What more this verdict has created dissatisfaction in view of the fact that you personally, oral ly and in writing, mor e than once assured me that Dixon will be severely and justly punished . "I am obliged to register a strong protest against the above verdict and to insist that this decision be revoked and the case reopened under a newly composed court. "I hope that the American Command does not agree with this unquestionabl e erroneous and unjustifi ed verdict and that the command of the "4.merican occupational forces will take all necessary measures to eliminate misinterpretation of the law by the judicial division of the American Occupational Forces and to reestablish justice that has been violated by the court." ts/ Koniev Marshal of the Soviet Union I �"My reply dated 4 March: 11 Dear Marshal Konev: "I have your letter of 1 March concerning the trial of Sergeant Shirley B. Dixon of my command. I am astounded at the view you take of this case. It . is clear from your letter that you are not familiar with all the facts brought _ out at the trial, and that you have not been ful l y informed concerning the system of @ilitary justice prescribed by the laws of the United States. "Before touching upon the case, however, I must correct the impression you apparently entertain that I assured you that Sergeant Dixon would be severely and justly punished. I most emphatically deny making such a statement, and must advise you that such a commitment by any commander in our _forces prior to trial of an accused would be most undignified. Punishment can be inflicted. onl y by due process of law which, in this case, required conviction and sentence by court-martial. Had Sergeant Dixon been convicted, just punishment would have been inflicted as required by law. "Under our system of military law the court is sworn to reach a verdict of guil ty or not guil ty based on the evidence presented to it. It observes the demeanor of the witnesses who are themselves under oath and subject to cross~ examination. It judges the credibility of the respective witnesses and carefully weighs the evidence for and against the accused. In this case, all members of the court were carefully selected from experienced officers of unques tioned integrity, and I hwe no basis for doubting their honesty, sincerity, or conscientious performance of duty. Your own official observers at the trial, headed by Colonel Yudenkov, stated near the end of the trial that they were impressed with the tmbiased and impartial manner in which all the facts had been presented to the court and commented that they thought the officers comprising the court were of high calibre and conscientious in the performance of their duty. I must . add that :under the .Articles of War governing the Armed Forces of the United States, no commander has the power to nullify an acquittal of an accused and cause a re• trial where the trial has been conducted in accordance with law. Therefore, the verdict of the court will stand. The court record in this case will be carefully studied for any technical flaws, in accordance with our usual procedure . "I am convinced from your letter, and from the reports in your press, that much of your difficulty in accepting the verdict of the court as fair and based on the evidence is due to the fact that your Tass representatives did not correctly report that evidence. They did not mention the fact, clearly ,established in the evidence by American witnesses and by Senior Lieutenant Zharkov, that Ca ptain lelementiev drew a pistol on Sergeant Dixon; they accuse :American witnesses as sayi Sergeant Dixon started a quarrel and did not make it clear that Dixon was performing his duty to keep tmauthorized personnel off the !American train and was resisted. in the performance of that duty by Captain Klementiev. They did not report that Captain Klementiev boarded the train a second time after being once ejected; they quote Lieutenant Zharkov as saying Dixon rudely pushed the Soviet officers out of the car, which is not according to t he testimony of tieutenant �( Lieutenant Zharkov given at the trial under oath; they place great importance up:>n the speech of the Trial Judge Advocate at the concl usion of the case in summing up the evidence favorabl e to the prosecution, as was his duty. It is unfortunate that you, the Soviet Army and Soviet people do not base your concl usions on the evidence which the court was sworn to consider, rather than on the distorted views of newspaper reporters. I alil more reliably informed and have no hesitancy :in accepting the obvious concl usion of the court that Dixon fired in the reasonable exercise of the right of self-defense at a time when he had every reason to expect further violence from one who had only a few seconds before threatened him with a deadly weapon. "I sincerely regret that this incident has occurred but I do not feel that the acquittal of Dixon constitutes an "u.nfriendly act towards the Red .Army. 11 The unfortunate incident was provoked by the unauthorized act of the Soviet personnel in boarding the train and the threatening act of Captain Klementiev. The Court decided Dixon acted in accordance with his duties in ejecting them from the train and no law or duty required him to forfeit the right of selfdefense •. "As I have stated to you on many occasions I am most eager that relations between oux respective forces be of the highest order, and I assure you that I shall do everything in my power, as in the past, to see that this standard is maintained. I am certain you share tlids same view. ;, Sincerely, ( /s/ * * Mark w. Clark General , U. S.A. Cornmanding11 * * VIENNA-~MARCH 6, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and after having walked from his villa with General Tate. He :immediately conferred with Mr. Erhardt. At 1030 he saw Gen. McChrystal, head of ISB, on the sugject of UNRRA publ i~ity and at 1100 held a promotion ceremony at which time he al so ·presented Col. Joseph Burrill with the Oak Leaf Cluster to the Legion of Merit, and also promoted his aide,Lt. Traugott, to Captain. Tweighty-etght promotions and decorations were made in all. At 1130 General Clark saw Dr. Pernter and Mrs. Kauders who thanked the General in person for his generouB contribution of $1,000 for the weJ.fa~-e of the Austrian children. At 1140 General Clark held a surprise conference at which t ime he decorated the following officers: Col. Leo Langan, Col. George H. Mccaffrey, Colonel Deutsch, Colonel James Rundell; Col. Frederick Stephens, Lt. Col. L. H. Landau, Lt. Colonel Arthur Marget • 1 . \ r � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, January 8 - March 5, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from January 8 - March 5, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1672 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/37a1303385e3556292bc3fa82986ef2f.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=fgbEgt6mwE%7EvOi8q2Ddu2AJ1jpSbQeoKhHU8oiOZpAUTUUMJvcwQpZx9V6ioXJbx2-hSRk%7ErJI9RmVwxAPNCHkKEO1hvx6IqSgN9YGxM8H3AwyurKVJuAWx6aGBVXWuNmOYE9tbIs6UtLHS7Vy%7EAEjT-5FqPbWZzDY46g%7EI19J3fOTBWM8m43aq5MalolMI94FVJbcy4AoIdpGKlTy9otBJx5g%7EasOw8FJIOU3s0Q8HSngyll1hvggLxdaxNgR%7E9DYKtOhuU05e6CGTl1tDIbQTU%7EMCxyVc-TKtAeHGFK290zRQv1r3wNLFKEgFXxE-ljCKDZwoZurBn1YKvohCrCw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f99025ecc4c2db2e85769376d0070685 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM General Clark sent the following birthday message to Lt. General Geoffrey Keyes, Commanding General of the Seventh .Army, Reference No . P-4546: ttJ extend my heartiest congratulations to you today on your birthday . You can view the year just finished with pride and satisfaction in your accomplishments, and in the achievements of II Corps whose gallant efforts WfFe of indi spensible aid in our great victory over the enemy in the Mediterranean last May . I send my best wishes . for your continued health and good fortune, and for the welfare of all members of y01.. r command. 11 * * * * VIENNA--OCTOBSR 31, 1945--General Clark arrived in his office at 0930 accomp:1.nied by Lt . William Clark . General Clark immediately conferred with General Tate who was followed by General Brann and General Gruenther. At 1400 hours General Bethouart visited General Clark. At 1430 hours General Clark called Col. McJLean to his office to discuss a serious court Martial case . Comdr . Musmanno conferred with General Clark for a few minutes in regard to a biography which he is writing about General Clark, and received the General's approval to print several pictures of him in his book. General Clark left his Headquarters at 1500 hours for his villa where he rested until 1600 hours at which time the General gave a cocktail r,:arty at the Bristol Hotel for General Gruenther who is leaving Headquarters . The General left the Bristol Hotel at 1830 hours for his villa where he had dinner with several members of his staff, and later played poker with his guests . General Clark sent the following cable to General Hull, War Department , Reference No . P-4733: 11 I left with you on 13 October radio from Gruenther which I received in Washington regarding request from General Bethouart for issue of certain comrx:,nents American ration to French troops in Vienna . Hope you will have favorable word soon as situation is becoming a little embarassing.11 The\ following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Clark in regard to the Allied Council meeting, October 30, Reference No . P-4 752: �1. Little was accomplished in Allied Council meeting 30 October lthough Koniev 1 s personal r9lations continued to be friendly I had definite impression that he was operating_under instructions from !toscow to be tough with 7Iestern lie,s. 11 u2 . Yle made no progress toward settlement of the two most important items on agenda, namely Reservation of Governmental powers to Allied Council and Currency Conversion for Austria n3 . Soviet resolution which was basis for discussion of reservation of powers was as follows· (1) Foreign Aff irs and Diplomatic representation, except in the case of countries who are members of the Allied Council . (2) Demarcation and alteration of frontiers and lines of demarcation . ( 3) Disp];.eced per.sons and repatriation (4) Measures for _demilitarisation on land, water and air ( 5) Regulation of all questions relating to the property of f r eigners . (6) Tr_ade and financial relations with foreign countries , except those countries which are members of the Allied Council. 11 4. Cons.i erable discussion took place in connection with points one and six. My ,r:osition was that those proposals struck at basic policy of control of Austria by the Allied Council since it would permit unilateral action on foreign affairs, trade and financial relations . I stated further that our governments established Allied Council as machinery to contr ol Au.stria and U S . Govermnent expects to do business through the Allied Council British and French supported this position . u5 . everal amendments were proposed to make points one and six a.c ceptable includj ng elimination of words rrexcept those countries which are members of Allied Council u but Koniev would not accept a_ny modification . It was agreed to report disagreement to our respective governments . Points 2 , 4 , 4 , and five were agreeable to all but it was decided to suspend communication of any reservations to Austrian Provisional Government until points one and six are settled . I consider that controversial points are important to Allied Council Control in nustria and I shall not give in to Soviet point of view unless instructed b? you to do so . �n6 . ~y message PV'- 4685 gives Soviet ttitude in Council meeting concerning currency conversion In my opinion we are going to lose the battle because the Soviets can stall long enough until their proposal will be the only logical one . From standpoint of logic we have defeated them ·at every turn and their attempts to answer our arguments are indeed feeble . However, they always end up by stubbornly insisting that their proposal is the only correct one . I introduced the proposal for a tripartite conversion for the purpose of throwing consternation into Soviet ranks and it gave them quite a jolt . However I h2ve no hope that it will have any real effect in forcing a change in their position . n * * * * VIEN:t-:JA - NOVJ.i~LBEH 1, 1945- General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 accompanied by Lt . Clark . rt 0930 he presented Hr . MacElligott , Warra.nt Of fie er , the Legion of h1erit . h'ir . Ilac.r!illigott had been with the General ever since the days in 2ngland and is now leaving the Headquarters for the States for discharge . Commander IJ1usmanno conferred with the General on the book which he is to write o.nd the pictures to be used With General Gruenther, General Clark departed from the Cub strip by L-5 at 1200 hours to fly to Horsching airfield at Linz Here .at 1300 hours he met General Eisenhower who was accompanied by General Raymond Moses The four Generals then rode to General Clark' s lodge, Dietlgut, in Hinterstoder Valley where they were to spend a few days hunting They arrived at the lodge at 1500 and spent the rest of the afternoon and evening playing cards . General Clark sent the following message to Lt . General Geoffrey Keyes, Connnanding General of the Seventh nrmy , Reference No . P 4800: Many thanks for your thoughtful message on my promotion. I realize it was made possible by the great help and great help and cooperation of commanders like you, and fightfag units like II Corps I send you my best wishes ., tt 0 * * VIE:Nr A Nor lBER 2, 1945- General Clark accompa·n ied by General Eisenhower General Gru,~nther and General Moses left the hunting lodge at 0830 and spent the entire morning hunting in Hinterstoder Valley . General Eis enho wer shot a c hamois, thereby becoming the chief jaeger of Hinterstoder Valley. The party returned to the lodge at 1300 hours and spent the rest of the day playing c ards and talking . * * * �VIENN - NOV11:'1BER 3·, 194-5-- Genere.l Clark accompanied by General Eisenhov:er , General Gruenther, and General lV:oses left the 1 odge on a hunting trip at 0845 and returned 8.t lJ00 . No game was shot during the morning. After lunch the party spent the afternoon talking , visiting and playing cerds . * * VIE.r: NJ - NOVEllBE 4, 1945 - General Clark accompanied by General Eisenhcwer , General Gruenther and General loses left the lodge at 0900 and drove to . Horsching airfield at Linz where General Eisenhower departed in his C- 47 at 1100 . General Gruenther accompanied General isenhower to Fr-=nkfurt , beginning h;is return trip to the States . This was the parting of two old friends , after having spent three years of continuous service together . General Clark r eturned to the lodge by L- 5 arriving at 1130 and went hunti.ng in the afterno on with Lieutenant Clark returning to the lodge at 1900 . This time the General shot his first chamois • • t 1500 in the afternoon General Saltzman , Gi:meral Tate and Colonel Grogan arrived a.t the hunting lodge to epend a few days hunting . In the even:i..ne the party played cards and retired early . * VI JN! - NOVEUlB.t.f-:. 5, 1945- General Clark accompG.nied by General Tate a.nd General Caltzman with Col onel Grogr n left the lodge at 0800 in two sep.Jrate hu.nting parties . 1'hey spent the entire day hunting, returning to the lodge at 1700 .. Both Genff·•al Clr.;;.rk and General Tate shot a chamois but neither G@.neral Saltzman nor Colonel Grogan had any luck The party again spent the evening playing cards . * * * * VIE1'1:fl--NO\l civ1BER 6, 1945 - General Clark, General Tate , General Saltzm n and Colonel Grogan dep3.rted from the lodge cub strip at 0910 and arrived at the Vienna. cub strip at 1025 . Generfal Clark rnnt imr.edit.. tel.,r to his of:"ice where he took care of accumul2ted. co!'respondence . Later he conferred with Gener 1 B.rarm und General Tate and in the aft ernoon he saw Colonel Lazar In the evening he had dinner vdth Lt . Clark at his villa rn.t..--HOVEIHBI~ 7, 1945--Gener--l Clark arrived at the office at 0915 a.c companied by Lt . Clark . At 1000 he presented Colonel Negroni c.nd Captain 'alvioio , of the Italian lriilitary Mission with the Bronze Star hledal At 1030 Genera l Clark was interviewed by Desmond Tighe , Reut9rs , British Corresi:ondent , who desired to obtain muter ia l for an article on Gsncral Cl· rk as the most successful General in .. ustria , sholving how a fighter became a dip~oat. 1 t 1100 General Clark was intervi~wed by ' Jillia.m E . T .ylor of the Stars and Ctripes . Doctor ~ch'.':artz, Chairman of the· Joint Distribution Committee ( Je·iish) for surope , had a conference with General Cbrk at 1130 on the subject of Jewish Displaced ?er sons General Clark left his office after having VI.c �lunch, returning to his villa . . t 1615 he left the villa for Hofburg Palace to attend ltarshal Koniev s reception in honor of the 28th Anniversary of the Red Revolution General Clark returned to his v illa at 2300 . General Clark sent the following message to General Eisenhower Reference No . P 5201 Today on the third a0niversary of our North frican invasion I off e ~ ·my congratulations and sincere best vdshes and those of my assoc iates here at USFA to you , the leader of that great enterprise . All Americans, especially those of us who made the landings under your inspiring leadership, will always recall vlith pride and satisfaction that first vital step in our carrying the war to the enemy . Ve shall ever be indebted to your guidance which insur9d the success of that operation , and which led us to the finaly victory last May . u 0 NA- NOV '.IBE!R 8, 1945- -General Clark arrived at his office accompanied by Lt Clark.at 1000 . He immediately saw General Brann and also Colonel Grogan on publications ., He next saw General Tate vrho was followed by Iv1r VI Christenberry who arr.ived from Frankfurt last evening . 11r . Christenberry is on a $pecial mission to Austria for the purpose of organizing winter sports resorts and rest centers .. General Clark later conferred vJith Genera.1 Brann and General Sulli:v. n and at 1230 left the office accompanied by General Sullivan, ir . Christenberry and Lieutenant Clark to have lunch at his villa . Later in the afternoon he hiked with Lt . Clark and- in the evening had dinner in his s1-;ite at the Hotel Bristol He returned to his villa at 2200 hours and retired . General Clark received the following message from General "'isenhower , Reference No '- 30795 :. "Th· nk you very much for your telegram sent me on the anniversary of our North Jifrican invasion . That was the first battle test for the llied Command and marked the begirming of a development in llied cooperation that attained an unparalled success resulting primarily from the selflessness and devotion to duty of all members of the team . I remember that arudous night of 3 years ago that you and and our associates spent in the Gibr altar tunnels , and the great erllaration the following morning when it vms definitely proved that the Allies were upon the march and that the beginning of the beginning of the end was there I shall always owe you personally a great debt of' gratitude for the wonderful support and assistc nee you rendered me during that period. n · * * * �VIENN --NOV ~:~B R 9 , 1945--General Ch,rk arrived at his off foe in Headquarters at 0900 . He immediately saw Gener~l S(. ltzrnan who was follov,ed at 0930 by ColonP.1 Joe Starnes who is making tour of Europe to get an over - all pict1.1re of the economic sitwtion He t lked with General Clark concerning the outlook in ustria ~t 1000 Gene·--9.l Cl'Jrk snw Colonel Mo.rget concerning the monetary conversion problem and s:iortly thereafter talked v.rith Lt . ,col. Halloran , 1i:PC , represent.r-i_tive from SHAa\ , Colonel Hallor--n {1esired information from General Clark concerning the advisability of keeping the · JACS as a permanent pa.rt of the army , making th em reserves , or fully disbandine them . General Clark has always been well pleased with the WACS . At 1100 hours General Clark attended a decoration and promotion ceremony of the officers at USFA which was held in front of the Headquarters building .. A comrany from t.he 4?nd Dhrision made up the Honor Guard . Among those decorated was General Flory , Head of US,,,CA , who was awc:...rded the Legion of Merit by General Clark Imrnedi~.tely 3_fter the ceremony 1hr Erhardt , rolitice.l advisor, conferred wi.th Gene-rs.1 Clark and at 1230 General McCreery , Commander-in-Chief of the Bri-Lish troops arrived with Mr . r.·ack, British politicRl advisor for a conference . At 1/4.00 they had luncheon in the Command1-ng General ' s mess in Headqt.arters , and shortly after General Mccreery and Hr . Mack left for British Headq_uarters . 0 I ( At 1500 Mr . Joseph Zielich presented General Clark with a statu ette of George 1 'ashington which is a replica of the statue v1hich ustr:i.a presented to the Jnited Sta.tes in 1932 in commemor'1tion of the two hundr edthbirthda:T of the first President of the United States ., General Clark left his lier d quarters and 1rialked to his villa at 1550 hours and in th.e evening im.-j_ted Count Larisch and his two sons, a.nd daughter- in- law to his villa for dinner . * * * 7IErn.TA NOVEiiiBER 10, 1945 Gen9r 1 Clark arrived at his offic e at 0830 and immediately conferred witb Gen8Y'Bl Rrann anr~ Mr . Erhe.rdt on the forthcoming Allied Council I':eetjng. All the topics on the agenda for the me9ting wer9 discussed . Colonel MBrget was called in for the conference when the problem of monetary c>orivers:ion was discvssed . Gen~ral Hov1a.rd saw Gc~n8ral Clark at 1000 and at 1045 Gener"'l ClHrk left his Headc1'Larters with General Brann to '-' ttend th9 "llied Council keeting :vhich bsted until 1545 . Immediately after the meetj_ng Gener:- 1 Clark returned to his Fet1dqParters wh1?,re he held a press conference and shortly thercqfter General Clad: l,gft his Headquarters for • his villa . In the e1 r1::mine- at 1845 hours Gener&l Clark gave a bvff et supper nd a n1L::ten in" on the A•rmy ...·Notre-Dame game, for forty - eight members of his Headquarters . The score of the game was M5-0, rmy, Colonel Sarnot:ce ,nd Colonel OstlPr splittin1s th9 pot . 1 0 ¥ General Chrk µent the follo"Ting message to General George S. lati.on, tTr., Commarn·1ing Genera] of th~ 15th ;~rmy . ( �9l Today on your birthday I offer you my he 1.rtiest congro.tul:::ttions , and those of my l \..FA associ tes .. Your brillic..nt armored thrusts spearhe dingmanr of our •urope-n attacks , nd your superlative record es one of the out standing b ttle leaders of this v,zr r , shv.11 '?Ver be renembered in American )ilitary History J1"c y this armiversary be a mo::t enjoyable one for you . I send best wishes for your continued health and happiness in the years ahe,n.d . n 11 0 * VIEH TA--NOVl:'.d'.BER 11 , 1945 -Gener' 1 Clark left hL villa at 0700 hours to go to Sal ,burg . After driving to Linz he took a .. 25 from Horschine airfield which was piloted by Lt . Colonel Eartjn , Base Commnnder , c.nd landed at Salz burg, at 10/15 hours . The Gen8-c.l was met by General Harry Collins , Cor:rrnander of the 42nd Di v:i sion anc 1---.ter dcC'orated him with th9 Silver Stqr and the Distinguished Service iTedal. Later in the day Gene,--al CJ..~rk drove to Im1sr ck where he was received by Generr-1 ethouart who vJill be the General I s host for the next fevv days Gen-3ral ei, rk ;:1.nd General Bethouart had · planned a s. tort hunting trip . General Clerk sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ,'ITa shir gton, D .. C. (Report to the Secretary of State) , J.eference No . P- 5538: ( 01 . J' llied Counc_· 1 me <1t ing held 10 November . General relations good . vi dent Russio.ns O!"}err:t5 ng under !.:oscow orders on currency conYersion and resorv'3.tion of governmental powers . On b .sis of conversation tods.y with Koniev I fee more hopeful of satisfactory agreement on ci.::rrency conversion . Koniev expressed hope I was not serious abot1t conversion by zones . I assured him I vms unless he vmuld be reasomhle . Koniev will report 0 1..r conversion to his governrnent and hopes for fa.voroble instructions by middle of next week . Koniev e:xr,ressed personal agreBment in general \7ith follovr:i.ng principles insisted upon by U,j , ritish and French elements and accepted by Austrians ., a. Conversfon of Reichcm~_rk enrl _.i.ff Schilling notes a bove 5 schillings into l\.ustrian national schillings to be[:in 10 Dec ember . b ! llocation o f 2500 million schillings for civilian needs at outset of comrersion, to be supplemented by proi:ortion o· cur~·· ent note pro ductfon in weeks irnmedi tely folloriing until totc.l of 3300 million schilJ :tngs for ci.vilirm needs is r9ached .. c . r::ili-!::a.ry needs to be taken from baln.nce of estimrited stock of L:500 million schillin~s expected to be available in December of allocation among four :r;owers to be on rei13onabl9 ha.sis d . If 4000 million not then available, allocation for civilian needs 1vill not be reduced below initial 2500 mil lion consj_dered minimum necessr.ry for ,.uPtriR.n eco nomy . �e In deciding an amount and 11ature of blockin3 necessary , we should take a.dvice of 1-tu:=:trian~ and in any case inc]ude a clatse gi ring .P Uf' · rians discretj o:n. in rel e!J si nr; strj ngency of blocking me(. surcs . rt2 . On question of governmental po,·rers reserved by Allied Council ea.ch member stated he had consulted his government and stj_ll ma.int-:i.ined the position he had t,.k9n at 30 October rrt8'=tj ns, rAported in my P4 752, i e Koniev insisted on points one and six a.s they st nd in para 2 tb~rein, other pov1ers would not accept either of them with exception clauses there in "3 . s1,.ed l~oniev wheth r I ,Aras to unrlerst nd he wanted 1.milat r-al a ction on im}X)rtant things like trade and financial rel- tions with which .utl.C agreement ch rges Allied Council He ::lrgued his formulr:... did not do this s·7~n-=, Co tncil had recognized EennAr Government def--icto f nd r '2R had don,:) so dejure-. I pointed out this me~mt recogni 17 ing supreme · authority in Renn -,r Government rather than in Cou.ncL . He merely ref erred to 20 October letter to Renner . 11 4 I 0 In discussion of proctic, 1 effects of vnilateral versus joint actj_on be digresse to Potsdam greement "by v1hich Soviet Governmsmt was g:jven ri ht to all Germon ~ssets in ...,astern .Austrian , saying thu.t any differences abcut its me, . ning .ere for set-i-lemgnt between Governments and not by Allied Council . "5 . I pointed out I wa discl ssing methods not substc.nce end uggested Political Advisors withdraw to try to record proposal.. ihen they were unable to agree I sugf·ested we may have be'3n mist::i.lrnn in ➔.,rying to list specifi c powers to be reserved and that we had perhaps better drop the attempt and try a new eppro"ch based UiJOn fact · 11ied Councj_l i., supreme authority and specific reservations therefore unnecessary . 'Ihis threw constern-:. tion into So~rir➔t gro1 p which then egan pre·ssing for immediate adoption of thAir first five t:oints leaving sixth to later consi · eratj on . tt6 . e decided to let politic· 1 advisors reconsider whol1:; .__ uestion for specfal r.1eeting of Council on Frj_day next . u7. Before adjotming I announ ed thqt my Government vdll designate Erh .rot as !X)litical rBpresent.o.tive to the Atistrian Government 3.nd receive a political repret1entati ve of it in Jashington . IvlcOre,:,ry made similar statement ': bo -1 l' 1 ack . rnfortvrntely Koniev seized this opportunlty to say our action paralleled theirµ an< t.h re rrJus, therefcre , no longer any reason not. to @"J.~ee with their formula for repr 0 eentation . I stressed t:e~t this Wt?.S in no \'1ay to circumvent Council , that Erhardt would continue t o sit beside me as my !X)litical hdv:i sor anf th- , Austro rrArican aff irs would continue to e h;:1ndle . throu h the Council as err.:>tofore . 0 11 8 . In addition Allied Council approved : (1) one hundred nineteen decrees of Renner Government found nobjectionable by all powers and five �93 decrees with cert2in amendments (2) Disposal of war material ccor ding to Berl:tn agreement (3) adripartite censorship of civilian communications in Vienna (4) Acceptance of military missions from Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia under Article 12 1 C agreement ( 5) sking respective Governments to make representa.tions to Yugoslovin, Hungr~ry :md Czechoslovakia concerning expelling Germans into /.usttia. and l tter to German Control Counc_l on repatriation Reichsdeutsche and disposal of Sud et.ens and other Volksdeutsche n 0 * VIEI:iTA NOVt~ rn R 12 1945 General Clark was away from Headquarters and the guest of General Bethouart in Innsbruck * VI 1_ 1NA- NOV~,1BER 13 1945 of General Bethouart . * * * * General Clark visiting in Innsbruck as guest * * * VIENN1 - NOVE:EBER 14, 1945 General Clark arrived in Salzburg at 1100 hours and h d lunch with General Collins, leaving for Vienna shortly thereafter . He arrived by car at his villa in Vienna at 1930 hours and hnd dinner . The General retired after dinner . * * * VIENNA N0Vrnv1BER 15 , 1945 General [lark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and imrriediately saw General Brann . At UOO he was inter11iewed by John Dos Passes , writer for Life Magazine , who is on his way to the trials in Frankfurt . Colonel Grogan accompanied Mr . Pas sos . At 1130 hours Liiss Jane Kemon , granddaughter of Mrs . Kimb9.ll resident of the Kennedy 1Narren Apartments in Washington, D saw the General She is now working in the Air Division , l SFA . Shortly thereafter John La.risch , son of Count Lnrisch, talked with General Clark for a short time General Clark had lunch at · 1300 hours follo 1 dng which he saw Colonel Hieb , Medical officer . At 2015 Lt . Colonel Charles ;i . Thayer , who has acted as the General ' s Russian interpreter, was presented with the Legion of Merit, after which General Bethouart conferred with General Clark in his office . Upon General Bethou.art 1 s deplrture, General Clark dictated letters for Mrs M. W. Clark and Miss Ann Clark. After conferr:ing with Mr . :ili-hardt , General Clark walked to his villa with General McMahon . In the evening he had dinner with friends at the Bristol Hotel c., 1 General Clsrk sent the following congratulatory message to The Hon . John J . McCloy , Asst . Secretary of Vvar, Reference No P- 5816: �.( "Congratul tions upon your splendid perform,ince of duty an~ effective support of our fifhtfog armies in the rreat3st war in history . Your tire less energy, dynamic force , great intelligence and backg;round of combat service :in ;orld ~"Jar I were of immense aid to the men who did the fighting in Italy and throughout the world . May you after a vrell e~1rned rest resume your activity in our nntion 1 s interest . My officers and men bid you Godspeed and good luck n General Clark wa:=.: unable to ttend the openj ng session of the Intern, tional Military Tribunal in Nur nberg, and sent the follovling message to the Hon . Robert H Jackson , U .s . Chief of Counsel , Nu.rnberg, Germany , Reference No . P- 5813: ''I regret that a meeting of the 1'.llied Council schedvled for Tuesday November 20 in Vienna , prevents my accepting your invitation to attend the openjnf sessi n of the Internc.tionr-ll j..Iilitary Tribunal in Nurnberg . I apprecir:>te your thoughtfulness i.n inviting 1r,e a.nd in making billeting arrangements for my stRy there had I been able to attend . I send my sincere best wishes , and those of my ssociPter; Rt SFA, for your success in brino-ing to full ~nd speedy ,justj ce all those guilty of war crimes in Germany . rt * VIENl - NCV · tBER 16 , 1945- General Chrk arrived at his office at 0900 hours where he sp,ke shortly with Colonel Nygo. d . The Gener-~l then talked with General Salt zman General Brann and Colonel Tu~arget conferred with General Clark on the forthcoming Allied Council meeting . r~r . Erhardt ~lso joined the conf9rence which lasted until 1030 hours . General Clark left immediately for his off ice in the Inter- Allied Col'T'miss:..on and at 1100 hours attefided the Allied Council meeting which lasted until 1800 hours that evening . _ Currenc~r convers:i.on was the. main topic for disc1::ssion , and a favorable decision was rendered . General Cle_rl: had nress conference :3t 1815 hours and after entcrtaininf the press in the . Commandj ng Qeneral ' s Iv1ess left for his villa and retired . General Clar}· received the following message from USFEr , signed by General Patton "Prior to his depirture from the Theater, Gen9rc=-.l ~isenhovl/er directed t,r,~t the following messag~ be read to all memberG o: your comrn~nd: u 1 On Novewber the 22nd , Americans all over the vorld will together celebrate Thanskgi,dng Day ., This year more than any for m::my years :past we h nve truA ca.use for full gr, t ·tude; this y ar has brouf)it the r" entry of neace and freedom j_nto the civilized worlc. Let us, therefore , offer our· earnest Hnd h Rrtfelt thanks for the great vfotory th D.t has been given us , and for the right we now hold to continue o T l•=1bor-s towards last· ng world peace .. 0 �0ur work is not yet finishcde .ve must no➔ allow ou::·sel ves on this de y, in turning our tho -e;hts to t.he µ1st, to fail to give serious thought to the . uturc . e have assided in the rebirth of a free world; we must now ss:i.st in its bnsic education that it may evolve into one forerer free . Our weaf.X)ns in this ne'"l to.sk must be ourselves --- our gviding example and .ttitudee, an our earing in he mjdst of others . 11 n:,!e ar over'"'.~ s -- way from home , helpine: to rule nd form the minds of a misled people, as the representatives of a gre,. + democracy a democracy :,hie 1 '."e rrve dedicated to th8 true est8.blishment of the welfare and dimity f ma 01 enrth . Ot..r former enemy, whose country we or cupy -,ust look to us for guidance and example . The obligations Ne have , 1us imposed ·cror.. ourselves are at once obvious and j_mmenso; we c. n meet them only by remembering our basic rec.sens for f~_ghting th.ls war and comforting ourselves "'Ccordjngly .. 1 "l'..e can edvcate only as we 101.d . In ·.heir past blindness these people have len+ themseb0s Jo the purposes of tyrar.inical dict~torship; it is only through ed· cation ovm· ' long period that le can uilrl . n + hem the enlighte:oen spirit ..,hich will f' itself breed futur .:. :::eacc . to rr::iGt , -:here.fore , exc t ov.r f:3Very ef!'ort +o se-: -:lvyays an example of fairness · nd correctness, e.nd of firmness tempered with justice not only in our dealing with those we now go-·ern, but in ..,.11 our actions amongst them. 1 'e mus moet th'7 s ch~llenge ·iith tho s~rre st0--1dfrstn0Gs of purpose n_ ich has made it !=OS sj_,J~e for t~~) -tc '., th"'nkful for the e-,; ents of' the rnct ;{t;'.rs . n * ~r:I:r:U~ Jry~:r1~.. Bli 1. 1 7, 191,5 -Gener:-1 '1.r:: ~.:-rived 9.t tis office · t 1000 hours and conferred .rith General Brann and G~neral 'l'ate for qvite sometime. Lr. Christ enberr-y talked vrith General Cl-~rk for c. short time G13ne::-n:t_ lark then conferred with Colonel Porter concerning pl~ns for later in the day ,. fter wr j ch General Cl rk saw Colonel Grogan a_nd Mr. Dem<J.roe 1=>ecs .. Mr . Bess is a war corres);:ondent who had been 11i th the General pre-riously . /.t 1230 Gener!'11 ClP rl~ left his office vd th olonel fort er ..,nd r~t :irned "'.t 2000 hov._rs 1 or a s.ort w~le . General Cl rk sent the fol] O\"ing me"·sace to the Jo:_r:c. C,hiefs of Staff, :--ishington, D C , (R~rort · o Secret ry of State), R. f;:;rence No . -- -5949: 1. lli'3d Council hel ~ extraordin ::'j~ meeting lf rovember, princi:p3.l subject, currency conversion . _greer.ient re·-cted a..fter prolonged discussion on conversion oi' Reichsmarks ape l.llied I1i.litary SchilJj_nzs ir:.to Au ... trian Na ion 1 fch·n..J..ings . 11 • Det .ils of the conversion plan fellow pen9rall~:1 the lines in "'icated in P~ragraph 1 of P 5538, ·vith minor morlifjcctions as follows: (1) ( 2) ( Date of cor..version 13 to 20 Decem,..)or 191..5 . Each ind::_7ic:v 11 to r8ceive in cash no more th n 150 schil l jn ~s in return for Reichsmarks r:nd ~llied Military chil • in ~s turned in . ':'h,, r~,...t will be blocl~ed or re stri.cted ·t-1. rr.ounts to be decided b~r the ·Auctrian authcri- �ties ,. orkinv on " wmeral basis of 6& blocked . . t,strian ~,1thori ti Js _ma._r ,-..,1 x ere en _,n. ze of lo~1dngs as necessary, when nd ~.s .L ur· lier !fationul Schillings are printed . ( 3) b. ~ l'ot es printed subsequent to con'rersion to be al2..ot ed fiveeights fo civilian requirements nnd three-eights for mili tary pur ses until J·ustrian authorities h'-1.ve received 800 million schillings in PPropr .. 'lte denomin'-1.tions ovAr ·:i.nc1 above 2500 million assi:sned for civil:i.[;._n requirementa at beginning of conv'3rs~.on ost serious difi'icuLies in securing agreenent resulted fror.i _ ssi n r f :i.se 1 to permit ccor,limtion by 'llit.;d Council of dem<1nds of indiviclu'll powers for curr'3ncy for milik.ry pt,1rposes . t Council meeting _oniBv refused to ccnsider even inforrr..al consuF•·;tion betv,een Comnr.nders-in Chief before e ch power t:vould mf-lke its demands on /1.ustrian governn'3nt . Later in private confer ence however, I indl,ced him to cons9nt to such onsu1tr. . tion . Result w ~ de cision to llot out of on mil1 ard f5.ve hundred rpillion for conversion of rnili tary hol~ings n.nd one month ' s military expenditure two hundred millions 03.Ch to u.~ , British , an~ ~rench and nine hundred millions to USSR . Similar informal consuli"ations will be held on f'uture allocations amonr four po iverc, . 0 1 n2 . Political P.dYisers having been un· ble to reac'1 ['_greemi:=mt 011 question of reserved powers, the Chairman put before the Council a French compromise proposal I refused t.o accept it ecause it contained same features to which I had objected in Soviet proposal reported in P- 4 752 October 31 ) "3 . .cCreery then proposed following resolution , which w,... s adopted: "Since rticle 14 of the London · ~weement of July 4, 19,~5 provides that the nature and extent of llll:i.ed direction and 3uidance will be considered after the recognition by the four powers of a freely elected Austrian eovernm0nt , the Council decides to Wi:\it the fulfillment of th13 conditions lldd down in th-9 aforesaid Article bafore resuming the discussion of the e;uestion of reserved powers . The ,_llied Council instructs he Executive Committee to Prepare n study of this question now . In addition f rther important questions will r:.rise from the r9cognit.ion by the :'our powers of c drly elected Austrian government . rihe Allied Council instructs the Executive Committee to study c.lso these furthsr major problems. 1 "4. Bethouart announced French Government had decided to accredit his r:o. litical advisor also as political representative to Austrian Government ~md to accept a political representative from latter . He stressed that this in no way affects the authority of the Council . n �VIENNA--Nain:vrnE,. 18, 1945-•General Cle.rk arrived at his office at 1000 and immediately saw General Br nn and General Tate . Genernl Corbin of the C:uarterma.ster General ' s office , 'fa shi.ngt,on, D.. C., conferred with General Clark at 1030 on the use of surplus supplies and the suwly situation in generd . At 1045 Mr . and Mrs McCormick of the New York Times interviev1ed Gen-JrGl Cl:.rk • General Clark theii left his office for Ms villa to spend the rE,mainder of the day . 1 * * TI HNJ ·mv_, P}•.rrl 19 , 19.l5 Ge1"0r 1 at his of ice , t. 0915 ,,nd im'lle~.'ritely s 'l :en·r-1 Howard concerni..1rr .c &ecur:tt.r of _j_s 1 de;e ar;l -.hen conferred ~1ith G .,nsr 1 Brani.'1 r nc Gen9f'..-;i.l T te . Gener;l Cbrk r1ext Gavi I:r . :..r~- r ~ n · hen took cnre cf a.ccunn:l ed corre&1.x,~1dence . 3e .. d h::nc .. wit . . r.~.,. , _ rl1'"'.._"c1t Gen~ cl °Rr[:rn rmi:7 .lenerril ']>;·~ G r-nd rctu :ier~ to hls office where he worked unt il 1/430 hours nnd then left f' or ~-1is vill for t 113 _,_. .y . Gener q_ C'larl,. r 0 r ei ec1 t,._e 0nc~ Jo . ~c- s112, ~ 011 'N • .lg F e::::c:!.ce :'rc.,r: Gcner--..1 J::. a;:-1-~ff,Yor , a,.,f ~r n_h2..,}· :;rou for your kine. messace on my birthday * ( * irf;SR ?O , .. 9L,'3- ,.,,~ri~r ,..J. Clark ar~ivea ~t his off'ce c.t 0900 and pinned Solonel •·s c?.gles on Col . erhrrd Deutsch, Col. J ~rL c Rundell , rol. :..')..1 L .n;r· n --i_nd Col . ~red crick Stephens At 0930 he gr-:nted interviews to a group of r ?-:::Orters ~;ho --re on 3. tour of the :8uropean T e ter • ".t 0<]45 ~-<~mir· l Lo, r-;ry --nd Capt:2..:.n ··:i11te1·b.lr-r , he'"'.a of ·,._l v~l Di vision , tqlked ', 1.th Gener~l C'. •1 rk J...drnirr1 Low,--ry i& the Comr~-:nd:ing ff~_cer cf rbc ~1 av·.. l Divjsion j_n :.,.::'F"_,':' . ..L_.,''"l~Y''"'-1 Clar~~ , 1.ccomp-nied bJ t:r .. ..cobert Ch:risJ;:,enberry , 8:e113ral C1.11J..ir n ·rnr-1 Colonel Sr.ii-th , dep'"'rter1 .., T mc·-:,or :'or the ;•'1.<:: ..,,..11 1 G lodge "t 1 00 hours Gen°---'"' lark r ::. ;-Ad c.t his hunt in,: lc<:.c:e a . . cc.t 100 lwurf:. and spent h9 r -nuinc:er of th8 ~renj nc at is lodge . After dinner he took a walk nd retired early . ~e"'--rnl CI,. rlr recisived ,he follo".!in: message from 'Lhe Eon Ref AI'81'1C e I-To . -,:cL ?1942 • John .IcCloy , ttThank you _01.. cur very warming tolsgr. 11 . Cor;-d_ilg froi:i •: Comr.ci.nder of uc_ d::_stinct,ion ou c2n '· e s ·re I 'v.:.11 .1-re st1re it . 11 21 , 19Lt-5 .eDPra C a~c!r : ccomrnni..,d , y Mr ChristenberTy left -t·he lodge about 0830 and spent e d[{y in,. the h.:_lls lmn ~in,_ chamois~. How f!ver this w s not his luc::,., c1 • n-1 ~ returned t th lor ge ·· out 1730 emptyh0.nded He h d dinner and retired e rly VI ·1 . . . t T ,. 1 �Gener"',l Glnrk sent th3 fo}Jovlin€; message to · ·,10 Joint Chiefs of Staff regard:i.ng th0 critical food si ·uat ion which exists in th~ Russian occupied ( reca of Lower \ustrL , Reference No ., P 6211 ., 1 . Jmdr0as Korb Secretary of State for Fcod in the· l-rovision:11 Aus '., rian rJcnrernrric,nt on 10 November 19L,.5 submi ,ted c; i"ritten report to the /JtJJ.drJ.p.rti·.,e Foo 1 Committee of the .Allied Council outlining the critic•:.l food situation e:xj sting in th~ RtJ::oian Or'.'r>Ffied Lrea of Loner \t ::3tria . The rep:>r· str-tes thrihe estc 1Jliohed ration for the normal consumer in Lower .· ustria is 801 celor:ies per d ..y, nnd that due to non,.. ava-H a bHity of food normal consuri19rs in mo.ny areas actun.lly raceive no more thrin 700 calr;ries per ~-->y; that the RuPsians n.re importing no food into the aret1 .. tLat expected 1 VJ •wa:ne.bili ;;r of indigenous supplies during the conjnr· wint er vril.l cause the situ'>tion to 9'.et worse, and that a major disaster is threatened tinless considerable quantities of food - r c.> imported to lower fmstri • Conditions reported in t.hL., r'3port have been corroborated from other sources. The report re01.1es s the id llied Nations to furnish suffic:i..ent food to LmYer stria to pe:rm··t. m·1.intenance of r 2tion scales comparable to those of Vienna 0 1 0 ( "2. In inf rma.l convr::.rsations with m3m1x~rs of m,.T staff Tfarr Korb recentl r s , ted th t the Russians have never imr,orted food to Lower Austri•. 8nd t. ".:it dur:5.ng th 9 ear:{.y months of their occupa+ion the Russia ns used conslderable qurntities of Lower Austria ts lncU.genous food for subsi ctence of their troops , but in recent months this has been discontinued with respect to wheat ~.nd other major items although the P.us si8.n li.rmy cont..in,: es to consume local milk , vegeta )le and similar foodstu :.'='f's Korb stB.tes th- t serious malnutrition is <;i.lrea~y in evidence , a.eaths h2.ve occurred from malnutrition and that frequent demons rati ns of unrest have occurred in Wienernsustadt due to food conditions . u3 . The Ritssians s.re reslSL2.ng strenuously the placing of Herr Korb ' s rerort before the 11__lU.ed Council efor ,., elections . The--J neither admit nor ... erw the facts stated in Kerb ' s re:i:ort . N+• If conrlitjons do not improve in Lower i\ustrir. it is possible -:hav after the elections +,o be held 25 November the Austrian Crl:lvernment under Russian guid.r;i.nce may attempt to force the other powers to reduce ration scal es in other parts of Austria includj ng Vienna and use food imports so saved to alleviate conditions in Lower Austria; or m y request other rowers to make up deficjts in Lovier Austri a · In my opinion ration scales now in effect in Vienna. and the US ?;ones are tho mirrl.mum necessary to µcevent disease and unrest and I will resist ny efforts to reduce them Fu-rther I do n. t recorrime.nd increas"' ing our imports for use in Lower Austrit. as the feeding of that area is a definite Russian resp:msibility . Recent ir.i.formation reveals that Ru::-,si::.ns are br:ingj.ng c , 1 dition, 1 troops to Austria from Czechoslowkis. vrho in turn will live largely off the land ~ A critic 1 situa tion exists throughout the entire Rur:,sians area of •*ustria ,nd this sitv.Ptj on will be ag 0:r v ted if Rus sians fail to fu .fill th:dr obl_igations to provide food for their area . n 0 -* �l r1.-.r 91 , : m:--½ • , lod 0 c .... t 070 returned · s having shot • He e r_;_1h .nk2gh·i::··~ith Gene:., 1 nc fo'.hon .,. (',, l f, 1 ·, zrr 711 ?;-1'he1.. n C 0n r:-r' an' (;o~_Ol el G:::·ogn.n, Colo nsl E.riith, Colonel Jy d • r: r rry · t ~.is lo~ ~.3 . ~ a·· n11e1 1:: Gener'"' jr y. G ·1'?..... s , -r- 1 'V') '"':~.., .1.. _ -h ~ Qr-,n~-~ 1 Cl rk ::::?'.+ ni ed States Forces , Austri a : ttQn Thank sgiving Days of th e past , our f orefather s offered their 11~ve thanks for the freed.om they h .d found in our Ameri.ca You nd ;just "1dcC: our co ·n'·.rymen j__ -: r':!:J T .... t.:.011 .. · -L-Lt f' · ,,cuo:n , --.~1d in J. L 1.: be .. t,_j_o 1 ~ -1- :.~ o:)rrocse ~ pecp.. C::::' o: ·12~ ror1 ~ . L~ • ... ~m ~h .1~rful tcc'"'y f ,:; n,'11'1nder .. your coc· :itl..cut r:.·rn ·e cou ... d r vevot·on to ce, JOl:J.... LC~ 1.1~.ve v: n spiri-- , ... JOH). .:i-Lb you on t ·us Th·1.:nks,;;i ving r y o 1945 in ·ex···rcs:::. · g he~.rt±.' 1t .t· ·r c:.""'t~ en for · 1e ld.vine '"'tl. ic. _ee -::1hich led ·,1s to -i-.½_,, suceessfv C' m.t-•·... e·jon of th t missjon .:;_q!'e your fer 10nt t!'1rnt -1',.. 1 , 1{ . ..1.h t. a· ''"'. ne gt;i,..~,..,: me "".rl ..,sta ·lish world where '311 o~· all n 4 :.c":s ·:.L. ive tcwet.h ,r in tranquil pro,...perity fore,r .r n :r. . . un...,le c-, J ~ 3 , 19,45- 18:i:1ernl for ,;, , e,:1 · '.: .... '.::",!':. rnmained at his lodge duri'1g t e lk ·_n ·,he !lf'ternoor.. e , p·2;n1· t._1,:; ~a:.,. r ~::::-tir:g * * * iTJ 1A l.0V:" 2R 2L , l 9li5 G--1nar"l Sbr_{ left his 1- ,nt:.inf lodge :::i.t 1000 ours no. trent t' ~· :r _r.. th~ 11·1 s of :inderstod,'.;;;:::-· , =e.LuTn:.ng . out 730 hourc h~v:ng shot four chJ~1ois ch;r::nr;' · ne d . y . �w ,rry ing he ·'rmn_ er a ...aner 1 Clark l&'ft his hun '· jng lod.;;e t .lo .. icnn'"' b. c r e '"'rr:hr~d i1 1 Ti ,r-~~ ,.,t 1.4 5 y ·o --i J_ ;1,re 1e · h~d J ,l"'ch rrj r. C ~r, 4 en 1 al rested or n v. bil n t e evend early . d• •• rr1vec'. !lt his n,., ,11.D ·n re fe,J. o Jr-.c. ' r·r ._ ~rh _ t . J --.. c,_nn .c' -:- _i_'t~ C-::-•--,,_.,_~ ... 1 r".lrir}:, :Zor a short time . Lt ~ Grieorious , Ordnance, Speci l Project officer- , saw the General concerning telescopic s:.:..r;:JtE; for ~1::..G '!'~ ~-,., f:: ~n . . ,r ,. C"rr.~al :f "ie f ~ ~ ~tate D ,t,J...u:·~mant at Chserta · opi~-..d in t say 1&Jl ,.,_t' noon, 1 t t.er short confe .. erce ~irith Gene:r 1 To.ta , General Clark lunch . 0 J Immedi.:,tely after lunch Gen1=rnl fifol;ahon and General Tate conferred v1i h th8 General concernjng rranp-ements for a State De;_--,"3rtment cockt il party to b,3 g:tve:ri at 1800 hours in the evening . At 1430 General Flory s w Generc. l Clark to brief him on the Jewish Displaced . . ersons sitrn.tfon, and was followed at 11+30 hours by five me. mbers of the .Tmvish Committee of America, who a.r"= tourin •·~urope in order to see the condition of tTe!vish Displaced Persons cam s . At 1450 hours Gen9r,r.il Mel hon conferred ·dth QqnerAJ. Cl~rk nd was followed by C lonel rrogan t 1500 After ceeing ~i:mer 1 Tate for a short tim~ , Genera_ Cl ..rrl,. left hio off:.tce at 1530 W'>lk:i.ng wi- h G,:,neral Saltzm n to bis villa At 1800 hours General CJ.qrk guve a cockt.·:Ll party for forty members of the State Department and other m3mb0r s of he, .dq-Darters At 2000 hours the Gen0r,..1 had dinn.;r nith several m".3mbers of his staff ~nd later pl~y'9d ker * * * �l O,i, , ( Gene al Clark sent the following mes ... ge to Genl'.3rn.l of the Army George C flfarshall , 1rrar Dcr,st. ent , efereYJC8 ro . P- 6554: "In bj doing you this fonrl est f rewell on the erminntion of your br1.l i~.nt ten re of office ., I wish I v1°re t 1ere in ·1ash: ngton today to exnress to you the full me"" Sl1re of my personql congratul:1.tions nnd sincere th nks , as we 1 as t ose of 11 ranks h9re ,.,t USF.A Th, world 'vell !mows , , nd shall ever remember , the monument.al task rhich you so magnificen _,ly completed in supervising the victory ·of the l0rgest and e test armies to ever defend li. erty in the history of mankind . Time · shall not dim , nor sh 11 merica forget , the maenit de of your works • . Retirement from official office was never mo-re hiP."hly des9rved than yours I shall alt-';ays c e:rish the opportunH,y and privelege I had to serve under your r:.ble command re all most heartily gree ~ith the $entiments of Fresi• dent Trurr,cn ' s rec en-. statement of vour w rth, r:.nd in n rting we reg-..cetfully ·but prou.dly s lute trThe Greatest Soldj er the orld has ever known . 11 * * * * TI ,., ·A--lJCJ.r,..~•,·q,_R 27 191.5- General Clqrk arrived at his office at 1000 hours and tmmedi tely saw Co onel 1-'orter concernj ng arr ngements for a trip to It.aly in th near future . He next saw Gener-1.l Brann who was fallowed by Colon~J Pesek core ernj ng press cony to be delivered to t 1e Gener al each ·rno 1.!nft at 1050 hours .. Gener'1.l Howard saw Ger1Pral. Clar 1: and at 1120 M:r . lu.cCormac and Ttir . Foe or , rc3porters , inter-vier ed Gener-Jl Clark. Gener'l.1 Tate tf")lked i.v:i.th h~ Gene; .... nJ_ for s~1ort time t, noon nd 1tvas followed b:r Co onel Th :ver who discrs sed the S • 1 fter 1 un ' the General took care of all a c cumula · ed corresponde,nce and at 1430 hours left his of .ic We Udng t o his villa 0 0 , Gene ~,.1 Clark 1ssu8d the follow.1np; statement on Tuesday, the 27th, after the elections h2.d taken place i 1 Vienna: ''The TTnited States and the other Allied Occupation pov.rers have given to Aust ri something that is precious to all free men and vorvm: the right of free '31.ect:: rns , privile~e h~t hltler took a1~1a.y from them . his is one of tl e •. o~_;t important steps in +he . llies program of help~_no- Austria to become a free independent and democratic nation . t " stria ' s futvre is progrecsivel~r be -:i n ~ pl .;;. c ed J_n h~r orm hands . A free elect.ion vipes out another trace of Na.ziism and P-ives to the people Democratic government of :,heir ovm choice tt~:i nee the forces of th~ nj_ted S+ tes and the other Allies ent ,red A .strin , +h0re have been outstqnd~ng evidences of cooperation by 11 hustrians , an tho proP.;rPSS a.lready made to. ·r.ird the restorat:ion of A1-1stria as an indeendent democratic n.-..tion has be3n steady nd enccur ·~ng . n He rdll al * do our part to help Austria and its people . * * *w rt �VIEl'L A- ..: . BI.. ER 28 , 19/45- Ge~eral Cl rk !)rrived t _..is office b.t 0930 and sn~ G ,ner· l 'Ctr"nm . t 09L5 Gener2l Howc..r 1, }r.:iner ,l Tate ?!r:d Colon,. . l Faxon :rtr:.fec +he GAneral on c3.·,.., r reconn" is'1nc,-?. uni-1..s t .t 1000 Gen':~ral ,... eibert of C 2 . . -SFTT'T talked with General Clark on the G 2 se up, '".nc1_ :rns fol.lowed ;r Gen..,!.' .l Flory •;ho discussed t'19 ·~c "'t ~~ly repor' i::hich '· 1e ~ Hitary Comrdssj oner s 1 ;-;1jt,s . Gener .1 Rram1 a ain saw Gen9ral Clark and le.ter I r . r:,u_een ,. nr1 Fr ~; ed0n of the Eer?ld. Tri -iune , '~arc s -rlith our local P.t0 , interv..i e're the Go:ne1-- ... l . l~ ..,_jor ~J rm , lied.ical officer from the 110th StD tion Lospitnl tr~,,..,,ted Ge:ne:.~a1 Clar}- for an infection in his eye o.t 1200 . General Tate , S-e11eral , rnnn ··nd I1r c grhard conferred witL Gr.mer01l Ghrk · nt.il lunch .. :?ollov ing lune'. J~neral Brr:-r.n, Gener--:.1 Tete and rtr . Erhardt again conferred •.Ji th G'=nerr- 1 Ci ... rk nd. q..._ • c1· !1.ki .. i~ care of · cc-c11nuL t.ed cor:esp9nt~enc 0 , ~ h0: Gene~ al left h.:.r~ office for the d1y . 1 T. e Gener2.l sent .I.he fol owing mess .~e to S.eneral (.;osenh T .. lfoNe.rn;:y , 0o."Jno.nr1:ng G01~c:-c.l , F ., e, Forceo · uro e"'n fv~ t~r , Reference . . lfo .. •-6711-1-: "Dear t!oe· * Glac o renev1 the fine associ'ition Tle started ::.n Italy. * * tt * VI11, n~29 , 1945- General Cl~.rk arriyed 01 t Ms of:'ice at 0o35 . He i. ec-ia.tely s .w Grmer 1 Brnnn co 1cern2.ng the i:iaV·ers t be discussed w~.th ! 11 rohal Kon:t..;;V l· ter in the day . Geney-al C'l.srk talked vd_t:1 General G ltzman a.t 0900 concerning the t:r-ip to be tak0n to Italy and was follm1ecl by Colon .1 HyIT3.rd . C-oj.onel areet v1a.s cal ed in to c~iscus.,;, the currency probl em r.i..nd. at 0930 Genei--r.1 . ark 19ft his office to go to Baden to hrve 1.n informe.l conference with Marsh::ll Konie,r. He re ,urned to hj_s headc.J..1&rters 3l:.5 ho·vrs and fter lunch discussed the results of the confe,..,ence with Gen2r. l Brcu1 . The General le . his of· ice at 1500 hcurs for the day " ing GenAr.:-.1 Cl "rk sent the followinf: message to Jeneral ~isenhower regarddisc1 ssion which he lm.d. '.!:1..th r~a:rshal Rom ev e1trl:i er in the da;j . ! have jvst had a long pe ·sonal conversation with Koni~:N at his Head :rters in Buden . T ch foor1 resultec:i rom our conference One subject wMch he djscussed rAl•··tes to his c ·ncern cf adverse criticism in the ~meri can press of the ,... ovie ~nion po:.icies . I ri.ra convinced thnt _he rends only the deroga ory state111ents and fails ,o see- th,~ many f vorable reports which emanate :i:'roM the _1.r1 ericr.n press . ,~ould it not be a good idea if your Bure!.l.U o Pu lie Relations collec·:.ed and ser.:t, -to m8 o.nd to Mclfarney the many favor• , able artkles on Sov1et- er:n8riC'nn r:3 '1tions? These, men sutmitted to our . r3srec ive Soviet orros:i.~ es would r.roduce much good . n 11 q { �lo3 VIEilJKA--NOVF.J-1BER 30,, 1945--General Cla.rk ~rrived in his office at 0900 a.nd immediately s 1'1 General Tate and Genere.l Brann At 1 00 the General presented Colonel Grogan, Public Relations Officer, and Sargent Trent, the General 1 s Mess Sargent , with the ronze Star Medal for meritorious ..service . Both Colonel Grogan and Sgt. rent a re returnit1g to the StPtes for Christmas . A picture of the Commanding General , Deputy Commanrring General and Chief of Staff , ana Section heads• was taken a.t 1015 and immea.iately following the General left for the Alljed Council meeting which began at 1100 hours At 1430 hours General Clark returned to hi~ office from the meeting and immediately held a. press conference f) Upon completion of the conference General Cls,rk left his office for his villa where he ma.de prepara tions for le aving on a trip to Italy. At 1715 hours General Clark left his villa to go to Mehl.ling tation where he boarded hie private train .. Among the General I s guest who accompanied him on his trip to Italy were Maj . Gen. Harry J Collins, General S ltzman, General Sullivan, Colonel Porter, Lt . Col. Nygard , Mr Christenberry and General Clark ' s aide Lt . Traugott Gene:re.l Cl a rk sent the following mesrnge to Ron., Herbert H. Lehman, . UNRRA e Wa shington, D.C Reference No. P-6946: Director General 11 C'oncerning ( my conversation , i th you a.t the Columbus Dey Dinner in New York. I greatly apDreci?.te what you are doi n g with your organization in Austria . 11 Seven members of your Supply Working Party renorted here on 28 November in r .e sponse to re quest from the Allied Counci to stu-,y the problem of UNRRA aid for ustria PreliminA.ry discussions •ri th this group were held on 29 ~fovember ~ which inr1. icat es t will be several months b.efore any aid beyond tha.t now sup:pli ed ,Ji 11 be forthcora i r.. g " "I am gre Ptly concerned over conritions in Lo,.,e AustriP. Due to circu.mst~nces 'beyonc1. our control there is a. ureat shortage of f ood in thzt r~ rea , hich conc.i tion if al . . . owecl to continue, may cause many serious cases of malnutritjon this ~inter. Although this is in the area of responsibility of the Red Army the co1ditions there may reflect on conditions in the America.n Zone eno. in Vienna due to posdble necessity of divert fog our food and supplies to Lovrer Austria under emereency cono.i t ions . 11 ! feel we must forget the conditions 1hich created this situation c:ind a.pproach the problem as it exists today . I discussed this matter with Marshal Konev today and he would welcome any help UNRRA can give The longrange program envisaged by the Supply Working Pe.rty now here r ill not rneet the immediate emergency facing lo i er Austria. �1 I hope you can focus your attention on Austria where we nre making progress in creti ting an independent a.nd democratic nation of great importance to the United States and its Allies . 11 For ree.sons which you will unctersta.nd, the contents of this message must be considered confidential and no publicity whatsoever given to this message . 11 Hope to see you over here soon . n I'T.A.LY--DECEMEER 1 , 1945--General Clark , accompenied by Mr .. Christenberry , Maj. Gen. Collins , Generc.l Salt:zman 11 Col . Nygard ana_ Lt. Traugott arrived in Udine at 0945 hours . The party immediately left the train to continue to Pisa by C-47 where the were met by General OXX of the PBS . The party then took off for Florence by ca,r and arrived at the Angl~-American Hotel at two o'clock in the afternoon . A light lunch was served in the Gener~l's suite and at 2000 hours the pBrty had dinner with friends of the Genere.1 1s in Florence . ( I~ALY--D~CEI\JffiER 2, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark, General Collins , General Saltzman ancl Mr. Christenberry a.ttencled mass at t he Santissima Annunziata Church in Florence. Lunch was served aboRrd the Genere,1 1 s train which had arrived from Udine at 1000 hours on Sunday morning . In the afternoon General Clark took a walk through the streets of Florence, and at night the General and. some of his guests dinerl out with friends of the General . I TALY--DECEMBER 3, 1945--Genera,l Cl qrk e.nd members of his pt?.rty with the exception of Colonel Nygard e.nd General Sullivan who remained in Florence , left for Rome by car , arriving s.t the Excelsior Hotel in Rome at 1600 hours . '11he General and his guests had a 1::Jte lunch at the hotel and at night General Clark , Mr . Christenberry, General Collins , Generd Saltiman and Colonel Porter had dinner with General Brady. ITALY--DECEMBER 4, 1945--General Clark and General Saltzman went for a. stroll in the morning and after lunch at the hotel, the General, accompanied by Mr . Christenberry and General Collins took the cAr for a drive to Anzio .. At 1830 hours the party went to the home of Ambassador Kirk for cocktails and retunned to the hotel for dinner . La.ter in the evening General Clark and. Mr .. Chrir-; tenberry went to the show at the Excelsior Hotel night club . �to5 ITALY--DECEMBER 5, 1945--General Clark dictatea_ e letter to Mrs .. C_ark in the morning . At 1000 Mr . Christenberry left Rome for the United States . After a short walk the General received Mr . Tittm:mn who took General - Clfark , General Collins , General Saltzman anaColonel Porter to the Vatican for an audience with the Pope A,t 1145. The General and his pa.rty attended a luncheon at 1330 given in Generf-11 Clark 1 s honor by Lt . Gen RidgePs.y . At 1845 hours General Clark , Gem-ral Collins , General Saltzman, Colonel Porter and Lt . Traugott went for cocktRils to the home o-P Gener?,l B,..aa_y to meet Crown Prince Umberto ~ after which the General c..nc_ his guests h a.d dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Tittmann. B'ALY--DECEMBER 6 , 1945--General Cl~rk and his party left Rome by pla,ne at 1030 hours and arrived in Florence at 1120 . Continuing on to Udine that same afternoon the plane was forced to return to Florence on account of bad weather and. the party remained in Florence overnight • • ITALY--DECEMEER 7 , 1945- •- Genera,l Clark and party left Florence on a :B-25 anc. arrived at Udine at 1115 where the group 1las met by General Moore of the 88th Division. Leaving Udine airfield at 1145 , the Generals plane continued on to Vienna , arr iving there at 2:15 o 1 clock . Gener~-1 Clark aJ1d General Collins went to the villa for lunch where they were met by General Brann . Gen .. Collins returned to Sal tzburg that same night on the 11 Mozart 11 train . ITALY--DECE!<BER 8 ~ 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours . After dictating some letters he saw Colonel Pesek ho w21s followed by Mr . Joseph Gray of the Political Division . Colonel Jack Nygard tal1t ed with the General for a. short time a.nd let er GenE·ral Tate with General OXX saw the · General . At 1115 General Clark conferred with Mr c Billy Rose of New York City concerning the entertainment facilities for office~s end enlisted men and also conditions for Jewish Displa.c ed Persons . At noon General Cb.rk promoted Ma.jor Snow and Ma,,jor McCracken to the grade of Lt . Colonel. He again saw Mr., Gray end Colonel Pesek . At 1300 the General had lunch '"ith F.Jembers of his stp_ff A.nd Mr . :Billy Rose . After lunch General Clark conferred with General Tate and e.t 1415 hours saw Mr . Figl , the new Austrian Chancellor who presented the Genera.l with a list of the new members of the Austrian Government . Shortly after theGeneral left for his villa where he spent the remainder of the e.vening . �General Cla.rk sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff i n Washington . Reference No . P-7627: 11 1 . At meeting Executive Committee 4 December discussion on reply to Renner i s appeal of 5 November for economic as dstance developed cleerly ns,tional position on food supply . US positions outlined in WAR 8589 of 292237Z •• British position generally in agreement with U. S . n2 . French stated they had agreed to supply th~ir area in Vienna on 1 , 650 basis but not repeat not in their zone outside Vienna, where ca.lory scale is now about 1, 200 , of which two third.s is supplied by French , remainc.er from indigenous resources . Soviets stated their underste.nding that four powers had accepted responsibility for supplying Vienna on basis of 1 , 550 but that there was no agreed responsibility to provide food for zones outside of Vienna , and that deficiencies in zones must be supplied by Austria from her own resources "3. All agree aid from UNRRA. essential on emergency basis and at earliest possible moment and. directed ce..b le be prepared to UNRRA setting forth situation and urgency and asking emergency a.ssistnnce with food to start before 1 February if possible . On US insistence agreed if UNRBA came in it would have free access to areas where it distributed supplies . 4 . On broad question Food Supplies Soviets submitted draft resolution critical of Austr i a government ' s e}ploitation Ano distribution of indigenous resources and directing implementation of food_ progress . This resolution al so included statement that Allied Council considers Austrian popul,:,,t ion can and must be fed out of its own resources until 1 March 1946 . British &nd US refused to accept resolution ana it was sent to Economic Directorate 11 for reconsidere.tion and redra.fting. 5 . Obvious from this meeting and subcommittee cHscussion thPt future French food imports except for Vien~a unlikely and that Russians will not supply in future except for Vienna.. 11 "6 . Promnt a.ssist ence from uNRP.A a-1nePrs best solution to -orevious serious shortages Lower Austria . rt General 012.rk also sent the following messa,€'"e to the Joint Chiefs of Staff rega.rding the new Austrian Cabinet members . Reference !fo . -P-7661 . "Ens;ineer Leopold Figl personally ca.Ilea_ on me this afternoon anc_ gave me the list of the new Austrian Cabinet A.greec upon by lesders of the three pe.rt ies which he he.s likewise sent to the Allied Council through channels . List follol-rs: �Chancellor and Foreign Minister; Figl - People ' s Party Vice Chancellor; Adc,lf Scha.erf Socialist Minister without Portfolio in ChA.r ge of Foreign Af i:'a irs; Gruber People's Party Minister without Portfolio; Lois Weinberger - People ' s Pa.rty . Interior: Oskar Helmer - Socialist ; Education and Worship . Feliz Hurdes - Peo-ple 1 s Party Justice : Geroe - Non-Party Agricul mre: Kr a.us - Peop le I s Pe.rty Finance: , Zimmermann - Non-party Commerce e.na Building : Raab - People ' s P$.rty Communications : Vincenz Uebleis - Socialist Power and Electrification: Ke,rl Altmann - Communist . Food~ Korp - Socialist. Socia.l Ad.ministration: Boehm - Socialist Property and Economic Planning. Schumy - People ' s Party. Under the Ministry of the Interior there is a People t s Party State Secretary Ferdinand Graf (who is to handle publi.c security matters) e.nd under the Property Ministry is a Socialist State Secretar y Karl Wa.ldbrunner . ( Figl told me confidentially that Renner wa.s . to be President and thq+ he would accept . He likewise said the.t the Oa.binet had been a.greed on by the leaders of all three pci,rties . He hopes that the Allied Council at its meeti.ng on December 10 will approve the cabinet and. I told him that I woula. do everything I could to bring this about and. would also end.eavor to get the Council to agree to recommend th8 t the respective Governments of the occupying po'A·ers should. grant recognition . I t olcl him this would. take some time but I hoped the Council would see fit to a.u thorize him to proceed with the calling together of tle Nationalrat ana. Bundesrat . the election of the president , etc .. • so that the new government cou'ld be formally esta.blished and operating before Christmas. VIEN.NA--DECErrnER 9 11 1945--General Clark reme.ined at his villa in the morning taking care of accumulated correspondence ana. papers . General Clark saw Colonel Smith of the Labor Division at 1215 hours A.nd received messages from various people in the Wa.r Department which Collnel Smith had brought upon his recent return from the States . General 01;.irk held a. conference with Mr . Doc Mathews , GenerA-1 Brann , · Mr . Erhardt and Mr .. Gra,y at 0100 hours . After resting a while in the afternoon he saw General Howa.rd. and Colonel Coburn C.. Smith who are lea.ving for the General . In the evening Countess Olivia Larisch ha.d dinner with the General . �LoZ ( General Cla.rk sent the follo ring message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Reference No P-7673 : 11 Referring to WARX 86274 , conditions in Vienna. are suffi.ciently known to warrant rea.sonalJly correct estimate of number of troops necessary here for each power .. Outside ViennA, conditions are influenced by factors such as numbers of DP 1 s, PWs , refugees. fuel. food , andother economic conditions , severity of winter , health and security conditions , destruction caused by ·ar and situation in neighboring countries, which are imposeible to forecast accurately Such factors in Rus dan zone lea.st known to us of e.11 zones as less infonnation avail able . Additionally capabilities of transport · to move Soviet forces elsewhere and to house and feed in other localities and possible density of mov€m e nt not sufficj_ently known . With our different military organizations difficult to give valid estimate as to wh, t rEic.uction can be ma.de in troop basis of other powers by use of mobile type police force . 11 In computing US requirements, necessary make following assumptions as to US Forces . First , that forces are available only for occupationpl duties and a.re consequently not immediately F.tVa.ilable for use in a comt)at role else\>'here in Europe; second , thP..t conditions mentioned first paragraph improve after this winter so that troop requirements for controlling or supervising progr€ssively decrease . These assumptions are not all necessarily applicable other powers because of different condi t j ons· in and ne~r their zones . 11 As to topics A, B, end C, estimate present needs of Vienna t includ fog a.djacent Vien.,_"1& a.irfield garrison, for ee.ch po ,rer as 9 , 000 . These inclucl.e comb~.t Bnd service t ·roops , mili tnry and Allied Council 1 headqua.rters "?ersonnel and a small air component . Use of mobile police-type forces will not affect requirements in Vienna , Progres~ively , requirements in Vienna can be reduced to 5, 000 per power by 1 November 1946 , 11 0ut side Vienna present US reouirements are about 31 , 000 normal type troo-ps which can progres~ively be reduced to about 16 , 000 by 1 July 1946, and 12 , 500 by 1 November 1946 . The employment of mobile police-type units of cav2,lry and military police could probably further reduce this figure to 12 , 500 by l July 1946 and_ to 10 , 000 by 1 November . At present time outside Vienna French requirements are slightly less than our O'ltm. British and Soviet minimum re~uirements outside Vienna are presently greater than our because of locat i on , extent , and cha!'$.cter their zones , particularly frontier responsibility . Estimate tha.t British minimum requirements N"Ould currently be a.bout 50 , 000 and 60 , 000 . (This purely a guess , -oerticularly with regards to Soviets . Use of mobile type police forces by other po-i;.1:ers might result in small saving if they he.d equipment availa1)le . Progressively British and. Soviet forces could be reduced to parity ,,rith US but only vihen conditions have stabilized by elimina.tion present major troop 9roblems caused by factors enur.1era.ted beginning of message . Recommend this scaling down to parity be spread over period of time . Specifically, recommend that ea.ch power be asked to agree to follov,ing. �l69 ( "I . To reduce progressively , beginning at once, the size of the occupying forces in Austria. ti II. To phase the reduct ion so thAt a .. The mazimum forces of each power in Vienna and adjacent Vienna airports ~ill be limited as follows By 1 July 1946, 8 , 000 By l November 1946 , 5 . 000 b. The mazimum forces of each power in their zones outside of Vienna will be limited is follows : By 1 July 1946 , 16 , 000 for French r 16 , 000 for US , 30, 000 for British and 40 , 000 for Soviet . By 1 November 1946 , 18 . 500 for French, 12 , 500 for US , , 20 , 000 for British , 28 , 010 for Sovi•t ~ ttIII . To effect a progressive further reduction after 1 November 1946 in order to arrive at ~Arity i n the size of the forces of each power . IV . Tha.t in order to reduce the size of the occupying forces , eP..ch po,,rer will wher e pra,ct icA.h le use to the maximum in the zones outside Vienna mobiile police-type forces or other organizations and equi-pment that i••i l l reduce needs of manpower . 11 Tha.t in specifying thf7 size of the occupying forces , the f i gures include officers and men of land , air , and sea forces . V. "VI . 'nhat the figures as to s i ze are mazimum figures and that each of the occupying powers may in their discretion maintain garrisons of lesser strength . ":NEW SUBJECT: It must be borne in mi nd that the above figures are educated guesses , particularl y for Soviets and to a lesser extent for French and :British . Whereas US proposed reductions are probably fl}ore accurate they must de:pend on coordinated action by other powers . 11 Referring Topic D, I offer following 'comments . fl{l) Generd . General policiew and major obj ecitives outlined in State Dep~s 299 are fully supported here . I "(2) Powers and functions of Allie<l a.uthori ties in Austria. in immediate future . It is suggested that after new Austrian Govt . formed as result of elections has been recognized by the four powers , the Allied authorities in Austria should no longer exercise supreme authority in all matters affecting country as a whole . Instead they should (a) retain responsibility for �uo handling certain specified matters themselves, (b) retain control or sunervisory power (including veto power) over certain other , but (c) exercise only guidance or advisory functions regarding most l~rger long term problems . These three categories may be indicated as follows: tt (a) Matters to be handled by Allied authorities themselves . These include United Nations DPs and PWs ~ United Nat ions property , Allied rep_ rri.tions claims to German property in Austria , enforcement of German surrender terms so fer as Austrie. is affected , demobiliz tion , separc:tion and disentanglement from Germany , importation of essential relief and rehabilitation supplies , and , when requested by Austrian Govt. Patrol of international frontiers and assi stc,nce in maintena.nce of internA-1 order .. Except for le.st three iteme these are matte.rs in which Allied powers h&ve major interPst of their O'rn . 11 (b} Matters on ,r•hich Allied authorities ,~·ould retain control or supervisory po 1.~ ers ( incluc_ing veto po,,,er) ·~ These are matters ,,rhich have importai."lt be8ring on preservation of peace , 8nd incluae the conclusion of political and military treaties bet ,reen new Austrian Govt and forei.gn Govts, maintenance of an Austrian military estt:1blishment 901.:;session and development of industries useful only for war purposes ,. foreign trade and economic relations ,,,1th oth&r countries ( inclua.ing regional economic arrangements) , denazificet ion ( t, 1hich can now best be handled by Austrians under Allied su:r,-ervision) , and preservetion of freedom of speech . freedom of press, ~nd other civil liberties . (There should be no Allied censorshin . ) u (c) Matt ers on which Allied authorities would furnish guidronce and ad.vice to new Austrian Gov~ . .,,\11 remaining matters 1:·ould fall in this c~tegory . The political matters inc lude question of holrli:"lg ne\1 nr-tional elections within t1 elve months if found desirable to a.o so , relations bet •een Federal .,.na_ provincial govermnent, constitutional powers of the president , and relations behreen State and Church The economic ma.tters include rehabili tetion, and labor pnd social questions . 0(3) Organizatiqnal setup and methods of operation of Allied authorities . It is hoped that a new agreement can be entered into among the four Governments ir!. nec1-- future vesting que.dripr:-..rti te Allied Commission with powers _nd functions some ·:h[-~t as suggested above . I suggest that 1 t might be left to the discretion of ea.ch Govt to decide whether its highest rer,resentn.tive should be military or civiliAn c=ind ~hether its element of Allied Commission staff should be military , civilian, or mixed . In this connection my recent private talk rith Koniev indicated he strcnty favored retention of military control . The Divisions of Allied Commission should be adjusted. to conform with ministrtes of new Austrian Govt . The agreement should provide that the three categories of of m2.t ters mentioned in per a 2 a.bove should be dealt with through proceti.ures somewhat A8 follows : ( �lll ( "(a) Matters to be ha.n dled by Allied authorities themselves . Agreement as to all policies should be reached. , on basis of unanimity• in Allied Commission . Execution of the policies could be entrusted in some cases to Qµadripa:i::-tite egencies a nn. in others to forces of the various powers , as agreed in Allied. Commtssion. Aue +,rhm Govt . should collabort:i te an~~ be called upon for assista.nce to extent found advisPble . 0 (b) Matters on which Allied authorities would retain control or supervisory powers (incluci.ng veto po'ltrer) •· Decisions should be reached on all these matters by Al lied Commission on basis of unanimity . However proposed acts of Aus t ri?'1 Govt should be a.llowed to go forward or to t ::ike effect a.u tomPt ica.lly in absence of exnress notification of veto within ap"9ropriat e short periods . In all these mRtters , any necessary rork would be carried on by Austrian Govt . Investigation of Austrian ~onroliPnce "".rith AC rulings should. be made by quadrip artite committees or agencies . "(c) Matters on which All'ied authorities would furnish guidance and Pdvice to new Austrian Govt . !n these mA.tters the four Allied pouers should urefer &bly act through Allied Commission, on basis of discussion and unanimous agreement . I f one or more powers should insist on extending gui dance or advice on particula.r ma tters unilaterally through diplomatic renresentatives , there would seem to be no way of preventing it . However , agreed quadrip artite guidance and advice would sometj_mes carry greater weight .. 0 (4) Zones of occup Btion. Troops of the various powers should be assigned to specified present localities and their movemEnts should be restricted but zonal deme,rcation lines should be elimin3.ted so far as adrninirtration of Austrian affairs is concerned . Allied authorities should not restrict the moveme nt of Austrian citi.zens or Austrian commerce . Allied authorities should address all instructions a.nd advice to Federal Govt . except in ma.t ters of exclusively local concern . n(5) Future Changes in Powers and Functions of Allied Authorities . Function of im:9orting essential relief and rehP..bilitation supplies should be turned over progressively to UNRRA as l.s,tter becomes able to Rssume the burden . Grn.dUA.l. revival of Aus t rian foreign trade should also contribute to tapering off of quadrip r. rt i te responsibility for ci""1ilian supplies . "The new four-po ,rer a.greement should provide that highest representatives of four powers in Allied Oomriission may agree on behalf of their Govts from time to time , on basis of unanimity , to :relinquish control or supervisory powers (includj ng veto power) over any matters indicated in para 3 b above . 0 It ap"Dea.rs from numbered para 3 in Sta. -'- e Dept ' s 299 that St te Dent contempl tes incorporating in proposed new four :po•.'-• er Eigre ement provisions governing ultim11te liouidation of Allied Control and tr nnsfer of full sovereign rights to Austrian Govt .. Sovi e t representa.tives heve recently indicst ed the.t they consider signine of a peace treaty the act ~Thich will finally terminate four pO\.rer control ~ guia.ance of Austria " * * * * �lt2 VIENNA-...DECEMBER 10, 1945---Gene:r-al Clark arrived at his office at 0830 and immediately saw General Brann. Colonel Sloan was called in to the office and shortly thereafter Maj or Betz saw the General. Both General Bratm and General Tate walked with the General for a long while. At 09.30 hours Mr. Erhardt conferred with General Clark and later Mr. Doc Matthews, Director of European Division of the State Department, was also called in · on the conference. After seeing General Brann again for a short time the General left with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Matthews and General Brann for the Allied Council Meeting which began at 1100. The General returned to his Headquarters at 1500 hours and at 1515 held a press conference which was attended by Mr. M. W. Fodor of the Chicago Stm; Mr. Seymour Friedin of the New York Herald Tribune; Mr. Lynn Heinzerling of the Associ• ated Press; Mr. John MacCormac of the New York Times; Mr. Panos Morphopoulos of Newsweek; Mr. Harold Queen of the United Press and Mr. Fred Wackernagel of ISB-USFA. After the conference General Clark talked with General Brann and General Tate, leaving his Headquarters for his villa at 1615. In the evening he had dinner with General Sullivan, Colonel Porter and Colonel Martin. General Clark sent the following message to Field Marshal the Honorable Sir Har old R. L.B. Alexander, Governor General, Dominion of Canada, Personal Clark to Alexander. Reference No. P•7176: "I offer heartiest congratulations to you today on your birthday. Your indispensable contribution to our allied victory during the past year must today be a source of great pride and satisfaction for you. Your many friends here in the U. s. Forces in Austria join with me in trusting that you will enjoy that same outstanding success in the fulfillment of your new responsibilities. I send my personal best wishes for your continued health and good fortune in the years to come." * * * * VIEl~NA-•DECEMBER 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours where he immediately saw General Tate and General Brann. At 1010 General Bethouart, French Commander, conferred with General Clark and at 1030 the General saw Colonel Porter. Dr. Gruber of the ' Austrian Government had a conference with General Clark concerning recognition of the new government and immediately following, General Brann and General Tate again saw the General. Mr. MacCormac and Mr. Fodor, news correspondents, talked with the General shortly before lunch and after lunch the General conferred with Mr. Erhardt and then General McMahon and General Tate. At 1400 hours Mr. Figl, Chancellor of the new Austrian Government, saw General Clark concerning the recognition of members of the new government. The Russian government is objecting to the new government as first submitted and General Cl ark is acting as arbitrator. At 1500 hours General Clark saw General Brann and General Tate, and then Colonel Rich, Medical Officer, concerning the medical setup in Austria. After seeing Mr. Erhardt concerning the Austrian government General Clark left for his villa. �\ l3 "Allied Council approved (1) reply to paragraph in Dr. Renner 1s letter of 30 November dealing with his objection to the size of occupation forces; (2) Invitations to Yugoslav and Swiss governments re telephone service between their countries which passes through Austria; ( 3) Aclmowledgment receipt of copy of Yugoslav note verbale re ele·c tion in Carinthia; (4) Report on Austrian elections; (5) Directive to Austrian government prohibiting military activities in accordance with Potsdam agreement; (6) Telegram to UNRRA requesting emergency relief; (7) Belgian Military Mission under Article 12, EAC agreement (8) Disposal of 31 Renner government laws, twenty without change, five with amendments, five abrogated by approval of conversion law, and ordered submission of a concise constitutional law to cover provisions needed to organize new parliamentary goy0rn~ent and a complete draft of a provisional constitution later. * * * * VIENMA--DECEMBER 12, 1945•-General Clark arrived in his office at 1000 hours and immediately saw General Hume, G-5. He later saw General Brann and Colonel Marget concerning the new currency conversion. Mr. Erhardt talked with General Clark on the most recent developments of the recognition of the new government and shortly afterwards General Tate saw General Clark. Later Golonel McLean talked with General Clark on several court martial cases which were pending, after which General Clark again saw General Brann and Mr. Erhardt. After lunch at 1300 hours, General Cl ark took care of accumulated correspondence and left his headquarters for his villa. At 1700 hours in tµe afternoon, accompanied by General Brann, General Saltzm~ and Lt. 'I'raugott, General Cl ark had tea with Countess Olivia Larisch. In the evening he had dinner at his villa and retired early. General Clark sent the following message to Brig. General l~evins, USFET, Reference No. P-7898: "Per phone request from Colonel Balmer your office following is text USFA reply ·to WARX 86274 and W.ARX 87430. Begin text. "Referring to WAHX 86274, conditions in VIENNA are sufficiently lmown to warrant reasonably correct estimate of number of troops necessary here for each power. Outside Vienna, conditions are influenced by fact6rs sµch as numbers of DP's, "PWs, refugees, fuel, food and other economic conditions, • �severity or winter, health and security conditions, destruction caused by war and situation in neighboring countries, which are impossible to forecast accurately. Such factors in Russian zone least known to us of all zones as less information available. Additional ly capabilities of transport to move Soviet forces elsewhere and to house and feed in other localities and possible density of movement not sufficiently known. With our different military organizations difficult to give valid estimate as to what reduction can be made in troop basis of other powers by use of mobile type police force. -· "In computing US requirements, necessary make following assumptions as to US Forces. First, that forces are available only for occupational duties and are consequently not immediately available for use in a combat role elsewhere in Europe; second, that conditions mentioned first paragraph improve after this winter so that troop requirements for controlling or supervising progressively decrease. These assumptions are not all necessarily- applicable other powers because of different conditions in and near their zones. ( "As to topics A,B, and C, estimate present needs of Vienna, incl uding adjacement Vienna airfield garrison, for each power as 9,000. Those include combat and service troops, .military and Allied Council Headquarters personnel, and small air component. Use of mobile police-type forces will not effect requirements in Vienna. Progressively, requirements in Vienna ean be reduced to 5,000 per power by 1 November 1946. "Outside Vienna present US requirements are about 31,000 normal type troops which can progress ively be reduced to about 16 1 000 by l July 1946, and 12,500 by 1 November 1946. The employment of mobile police-type units of cavalry and military police could probably further reduce this figure to 12,500 by 1 July 1946 and 10 1 000 by 1 November. At present time outside Vienna French requirements ate presently greater than ours because of location, extent, and character their zones, particularly frontier respon• sibility. Estimate that British minimum requirements would currently be about 60,000 and Soviet 60,000. (This is purely a guess, particularly with regards to Soviets). Use of mobile type police force by other powers might result in small saving if they had equipment available. Progressively British and Soviet forces could be reduced to parity with US but only when conditions have st~bilized by elimination present major troop problems caused by factors enumerated beginning of message. Recommend this scaling down to parity be spread over period of time. Specifically, recommend that each power be asked to agree to following: I. To reduce progressively, beginning at once, the size of the occupying forces in Austria. II. To phase the reduction so that a. The maximum forces of each power :in Vienna and adjacement Vienna airports will be limited as foll ows: �( f ( By 1 July 1946, 8,000 By 1 November 1946, 5,000 b. The maximum forces of each power in their zones outside of Vienna will be limited as follows: July 1946, 16,000 for Frencp, 16,000 for us, 30,000 for British and 40,000 for Soviet By 1 November 1946., 12,500 f'or French, 12,500 for US, 20,000 for British, 28,000 for Soviet By l 1 III. To effect a progressive further reduction after 1 November 1946 in order to arrive at parity in the size of the forces 0£ each power. IT. That in order to reduce the size of the occupying forces, each power will where practicable use to the maxirnum ,in the zones outside Vienna mobile police-type forces or other organizations and equipment that will reduce needs of manpower. V. That in specifying the size of the occupying forces,, the figures incl ude officers and men of l and, air, and sea forces. VI. That the figures as to size are maximum figures and that each of the occupying powers may in their discretion maintain garrisons of lesser strength. It must be borne in mind that the above figures are educated guesses, particularly for Soviets and to a lesser extent for French and British. Whereas US proposed reductions are probably more accurate they must depend on coordinated action by other powers." * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 13, 1945•-General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 hours and immediately saw General Brann~ 1The remainder of the morning he spent in conference with Mr. Erhardt, Ma-Jor Kretzman, Mr. Figl and Mr. Natirbov, concerning the recognition of the new government. Later he saw Colonel Sloan and Colonel Nygard . After seeing Colonel Cole who wished to thank the General for his picture t aken during a recent decoration ceremony, General Clark again saw General Tate. General Clark had lunch at 1300 hours and after conferring with Mr. Erhardt and General Brann, he left his office walking to his villa where he spent the rema~aer of the day working on correspondence. �General Clark sent the fol lowing message to General Patton who was seriously injured in an automobile accident in Mannheim, Germany: "Dear George: I and my entire command are praying for your speedy and complete recovery. MARK. n The following is a summary of the conversation between General Clark and Chancellor Designate Ing. Leopold Figl, and subsequent conversation between the Honorabl e John G. Erhardt, Political Adviser,and the Chancellor Designate. General Clark began the conversation by pointing out to Mr. Figl that he was interested in helping the Austrians to establish a government of their own as rapidly as possible. In view of the Soviet objections to the inclusion of some of the proposed members of the government the decision of the Allied Council has been referred to the meeting of the Executive Committee on the 14th of December, but General Clark was interested in mediating the difficulties before that meeting if it were possible to do so. General Clark asked Mr. Figl whether he had had an opportunity to discuss the subject matter of the conference with Dr. Gruber, and was assured that Mr. Figl had been informed of the conversation with Dr. Gruber. To General Clark's direct question as to whether he were willing to sacrifice the four individuals in question, Graf, Schumy, Korp, and Raab, in the interest of getting the new government established, recognized and functioning, Mr. Figl launched into an attempted defense of the Soviet allegations against the four individuals. General Clark pointed out that it was not a question of lack of confidence in these people, against whom we had no objections, but purely a question of circumventing the Soviet abil ity to indefinitely postpone the recognition of the Austrian Government by yielding on this point. Mr. Figl was apprehensive that if he yielded at this juncture further Ministers might be removed at Soviet request at a later time. General Clark pointed out that while, at present, the objections of one of the four powers could prevent the recognition of the new government, that after such recognition had taken piace any one of the four powers could prevent an attempted removal of an individual because it would continue to require unamimous decision. Mr. Figl f'el t that if he had to alter his government by substituting four or even three different individuals for those objected to he would lose the confidence of his party and of the Austrian people, besides the fact that he would be accused of pursuing personal advantage by sacrificing his friends and associates. When pressed for a direct statement, Mr. Figl insisted that he would feel compelled to resign and relinquish the formation of the government to some other individual . General Clark pointed out that this would not present a solution to the problem and that Mr. Figl, as the leader of his party, had a mandate from his constituency to form a government. On the �question of sacrificing his friends, General Clark pointed out that this decision should be made in conj unction with the friends in the interests of Austria as a whole. When pressed as to a possible compromise solution/Mr. Figl indicated that he would be willing to sacrifice Schumy and Korp if he would be allowed to retain Raab and Graf, although he was reluctant to yield on~ of these people. At this point, Mr. Figl proposed that he again at tempt to negotiat with Mr. Kisilev and .Marshal Koniev and suggested that the way had been left open for that by an invitation from .Mr. Kisilev to discuss these matters with him on Wednesday. He assured General Clark of his gratitude for the United States interest in attempting to untie the Gordian knot, and that he would report back by Wednesday evening on the results of further negotiations with the Russians. ( In a subsequent conversation with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Figl took the same position. He was assured by Mr. Erhardt that the u.s. position was that Austrians who had been freely elected were entitled to sit in the government unless some definite evidence of a security nature was involved. Mr. Erhardt explained to Mr. Figl that he thought this was an attempt on the part of the Russians to save face in view of the loss of prestige they had suffered through the overwhelming Communist defeat in the recent election. He also informed Mr. Figl that he believed Marshal Koniev to be under instructions from Moscow to att.empt to reassert Russian influence in Austria through these moves. Mr. Erhardt suggested to Mr. Figl that he re-examine his cabinet and discuss the matter further with the Russians in order to see if a compromise solution might be reached before the meeting of December 14. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the results of the Allied Council meeting of 10 December 1945. Reference No. P-7811: "Allied Council meeting 10 December was speedy. Most important point was Koniev statement he was not repeat not ready to discuss composition of Figl's new cabinet because of lack of time to study membership and because Figl had submitted no }:rogram. This was first time question of program was raised. Koniev attaep.ed great importance to program because this government must work under Allied Council. Suggestion adopted ·· to refer both matters to Executive liommittee meeting ].4. December . If that committee can agree Allied Council will act on 20 December. If they disagree, Allied Comcil will hold extraordinary meeting. I consider it vitally important that Fig1 1s government be recognized as soon as possible. Believe Koniev will stall if pos• sible. After Allied Council meeting he asked me in his office and stated that the Soviet objected to four members of suggested cabinet. Stated that if these four members were removed he would recommend that his government recognize Figl cabinet. My position is that the issue is more important than the individuais and I will do my utmost to get agreement in the new cabinet so that the"··government can receive early recommendation. �( General Clark sent the following message to Gen. Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reference No. P-7960: "All members of the United States Forces in Austria who campaigned wi·t;h the magnificent Brazilian Expeditionary Forces in Italy join with me today in wishing you success in the important role you will play in Brazil's destiny. We shall never forget Brazil's great contribution to our final victory in the Mediterranean last May. I offer my sincere best wishes for the continuing welfare of your great _nation. 11 The following message was received from Chief of Staff , War Department, Washington, D. c. Reference No. WARX-88278: "REURAD USFA, P-7673 dated 9 December 1945, CITE PASGS relayed to CG USFET, MAIN WAR DEF ARTMENT. War Department proposed reply to State De• partment letter quoted in WARX 86274, 30 November 1945 partiall y as follows. "A. Agreement should be sought among the 4 Powers to reduce progressively occupation forces to these maximum figures on the dates indicated. (1) In Vienna for each power - 9000 on 1 February 1946, 8,000 on 1 July 1946, 5,000 on 1 November 1946. (2) ( Outside Vienna; Power United States 1 February 1946 31,000; 1 July 1946 16,000; 1 November 1946 12,500. Power France; 1 February 1946, 28,000; 1 July 1946, 16,000; 1 November 1946 12,500. Power, UK; 1 February 1946, 50,000; 1 July 1946, 30,000; 1 November 1946, 20,000, Power, USSR; l February 1946, 60,000; 1 July 1946, 40,000; l No• vember 1946, 28,000. 11 B. If State Department deems principle of establishing equalized Occupation Force figures important, figures for USSR should be used. In either case, proviso must be made that figures are maximum and need not be maintained but are to include all ranks of ground, air, and sea forces. Particularly in view of first assumption of para 2 ·of P-76~3, request your concurrence in or comment on the preceding paragraph this message. It should be pointed out that United States figures will not constitute approved troop strength, but will be subject to reduction by use of Police-type Unit and by other factors. 11 * l f * * �VIENNA••PECEMBER 14, 1945•-General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0910 hours and immediately conferred with General Brann. At 1100 General Tate and General McMahon saw General Clark and were immediately followed by General Flory. Mr. Erhardt and :Mr. Mellen of the State Department conferred with General Clark on UNRRA and later Major Betz of PRO was called in to see the General. General McChrystal who had just come from the States called on the General later in the morning and was followed by Nir. Fodor whom General Clark asked to see. General Tate, General McMahon and Colonel Pesek talked with General Clark on Headquarters organization and were followed by Mr. Erhardt and Mr. Shaaf, of UNiffiA. The purpose of Mr. Shaaf •s visit was to give the General a clear picture of UNP..RA and its work. The General had lunch at 1330. At 1415 the General conferred shortly with General Tate and immediately following the General left his headquarters for his -villa where he remained for the rest of the day. General Clark sent the following message to General McNarney 1 USFET 1 Reference No. P-8050: I. I feel I must call to your attention the serious personnel situation developing in Austria. Our personnel requirements were recently furnished your G-3 in a detailed summary of personnel dispositions. I consider this summary as representing the minimum forces required to accomplish the tasks of winter occupation. Any material reduction in strength before spring will seriously interfere with border security, affect administration of displaced persons camps, reduce our ability to work and guard disarmed enemy forces, and curtail, if not eliminate, wood cutting for fuel to meet minimum needs in our zone, including Vienna, and to adequately administer military government. 11 ( 2. At present both the 42nd and 83rd Divisions are at approximate T/0 strength. Based on latest information concerning eligibility for rede• ployment, percentages of T/0 strength are estimated on dates indicated: 42nd Division, Jan 15 - 92; Feb 1 - 90; Feb 15 - 80; Marl - 80; Mar 15 70. 83rd Division Jan 15 - 64; Feb 1 - 64; Feb 15 - 50; Mar 1 - 50; Mar 15 - 45; Average of other combat units Jan 15 - 73; Feb 1 - 73; Feb 15 59; Marl - 59; Mar 15 - 46. Overall position for all troops, including service elements, Jan 15 - 76; Feb 1 - 76; Feb 15 - 63; Mar 1 - 63; Mar 15 50. As an example the 4th Cavalry Group of two squadrons, which arrived in Austria from Western Military District on November 27, arrived with 1,067 high or medium point score enlisted personnel out of an enlisted T/0 strength of' 1,463. These men will be redeployed, 500 by 10 January and the balance by 1 March. 11 �l;2o u3. To correct the above deficiencies there should be furnished balanced reinforcements to cover our current requisitions and future requisitions to be submitted in accordance with personnel procedures, as follows: During early January 8,000 of which up to 4,000 may contain enlisted men with point scores in appropriate brackets for return to US with the 83rd Division in April; on 1 February 3,000 on 1 March 2,000. Informal advice from your G-1 indicates we may be allotted 4,300 replacements for arrival in January. If this becomes a firm allotment the above requirement for January is reduced accordingly. I desire to emphasize however that these 4,300 replacements should arrive early in January to give relief we need. 4. I realize the difficulties you are havi ng in obtaining personnel replacements and I recognize the pressure you are under as to redeployment. I feel however, that unless the strength of my small force is kept near T/0 strength t his winter our ability to cope with the problems with which I am charged by the Joint Chi.ef of Staff, will be critically taxed and I vdll be forced to eliminate many essential · ·tasks. I am particularly concerned over the displaced persons problems. Any relaxing of administration of our displaced persons camps is apt to cause wrest among camp occupants and develop repercussions detrimental to our national interests. Furthermore we rely to a great extent upon disarmed enemy troops for performing many of our service tasks • 'l1his places a heavy demand upon our troops for guards. 11 5. I have just received. word that my command is being asked to furnish 26 officers and 396 enlisted men to Theater Service Forces as a cadre for a Graves Registration Regiment. As detailed above the personnel situation in Austria is now so critical that I must strongly request reconsideration. 11 6. I shall appreciate anything you can do to keep my units at approximate T/0 Strength. 8 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECEiviBER 15, 1945•-General Clark walked to his office from his villa arriving at 1000 hours. After his arrival he drew the four prizewinning names in the War Bond contest all of which went to enlisted men. After seeing Mr. Erhardt for a long conference the General again saw General Tate and Colonel Pesek and left his headquarters at 1215 and walked with Mr. Erhardt and General Saltzman down through the business section of the city in order to get a close view of the people . He then preceded to the Bristol Hotel where he looked over the recreational facilities which the hotel offered. He arrived at his villa around 1430 hours in the afternoon. 00Q hours General Clark had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Erhardt, ount Larisch:and other guests at the Bristol Hotel and later saw the floor s~ ristol Room. ,( I , ~ :{ fa \s IP' f f\l -I £ HJf ,J1 f DJ lt;..( I u. ' 8 & f �General Clark received the following message from Field Marshal Alexander: "Tank you so very much for your kind birthday greetings. I am very touched that you should have remembered it. Remember me to any of my old friends and my best personal wishes to you. I shall look forward to seeing you when I go to Canada in March." Maj. Gen. Leven c. Allen, Hq, 15th u.s. Army, sent the following message to General Clark from General Patton. "Your kind telegram received and read to General Patton. He and Mrs. Patton much appreciate your thoughtfulness." * * * * VIENNA--DECEI\IIBER 16, 1945-•General Clark remained at his villa during the day spending most of the morning walking with General Saltzman. Again in the afternoon he went for a long walk and in the evening had dinner with Colonel Martin and other guests . * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 17, 1945--General Clark walked to his office arriving at 0930. He conferred with General Tate who was followed by General Brann. After a short conference with General Tate, General Clark saw General Brann, General Sullivan and General F~ory and Colonel Rundell on the pressing economic proglems to be considered in the forthcoming Allied Council meeting. Shortly thereafter the General conferred with General Lewis, General Tate, Col. Knudsen and Colonel Eberhard on the food and fuel problem. At 1300 hours the General had lunch and immediately after conferred with General Brann and 1\/Ir. Erhardt. After seeing General Tate, General Clark left his headquarters and walked with General Brann and General Sullivan to his vill a where he spent the evening. He had a few members of his staff for dinner, Colonel D1 0rsa and Colonel Lazar among those invited, and later the General and his guests played poker. General Clark sent · the following message to the Chief of Staff, War Department (pass to Secretary of State). Reference No. P-8227: n1. Responsible Austrian officials state that Austrian Government has no present intention of protesting Soviet control of ex-German Oil Companies and Soviet refining program. (Ref War 87409). They point out that Soviet-Austrian relations in regard to oil became strained during SANAFTA (Soviet-Austrian State Oil Company) negotiations, and during the present unconfirmed status of the Austrian Government only increase of tension would result if Austrian authorities reopened discussions on oil. �tJ 2. Details of Soviet refinery program will be forwarded as soon as assembled. Soviet program aims at maximum gasoline production, of which product Austrian crude yields about 5 per cent. Former German refineries which Soviets regard as their property are .favored in allocating crude oil for treatment. 3. We are advised by the British that they have no present intention of protesting to the Soviets to obtain more Austrian oil for the benefit of Austria. They point out that such protest should originate with the Austrian Government when firmly constituted after which they might support it in the Control Council. They consider it tactically inadvisable for one member of the Council to originate this protest toward another member on behalf of Austria. The British further indicate that within their zone t~EL-Y control the production and determine the disposition of Austrian resources and this is similar to the control of oil being exercised by the Soviets in the Soviet zone. The British suggest that effective pooling of Austrian resources may not be achieved until the occupation zones are abolished. (The British view here reflected was obtained from E.A. Berthoud, Economic Advisor to General McCreary.) 11 4. We are planning action along the, lines of para 3 of your 87409. It may be desirable, however, that action be deferred until recognition of an Austrian Government is complete if this is not unduly delayed. Details of the oil situation here and of our proposed actions will be forwarded as soon as they are organized." 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECE1W3ER 18, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Tate. General Brann with Colonel Deutsch was called in to discuss the agenda for the Allied Council meeting and later Colonel Rundell was also cal led in on the conference. Mr. Erhardt talked with the General shortly after 1000 and at 1040 General Clark, Mr . Erhardt and General Brann left the Headquarters for the Allied Council meeting. The General returned to his headquarters at 1500 and held a press conference at 1515 which was attended by M. W. Fodor, Chicago Sun; Seymour Friedin, New York Herald Tribune; Lynn Heinzerling, Associated f'ress; John MacCormac, New York Times; Maurice Moran , Associated Press; Panos Morphopoulos, Newsweek; Harold Queen, United Press; After the press conference the General left his office for his villa where he spent the remainder of the day. * * * * �VIENNA- -DECEMBER 19, 1945- -General Clark arrived in his office at 0900 and immediately conferred with General Brann and General Tate, leaving his office for the opening of Parliament at 0950 . He attended the opening of the Austrian Parliament at 1000 along with the three Allied Commanders , returning to his office at 1200 where he promoted 12 officers and decorated one with the Bronze Star. He then conferred with Colonel Pesek who was followed by General Tate . At 1315 the General had lunch and after conferring with General Brann, left his headquarters at 1440 for the Hofburg Palace where the USFA art exhibit was to be held. The General presided at the opening of the exhibition which marked the returning of the art master pieces of Austria to the Austrian people . As representative of this , General Clark presented in a short speech the pieces of art to Mr. Figl, head of the new Austrian Government . Included among the guests were officers of the four Allied Powers and members of the Austrian government and Austrian circles . The General left the Palace at 1700 hours returning to his villa where he had dinner with General Tate . At 2100 hours General Clark left his villa for the Franz Joseph Bonhofe where he boarded his private train for Hinter stoder. The General will spend three or four days at his hunting lodge . Colonel Ostler and Colonel Martin accompanied the General on his trip. * * * * VIENNA--DECEJ.i.ffiER 20 1945--Tbe General and his party detrained for the lodge at 0900 hours, :.and lunched at 1500 ~t the lodge. Immediately following lunch., General Clark and Col. Martin went hunting but saw no deer during the entire afternoon. The following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference number P- 8565: The Council also approved: 1) a telegram to UNRRA asking for stated amounts emergency supplies during first two months 1946; 2) recrnnmendations of Legal Division on various laws of Renner government including those necessary to establish new governments; 3) directive to Reparations Division to develop general plan for handling United Nations property in Austria; 4) plan for supervising review of alleged election irregularities and prosecution of election law violations; 5) clarification of censorship civilian telecommunication and post (such services to open 27 December if technically possible); 6) prohibition of wearing German military uniforms after 15 January and instruction to Austrian government to pass necessary law to enforce; 7) Tone of meeting good and business transacted speedily.u 11 * * * * �VIENNA--DECEMBER 21, 1945--The General went out hunting at 0900 hours and returned in the late afternoon with a 10-point deer and a doe. * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 22, 1945--Lt. Clark arrived at the hunting lodge from Salzburg at 0930 hours. Shortly after his arrival, General Clark and Lt. Clark went hunting. The day proved unsuccessful owing to the fact that the snow had melted to a large extent and the dear had retreated to the tops of the mountains. General Clark sent the following to Mrs . George S. Patton, upon news that General Patton had passed away as a result of an automobile accident. "My deepest sympathies. The world has lost a great soldier. 11 -* * * * VIENNA-- DECEMBER 23, 1945--General Clark left his hunting lodge and boarded his train at Hinterstoder station at 1000 hours and arr ived in Vienna at 1730 hours . During the trip the General played bridge with Colonel Martin, Colonel Ostler and Lt . Traugott . General Clark was met by Captain Luther at the Franz Josef Station and was escorted to his villa where he had dinner with General Saltzman, Captain Luther, Lt . Traugott , Lt . Clark, Lt . Gruenther and Lt. Broughton. Lt. Clark and Lt. Broughton arrived Sunday morning to spend the holiday with Ge~eral Clark in Vienna. After dinner the General retired early. * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 24, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately talked with Colonel Pesek concerning the arrangements being made for his "At Homen on Christmas evening. At 11 o'clock General Clark saw Judge Rifkind, who just arrived from Frankfurt. Judge Rifkind is investigating the conditions of Jewish DP.a. At 1130 General Clark decorated and promoted 29 officers at a ceremony held in the Conference Room in the Bank Building. With General Brann and General Saltzman, General Clark visited the opening of the ISB Propaganda Exhibit at 1215 . Upon leaving the exhibition the General went to his vil l a where he had lunch with General Saltzman and Lt. Cl ark. The General rested a short time in the afternoon and at 1600 had 135 of the children who live in the vicinity of his villa into his house for a Christmas party. General Clark spent the rest of the evening at his house. * * * * �VIENNA--DECEivIBER 25, 1945--General Clark spent the morning at his villa with Lt. Clark. At 1600 in the afternoon General Clark entertained 300 members of his headquarters , Austrian Government, War Correspondents and friends at an Egg Nog Party at his vi ll&. The last guests left at 2000. At 2100 the General , with General Saltzman, Captain Luther, Lt. Clark, Lt. Traugott, Lt . Gruenther and Lt. Broughton had Christmas Dinner at his villa. He retired shortly thereafter . The following message was received from the Chief of Staff, War Department, Washington, D. C. Reference No. WAR 90032: "State Department advises that United States government approves recognition of new Austrian govt . It is suggested that you consult other representatives of Allied Council to seek simultaneous announcement of recognition. 11 The following is General Clark's Christmas message to the Austrian people: nThis year Christmas brings new joy and hope to the people of Austri_a as they observe the birth of the Christ Child . "Liberated from the yoke of Hitl erism, free once again to practice the religion of their choice, and regaining many of the bl essings they formerly enjoyed , Austrians will have a Christmas enriched over the previous war-torn years . The Allied Forces are helping Austria obtain these blessings, and shall continue to do so until the country is fully re-established as a free and independent nation. u·wn.ile much of the festive spirit of the holidays may be l acking this season as an after math of the war, you may find a great measure of comfort and joy in the lmowledge that the promise of peace and good will to all mankind has been fulfil l ed . "As Commanding General of the United States Troops in Austria, I wish you, on behalf of my forces, a blessed and Merry Christmas, as well as a Happy New Year. 11 CHRISTMAS MESSAGE TO UNITED STATES FORCES, AUSTRIA 0n this first peace-time Christmas Day in four long years, we can once again be thankful and merry. The victory is won; the peace restored throughout the world. No longer do our l oved ones hold that fear which they held for our safety while the battle r aged . Today they await our homecoming. 11 nThey realize, however, that we are presently in Austria to secure the peace to future generations , to the lasting benefit of our America and of all nations . They lmow, as we do, that we cannot leave our tasks here until we complete our individual contributions to the success of that high mission . �') Today as you and I recall the Christmas Days of of those which we shall again know in the years to come, measure of comfort and joy in the knowledge th~t we have this year that first Christmas promise of peace and good 11 noo. the past and dream we find a great helped fulfill will to all man- · "With humble gratitude for your continuing efforts here, and with full confidence in our determination to advance the cause of liberty and peace, I, as your commander, offer you my thanks and my sincere wishes for a happy holiday season. I trust that next Christmas will find many of us united once more with our families at home. . "A Merry Christmas to each and every one of you, and a Happy, Successful New Year." * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 26, 1945--General Clark remained at his villa until 1000 hours, at which time he walked to his headquarters. After seeing General Brann, and General Tate for short conferences, he spoke to Mr. Erhardt and after taking care of accumulated correspondence, he left his headquarters for his villa. Lt. Clark accompanied him. The General spent the remainder of the afternoon and evening at his villa. * * * * VIEN.NA--DECEMBER 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours. He immediately saw General Tate, who was followed by General Sullivan. After a second conference with General Tate, the General left his headquarters for his villa, walking with Lt. Clark. In the eveni ng the General had guests in, to play poker. * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 28, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0930 hours. Immediatel~ he conferred with General Tate and then had a long conference with General S'al tzman. After seeing General Tate a second time, he conferred with Mr. Gray. The General took care of al l accumulated business and left shortly after ward to have lunch at his villa. He spent the remainder of the day at his residence, taking a long walk in the afternoon. * * * �VIENNA-DECEi\IBER 29, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 1030 hours . At 1045 hours he conferred with Mr. Mosley of the British Government, Mr. Erhardt and Mr . Thompson of the American Embassy at London. At 1145 hours General Clark was interviewed by Joseph Israel and Seymour Friedin, war correspondents . General Haynes introduced his cousin, Colonel Benford, at 1212 hours and immediately afterward Mr . Erhardt and General T~te talked with General Clark. At 1300 hours General Clakk received a call from General Collins, Commander of the 42nd Divisioh, who announced the sad news that General Donald W. Brann, Deputy Commanding General, had fallen while on a hunting trip and had been killed. This was a sudden and sad blow to General Clark and the entire headquarters . The General immediately conferred with General Tate and General McMahon on the course to be followed and at 1400 left his headquarters for his villa. During the afternoon he talked with General Saltzman and General McMahon, also General Tate, on the plans for General Brann 1 s funeral . At 1700 General Saltzman and Captain Luther left Vienna to go to Salzburg to bring back General Brann•s body. General Clark remained at his villa the remainder of the night . General Clark sent the following message to General Eisenhower. Reference No . I ''Supplementary details accident are that hunting party consisted of Generals Brann and Burress with local guides and ass istant guides , all equipped for hunting in .Austrian Tyrolean mountains near Kitzbuhel. During morning 29 December they moved up precipitious mountain on good path to hunt chamois . General Brann with guide took highest position in hunting station. Below him and out of sight at another station was ~eneral Burress and guide . According to reports of guides with General Brann he fired from sitting position at chamois located to his front and below his location. He then rose to fire from standing position when he slipped and fell forward down the cliff s i de . Time accident estimated at 1130 hours . Location of fall not readily accessible to guides so rescue party with doctor was organized and reached his location some time later . Doctor promounced him dead and indications were that he died instantaneously from the fall . HFuneral will be at Vienna at 1000 hours, 31 December with interment at Castlefiorentino Military Cemetery in Italy on January 2, 1946 . 11 * * * * VIENNA--DECEMBER 30, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours. He conferred with General Tate and General McMahon on the arrangements for receiving General B·rann' s body that evening, and for the arrangements to be made for the trip to Italy where General Brann will be buried. The General left his office at 1200 hours and spent the afternoon at his villa . At 1700 he went to the 110th Gen. Hospital, where he met the entourage which was bringing General Brann's body back to Vienna. He witnessed the placing of the casket in the chapel of the hospital and immediately thereafter returned to his villa . It was indeed a sad blow to General Clark, for he not only lost a fellow officer, but a sincere friend of long standing. * * * * �VIENNA--DECEMBER 31, 1945--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0900 hours. He immediately saw General Tate, who brought him up-to-date on the final arr angements for the ceremonies for General Brann. At 0910 hours he saw General Collins, and Gen. Burress, who had been with General Brann when he was kil l ed. General Macon, Commander of the 83d Division and General Montahue, Artillery Commander, 83d Division., saw General Clark at 0915, along with Colonel Marvin, and Colonel Ladue, personal representatives of General Truscott. At 0940, General Zhe1tov, Soviet Deputy Commander came to General Clark to pay his and Marshal Koniev•s condolences. At 1000 hours General Cl ark went to the chapel in the Allianz Building where the funeral services for General Brann were to be held. General Clark, Wir. Erhardt, General Tate, General Saltzman, General Sullivan and General Lewis acted as honorary pall-bearers. After a very short and simple ceremony, Gener al Brann' s body was pl.aced upon a half-track at the head of the funeral procession which was escorted by members of the Military Police Battalion, while the honor guard of the 42d Division presented arms. The funeral procession pulled out at 1015 hours for the Meidling station, where the train departed for Italy at 1130 hours. General Clark's train bearing the body of Maj. Gen. Donald W. Brann left Vienna for F'lorence, Italy, at 1130 hours. Among the passengers were Brig . Generals Moran, Lewis, Sullivan and Saltzman; Colonels Lazar, Porter and Paxson_; Lt. Col. McGrory, Capt. Jordan and Lt. Traugott. The casket bearing the remains was placed in the officers lounge and was surrounded by wreaths which had been sent by the Al lied Commanders and the vari ous USFA Divisions and Sections. * * * FLOPENCE, ITALY--JANUARY 1, 1946-•.Arriving in Florence at 1700 hours the train was met by Lt. Col. Dresser. General Clark and some of the officers proceeded to the Excelsior. Hotel while the rest remained abroad for final arrangements for the burial. That night everyone ate dinner at the Excelsior Hotel with the exception of Gen. Clark and General Sal tzman who dined out with some friends. * FLOI-iENCE, ITALY--JJ.NUARY 2, 1946--At 1030 hours General Clark arrived at the cemetery near Castel Fiorentino, for the burial services of Maj. Gen. Brann. Among those present besides the General and his officers .we~e Lt. Gen. Sir John Harding and Brig. Gen. O:xx. The services began at the graveside with the sermon delivered by Chaplain (Col.) Brown, at the conclusion of which the American flag was taken from the casket and given to Lt. Col. McCrory, sonin-}aw, of Major Gen. Brann. The firing party consisting of eight men from the 202 MP Bn, fired three volleys, followed by the sounding of taps which concl uded the services. Before leaving the cemetefy- the General exchanged a few words with General Harding and General Chae who had arrived just after the services had begun, and visited the grave of Lt. Col. John T. Walker. After lunch the General went to the china factory to see the dishes �which are being made for theGeneral . Back in Florence l ater that afternoon the General took a walk and in the evening called on Mr. Berenson , . The Gener al had dinner with friends in Florence . * * * * FLORENCE, ITALY--J.ANUARY 3, 19/4h--At 2345 hours the General's train left Florence for Vienna and was en route during the day. The train arrived at Meidl ing Station at 0330 on January 4 . * * * * VIENNA-- JANUARY 4, 1946-- The passengers detrained at 0730 after breakfast on the train. General Clark went immediately to his villa where he spent the remainder of the day . He took care of accumuJ.ated correspondence during the morning and had lunch with Lt . Clark and General Tate . General Tate f'r apent the larger part of the afternoon conferring with General Clark an~ t:"f~ f later the General went for a walk. In the evening Mr. and Mrs . Denby--"W'ere! J)•l ' guests for dinner . Later in the evening General Clark learned that the ~l .tiussian authorities had recognized the new Austrian Government and that Marshal Koniev had sent written and verQal messages to Mr . Figl, Chancellor of Austria , upon this subject. This caused great concern to -General Clark and General Tate because of the previous agreement by the Four Powers to make a Four Power announcement of the recognition of the Austrian Government. Lt . Col . Kretzman, the General ' s interpreter, was sent to talk with Mr . Figl on this subject and both General Cherriere and General Packard were consulted by telephone . * * * * VIENN A--JANUARY 5, 1946--General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 hours. He immediately conferred with General McMahon and then with General Tate upon subjects to be taken up at the Executive Committee meeting to be held later in the day . Col . McCaffrey was cal led in on the conference. Later General Clark conferred with Mr . Gray who is in charge of the Political Division in Mr . Erhardt 1 s absence . The General discussed the recognition of the new government with Mr. Gray and during the discussion Col . Kretzman came with a message from i1r . Figl concerning the recognition . Later Mr. Gray, Major Betz and Col . Pesek discussed the publicity angle and the sending of mes ages to the War. Department on the same subject . After conferring with General McMahon, General Clark saw Mr . Fodor and Mr. MacCormac, war correspondents. General Moran saw the General at 1240 concerning his departure for the States, and at 1300 hours General Clark saw General McMahon again. The General left his office at 1300 and spent the remainder of the day at his home . ( �General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Reference No. P-0271: "Reference my P-0234 and P-9244 have secured agreement t hat four occupying powers and Austrian Government will announce simultaneously recognition of new Austrian Government at 1200 hours Vienna time Monday January 7th. I will make announcement to United States press here accordingly and assume that release will be made at same time in United States." * * * * VIENNA--JAl.~UARY 6, 1946--GeneraJ Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours and conferred with Lt. Col. De Wald on the annovncement of the returning of the crovm jewels to the Austrian people. This announcement will be made in the General's speech at the ceremony at the founding of the Austro-American Society at 1100. General Clark conferred with Lt. Col. Kretaman on the subject to be discussed in his speech and at 1055 dep~rted with General Tate and General McMahon for the Music Hall where the ceremony was to be held. The General was met by a commi ttee and escorted to the reception room where he met Dr. Kauders, President of the Austro•American Society. Dr. Kauders escorted the Generail to his box at which time the concert began. After the Mozart Symphony, Dr. Kauders gave a fifteen minute address and was followed by General Cl ark who gave a ten-minute speech. The reception of the speech by the Austrian audience was tremendous. The announcement of the return of the crown jewels to the Austrian people was accepted with tremendous ovatioD• Genera l Clark l eft the concert immediately after this speech, returning to his villa where he had lunch with General Tate and General McMahon. At 1730 General Cl ark went to a cocktail party given by Mr. and Mrs. Denby. Leaving the Denby 1 s the General returned to his residence, accompanaed by Gener al Saltzman and later had dinner with Mr. and Mrs. Denby, Mr. Ware Adams, General Saltzman, Miss /ensen and Lt. Col. Kretzman. * * * * VIENNA--J.ANUARY 7, 1946--General Cl ark arrived at his office at 0945 after having walked from his villa. He immedi ately conferred with General McMahon, Chief of Staff, and later saw General Tate. At 1030 General Cl ark conferred with the committee which had been appointed to investigate the conditions surrounding the bringng of families overseas. The committee consisted of General Ladue, Colonel Martin, Col. Lazar, Col. DJOrsa and General McMahon sitting in on the conference. After t he conference General McMahon and General Tate remained and at 1100 hours General McMahon brought Col. Pesek into see General Clark concerning the arr angements for a party to be held on the 20th. At 11:15 General Clark conferred again with General Tate, and after taking care of al l accumulated correspondence, left with General Sullivan and General Saltzman with whom he had lunch. General Cl ark walked to his vill a where he stayed the rest of the day. In the evening General Cl.ark invited General McChrysta.l, meneral Lewis, General Saltzman, Colonel D'Orsa, and Colonel Lazar for dinner and poker. * * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, October 31, 1945 - January 7, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from October 31, 1945 - January 7, 1946. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1671 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/fbeff5f10ef3854715bc2f9c4c46d832.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=KKieZQelm2jFghRUKSrHqPrt7yZOtcymi77abKsSFpYNP7F6wPbn%7E7QgHURlyG3%7EdFf9etBDEPQpmd1Mggv5pVvH3bGoiRkmF2gkBqMW%7EoT17uK4N2B1tRa7c-PlfNrEKPT4pRc%7EidxvxrlIEBsVrkzVO0a1YXcl6LzNIg0XJRDyt8T6P6eOtOckUquEIFGsdrigGFgb70H5IzTLzMYfDKd9hU75tI6Wpy8E07jbu7bq5XQWuXtQFtHhPvSDzndrSf4aU0-a8B-smgMWtF5koLhsgFv8k2s4xZTfMDRUT-cv8gZHXZmmajZb5eKW17jSLNPjILxB9wqKunXa%7EhS3Jw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27607d6bb9b4d3fa0d63be15d3143dad PDF Text Text Lf THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM As a result of my 48 hours contact with Marshal Konev I feel our relations have improved considerably, with indications that he will make some concessions from their hitherto difficult attitude." 11 7. * * * V * SA,LZBURG--AUGUS'f 26, 1945-- General Clark conferred with General Saltzman and General Brann on displaced persons and prisoners-of-war in the American Zone of Austria. The purpose of the meeting was to see if a solution could be reached in order that the displaced persons may be disposed of as rapidly as possible. Comdr. M. !. Musnanno of Headquarters, USFA, conferred with General Cilark quite some time on a personal matter. At 1030 hours General Gruenther arrived by plane and immediately went into conference with General Clark and General Brann concerning the results of a Depity Commander meeting which had been held the day before. The conference lasted through lunch and until around 1500 hours, when General Gruenther left by plane for Vienna. After the conference General Clark and General Brann took a long walk through the woods and returned to Headquarters around 1700 hours. In the evening General Saltzman and General Brann accomµi.nied by three other guests had dinner with General Clark. ( General Clark sent the following letter to General Eisenhower in regard to Enlisted Men travelling under their own supervision: "I am in wholehearted agreement with the spirit and purpose of the plan to allow groups of Enlisted Men to travel under their own supervision to points of their own choosing within our area, as outlined in your letter of August 20. "Accordingly,, I am sending out ten such groups of Ehlisted Men on Wednesday, August z:;. This number of groups, to be sent out each week, will be increased later. Each individual group will be composed of ten men, including a responsible non-com.missioned officer. Each group is free to plan and to follow its own itinerary, will be provided its own transportation, gasoline and the necessary rations and camping equipment. It will be at liberty to travel for one week but shall avoid entry into the Russian Zone and, initially at least, will stay clear of our organized leave areas. 11There is one further matter i'or consideration, which I want to mention at this time. Many of our men have not visited Italy and strongly desire to do so. To enable them to see the historic sights of Rome, Florence, Bologns and Venice, and to visit the renowned vacation, spots of Lake Como and Lake Garda, I shall make the necessary arrangements v1ith M'l'OUSA to permit them to travel in Italy, should they elect to do so. l �42 nThere is no doubt that the entire excursion project should be given a good publicity cami:aign immediately, both through coverage in the Stars and Stripes and through announcements on our Allied Forces Network radi stations . I will withhold my announcement until I received word from your headquarters that I may do so . in al). , I consider the plan an excellent one and , as it unfolds, improvements will be made, based on the findingfl and desires of the men themselves!' 11All General Clark sent the following letter to Marshal Ivan Koniev, Commander- in- Chief, Russian Forces in Austria: s. 1 want to thank you for the hospitality and kindness which you showed me on the occasion of my recent visit to your headquarters I was deeply touched by your underst~nding, your cooperation and your genuine desire to solve our Austrian probl~m in cooperation with our Allies . I assure you that I and my entire command will bend every effort to accomplish our mission with the full under standing of the different points of view which each of the Allies may have . 11 "Please accept my deep appreciation for your thoughtfulness in presenting me with the beautiful brief case . I shall always treasure it as a remembrance of my association with a grec1t combat leaderr. "I know that you are fully as disappointed as I am because we were not able to establish the Allied Council at our first meeting. However, I feel that with your continued cooperation and leadership we shall nevertheless be able to solve many of the problems which confront us until the Allied Council is set up. To facilitate our work, I shall be willing to confer with you at any time . · 1 expect to return to Vienna towards the middle of this week and will get in touch with you on Wednesday or Thursday to extend to you an invitation to coma to my headquarters, receive a guard of honor and have • 11 luncheon with me . At that time the princip:tl members of my staff will have the privilege of meeting you. "I would like, also , to ask your help on the occasion of that visit on certain matters, principal of which are as follows: (a) The movement of approximately 80 1 000 Hungarians whom the Hungarian representatives are anxious to accept . This• involves , as far as you are concerned, the mere passage by rail of these people without stop, through your zone . Having over 500 1 000 surrendered personnel and displaced persons in my zone, you will appreciate the necessity of moving some of these before winter. �43 (b) The commencement of the work by the Inter-Allied Kommandatura . This subject will include a discussion of the division of the facilities of the Innerstadt ~ "I am sure that you and I can again succeed in advancing a few steps,\ in spite of the fact that. we are blocked from the immediate establishment ► of the Allied Council . . } _ "Again may I tell you of my appreciation of your giving me the opportunity to meet you in Baden and of my anticipstion of being associated with you in the future !'. SALZBURG-• ..UGU&'T 27, 1945- General Clark conferred with General Brarm for sometime concerning various topics of immediate imp::,rtance in the Austrian setup. He next saw Colonel Colonna of the Engineers, who was followed by Colonel Custis, an old friend who dropped in to say bellow. Shortly after 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General Brann, left in a C- 47. for a short trip and is not expected to return until tomorrow. * ( '* * SALZBURG- AUGUST 28, 1945--General Clark was away from his office on a hunting trip and will return tomorrov,. SALZBURG- AUGUST 29, 1945• -General Clark landed in his C- 47 at 1435 hours at the Salzburg airport , accompanied by_ General Brann. He returned to his Headquarters and after lunch discussed the various problems which had a:risen dur ing his absence, later taking care of accumulated correspondence . At lWO hours General Keyes called on General Clark to say goodbye on his departure to take up command of the 7th Army. General Clark conferred with General Brann until 1900 hours and after dinner retired early. * * SALZBURG- -UGUST 30 , 1945 --General Clark saw Colonel Kirkman, Medical Officer , who gave the General a Typhus shot . -t 1000 hou.rs General Clark saw Colonel Brisach who is leaving for the States ani wanted to bid the General goodbye. Following Colonel Brisach, Co:l,onel Lloyd talked with the General concerning the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp in which the General was most interas~ed. �4Y Mr. Mccamy, head of Federal Economics Administration, saw the General: at 1100 hours, and at 1115 General Clark lef't for the airport . Before boarding his C-47 General Clark decorated Captain Adair , his pilot, with the Legion of Merit . Captain Adair is returning to the States shortly, after having been with the General for two years. General Clark took off from Salzburg at 1135 hours and landed at Tullin airfield at 1245 hours. He proceeded by cub to the cub strip in Vienna and motored to his office. Immediately after arriving at his Headquarters the General had lunch with General Gruenther, General _Tate and Colonel Porter. After lunch General Clark talked with General Gruenther and General Tate on the arrangements made for the reception of Marshal Koniev who is to ·visit the General's Headquarters tomorrow • .Next General Clark talked with General Saltzman concerning the deplorable conditions at the Ebansee Personnel Detention Camp. At 1700 hours General Clark left his Headquarters and went to his villa where he had dinner with General Gruenther and Colonel Porter• * ( VIENNJ:-•Augtist 31, .1 945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours and conferred with General Gruenther for some time · on the forthcoming meeting with Marshal Koniev and his staff. He next saw General Lewis VAC Commander, who was followed by Colonel Porter . At 1100 hours General Clark conferred for some time with Colonel Rie:pe ·Qf G-2 on the Italian decorations which were to be presented in Milan in th~ near future. At 1200 hours Marshal Koniev, accompanied by General Zheltov and Mr . Kiselev, Political dvisor, arrived at USFA Headquarters and were met by General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr. Erhardt. After inspecting the Guard of Honor for Marshal Koniev which consisted of a comi:any from the 42nd Division, the party adjourned to General Clark's office where they conducted a confer ence which lasted until 1330 hours. In the meeting such topics as Hunf,,a,rian Displaced Persons being deported through Russian-occupied Austria to Hungary, food, and fuel were discussed. After the conference General Clark and guests had lunch in the Commanding Generalfi.s mess on th~ top floor of the Headquarters QUilding. Marshal Koniev and party de:p3.rted from Headquarters at approximately ltO0 hours. t 1630 hours General Clark left his Headquarters for his villa where he had di.n:ner with General Tate, General Lewis and Mr . Erhardt() · The following cable regarding the meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, was sent to the Secretary of State by Mr . Erhardt : "Despite fact llied Commission not yet officially established, considerable progress is being made by four Commarrlers-in-Chief. At meetings of Deputy Commanders on August 27 and 28, it was agreed, largely on General Clark's initiative, that eleven basic reports be prepared on urgent problems by subcommittees composed of representatives of each' power. Included V �in the subjects to be considered are political 1 activity, use of Austrian administrative machinery, supplies for Vienna, freedom of the press, compi• lation of lists of Nazis to be apprehended, disposition of Sudetenlanders and Volksdeutsche, and currency conver·sion, sub-committee reports on all of which are due on or be.fore September 10, and the subjects to be covered before the end of September are restoration of utilities, communications and tr~nsportat:i.on and study of Austrian food and fuel resources. 0 , ncordial relations exist between top Soviet and American officials, especially between Clark and Koniev. Clark is recognized as a man of action and successful combat leader. Considerable progress is being made in this direction, but this cordiality does not yet extend all way down. Food and' fuel are considered as paramount issues by Clark and MG is concentrating on their solution from a short range standpoint, in my opinion with fair hope of success. Clark does not want and will not partici:p1te in any arrangement that would permit the Austrians to freeze or to be on a starvation dietU * * VIENNA-·September 1, 1945---General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred with Colonel Grogan on public relations and later with General Gruenther. At 1015 hours General Lewis arrived to ·c onduct General Clark on an inspection tour of the warehouses in Vienna. General Clark took off from the cub strip at 1100 hours for Tullin airport where he took his C-47 for Salzburg, arriving at approximately 1230 hours. He went immediately to his office where he took care of accumulated corres,t:ondence and returned to his residence at 1500 hours where he remained the rest of the day. General Clark received the following telegram from the War Department: •tURAD AUGUST P 7013 raragraph 5 your view that formal establishment of Allied Commission should not be delayed contingent UJ?On meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers concurred here. State Department dispatched cable to London Embassy establishing United States position and urging British permit Mccreery to attend and particip:i.te AC meetings. Copy this cable sent to Mr. Erhardt, State Dept cable no. 84. In reply to this cable London Embassy advises that British Govt has reconsidered its attitude and now is in substantial agreement United States p:>sition~ British Gov. London also expressed hope that as result of instructions sent to Vienna formal meeting of AC could be held within the week., from 28 August beginning". r]' �) SALZBURG-- September 2, 1945•-General Clark remained in his villa during the morning and at 1100 hours went to the airport to meet General Eis enhower who was flying in from Frankfort in a C- 54. General Ei senhower arrived at Salzburg at 1128 hours accompanied by General T.J . Davis , and Lt . Summersby , WAC , General Eisenhower • s secr etar y . The party went immediately to the Schloss and at 1300 hours had unch. Shortly after 1400 hours General Clark took his guests to Berchtesgarden and to see Hitler's agles Nefl.t.., returning around 1600 hours . At 1830 hours the party had dinner in the small guest house and afterwards played bridge . General Gruenther arrived at 1700 and joined the group for the evening. * * * SALZBURG--September 3, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark, accompanied by General E.i senb.ower , General Davis , Lt . Summersby and Captain Luther depirted for Dietlgut to spend the night at the General ' s country lodge in the Hinterstoder Valley.. The party had a picnic 1 unch on the way and arrived at 1400 hours , shortly after which General Eisenhower, General Clark and General Davis went fishing . They returned at approximately 1900 hours and after dinner spent the' evening in discussing old times . * * ( SALZBUR'G-- 4 Sept ember 1945- •General Clark and guests de:r:arted from the lodge at 1000 hours and arrived at the Schloss at 1230 hours . Arter lunch at 1300 hours General Eisenhower , General Dayis and Lt . Summersby departed in a C- 54 for their Headquarters. General Clark returned to his lodge in the late afternoon and spent the rest of the day fishing . * * * S LZBURG--September 5_, 1945• -General Clark spent the day at his lodge fishing with General Brann and General Gruenther . * * * * SALZBURG-- September 6, 1945-- G'eneral Clark rett1rned to Salzburg and after a short time at the Schloss went to his office where he took care of all accumulated correspondence and business . After lunch at the Schloss General Clark returned to his Headquarters where he conferred with General Bram. General Clark left his Hes.dquarters at 1500 hours returning to the Schloss where he spent the rest of the day. In the evening h~ had Miss Riley, secretary, General McMahon, General Ladue, Gaptain Mattox, Captain Luther a nd Mr . ·Beach for dinner . �General Clark sent the following cable to Major General Joao 'Batista Mascarenhas De Moraes, Commanding General Brazilian Expeditionary Force, Rio De Janeiro non behalf of the officers and men 0£ the United States Forces in Austria, I offer hearti st congratulations to your great nation on the 123rd anniversary of Brazil's independence, September 7o You may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of your Brazilian expeditionary force in Italy. I send you best wishes for a productive and eternal peace, and express our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in tranquility foreverl' The following congratulatory message was sent by General Clark to Lieutenant General Sir Bernard c. Freyberg, Commanding Gener-al, New Zealand Corps, AFHQ, Caserta: non. behalf of the officers and men of the United States Forces in !~ria .1-..extend hea!'ti.e.st col)gr:atulations to .you on your appointment as Q_overnor General of New Zealana. ou may be sure we shall never forget the gallantry of the. New Zes.land Corps under your splendid leadership in the difficult Mediterranean campaigns. Today as we rejoice in the great victory so recently won it is our fervent hope that the peoples of the world shall live together in peace am tranquility forever. I send you best wishes for your continued success and for the la sting welfare of New Zealand. t' * * * SALZBURG-~SEPrEMBER 7, 1945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and after conferring for a short time with General Brann drove to the 124th General Hospital where he had dental work done by Major Meyers of the Dental clinic. At 1045 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters and saw Col. Burrill,Head of Liaison Section. At 1130 Doctor Schlem, Governor of the Province of Salzburg called on General Clark and discussed various topics concerning Salzburg. General Clark then left for lunch at 1300 hours. t 1500 hours General Clark went for a walk vdth Commander Musmanno , during which they discussed plans for writ:ing a book, and in the evening had dinner with General Brann. The following memorandum was received from Lt. Col Charles regarding the Austrian Russian Oil Negotiations. Vl. 'l'hayer, The Secretary General of the Socialist Party states with respect to the oil negotiations, that the Russians maintain that they acquired the right to take over German Oil interests in Austria as a result of the Potsdam greement. As the Austrians have no knowledge of the Potsdam Agreement, other than what was published, they can only take the Russian 1 s word for this. 111. ��0 2. The Russians, likewise claim that they can take over the plants in any way they see fit, but suggest that an Austro-Russian Holding Company with a Russian majority interest, would be more acceptable to both i:arties. n3 . The Russians have constantly stresse<i the necessity for keeping the negotiations quiet from the Americans . V "4• This information is as of noon 7 September 1945. "5. It is requested that the source of the above information not be revealed. tt6. The Vienna press today announces a draft law has been approved by the Renner Cabinet nationalizing the oil industry as well as the Electrical, Mining, Iron, and other heavy ind.ustries . The text of the law has not been published." i(r * * * SALZB1JRG-SEFTEMBER 8, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0915 hours and conferred shortly with General Brann. He talked to General Eisenhower on the telephone concerning a proposed trip to Italy, and also to Ambassador Kirk at Rome concerning plans for the trip. Shortly after• wards he saw Colonel Pesek, new Secretary to the General Staff and again conferred with General Brann. He left the Headquarters at 1200 hours and returned to the Schloss where he met Genera~ Gruenther, 'General Brann, General Tate, General McChrystal and Colonel Lazar and had lunch with them . He spent the afternoon at the Schloss with his guestso General Clark today sent the following ·cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: "Subject is Soviet Exploitation of oil resources in Austria . n1 . · Investigations made within pa.st few days by members of my staff make it fairly clear that Soviet representatives in Austria are exerting pressure on Renner Government to agree to formation of Austro- Sovlet Oil Corporation to exploit former German- owned crude oil producing properties in Soviet occupied .tJ ustria, principally in the region of Zistersdorf • . Soviets insist that Austrians sign agreement for establishment of such corporation prior to noon September 10th. First meeting of Allied Council will be held in Vienna at 1400 hours September 11th. v~ ��( "2. It is reported that Soviets accompanied original proposal to Renner with statement that according to Potsdam Agreement all German properties in E:astern Austria, including underground resources, belong to USSR . When Renner indicated that in his present provisional post he was unable to make commitments for Austria , the Soviets then presented proposal to cabinet . Shortly thereafter Soviets reported to have offered skeleton contract with following provisions: (1) That an ustro- Soviet Oil Corp:,r~tion be formed under Austrian Law: (2) That this corporation exploit former German-owned oil producing properties in Soviet Occupied Austria. (3) That this corporation be a private enterprise. To this ehd, the Soviet parties to the contract would be state controlled exploitation companies . The USSR, as such, would would not be a party to contract . (4) That ownership of corporation would be on a fifty-fifty·· basis by Austrian and Soviet interests . (5) That the principal officer of the corporation will be a Soviet national and the next officer an Austrian. Their depp.t ies would be reversed. ( 6) Soviets undertake to bring about maximum output of oil fields and will provide necessary equipnent. As part of their contribution, Soviets would turn over to the corporation former German-owned refineries in Soviet occupied Austria . ( 7) _ustrians to provide capital necessary for operations as their contribution to corporation. (8) . Austrian government to give corporation exclusive right to exploit oil wells which may be discovered anywhere in Austria in the future . n3 . According to reports given to me, Soviets have indicated tha0 the issue of pre- war ownership in the properties is not involved . They are only concerned with the present ownership or more specifically with the ownership a s of the date of the Potsdam Agreement . In this connection ) German actions after the annexation of Austria have complicated the question of ownership but Socony Vacuum, Standard New Jersey and British interests are all involved espec1ai1y around Zistersdorf. �"4. Date as of which property to be considered Austrian not clear. Soviets have stated they are willing to recognize as Austrian all additions and investments made by Germans in Austrian firms between [arch 12, 1938 and September 1., 1939 . Austrians prefer 1938 date . They say Germans actually made no new investments in Austrian firms between the two above- mentioned dates but that substantial Austrian oil property was tran~ferred to German firms . · 11 5. Soviet delegation handling oil matter here headed by Kunikin said to be Deputy Soviet Minister for Foreign Trade . It is not unlike11/ that . group is wholl:,y or in part a •; general Soviet Trade Delegation to Austria . )J ( "6. Soviet Delegation indicated it means to return to Moscow September 10 and therefore willing to leave blank in contract many un~ settled details . The delegation however , is insisting on having signed agreement before departure . Representatives of Remer attempting to ✓ delay to delay signing all by manner of means but it is not known whether they will be successful . Word was c ommunicated to Renner today to stall until after Allied Council meets . Russians have asked Austrians to keep negotiations secret but Austrian contacts were willing to talk until today. This morning they showed considerable reluctance for fear of personal action by Russians . Vienna press yesterday reµ,rted favorable consideration by Renner cabinet of nationalization law including crude oil production. This law has not been published and will not become a law until published . Renner press chief thinks publication unlikely and expresses opinion that main purp:>se of announcement of consideration 0£ the law at this time was to forestall the signing of Austro- Soviet contract . 7 . On September 6th, General Gruenther spoke informally to Genera l Zheltov about reports concerning Renner intention to nationalize oil industry and to sign private agreement for its production and distribution. He did not mention Soviet pressure but he emphasized that matter \ of such great imp:>rtance should ·n ot be acted on until after consideration by the Allied Council . Zhel tov gave no reply. { 0 ns. If I find that the Renner Government is unable to delay sign- \ in.g the · agreement until after the meeting of the Allied Council I shall f inquire of Marshal Koniev on Monday the status of the alleged agreement . I shall stress that the disp:>sal of an imp::,rtant natural resource which is vital to the Austrian economy should be considered by the Allied Council . What I object to is the methods the Soviets are pursuing in putting pressure on the Renner Goverr.ment and the unilateral interpretation they wish to give to the Potsdam Agreement without consultation with the other three Commanders. If ustrians are able to delay agreement I shall bring matter before llied Council on Tuesday. �Sl "9 . Request that my proposed action be confirmed by you as a matter of urgency. " • * * * ALZBUR S 1 FT.:£MBER 9 , 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and conferred with General Brann for some time o He took care of accumulated corresp:>ndence and other business and prerared his speech to be given at the dec oration ceremony He talked with Colonel Kir1'1nan con cerning the medical troops in Austria and at 1100 hours conducted the decoration ceremony held on the anniversary of Salerno . Day fter inspecting the Honor Guard consisting of a company from the 142nd Division with General Collins and General Reinhart, General Clark delivered a speech to the assembled officers and men . Next General Clark had the pleasure of presenting to his old friends and members of his HeAdquarters DSM 1-s and Oak Leaf Clusters to the D. S ,,M. '.!'.,hose who received decorations were General Gruenther , General Brann, General Tate, General Howard , General Lewis , General McMahon, General Iifor an, and General Saltzman fter presenting the rest of the decorations to some fifty officers and enlisted men, all the decorees and Section Heads gathered at the Schloss for a buffet luncheon given them by General Clark. Following the luncheon General Clark took a long walk and spent the evening at the Schloss * * * SALZBl"'R - SEPTEMBER 10, 1945 - General Clark left the Schloss for his Head quarters in Vienna at 0900 hours and after driving to Linz flew by B-25 to Vienna . He arrived at his office in Vienna at 1230 hours where he immediately had l_unch o fter lunch he saw General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt and had a long conference concerning the forthcoming llied Council meeting . He next saw Genera+ Tate and at 1545 hours Colonel Grogan and Mr . Bolling of Overseas News . Mr . Bolling desires to write an article for his paper on how General Clark is getting on_ s o well with Marshal Koniev and the Russians in general . -- - - .,,,,,... ----- . .t 1600 hours General Flory conferred with General Clark on the report of progress in the various fields in Austria and was commended by General Clark on the report which had been written . General Clark saw General Gruenther concerning the dinner which was to be given by the French, and was followed by Mr . Erhardt . Mr . Fodor and Mr . McCormack, news corres}X)ndents , called on General Cla~k 8:t his office for a short visit with him . General Clark left for his residence at 1730 hours where he rested until 1900 hours . t 1920 General Clark left his villa for General Bethouart 1 s Headquarters in the French Section of Vienna where he had dinner with General Bethouart along with General Gruenther , General Tat~, General Flory , Colonel Porter, Colonel Sutherland, Captain &.j_enow , Captain Luther and members of General Bethouard 1 s staff . fter dinner General Bethouart and General Cherrier conferred with General Cl&rk and General Gruenther and at 0300 hours General Clark left to return to his residence. �General Clark sent the follow:ing cable to General Fredd Blesse, Headquarters Army Ground Forces• ttMedical prob.lams in Austria dictate I must have best talent available . Would like you to head my Medical Section. Before making formal request for your assignment I would lik& to know if you could be made available. Will you determine if your headquarters would release you for such assignment and let me know by personal message? 11 General Clark received the following extract from an OSS report re• garding Austrian-Russian Oil Negotiations: · "4. On September 10 at 1600 hours Renner was called from meeting of Political cabinet to Russian headquarters where he was presented with contract for bis signature . Renner refused saying tmt political cabinet had again decided against signing for two reasons: 1) The Rermer Government cannot speak for the whole of Austria and the contract involves Austrian national interests. 2) No contract should be signed on a unilateral basis without, consultation with other members of the Allied Co~mission. "Russians were furious and cited previous support of Renner Government. s for point two, they declared the co.ntract was a purely RussianAustrian matter not of concern to the other powers . They insisted he re• t some evening with intention of signing. Renner said he would not return an that his answer was final . "Russians in threatening manner said this was a very serious matter and would be reJX)rted to Marshall Koniev . They stated that this refusal would make impossible any future trade agreements and implied that as a result of the present gover:rnnent 1 s ungrateful attitude, they would no longer feel obligated to support the Renner Government in its negotiations with the Allies. n General Freyberg of Headquarters 2 NZ Division sent the following telegram to General Clark. "My most sincere thanks for your kind message of congratulations sent on behalf of the Officers and men of the United States Forces in Austria . New Zealanders in Italy and the Middle East will remember not only the courage and steadfastness in battle of the United States Forces but also the never failing kindness and assistance which we have always received from you. After five and a half years of war we look forward to the days of i:eace which lie ahead and we hope that the friendships and associations which we have formed in war will continue and become strengthened to the benefit of our two countries . Once again my most grateful thanks for your kind message of congratulations . " �53 ( VIENN -•SEPI'EMBER 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters at 0930 and immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther on the subjects to be discussed at first Allied Council meeting to be held this afternoon at 1500 hours. After the conference with General Gruenther, General Clark saw Colonel Neville of the Rome branch of Stars and Stripes with whom he discussed the p,ssibility of setting up a Stars and Stripes for Austria to be published in Vienna . After Colonel Neville, Mr. Erhardt conferreg with General Clark and was followed by Captain Winterhaler, Commander of the Navy Division of US!CA. General Clark had lunch at his Headquarters and at 1500 hours at• tended the first Allied Council meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Vienna.. Following the meeting General Clark flew to Linz in an L-5 and was met at the Linz airport by car in which he returned to the Schloss . * * * 1945- General Clark met General Eisenhower at the railroad station in Salzburg and at 1100 hours with General Eisenhower, Lt . Col . Stack aide to General Eisenhower , Lt • . John Eisenhower and Captain ·.G rann, left in a C- 47 for Venice . The party landed at the Lido at 1235 hours and was met by Captain Luther who had preceded the party to Venice . They went immediately to the Grand Hotel where they were met by Brigadier Lucas- Phillips, British Commander of the Vienna area . At 1.300 hours General Eisenhower and General Clark and p:1rty had lunch in the main dining room of the Grand Hotel , after which they toured the city of Venice in a launch and saw all the interesting spots . In the evening after dinner the party preceded in gondolas followed by a gondola of musicians through the streets of Venice, returning to the hotel around 2200 hours . SALZBURG--SEPrEMBER 12, * * * * S LZBURG-- SEPTiilffiER 13, 1945--General Eisenhower, Genera Clark and i:arty left the Lido in General Clark's C- 47 for Rome . at 0800 landed in Rome at 0930 hours, where they were met by Ambassador Alexander Kirk, Mr. '.P-itmon, executive to Myron Taylor , General T . K. Brown, Commander of t he Rome area , and Captain Luther who had again preceded the party. During the morning the party toured. Rome with Mr, Kirk, seeing the Colosseum , the Forum, the Catacombs; toured St . Peter ' s Cathedral, which was followed by an audience with His Holiness the Pope . and ,1 At 1300 hours General Clark, General Eisenhower and party had lunch with Ambassador Kirk at his residence . His Highness Crown Prince Umberto , General Brown and General Grady were among those present . General Clark and his guests took off from Rome airport at lE:o0 hours and landed at Nice airport at 18.30 hours . The party proceeded to General Eisenhov1er s vill at Cannes where they spent the evening with Ambassador Harriman and Miss arriman, General Deane and Lt . Kay Surnmersby. ~~ \ . l �( General Clark received Staff: the following cable from the Joint Chiefs of 01 . Subject is disposal of captured and surrendered e nemy war materiel produced for or used by the German Armed Forces. Reference S-18589 of 21 August . "2. You should endeavor to reach quadripirtite agreement on the provisions outlined in paragraphs 3 through 7 below. If by 15 October 1945 no quadripartite agreement has been reached you will comply with this directive in your own zone . "3 . As soon as practicable .you will destroy or reduce to scrap "\ all enemy war material in u. s. Zones in Germany and Austria with ex- } caption of items mentioned in paragraphs 4 through 7 below. In destroying or scrapping such material you should, whereever feasible , make provision for salvaging any parts and com:i;:onents suitable for civilian use . "4. War material suitable or adaptable for civilian use, except, aircraft, may be used to meet your operational requirements in your zone , including provision for needs of your forces, of prisoners of war and displaced persons of United Nations, of armed forces pending total disbandment or other disposition of such forces, and relief needs of civil p:>pulation. All types of enemy aircraft will be destroyed or scrapped except such aircraft as required for intelligence purp:,ses . All other transportation equipne nt should, whereever p:,ssible , be included in the category MSui table or adaptable for civilian use" . Any material retained by you and surplus to your requirements spould be rerorted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. "5. Sufficient war·material should be preserved to satisfy requests from you.r Government for war material for trophy purp:,ses, and for exploitation for scientific , experimental, and intelligence purposes . U.S. requirements will be forwarded to you shortly. n6. War materials which can be readily identified as having been acquired during the war in any way by the Germans f'Dom any United Nation shall be restored, providing, however, that mater~al susceptible only of warlike use shall be restored only when it can be identified as having been captured from the armed forces of any United Nationo "7. War material appertaining to ships and vessels of the German Navy should be preserved pending disp,sal instructions from the Trip:irtite Naval Commission in Berlin. Under Potsdam decisions such war material is to be handed over to the pov,er receiving German ships and vessels o German Naval uni ts are not included in this d:irective. �( �us. The Commanding General, USFET, should prop:>se that the Control . I) ' Council for Germany assume custody, through appropriate channels, of Germany war material interned· in neutral countries . In event of agree. ment on this point , and in the absence of Control Council agreement as to disposition of such material 1 .the u. s. share should be disposed of in accordance with this directive ." * * SALZBURG-MS PrEMBER 14, 1945--General Clark and General Eisenhower spent the morning relaxing on the beach. During the morning General Eisenhov,er received a message concerning Displaced Persons which necessitated his [ going to see General Patton at Munich, and General Clark returned to his Headquarters immediately After lunch General Clark took off in his C-47 and landed at Salzburg at 1730 hours . He was met by General Brann at t he airp:,rt and both returned to the Schloss , where General Clark conferred with General Brann on the Displaced Persons situation making prei:arations for an inspection tour to the Di·splaced Persons camps tomorrow morning. After dinner General ~lark retired early. General Clark received the following message from the War Dei:artment regarding long term supply arrangements for Austria ; ''I'he following :p3.raphrased message at the request of Secretary of State is passed to YQU• ( "On ll September at first meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers it was suggested by the British .Foreign Secretary that conference should discuss long term suPPlY arrangements for Austria . rrhe 4 Governments represented on the Allied Council Austria should instruct their respective represenatives to consult immediately on this question and submit their recommend.a tions as far as possible in time for them to be considered before the end of the present series of meetings This agreed on by Council of Foreign Ministers . 1 0 "With a view to an immediate consideration of these matters and sub" mission of reports not later than 18 September with such agreed recommendations as may be possible you should consult with your colleagues. 11!.t rr.ro each of your colleagues an identical telegram has been addressed". is desired that you. initiate action to comply with the a.boven . * I * �( SALZBURG--SEPT .BER 15, 1945--General Clark arrived at ·his office a.t 0945 hours and conferred with General Brann for some time on his proposed inspection tour of the Displaced Persons Camps in Salzburg, fols and Linz . General Clark left at 1030 hours accompanied by General Collins, Gener al Hume , General Ladue , Colonel Stevens and others. He inspected four camps in the vicinity of Salzburg and leaving General Collins at 1100 hours started for Linz where he was met by General Reinhart , and there inspected two Displaced Persons Camps . The party then proceeded to General Reinhart 1 s villa. for lunch. fter luncheon General Clark and party inspected three large camps in Linz . G eneral Clark was exceptionally pleased with the .condition of the camps as to organization, supervision and operation General Clark returned by car to the Horsching airfield at Linz where he bordered his C-47 and returned to Salzburg. General Clark returned to the Schloss and in the evening had Colonel Ostler, Colonel D 1 0rsa and other guests for dinner. General Clark received the following message from General Fred This is a reply to the message which was sent by General Clark on September 10, 1945: Blesse . Answering PV-7340. p:precfate message my release would not be favorably considered at this time by HQ ,AGF . Air mail letter follows;, 0 * SALZBURG- SEPT3MBER 16, 1945--General Clark left the Schloss for Vienna at 1000 in his car. He was met at the Horsching airfield by Colonel Martin, who had made arrangements for General Clark to continue his trip to Vienna in a C-47. Upon arriving at his Headquarters he immediately conferred with General Gruenther, who was followed by Mr . Freshman. In the evening General Clark had the following guests for dinner - Mr . Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Tate and General Saltzman, * * * * VIENN - EFT.EMBER 17, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 and immediately conferred with General Grnanther, Mr . Erhardt and General Tate . Mr . St . Aubin dropped in to say goodbye , and also Miss Ella Logan. The Allied Council meeting took place at 1100 and lasted until 1420 hours . General Clark who is the Chariman .of the meetings for September and for the first two meetings in October , with his guests , had luncheon in the General I s dining room. fter lunch General Clark left for his villa at about 1600 hours, and returned to his office at 1800 hours to receive tt . Christian Herter, Congressman from Massachusetts and Mr. Hanson, Agricultural Head of UNRR • Mr . Richter was also called into this conference . · General Clark left his office at 1930 hours accompanied by Mr . Herter , M!' . Richter, Mr . Hanson and Mr . Erhardt who were the General ' s guests for d inner. �( VIENNA---SEP'.,. EMBER 18, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0900 and conferred with General Gruenther, General Lewis and General Saltzman. At 0945 General Clark interviewed Miss Benetzha with the idea in mind tha.t in the future Miss Benetzha 1 s services as Russian interpreter would be usedo At 1000 hours General Clark, General Lewis, General Tate and Colonel Samouce made an inspection tour of Vienna. General Clark remained at his villa during the afternoon and then accompanied by Mr . Thayer attended a French concert at 1700 hours . General Clark sent the follo wing message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The message sent was in two parts - the first part contained recommendations agreed to in the Allied Council meeting on September 17, 1945 . The second part which is quoted below contains General Clark ' s personal views: ttThis is Part 2 of my P-7519 and contains my personal views . n1 . At the outset of the discussion it was made clear by the Soviets that they wouJ.d insist up:m a minimal feeding standard for Austria.~ The following prop,sal with regard to foreign sources of food supply was made by me and supported by the British and Fr ench: '~he Allied Council for Austria is further unanimously agreed that , as a matter of p:,licy, food to meet the Austrian deficit should come from normal pre- war sources, principally Hungary, Rumania , Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; that an exami• nation to be made of the imports which present conditions in those countries will permit; that the resulting quantities b~ taken into account as a part of the means of meeting the deficit and that to the extent that the neeq. cannot be met from the countries concerned, other sources of supply be found . n The Russians firmly refused to support this proposal on the ground that it was beyong the scope of the Council I s competence . Further they stated th...at though we were not fully cognizant of conditions in Central and Southeastern Europe, there were indications that because of draughts and other fact ors there were no surpluses for Austria to be had from those areas and it would therefore be impracticable to recomm end that any relianc e be placed on such sources . Despite innumerable attempts to reword this paragraph in more innocuous terms~---~ the Russians r esolutely refused to accept any text which made any reference to the Danubian Basin or Central European supply sources . In fact , they refused to accept the recommendation that as a matter of policy, deficit should from ttnormal pre-war so1.1rces , u no geographical areas being named. "2 . In this connection, I am aware of the alarming proportions to which the { US is becoming committed as the residual wor ld supplier . I have done e:very1 thing to stress in the Council meeting the im!X)rtanc e of reserling local resources entirely for the Austrian population and of obtaining for Austria supplies from nearby countries . Yet we must steer clear of wishful thinking and give you a fair picture of what we believe are the facts of the case as seen from here. It would be unrealistic to assume tha.t more than insignificant quantities of foodstuffs , i:ossibly sugar fr om Czechoslovakia , would be obtain.a d from the Danubian Basis during 1945- 1946 . It has become evident since I disp,.tched my P-1054 to you a month ago that sweeping soci al changes , population transfers , hasty land reforms , changes in farm controls , indiscrimminate ��53 ( removal of livestock, farm machinery and transport vehicles in all of Eastern Europe, as well as the drought that affected much of the area, have eliminated virtually all surpluses that would under nor mal conditions have been produced in these regions . (This information furnished by experts of the Dep:i.rtment of Agric1.1lture . Have had presently the advice of Dr . Motz and Dr . Richter, which was concurred in by a recent conference of 15 U3 agricultural attaches . These facts, they tell me, are well known in Washington and in London. ) Of co1..1rse I am speaking of the present crop year and it may well be t hqt'.over a long- term period the Danubian Basin will be the granary for Austria . l n3 • As indicated in µ1.ragra ph 2 of the official agreement the differencas in the calculations the deficits are accounted for by differences in the feeding goals envisioned. The British- French estimates are based on a feeding goal of an average ration of 1700 calories for the total population, including farmers . The American estimate is based upon an average ration of 1700 calories for the non- farming FOpulation, allowing for unavoidable retentions by farmers of approximately 2750 calories, or slightly less than their reterrtions ln previous years . The Soviet position is that the Austrian ration shoµld be limited to the r ation scale should be limited to the ration of a vanquished nation . Russians also wish to reserve barljy for human consumption, while the US , British and French feel tmt it will inevitably be used for animal feed . of C · I "4. The Russians brought up several proposals for increasing Austrian food supplies, such as making use of the existing central Austrian Government for the ·initiation of a foreign trade program , rehabilitation of Austrian industry and railroads,. and the extention of arable land , all of these proposals involv:ing political recognition of the Renner Government . 'l'hese, however, were rejected on the ground that the question of the Renner Government is on the agenda for the next regular meeting of the Allied Council on September twentieth . 'L. "5 . With regard to Point 5 concerning non- requisition of indigenous food supplies, it should be pointed out that although the Russians have ., invariably taken the p:,sition that they never have requisitioned Austrian \ supplies nor intend to do so , entirely reliable sources report that e~tensive requisitioning is going on not only by individuals and units throughout Lower Austria, but also centrally by the Russian High Command in Vienna with demands in some instances placed directly on the Renner Government. l 6. 0 In view of the urgency in reporting to the Council of Ministers, it with had previously been decided that only food and not fuel would be dealt at this time . n7 . As requested in paragraph 2 WAR 65058 US estimates by Zones (including zones in Vienna) of twelve months 1945- 46 import requirements based on 1700 calories non- farm average ration of foodstuffs listed and on farm retention of 2750 calories per day are as follows: 1000 metric tons �( Floiu;: u.s. Brit. Zone Zone French Zone USSR Zone Total 446 138 161 Farinaceous foods in terms of flour z::J 27 115 18 32 28 102 including pulses Potatoes in terms of grain 6 10 16 11 43 Sugar Fats 4 9 10 10 6 7 4 15 12 42 24 41 97 Meat Milk 26 17 None * * * VIENN - SEPTEMBER 19 , 1945---Upon arriving at his office General Clark con- , ferr ed vd th Mr • .t;;rhardt and Gener al Gruenther and then had an appointment with W..r . Frank Mason with whom he discussed the Russian situation in Berlin. Following, General Clark saw Count Larisch regarding hi s property in Vienna . He then saw General Collins, Colonel Martin and Mr . Grey.. General Brann arrived at 1130 hours and immediate~y conferred with General Clark. Mr . and Mrs . Harold Tittma.nn and their two sons arrived at 1500 hours from Rome , and were Genera~ Clark' s guests for dinner along with Mr . Erhardt , General Saltzman, General Flory and General Gruenther . General Clark sent the following message to the Hon. Henry L . Stimson, Secretary of War , upon his reti.rement: "With the sincerest appreciation of your remarkable and lengthy career of Government service I take great pleasure in wishing you the be st for the future . I take pri de that I have had the o pp:>rt unity to serve under your magnificient leadership dur:ing these past ciitical years . n . The follovtlng message was sent by General Clark to the Hon. Robert P . Patterson, Secretary of War: "I and all my command are delighted with the announcement of your appointment to Secretary of War . I look forward to continued service under your magnificient leader shipn General Clark received the following message from General ffarshall, Reference No . Willi 65707· �''The Army Navy Joint Staff College, after completion of the current course in the near future , will be involved in the establishment of the college on an entirely different basis from that which has pertained during. the v-.rar Our view is that the college should be organized on a higher war college level . General DeWitt is being relieved as commandant by Vice Admiral Hill of the Navy. This is in compliance with the p:,licy as to retired officeEs and as to alternation of the position of commandant . The deputy commandant will be an Army off icer. It is a key position in which should be placed an ·officer of keen menta lity, organizing ability and school experience . General Gruenther has been highly recommended for this position by both General DeWitt and General Devers . It would be a marked advantage to the post war Army and particularly to our post war educational system if Gruenther could be made available . He should be here by 1 November . Please consider this matt.er carefully and let me have your views -~ General Clark neplied to the above cable as follows: 11Your W illi 65707 received . I have carefully considered this matter and feel it would definitely be a great mistake to remove Gruenther from his key i:osition as Deputy Commander USFA . His position here corresponds t o Clay s in Germany. We are making progress in our Allied Council and to remove him at this time would, in my opinion, be a great error . General Gruenther concurs in my views . I recommend that he remain on his present assignment . 11 * VIENNA.- -SEPrEMBER 20 , 1945 --G,r neral Clark arrived at his office at 0840 and saw General Gruenther , General HoVvard, General Tate, Col . St.1ariley, Lt . Col . Halliday and Mr . Erhardt e The llied Cowmanders-in- Chief met at 1300 and the meeting lasted until 1730. General Clark then had a press conference with Colonel Grogan and several members of the press . General Tate , General Saltzman, General Gruenther and Colonel Grogan were the General 1 s guests for dinner . * * VI NN - - SEP.r.e~Iv1BER 21, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Headquarters 'building · at 0900 and immediately conducted a promotion ceremony for 25 officers - 22 being from the Vienna area command. He then conferred with General McChrystal and then saw Colonel Grogan and war correspondent Pat Frank. General Clark �left the Headquarters at 1115 to go to General Mccreery s British Headquarters, where General Clark decorated nineteen British officers and men . After the decoration ceremony GeneraL Clark was guest at General McCreery1 s Headquarters for luncheon with General Gruenther , General Tate, General -Flory, General Saltzman and General Winterton. Immediately after lunch General Clark went to the cub strip where he left at 1425 for the Tulln airfield where Mr . and lVirs . Harold Tittmann and family joined General Clark and flew in a C- 47 to Salzburg. General Clark and P9,rty arrived at the airport in Salzburg at 1600 hours . The r-arty was met by Captain Luther who escorted ivir . and l'Jf.rs . Tittmann and family to Berchtesgarden ·and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . General Clark went immediately to the Schloss where he rested and await ed the return of his guests for dinner . At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs . Tittmann, General Collins , General Reinhart, General Brann, General Ladue and General McMahon dined with General Clark, and then attended the performance given by the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . General Clark sent the following congratulatory message to Hon. Henry L . Stimson, V.ar De:p3.rtment, VJ'a shington: ( nCongratulations on your 78th birthday . No man in public service has done more for our Country . Under your stewardship the Tf.ar Department has conducted successfully the greatest military cam- · piign in all history . To your statesmanship, your leadership, your integrity, we express admiration. For myself and my of- · ficers and soldiers I proudly salute a great .American. t1 * * * * SALZBURG, SEPTEMBER 22, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and immediately conferred with General Brarm . At 1015 General Clark saw Count Tyszkevics who delivered a message from General Anders, Polish Commander . The General took care of his correspondence which had accumulated during his absence in Vienna , and at 1100 saw Colonel Nygard concerning a proposed trip to Florence. General Clark had lunch with Colonel Nygard and General Brann at the Schloss and at 1340 hours General Clark dei;arted for the airp:>rt where he was met by General Gruenther and General Tate who had flown in from Vienna . At 1415 General Clark and party took off in the Generalt s C- 47 for Florence. 1 * * * * �( SALZBURG-- SEFT 'v11BER 2.3 , 1945--General Clark was in Florence and due to p:>or flying conditions was unable to return to Salzburg. The following message was received by General Clark from Chief of Staff, War Department , Reference No . WA.RX 68174, : H,A,sk you extend to General .Mascarenhas and party War Dept . invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks beginning not sooner than 7 October . Request you forward ETA of party in United States and issue necessary invitational orders for trav by ATC . " * * * * SA.LZBURG-- SEP1 EMBER 24, 1945--General Clark accompanied by General Gruenther and Colonel Nygard left Florence at 0900 hours by C- 4 7 to fly to Verona . They departed from Verona at 1045 hours by car driving to Innsbruck where they were met by Captain Luther . The party took off at the Innsbruck airfield in L- 5 1 s and landed at Salzburg at 1730 . General Mascarenhas , C-ommander of the B. E,. F .,, General Zenobio , General Netto , accompanied by nine other Brazilian officers, had arrived at Salzburg at noon, the three general officers staying at the Schloss with General Clark o At 1900 hours , General Clark entertained the three Brazil• ian generals for cocktails and dinner after which the party retired. 1 ( General Clark received the following cabl e from General Marshall in regard te General Gruenther 1 s release for assignment: (Reference No . WAR 68509) . 1Matter of Gruenther 1 s relea·s e for assignment as Assistant Commandant , Army Navy Staff College has been further considered in the light of your recommendation against removing him from th~ Occu:r:a,tional Forces in ustria Admiral Hill , who will be Commandant, has had Pacific experience only and it is most desirable that his Deputy should be a strong Army man intimately familiar with combat in the European Area . A large number of candidates for this position have been considered and Gruenther is believed to be the outstanding man for the :[X)sition. He has been overseas for over 3 years and when the situation is clarified sufficiently and rotation policy inaugurated would be among the first to be affected. The circumstances are such that I believe the best interest of the Army will be served by his assignment to the Staff College which is now in the process of laying the foundation for its Peacetime status . I appreciate that Gruenther ' s withdrawal wil l be a heavy loss to you but with such experienced personnel as Bra rm and Tate on your staff , his reassignment should not be irrep3.rable. Please let me have your further views on this mat • ter at your earliest comrenienc e. 1 * ( �SALZBURG---SEPrEl~iBER 25 , 1945--General Clark accompanied by the Brazilian party le.ft the Schloss at 1000 hours to take a trip to Berchtesgarden and Hitler ' s Eagles Nest . However , because of the snow, the par ty was unable to take the trip to the =agles Nest . After viewing Hitler • s house, General Clark left the i:arty in charge of General Ladue, Deputy Chief of Staff , and returned to the Schloss where he had lunch with General Brann. · After lunch, General Clark and General Brann held a long conference in General Clark ' s office at the Schloss after which General Clark rested for a short while , and then went fishing in the stream behind the Sc:bJ_oss . At 1900 hours, General Clark held a reception for General Mascarenbas and the other Brazilian officers which was followed by dinner given in the main dining room of the Schloss . Among those present were General Reinhart, General \jollins , General Brann, General Hume and chief of sections . The dinner was followed by a movie after which the guests retired. General Clark received the following cable (action copy) from the Allied Control Co~mcil , Hungary , Reference No . Z661,: Marshal Vorosrilov hurriedly summoned me and British Representatives to meet with him at 1430 hours today . He read a copy of official letter sent by him to Hungarian Prime Minister this date to the effect that the Soviet Government recognizes the Hungarian Provisional Government and is ready to exchange diplomatic representatJves . The letter stated in substance that this recognition of the Hungarian Government was based UJXm its efforts in defeating Germany and in fulfilling the terms of the Armistice .t greement . Have informed Sbhoenfield . n 11 * * * 26, 1945--General Clark reviewed an Honor Guard at 0900 hours at the Schloss in honor of General Nascarenhas and the other Brszilian officers . fter the Honor Guard, General Clark bid farewell to the Brazilian party as they departed by car to Linz and on to Vienna where General Clark is to join them on the following day. General Clark arrived at his office at 0930 hours where he took care of all accumulated correspondence, and after a long conference vdth General Brann, saw C'olonel D1 0rsa for a short time . Following coionel D1 0rsa , General Clark saw General McMahon. SALZBURG--SEP"fE1JiBER General Clark had lunch with General Brann at the Schloss , and after resting for a short time, walked into his office from the Schloss where he again conferred with General Brann for a long time . General 61ark saw -Captain Clapper of the G-2 Section, Liaison Officer, with King Leopold of Belgium in regard to a call to be paid on the Belgian King . The King was not in during the afternoon, consequently , General Clark did not call but remained at his office until 1800 hours . Th.at evening General Clark had dinner with Colonel Nygard at the Schloss , and after taking a walk, retired early . �General Clark sent the following message to General Marsh.all , War Department , Ref. No . P- 2846 , : "I have extended to General lfoascarenhas and party War Department' s invitation to visit United States for approximately two weeks , beginning not sooner than October seven . General 1·1 ascarenhas has accepted. He and his party will depart on or about October seven. Further details later. " . j1J2I' { J.Y ~ ;it7 ~ The following message regarding General Gruenther 1 s release was sent! by General Clark to General Marshall , ~ar Department., Ref . No . P- 2848,: "I will accede to your wishes but knovving the imi:ortance of the job to be done here, with losses of key personnel occurring continuously, his der,arture will be a se-vere blow . As you know I am scheduled to be in the United States for the New York Columbus Day affair . It is absolutely essential that Gruenther remain here during my absence and for a period of turnover to his successor . .If it meets with your approval, I can release him on or about October twenty . n * * * * ~ZBUR -. PTEJii1BER 27, 1945- -General Clark arrived: at his Headquarters at 0915 hours where he conferred with General Brann. Immediately after seeing General Brann, General Clark bid goodbye to coi onel Reagen Houston of the Secretariat and Major Scott of G-1 , both are leaving for the states very soon . General Patch saw General Clark for a short time followed by Commander Musmanno concerning a proposed book to be written. General Clark had planned to fly to Vienna-, but due to bad weather , was forced to drive to Linz where he was met on the road by Captain Hill , Operations Officer of the Linz Airfield, and was escorted to the field where he boar ded a B-25 for the Tulln Airfield. He arrived at Tulln at 1300 hours . fter flying from Tu11n in his L- 5 , General Clark arrived at his Vienna Headquarters at 1330 where he immediately had lunch with Colonel Porter . At 14.30 hours, General Clark met General Mascarenhas and other members of the Brazilian party in front of his Headquarters where he viewed a Guard of Honor consisting of a compmy from the 42nd Division . fter the Guard of Honor, General Clark accomp:mied by his guests went to his office where they talked for a while . After a short tour of the Headquarters building, General Mascarenhas and ~rty left to go to their hotel . At 1515 hours, General Clark had a long conference with General Gruenther who was followed by General 1 ate . Mr . Erhardt saw General Clark and General Gruenther was called in on the conference. 1 , At 1600 hours, General Clark and General Tate drove to the theater where the evening show was to be given , to see about the seating arrangements for the show, after which, General Clark drove to his villa where he rested. At 1815 hours General Clark accompanied by Captain Luther drove to the Bristol Hotel whexe General Clark gave a rece·ption and dinner in honor of General Mascarenhas and Brazilian P3-rty. Marshal Ko:niev, General Winterton, General / �Cherriere , General Zheltov , General Gruenther , General Collins, General Reinhart , General Tate, General Lewis, General Flory and several other staff officers were present . Following the dinner , the party went to the thooter where they saw the presentation of the Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall . After the show , General Clark had the manager a nti several members of the show to his villa f or cocktails to express his gratitude for the fine performance the cast had given. * * * VIENNA- -S PrEMBER 28 , 1945- -General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 where he immediately saw General Tate . Following General Tate , General Clark conferred with General Gruenther for a long time and called General Lewis in for the conference • At 1000 General Collins , Commander of the 42nd Division conferred with General Clark and General Gruenther and was followed by Dr. Richter of the· United states Department of Agriculture . Dr . R:i.chter is leaving the Headquarters after having completed his job as Agriculture Advisor . The assistance -given by Dr . Richter was highly valuable . ( \ General Gruenther again saw General Clark with Mr . Erhardt and a discussion of the Renner Government followed . After seeing General Tate for a short time General Clark left for lunch accompanied by General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland . At 1615 hours General Clark returned to his Headquarters from his villa and saw General Tate, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt . General Winterton of the British Command called General Clark to tell him that General McCreary had arrived and would come to General Clark ' s Headquarters at 1840 for a conference concerning the Renner Government. General M.cCreery accompsnied by Mr . Mack, General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr . Erhardt co:p.ferred until 1900, following which General Clark saw General Cherriere for a short time . At 1930 hours General Clark le.rt his headquarters with General Gruenther to go to his villa for dinner . General Clark sent t he f ollowing cable to General Eisenhower, USFEI', Ref . No . PV - 7778, : n.E'ollowing message was rec eived by my Political dviser from Ambassador Yfinant on 27 September: ' Movement of all captured Danube vessels in US zone as far into German territory as feasible should be arranged at once. It is suggested that guards be stationed aboard vessels to prevent than from going down river without prior authority from Department of State until further instructions . In order to prevent any evasion of restrictions it i s also recommended that an armed vessel be stationed in river below all vessels . c �nsince the vessels referred to a.re under USFET control this message is referred to you for action . Desire that you confirm that necessary action will be taken by you . u * * VIENNA--SEPr:EMBE.11 29 , 1945-- General Clark arrived at his office at 0945 and immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . General Clark then called General Brann and General McChrystal. He then talked with Colonel Langham and later with General Tate, General Howard and Colonel Lazar . General Clark received Count Larisch and his brother Frederick Larisch with whom he conferred at length. General Clark had lunch with General Tate in the Bank Building. After dinner Marshal Koniev and General Zheltov visited General Clark and General Clark called in Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther for a conference vr.ith the Russian leaders . Dr . Renner then paid a visit to General Clark and a discussion of the p:,litical situation of Austr ia fo l lowed . General Clark then called for General Flory. General Sullivan then came in to see General Clark . General Sullivan had just returned from the United States . After a brief discussion with General Tate, Gener al Clark left t he office for his villa where he had General Tate and General Sullivan as his dinner guests . The following message was sent through USFA Headquarters from General Mascarenhas to General Gois Monteiro, Ministry of War , Rio De Janeiro, Brazil ; "I inform your Excellency that the mission was present at Military Ceremonies on the 26th in Salzbur g~ On the 27th in Vienna , presided by General Clark, I reviewed the American troops . The mission was feted by the Military Governor of Vienna " On the 27th, General Clark gave a banquet in Vienna attended by the British, French and Russian Commanders and Allied Diplomatic Representatives . On the 28th, United States representative in Budapest invited British, American and Russian generals to a lunch for the mission . I inform your Excell ency that I note a high and distinguished consideration for Brazilian part in gr-eat war shown by Allied Military Authorities . '' General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ref-erence No . PV- 7803 , : ttMy views with respect to the extension of the authority of the Renner Government are as follows : ( 7 \ �n The position taken by the representative of the United States on the Allied Council for ustria should rest on, (1) the basic interests of the United States, and ( 2) our international commitments . With re-: spect to (1) ., our interests reside in the re-establishment of a free and independent Austria and in making a success of four- power inter• national cooperation in Austria . With respect to (2) , our internationai obligations are to be found in the Moscow Declaration, the EAC protocol on control machinery, and in the Potsdam Communique. Specifically, the EAC protocol provides that one of the primary tasks of the Allied Council is to secure the establishment as soon as possible of a ce~tral administrative machine , and the Potsdam Communique stated that the Soviets, · British and the United States agreed to examine the question of the extension of authority of the Austrian provisional government to all of Austria after the entry of American and British forces into Vienna. "In my opinion there is no disagreement at this time among the four occupying powers , with the possible exception of the British, on the proposition that an Austrian central administrative machine is an urgent necessity. This same view is strongly supported by Austrian public opi nion . The question presented is whether to utilize the Renner government as such a machine . "In favor of such action it may be stated that: II (1) The Renner regime is made up of officials of the Socialist , Communist and Peoples Parties, the three democratic political groups in ustria . n ( 2) The concensus of opinion is that it commands the confidence and symp,.thy of the people to as great an extent as would any other non- elected gr-oup . n (.3) Insofar as can be bejudged from here, it would be as acceptable to foreign public opinion as any other non-elected group . n (4) By and large, it 1s composed of i:e.triotic and able men, several of whom have demonstrated capacities of leadership and gained national and provincial reputation prior to the annexation . All are free of any Nazi taint . n( 5) Al though hurriedly constituted in April 1945 and of a coalition character, it has to date maintained admirable unity in its r anks . n (6) ith some exceptions , its legislative record isI good and the vision and force displayed under extremely adverse conditions in planning for Austrian reconstruction commendable . �" ( 7) Its friendly relations with the Soviets place it in a favorable position, more so probably than any Austrian government that could be formed at this time, in the matter of the re-establishment of historical and traditional ties of all kinds with Czechoslovakia nd the :canubian area generally . "(8) From the first day of its exist ence it openly proclaimed its intention to submit to modification through consultation with the Western provinces at the earliest practical date . n( 9 In harmony with No . 8, it has within the :i::ast few days successfully held a laender conference, composed of eight delegates from each of the nine Austrian provinces . These delegates represented the three demo cratic political parties and the provincial government of each province . The conference, therefore, as nearly represents an expression of the peoples' will as could be had without the holding of an election. "(10) Among the principal · results of the laender conference were the following. n (a) •xpress ion in a resol ution of a desire for speedy recognition of the Renner Government . n ( b) Of seven new appointees to the cabinet ( two cabinet posts and five under secretaries) the Peoples Party obtained five, the ocialists one and the Communists one. This meets, in a way, the previous complaints of the western prowinces, where the Peoples Party formerly predominated, that. they should have more representation in the Government . "(c) Every province in the U. S., British and French zones is represented through these new appointments . "(d) The controversial matter of having the police under a Connnunist Mmister of Interior was settled through a formula establishing two new agencies . First, a commission will be appointed with jurisdiction in all questions of public safety composed of two member s of the Peoples Party, Two Socialists, and one Communist " It is headed by a new under secretary in the Ministry of the Interior fron the. Peoples Party . The Commission functions in agreement with and under the Chairmanship of the Minister . of the Interi r (Communist), and its decisions must be unanimous Incj_dentally, this latter prov· sion follows the standard practice of the Renner Government which requires unanimous decisions at cabinet level . The members of the commission have the right of appeal to the political Cabinet . �( nsecond, three-man Advisory Councils will be created with one member from each of the democratic parties. These councils, of which there will be nine, will act in an advisory capacity to the security offices (Sicherheitscirektionen) in each of the nine Austrian provinces . "( e) It suggested November 25 as the date for a national election for the provincial diets and a nationalrat . . The preparations for and supervision of such elections are to be entrusted to the previously mentioned five-man commission acting under the chairmanship of the new Under Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior (Peoples Party) . Its decisions must be unanimous; in case of disagreement the Political Cabinet decides . n gainst the utilization it may be argued that: "(1) The Renner Government was formed and has up until the present .functioned under Soviet control , whether nominal or otherwise . It is suspected of bein g unduly sus~eptible to Soviet influence . However, it did resist Soviet pressure for an Austro- Soviet oil contract . n(2) .Although Communist strength in Austria was always negligible and no Communist ever was appointed or elected to any high office, it contains three Communists of cabinet rank, two of them holding powerful and important posts , namely Interior and Education. · ( n(3) The rolice being under the. Communist Minister of the Interior has caused some conc ern and it may be argued that the new commission and the three- man advisory councils are no guarantee of the removal of such dangers as. may exist . This question is being given further study. Apropros of the matter of influencing elections , which is frequently mentioned in connection w:l th control of the police, there are various ways this could be done in Austria today without requiring any help whatsoever from the police . For example, favoritism in such matters as automopiles, gasoline , travel permits, foor and clothing rations, and glass for shatt ered wi ndow panes . (4) The- La.ender Conference only changed the government by adding new people and new offices to it . None of the old appointees were removed . (The Minister of Agriculture , a non- controversial figure , resigned on aceount of ill health and was replaced by a member : of the same party. ) 11 n(5) , The Under Secretary counter- signature device was retained . This has been objected to abroad but , in spite of the Administrative diff i culties involved, it has wor ked well in Austria , provid:ing as it does effective intra- party check . ''To sum up, the Renner regime in its comp:>sition and on its record is probe.bly as satisfactory from all standpoints as any other group that could be formed . Given the urgent need of an Austr ian central administrative machine to faci+itate the work of the Allied Commission, it is my considered opinion �l that the United States should agree to the extension of the authority of the Rem1er Government t hroughout Austria providing we can satisfy our selves that the present police set up will permit free elections to be held . The United States should couple such agreement with a definite undertaking on the :p3.rt of the Renner government to hold a national election for a new government before the end of 1945 . This will insure that vd thin three months the Austrian people can have a government of their own choosing, and this very fact renders less im!X)rtant any objections that may be had to the United States taking an affirmative !X)sition on the utilization of the Renner regime . »In a following cable I will set forth the British p:,si tion . * * u * VIENNA--SEPrEMBER 30, 1945--General Clark walked to his office and arrived at 0940 . He immediately conferred with General Gxuenther who was followed by Mr . Erhardt • He also conferred with General Saltzman, Colonel Porter , Colonel Sutherland. Colonel Lazar was'called in for a conference and was foll owed by Mr . Erhardt who conferred with the General for a considerable time , after which General Clark, accomi:anied by Mr . Erhardt, left at 1220 for the Rockette' ~rty given by General Clark in appreciation of their splendid performances given in Vienna for his troops . General Clark left the Rockette picnic at 1540 and returned to his villa . General Clark then saw General Bethouart at his home at 1800 hours and then went to the Bristol Hotel where he had dinner with guests . After dinner General Clark returned to his villa. General Clark sent the following message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Washington, Reference No o PV- 7824 , : "l. Referring to my PV- 7803 , 29 September re extension of authority of Renner Government , I can now report some local British views: na . They may be willing to have the Provisional Government as constituted by Laender Conference posses authority throughout Austria , but they .strongly desire that it be instituted as a Government de novo rather than an extension of the authority of an existing Government as proposed at Potsdam . nb. Accordingly they want Allied Council to review all past legislation of Renner Government and to decide which laws shall be made valid throughout Austria .. In the case of laws found acceptable they would like to have them formally reenacted. All new laws should be submitted to .Allied Council for approval before promu+gation . �«c They want the Provisional Government to be not only under general supervision of Allied Council but under detailed control to prevent "free wheeling" by Government . "d. They want eight governmental functions to be exercised exclusively by Allied Commi sion: ( 1) ( 2) ( .3) (/4) (5) (6) (7) ( 8) Foreign affairs and diplomatic representation; Delimitation of frontiers; Movement of Austrians and foreigners in and out of Austria. Displaced persons; Demilitarization; Construction, operation and control of all forms of aircraft , equipnent and landing areas; Settlement of all questions relating to foreign- owned property; Approval of members of the central and provincial provisional governments; and of the head officials of the central and pr-ovincial administrations . "e. They want certain other functions to be exercised by Provisional Government only under direction of Allied Commission and with its prior consent . These include rationing and price control , allocation and distribution of food and. other resources , other economic matters , central banking, approval of national budget , and settlement of all questions relating to expropriated Austrian- owned properties . "f. They will press strongly for a thorough- going reorganization of all branches of Austrian police, under Allied supervision and direction. They feel this should be made a condj_tion to the extension of authority of Provisional Government . They have in British element of Allied Commission a staff of British police experts including a hihg- ranking officer from Scotland Yard . General McCreary has approached me with a view to securing my consent to placing the Scotland Yard officer in charge of Austrian police. They will supply the police with some British equipment and transp:>rt . rrg. They are now willing to have elections held this year , but even after the elected government takes office they will want to maintain close supervision over it , arguing that since so many Austrfans are now away a second election t~;elve to eighteen months hence will be necessary to ensure establishment of a thoroughly representative Austrian Government . J "2. Some of the Bri tish points would, if insisted upon , probably cause a deadlock in llied Council . They are aware that this would seriously delay Austrian reconstruction and under certain conditions might lead to chaos . �3 . British are most anxious to have us present united front to Soviets , arguing that otherwise oviets can play us off against each other . Russians on the other hand are extremely sensitive to any appearance of a US- UK bloc. 0 "4 . Soviets are prepared to Recommend recognition repeat recognition of Provisional Government as broadened by Laender Conference, and have it function under the guidance and control of Allied Council as supreme authority in ustria . They have expressed themselves as agreeable to free elections in near future . On police problem they object to sincrling out for special Allied scrutiny or control one of the two ministries frnterior) headed by a Communist . This they say would be a blow to Soviet prestige Accordingly they propose that reliance be placed on the agreed control bYi the Allied Commission over all ministries , including Interior n5 • In an hour ' s conversation with Renner yesterday he said he would be satisfied with extension of his government cs authority although he frankly stated he preferred recognition, because recognition would give the government greater prestige and enable it more effectively to deal with neighboring states . In either case Renner accepts fact that Allied Commission will r emain supreme authority . He expressed complete confidence in government ' s ability to hold free and honest elections in 1945 . On the police question he said the safeguar ds provided by laender conference would effectively curb possibility of abuse by Honner or Communists . tt6 . CUestion of extension of authority of Provisional Go-vernment and · related questions are on agenda for tomorrow' s Allied Council meeting . I discussed these questions privately with both Koniev and Mccreery yesterday and made some progress toward reconciling these vievm . My own views are · set forth in PV-7803 . n * * * I �VI 1 NN --OCTOB 1 1 , 1945 - - General Clark arrived at his office at 1910 hours and· immediately conferred with Mr . Erhardt and General Gruenther . t 0945 hours General Clark pinned Second Lieutenants bars on 2nd Lts . llves> Greenbush , and Gifford, making them commissioned officers, after long and faithful service under General Clark ' s command He then saw Mr . Thomas Estes and later General McChrystal and General Flory for a short while . t 1100 hours General Clark presided at the regular meeting of the Commanders- in-Chiefs of the llied Council . The meeting lasted until 1300 hours at which time General Clark received the Commanders as his guests for lunch. fter lunch General Clark conferred with General Gruenther, Ilr • . Erhardt , and then received eight members of the press for a press conference t 1430 hours General Clark +eft his Headquarters to go by cub plane to Tulln airfield where his B 25 was waiting to take him to Rome . General Clark took off at 1510 in a B-25 and landed in Rome at 1735 hours. ·He went immediately to the Hassler Hotel where he stayed during his visit to Rome . General Clark had dinner with General Salt~~an and Colonel Sutherland. * VIENKJ - OCTOBE 2, 1945- -General Clark spent most of the morning shopping in various shops throughout the cit y . He ha d l unc h at the Gr and Hotel with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland and later in the afternoon went sho pping again with th em . .At 1800 hours Mr and Mrs • Tit tmann gave a cocktail party at their home in honor of General Clark, after which General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland at the · xcelsior Hotel . General Clark sent the follo rdng message to Ambassador Harriman, Amer can ~mbassy, London , Reference No PV- 7033,: Will be delighted to have yo1;i ct.op at alzburg on October L1- , as indicated in your September 29 message .to rhardt which reached 1 rhardt only this afternoon . Please advise your expected time of arrival n 11 VI ii' ..- - OCTOB 3, 1945-- General Clark spent the morning at the =xcelsior Hotel and after lunch -with General Saltzman, Colonel ~utherland and Captain Luther, left the hotel at 1425 hours to go to the Palazzo Viminale. At 14L;9 hours, General Clark, after delivering a few words to the assembled people , decorated 11r . Parri , - Prir•ie ;~'iinister, General Cadonna, ~~r . Piz 2oni, Mr . Longo , Colonel Palomba , 1~1ajor llattei ., .Major l\Jmrtini and .fajor Argenton. Im.mediately after the ceremony, General Clark departed with GeneralSa:ltzman, Colonel Sutherland &nd Captain Luther ·for 'the airport where he took off at 15/40 hours for Udine . General Clark landed at Udine airfield at 1730 hours vmere he was met by Colonel Garver of the 42nd Division and escorted to the train ai ting at the station . Immediately after the party had boarded, the train departed for Vhmna . Colonel Tully, classmate of General Clark, was in charge of the train General Clark had dinner on the train with his party and retired early j �VIENN.t --OcrrOB 4, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 hours He immediately had a long conference with General Gruenther . Following General Gruenther, the General saw General Tate and then Mr. Erhardt . At 1030 hours, the General conferred with Major Gregory, Officer in Charge, Southern Branch Edition of Stars and Stri:r:;es. 'The General had lunch at his villa at 1300 hours a~ter which he rested, returning to his office at 1550 hours e t 1660 hours, General Clark saw General Tate concerning a rtcurrency" problem and also Colonel 1~ arget on the same subject . Next General Clark saw Mr . Gray and General Tate who were followed by General Flory General Clark left his office at 1830 hours for his villa where he spent the rest of the evening * * * * VIENN - OCTOB 5, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0915 and immediately saw General Gruenther and General Tate At 1000 hours , Colonel Podhora , Chief of the Czechoslovakia Mission in Italy, decorated General Clark, General Gruenther, General Tate, General Flory, Colonel · Sloane, Colonel Porter and Colonel Sutherland with the Czechoslovakian Milit ary Cro-ss . The presentation was held in General Cl~rk t s office ., Follow:ing the ceremony, General Clark saw General Lewis and General Tate who were followed by Mr Erhardt and Colonel Porter General Clark had lunch in the Commanding General ' s Mess at Headquarters, and at 1430 hours left his office and walked with General 5al tzman to his villa . In the evening, General Clark had dinner with General Gruenther at General Gruehther ' s villa . General Clark received the following message from the Joint Chie~of Staff, Reference No . V1 RX 72736: ''The Secretary of State requests that the following two telegrams ap- proved by the Council of Foreign Mini~ters for disi:atch to the US, UK, USSR and F'WJ\JCE Commanders in Chief in Austria be transmitted. approved 29 September and 30 Sept ember respectively The telegrams were "First message. n1. The following comnn.mication has been sent to the llied Control Commissions in Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary and UJ (;) the Governments of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . 2 The Council of Foreign Ministers has decided to clarify through the Allied Control Commissions in Hungary, Rtunania and Bulgaria and also with the Governments of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia whether there are in the above listed countries surplus of foodstuffs which could be used for supplying Austria . 0 �113 Therefore by instruction of the Council of Foreign Ministers I request you to inform me whether blank country ce.n set aside foodstuff for supplying ustria . In case there are such surpluses the Council of Foreign Ministers would like to learn in what quantities they can be set aside for Austria now and from the proceeds of the next harvest . u4 The Council request that the information in respect to the present surplus be made available within 1 month and as to the next harvest within 3 months . n5 . On the b sis of this · information which will be communicated to the llied Council and on the basis of a study to be mad e by the Allied Council of the p:>ssibility of obtaining the maximum quantity of food from Austria it self both at the present time and from the next harvest . The Allied Council should examine the long term arrangements for food supplies to Austria and rert the result to the Council of Foreign Ministers with such further information on the su.p~ly p,sition in ustria as the Allied Council may deem use fUJ. . I 0 Second message n1 . I\Jith reference to the question of ration scales and consumption levels to which the Allied Council in Vienna referred in their reports on Austria food supplies 'the Council of Foreign Ministers consider that the ration scales for the deficiency areas in Austria should be based on a per capita temporary minimum ration of 1550 calories a day for the normal consumer which has been agreed by the Allied Governments for the present time maintaining the principle of differentiation for the· various groups of the !X)pulation on the basis of the type of labor performed. u2 . It is for the Allied Council to estimate both the quantity of food which can be obtained from local production and the quantity which remaines to be imp:,rted in order to reach the above standard .. u3 . This scale should be increased by the Allied Council to 2000 calories or' more as more local or imp:>rted supplies become available . n * * VIENNA--0CT0BER 6, 1945- - General Clark, due to a cold, remained at his villa during the day Colonel Sutherland spent an hour with him in the afternoon General Clark also saw General Gruenther for a short while. ~t 1730 General Clark received six members of the Press for an interview, and after dinner at his villa, retired early. �General Clark sent the following cable to General Handy, War De partment, in regard to his proposed trip to the United States Reference No . PV 7972 0 Plan take off from Pa.ris 9 P M on the 9th EI'A La Guardia Field some time during the night 10-llth Will want to fly to Washington late after... noon 12th or early morning 13th for necessary conferences Will you arrange · air transportatj_on New York to Washington ., Desfre to remain in Washington only until 14th and take off by air for week in Florida . Will you arrange air transportation for that trip, n * * VIENNA-··0CT0BER 7, 1945--General Clark arrived at his office at 0845 hours and immediately conferred with General Gruenther and General Tate . General Clark then conferred with Major Nadich, Jewish Chaplain from DSFET in regard to some vital Jewish welfare conditions . General Clark then conferred with Colonel Sutherland, 'Jlr Adams and Mr . · 'rhardt . At 1100 hours, General Clark conducted a meeting of the Divisional Commanders . After the meeting, General Clark further conferred with General Collins and General Reinhart . General Clark then saw Mr . Rice, member of the Jewish Refugee Committee who had made some reports on Jewish Displaced Persons and conditions . He then conferred with General Brann, General Gruenther and Colonel Epes . At 1345 hours , Assistant Secretary of War , the Honorable John McCloy and party arrived from Frankfurt . They were immediately brought to General Clark s office where General Clark welcomed them . 1 hen .Ambassador Harrim~n and P3-rty arrived from Berlin and were brought to General Clark' s office where he welcomed them , and then, he took both parties to lunch in the General I s Mess in the Bank Building 1 ( i t 1515 hours an Honor Guard was formed in honor of mbassador Harriman and Mr McCloy. Then General Clark conferred at great length with Mr . McCloy . t 1730 hours, General Clark had the visiting parties and Mar.sh.al Koniev, General McCreary and General Bethouart as his guests for cocktails at the Bristol Hotel . i,t 1945 hours , the parties including Mr . M'c Cloy, Ambassador Harriman, Dr . Freeman, I/Ir . Vincent, Lt Summersby, Kathleen Harriman, Mr Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Brarm, General Tate, Colonel ~therland were his guests at dinner at the General I s villa . Following the dinner, General Clark read the citation and I r UlcCloy presented 6olonel Suthe~land with the awam of the. Bronze Star The guests depa.rted from the General's villa at 22.30 nours , and General Clark retired shortly thereafter . * * * * �N ~·- 0CT0BEa 8, 19/45 General Clark arrived at his office at 0850 hours and immediately conferred with General Brunn. He then said good bye to Mr . Beach and then sp:>ke to General vlcMnhon for a few minutes . The General then received and talked with Count and Countess DuLart for several minutes . The General was then presented with a rare collection of old Austrian and over printed German stamps by Lt . Colonel King and Captain Kraull as a gift from Dr Dworschak , General IJirector of Austrian PI'l T t 0950 hours General Clark conferred with General Bethouart and then Marshal Koniev just prior to the llied Council Committee meeting at 1000 hours at which Gene.,ral Clark presided. Immediately after the meetjng v1hich ended at 1310 hours General Clark had a light lunch in his 11office and wms taken to the cub airstrip where he left by cub at 1328 hours for Tulln Airfield where he was joined by General McMahon and Colonel Ostler . At 135 5 hours , Creneral Clark took off in a B-25 piloted by Lt . Colonel Moore for Pe.ris on his first lap of his ·ourney to the states . He arrived at Orly Field at 17/;.8 hours Vienna time VI Upon arrival at Paris General Cl rk wa~ met by Colonel Sutherland and was taken to the George V hotel where he was to stay while in Paris . Later in the evening he saw Lt General J C. H. Lee , Co.mrnander of Com Z, and had several people in for drinks , among whom were Mr .. Robert Berenson, former Aide de Camp. Later in the evening General Clark accompanied by General McMahon, Colonel Ostler a.nd Colonel S,utherland went to Madame Schiaparelli ' s home with Mr ., Berenson for dinner 'I1he General returned to the hotel at 1000 hours and retired for the evening. ( * * OCTOBER 9, 1945- At 1030 hours General Clark accompanied by Colonel Sutherl- nd , Mr Berenson and Captain Luther called on General Juin, 6hief of Staff of the FrGnch Army , where General Clark and General -Juin discussed old times and made plans for feteing the General in Paris on the 27th e After leaving General Juin I s Hotel Continental Headquarters the pirty visited the fashion shop of Madame Schiararelli , mother in- law of Mr .. Berenson whereth:e General v1a.s prese..-rited with perfume for Mrs . Clark.. After leaving the shop General Clark with Colonel Sutherland walked through the park until 1245 hours when he returned to the Hotel Continental to hmch with General Juin. At 1430 hours General Clark returned to the Hotel George V and rested for an hour ~ The General had guests in his suite for cocktails at 1800 hours , among whom were General Ralph Smith , Mr . Ridgeway Knight , Colonel James Tully , Gen McMahon, Colonel Ostler and Colonel Sutherland . At 1900 hours General Clark had dinner at the hotel and left for Orly field at 2030 nours where he de parted in a c- 54. at 2130 hours for the states . PAIUS * * �OCTOBE.H. 10, 1945 General Clark spent the day in flight arriving at the Azores t 0500 .Azores time He departed from the Azor(?S at 0700 and ar r ·ved at tevensville at 1 710 hours de:p3.rting at 1830 hours Gen°ral Cl~rk arrived at LaGuardia Field at 2 15 hours New York time, where he was met by ii/I.rs T;J Clr: r}r and Lt . liliiam Clark ;r . l ntonini Mr . Lovestone of the Italian American Labor Council wer - also present General Clark , ~Irs Clark and Lt . Jilliam Clark had a private dinner at the Astor Hotel and w· ited the arrir 1 of Miss nn Clark at 2330 . l,.t!i'{ YOii .. --OCTOBt:JJ. 11 , 1945• Gener 1 Cl rk had breakfast with Hrs . Clar}'" and Ann Clark and remained at the hotel during the morning He saw iJ.r . ptoni li concerning arrangements for that evening and had lunch in the dining room of the hotel vlith ivi.rs . Clark . In the afternoon he went shopping and waU:ed in the shoppine sec.iuion of l' ew York and back to the hotel . In the evening General Clark had Col . and rs Raymonds, Ge..ner·· l and !v1rs foe .ahon, Mr . and Lrs . Stevens , and Capt . ~rnest, to his hoi el suite for cockt il,:, ., I:Ie left for dinner at the 11 21 Club" with .r rs . Clark , Lt .. Clark , Colonel Sutherland , Captain Luther, :iir Antonini , .r Lovestone ' nd Mr . l vik President of r· BC ..fter dinner the party 1iroceeded to the theatre to see the musical production uon the Town t * N''~'v Y . . K , CCTOB ·"1. 12, 1945 - General Cl· rk remaj_ned in his hotel suite in the morn:ing com sir< his radio s Jeech for that evening . Colonel i.;UtherLnd remained yJith 'iim At llOO he s w Iiir . Antonini, 1,:r . Fovik, rv.r Snyder · nr! Lr . Lovestone concerning the arrangements for the presentation at the Hotel Biltm re and the radio broadcast At 1215 hours he sa" members of the .Tar Information Office after which the General a.nd Lrs Clark had lunch with Mr and ivrs . nopfs, returning to the hotel at 1500 hours e ft 1630 General Clark talhed with Mr .. Lowell Thomcts concerning the developing of winter sports resorts in which u· Thomas is assist mg Mr . 1;.ntonj ni and l.lr . Love....,tone arrived at the hotel at 1830 hours to &ccompany General Clark to the relieption at the Biltmore 'Ihe party arrived at the Hotel at 1930 hours ~,here Genero.l and I rs Cl rk were· l1onor guests t the Italian Labor Council I s a11nual Four Freedoms ..ward dinner . Amont those present were e:x: Gove nor and r s . L hman celebrated guests Mr. and .drP ., 1 y:ron C Taylor and several other .t 2245 hours General Clark spoke to the assembled eight hundred gu.9sts at which time his sp~ec~ vas bro ... dcast over rBC After his speech General Cl rk was presented wit 1 the r',nnual Four Freedoms Awara b-y .~r. ..ntonini President of the Council * * �WASHINGTON •OCTOBEn 13 1945- General Clark, accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Miss Ann Clark , nd C. .ipw in Luther, left L 11ut:.rdb Fi ;ld arriving t •. sh:.._ gton ..., C at 103 .... hours .1: er General Cla_k de,. art~ immea·atel -fc., ...-- th d 1 !lepartment t..nd at lJOO hom·s h9.d lunch a.t his cl.par ,"~•~nt at the enne ~ .arren " .:.t lL:JO hours eneral Cl.ark conferred with t~~e Ho ..o able Jc. mes Jtrrnes , Secreta r o:.' [}, t , n the ev ning he had Ci.inn with his mother, ,.LI'S. C .. C c:2rk, ...... . C_ ark nd hie avnt ~r· __a sh&ll ~. 0 * i,,~l.,,l __ l~, T .i., JJ .C . - iALH B.!!i. CH • ....u . .ILA- C OB'-:,~ 11. 21, 194) Gen0ral Clr-1rk de;c.rted £'rum ,' shi:rJgton, ;.J C air.i:'ort for .,..)alm Beach, Flo ... ida :.~na remained i Flc ida until Octo er 21, 1945 . hovJer The followini::: message Wes sent fl-om Generc.l' Clark to General ~,issn ., the ccasion of hi -- birthdr..y, October 1/T 1945 ir eart:..e t congrahll, .tions today on your birthday . The y ..,. . r · 1 st finfahed will be a most memorable one in the istor:-v of the Ameri · I can nd J ll_cd a ·ms he realization t,hat we have crushed the enene=.,r anG. estr.iblished p ,.,ace in the western hemisphere under yori· brilliant le:idership muct be . source of great se.ti sfaction to yo i ay this birthday be most enjoyable o.1e send my best 1.lishes for y·ou.1~ h~ppiness i,.11d good fortune in ~:~.e years t con!e u 1,.4 On the 19th of ctober Gener 1 Clark received the follcw.:Lng message of tlnnks from Gener~l 'isenhower: 1 I 'lhank you for your kind mess( ge on my birthd('.. y " a lot " I apr,reciate it On October 20, 1945, the following mess _ge was se u to the Joint Chiefs of ,Jt,aff from Gener~l Clark's Headquart9rr in Tienna. Reference • . V 8372 . 'Refer nee is 1 t'.330 ar..d 8337. n1 J't Alli ,d Coux1eil meeting this aft er~!1oon Kon:i.ev ar.nounc ed that the Soviet government a_ proves the extension of th'.J authority of the l rovisional A strian Government to the whole of .ustric.., A m,3mo!'andum will dispatched by the Allied Council to :...r . .... enncr v:hich confc>rms to the October 1st resolution of the Alliet Coundl Copy o: this, communication ill b·· :::ent to ,/ u in a later messaie · r .. !lenner ,. . s invited to nppear before the Allied Council ,h ~re he was noti.fied of the action of t 1.0 f ur govern- me ts . �11 2. Koniev: declined to discuss functions of government which are to ·be reserved to the llied Council . This subject was referred to the xecutive Committee with instructions to submit recomrr. endations to llied \,;ouncil for October 30th meeting . l n3 Con°iderable time was spent in dis eussing the question of currency conversion in Austria but no agreement was reached ., Koniev mainta ined the portion outlined in par 2 of our PV 8337 that the conversion should be made into Austrian national currency in spite of the fact that it cannot be accomplished prior to l 'ebruary 1946 at the earliest . He con-tended that this conversion is best for the Austrian Government and would not comment on the fact tha,t Dr . Renner and all Austrian financial experts favor immediate con version into llied lvdli tary chillings . British, French and US members presented the arguments in favor of immediate conversion into Allied Military Schil lin·g s and emphasized the serious results to Austrian economy if conversion is delayed until Febru~ry e A compromise measure was introduced by Bethouart that immediate conversion from eichsmark$ be made, into Austrie.n National currency to the extent that the SUJ.;J>ly of th:?.t currency will p _r mit ( about two billion schil l ings) to be supplemented by Allied Military bchillings . This prop::,sal has been referred to financial committee for study . 11 1 t r 1 I General Gruenther sent the follovJing cable to General Clark in regard to the Renner Government . .1. eference No . PV- 8.390:. October 20 , 19/45 . n1 . Sent mes sage to JCS this afternoon and rep9ated it t you ., llied Council recognized Renner although Soviet position was unknown until :honiev made his announcement at the meeting . However Koniev was tough on the financial conversion matter and would not budge an inch . } n2 . Soviet attitude in the meeting was most pleasant . ¥..oniev was \ .-more poorly briefed than eye have eve~ seen him and Zheltov prompted him ~ continuously . He sent his best regards to you and expressed considerable interest in your trip . Kisiliev told me that Koniev was very hapJY to note your complimentary remarks about him in the tates . n * * * VW..SHINGTON, D. C .- OC7013ili 21 , 1945 --- Gene ral Clar k arrived at the Washington, D. C. airfield where he was met by Captain Luther . He was accompanied by Mrs . • W. Clark. He went directly to the Kenndy ·'Jarren and in the evening had dinner with Mrs . C. C. Clark . On October 21st , General Gruenther, a cting in General Clark ' s absence, sent the following cable . to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , with an information copy t o General Clark. Refer ence No . PV 8396 ; �:~r+~i~~~~f~Y!f~it~it~~t'1t ... :,c: "Reference is PV 8372 . Following is a copy of the communication dispatched by llied Council in October 20, 1945 to Dr. Renner. Mes sage begins: LLIED COMMISSION FOR AU&TR J LLIED COtniCIL emorandum by the Allied Council to Dr . Renner u1 . The llied Council has considered the memorandum dated 28th September , 1945 in which Dr . Renner communicated agreed decisions of the · Austrian Provincial Conference which took place from the 24th to 26th September, 1945 . The members of the Allied Council have pleasure in stating that their respective governments have approved their recommenda tion that the authority of the Provisional ustrian Government , broadened as a result of ·the Provincial Conference in accordance with the list en_glosed in the above mentioned memo:r·andt1m, should extend to the whole of Austria subject to the conditions enumerated below . u2 . The. rrovisional ustrian Government will function under the guidance and control of t he upreme Authority in Austria- the Allied Council . The control over the ministries and de:p3.rtments of the government will be exercised through the machinery of the Allied Commi~sion . Certain functions of government will be reserved to the Allied Council and further commum.cations will be made as occasion requires to Dr . Renner setting out these functions . ( u3 o One of the main duties of the Provisional Austria.n Governmer:rt. will be to hold free elections as early as possible and not later than the 31st uecember , 1945 . n4. The ..t'rov:i.sional Austrian Government is empowered to enact laws applying to the whole of Austria , provided that they shall first be submitted for approval to the Allied Council and provided that this shall not ffect the validity , within the part of Austria occupied by the forces of the Soviet , nion, of any provision enacted between May 1st , 19115, and the date on which a new law applying to the whole of Austria is enacted in its place . In this connecticn, the Allied Council takes note that the Provincial Conference decid~d to examine the provisions referred to above and required that the result of this study shall be communicated to it for consideration. 5. Nothing in this Memorandun affects the validity of any military . government legislation now in force or her after to be enacted-. n 0 * r �✓ . SHil'J GTON , D .c . --OCTOB:&i'R 22, 1945 -General Clark left his apartment for the ?entagon Building at 0815 hours and went directly to General iarshall 1 s off ice where he conferred for an p;our with General larshall. Among the topics discussed was the possibility of bringing families overseas o General Clark gave General foarshall his plan of reversing the redeployment system and brining families over on a high point system . fter leaving the Chi ef I s of Staff office, General Cl·rk conferred with / General Hildring concerning the sh9rtage of personnel in his Austrian Command. General Clark left the Pentagon Building t 0950 hours and arrived at the airfield at 1000 where Mrs . M. ro . Clark and Mrs . Marshall were waiting to bid the General goodbye . General Clark departed from fiashington, D. C. in a C- 54 at 1025 hours accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, manager of the Astor and Ritz Carlton Hotels , New York City, Captain Luther .and ·gt . Thomas , arriving at Bermuda at 1455 . He left Bermuda at 1800 ho~rs and was in flight the rest of the dcy . 1 * * PARIS -OCTO 23 , 19/4-5 •-General Clark and µirty arrived at the Azores at 0250 hours and took off at 0430 arriving in Paris at 1135 hours, 1 ew York time ( 1735 Paris time He went immediately to the George V hotel where he stayed while in Paris . In the evening, accompanied by Mr . Christenberry, Gener 1 a l t.zman and Captain Mattox, he had dinner with General Ralph Smith, Military ttache Amerj c n: Embassy , Paris . * * P.fl+R S- OCTOBER 24 1945--General Clark spent the morning at the hotel where he saw General Pritch rd at 1015 . He departed from the hotel at 141,-5 .: and arrived at the airport at 1510 ·t which time he took off in a C-47 for London . He arrived in London at 1635 and was met by General Saltzman. In the evening General Cl&rk had dinner with General Eisenhower and spent the evening with him * * * LONDON--OCTCB~:Jt 25, 1945-- General Clark left London with General Eisenhower at 1015 for O:xrord, arriving at 1200 hours . He was accompanied by General Saltzman, Mr . berenson and Captain Lampson He went immediately to Vice Cnancellor Livingstone's home where they were received by Vice Chancellor and Lady Livingstone whose son had been wit p the General on the submarine trip which the General took lifhen on a secret mission in North .Africa . At 1300 hours he attended a luncheon for the decorees and at 1L}30 hours General Clark at ._,ended the ceremony where he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law _from Oxford Unjversity . Among those decorated were Gener~l Eisenhower, His Excellency John inant, Professor ~~ax Imber , Lt . Gen. Frey berg, The Hon . Jan Hofmeyer , The Rt . Hon . Earl of Gowrie , Admiral John Trevey, �Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke , Field 1viarshal Sir Pe:"na rd Montgomery, and Marshal Arthur Tedder . Immedia tely after the ceremony th e decorees . and other guests attended a tea given by the Univ~rsity after which General Clark left Oxford with General EisenhoV'ler to return to London . In the evehjng General Clark had dinner with General Saltzman, Captain Lampson and Mr,., Berenson * * * * L0ND0N--0C'l'0BER 26 , 1945--General Clark spent the morning in the hotel and at 1030 hours saw Mr ., Collins, publisher , and at 1230 he left the hotel accomps.nied b~y General Saltzman, Mr. Christenberry, Captain Luther and Sgt~ Thomas for the airfield where he departed in a. B 25 for Paris t at 1400 hours arriving in Paris at 1510. He went to the George V hotel and in the evening attended a cocktail p:1rty •at th _e American Embassy after which he had dinner with General Lee at the hotel * * * PA 1s--OCTOBER 27, 1945-- Genera.l Clark left the hotel at 1039 accompanied . by General Salt zman and Captain Luther for the Hotel Continental where he was met by General Juin ' s aide who escorted him to General Juin ' s office . ( At 1055 General Clark with General Ju.in depg.rt.ed for the Arc de Triomphe where he was met by General Gentilhomme, Military Governor of Paris . At 1100 General Clark placed a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and signed the book for distinguished visitors at the Arc de Triomphe . At 1205 General Clark had an audience with General De Gaulle at his Headquarters and departed with General Juin at 1250 for the Hotel Continental . At 1300 General CJ-ark attended a luncheon given by General Ju.in. J...mong those present were Admiral Fenard, General 1Jiast, Mr . Ridgeway Knight, General Smith, Gene.,_-,al Lewis and 1hr . Christenberry o At 1500 hours General Clark visited Les tnvalides where he was received by General Rodes with a Guard of Honor After a visit to the Army Tu~useum , Hall of Fl· gs, Napoleon Room ., Francis I B.oom , War of 19141918 Room , General Clark visited the Tomb of Nap leon and signed the Golden Book ~ · At 1700 hou~s aecompanied by General Juin, General Clark attended a reception at the Hotel de Ville given by the Mayor of Paris , Monsieur Troquet . ~fter the reception the General returned to the hotel and at 1830 hours, Lt . Clark arrived by air from Le Havre where he had docked earlier in the afternoon . J...fter s :ending some time with Lt . Clark, General Clark· went for a walk and retireo. early o * * �VIENN 0CT0BE~ 28, 1945 General Clark left Orly Field, Paris, at 1000 hours and arrived in Vienna at 1245 He was met at the airfield by General Tate and went immediately to his villa . After lunch General Clark dictated letters to his secretary and then conferred.with General Gruenther snd General Brarm He had dinner with his son, Bill, at his villa and later in the evening werrc to his office for a short while . * * * VIENN --0C~0B R 29, 1945- General Clark arrived at his of: ice at 0930 hours accompanied by Lt . Clark. He first saw Colonel Porter concerning a fare well party for General Gruenther to be held on the 31st of October, and later saw General Gruenther . Colonel Grogan, Press Relations Officer, was called in on the conference . At 1030 General Clark saw Colonel Rogers and made arrangements for his visit to Venice . At 1945 General Hume talked with General Clark and was followed by Colonel Kirkman who is returning to the States because of physical disability . General Theron, South African General, arrived at General Clark's office at 1100 hours where he confer red with General Clark until 1115 . Captain Jones and Lt . Lane, General Clark's pilots (C 47) paid the General a farewell visit as they had been released for redeployment to the s ·tates General Brann and General Tate conferred with General Clark on changes in the Headquarters·and discussed different problems which had arisen during the General ' s absence . Mr . rhardt then saw the General and discussed State Department }X)licies General Clark had lunch at his Hea.dquarters at 1300 hours and upon returning to his office decorated Cdptain Grann with a Bronze Star Captain Grann was about to depart for the States . At 1400 General Clark held a press conference in his office for twelve members of the press . The General spent the afternoon in his office taking care of accumulated correspondence and departed t 1600 hours for his villa In the evening he h~d dinner with General Gruenther . General Clark received the following cable from General Reference No 29938· isenhower , tr omination for appointment as I~:ajor General in the Regular Army of United States has been submitted to ·the Senate by the President for General Mark Clark. n * * VI "r:NL,,--OCTOB r JO, 1945- General Clark arrived at his office at 0820 hours and irnmecUately conf:"Tred with Hr .. .8rhardt who was followed by General Gruenther and Genere.l Brann, on subjects to be discussed at the Allied Council meeting . Colonel k arget was called in on the conference to discuss currency and financial problems, as well as Colonel Rundell . General Tate talked with General Cla rk concerning the cocktail party to be held for Gener~l Gruenther At 1100 Gen-~ral Clark departed for the llied Council · meeting accompanied by General G;cuenther and General Brann In the evening he had dinner with General F.10ran, General How~rd, Gener al Sullivan, Colonel ij!artin, Colonel l,.lmith and Lt. Cl~rk. * * �General Clark sent the following birthday message to Lt. General Geoffrey Keyes, Commanding General of the Seventh Army, Reference lo . -4546· ttI ext end my heartiest congratul3.t ions to you today on your birthday . You can view the year just finished with pride and satisfaction in your accomplishments, and in the achievements of II Corps whose gallant efforts w..f!C'e of in ~,spensible aid in our great victory over the enemy in the Medj_terranea n last May . I send my best wishes. for your continued health and good fortune, and for the welfare of all members of yoi.:_r command. rr * * * VI H~A 0CT0B3]l 31, 1945 - General Clark arrived in his office at 0930 accomp:i.nied by Lt . William Clark . Gener: 1 Clark immediately conferred with General ·Tate who was followed by General Brann and General Gruenther. At 1400 hours General Betbouart visited General Clark At 1430 hours General Clark called Col. 'ilC,11.1ean to his office to discuss a serious co rt Martial c se . Comdr . msmanno -conferred with General Cla rk for a few minutes in regard to a biog-raphy which he is writing about General Clark, and received the General ' s approval to print several pictures of him in his book General Clark left his Headquarters at 1500 hours for his villa where he rested until 1600 hours at rhich time the General gave a cocktail µ1rty at the Bristol Hotel for General Gruenther who is leaving Headquarters. The General left the Bristol Hotel at 1830 hours for his villa where he had dinner with several members of his staff, and later played poker with his guests . @eneral Clark sent the following cable to General Hull, War Department, Reference No . P 4733 nr left with you on 13 October radio from Gruenther which I received in Washington regarding request from General Bethouart for issue of certain components American ration to French troops in Vienna . Hope you will have favorable word soon as situation is becoming a little embarassing . n The, following message was sent to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from General Cla rk in regard to the Allied Council meeting October 30, Reference No . P 4 752: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, August 26 - October 30, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from August 26 - October 30, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1670 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/387646c6a005264675a28a74040dbde1.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=tvySayu3CCvdftIKRhJagp0c8Q0GNjQETZwGlMSNJMSp6UsHNQLKH3x7p8yzEfRZQQu-mk-uNGh-XowmR2HubB-RueZe1Mqya03xXWTu-V-B65uHln8ZKTURP8V812JszhGi0m%7E00D-OKwBKvWSHQvnk%7EKIJwwPPhUD51rmWioVRXA-T8nDCpNFhJo2MEDgvOKjtgU7GPhOKJKx5krEvsVw3k5XjPe8PxCB%7ErdK5qKg%7EUwARCdY0OHDEAcWu0XQ1JBJNCzZCjWJ0IiZsOKPrtpn4HvgjnzoBwC3It0dX7vOW%7ExEpTsdiMdnbJtZQ1vHMC4yVUbAhixwvD90NK564Hg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a9746417a51330a8c7cfce609065e65 PDF Text Text / THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM Here there was a small formation, including a guard of honor provided by the 61st Brigade of the 6th Armoured Division. This honor guATd consisted of riflemen from the Rifle Brigade, and General Clark was interested to note the peculiar form of arms drill used by this regiment . At the ceremony General Clark decorated the following British officers: General McCreary received the Distinguished Service Medal for his outstanding services from the landing at Salerno until the final surrender of the German forces in Italy. Maj. Gen. Murray, Commanding British 6th Armo'l.ll"ed Division, and Maj . Gen . Arbuthnott, Commanding the British 78th Infantry Division, received the .Legion of Merit in the Degree of Commander. Brigadier Divers, presently at Eighth Army Headquarters and who had previously been the senior British administrative officer at Fifth Army and also Chief of the British Increment there, received the Bronze Star Medal. After the ceremony, General Clar k ret'l.ll"ned to TAC Headquarters Eighth Army situated in a beautiful villa on the Wortesee. He took a trip on the lake in General McCreery's motor launch and paid a short visit to the Red Cross Rest Center run by Miss Whittington. He lunched at TAC Eighth Arrny. Present also were General Mccreery, General Harding and General Mtµ-ray . After lunch General Clark drove as far as Udine in Gener11l McCreery1 s newly liberated Mercedes Benz, which at times topped ninety miles an hour without giving the impression that it vras even moving. · . , At Udine General Clark boarded his own C-47 and flew back to Villafranca., arriving back at his villa at approximately 1q30 • In the evening there was a small get- together of the few remaining members of the 49ters Club, sponsored by Lt . Col . Jackson, Headquarters Commandant at Fifth Army. General Clark attended this party with General Gruenther. * * * * VF,RONA-JULY 2, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at approximately ten o'clock this morning and spent a busy morning with General Brann, who is taking over the duties of Chief of Staff. (When General Blark moves to Vienna, General Gruenther becomes Deputy Commander). At 1100 ho'l.ll"s General Clark saw Mr . & Mrs. Bracker from the New York Times and briefed them on the 15th Army Group's campaigns in April in the Po Valley and the provisional set-up for the American Zone of Occupation in Austria . General Clark lunched at his headquarters with General Brann and shortly thereafter departed for his villa where he spent the afternoon fishing in Lake Garda. * * * VERONA - JULY 3, 1945- -General Clark spent the entire day today at his lakeside villa at Sirmione. �VERONA--JULY 4 , 1945--Gener~l Clark remained at his villa today. · He had luncheon with General Sullivan at General Sullivan' s villa. In the evening the General entertained members of the State Department with a movie at his villa. * * * VERONA--JULY 5, 1945-General Glark left his villa at 1030 hours and motored to Lecco where he was met by Colonel Thomas Wells who accompanied the General to Belagio. The General had lunch at Belagio and spent the afternoon visiting nearby villas on Lake Como. In the evening he was joined by General Crittenberger, Colonel Nnnce , Colonel Crittenberger, Major Case and spent the evening with them at the hotel. At midnight tonight 15th Army Group was officially disbanded, and General Clark took over command of the United States Forces in Austria. . Following is the text of the cable issued in this regard: "Effective 052400 hours B General Mark W. Clark assumed command of the United States Forces in Austria. nAll directives for f,ilitary Government in Austria, proclamations , orders and instructions heretofore issued by Allied· Commanders for use in the U. s. Zone are continued in force except as changed by subsequent directives issued by this headquarters . "Until further orders the administration of the U. S. Forces in .Austria will remain the r~sponsibility of Twelfth Army Group. Supply of these forces will continue to be the responsibility of Third Army Eastern Military District under USFET ." * * * * VERONA --JULY 6, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by Captain Luther., left Belagio at 0830 and motored to the Swiss border where he entered Switzerland . He was met by 1\-'fr . Bell, Consul at Lugano; Captain Ka.tsaihos, Military Attache at ,Berne; and Lieutenant Braafladt, of the Frontier Control. The party motored to Lugano where the General was greeted warmly by the Swiss people . General Clark was the first American General to enter Switzerland in this manner since the war . After a short tour of Lugano the General' s party motored to Locarno where they had lunch . In the a ternoon the General's party paid a visit to /fr' . Rusca, Mayor of Locarno, and in the late afternoon General Clark and party returned to Lugano where the General spent the night at the Hotel Splendide . In the evening GenAral Clark was joined by Mr . and Mrs . Jerry Mayer , of OWI, and Mr . Fhil Vitiello of the CIC and spent the evening with them . * * * * 'VERONA--JULY 7, 1945--Genera.l Clark left Luga.no at 1000 hours and returned to his villa at Sirmione where he spent the remainder of the day. �3 VERONA- -JULY 8, 1945- -Gener al Clark remained at his villa today and took ~are of all matters which had accumulated duri ng his absence . * * * * VERONA--J1JLY 9, 1945--General Clark remained at his villa on Lake Garda dur ing the day. * * * VERONA--JULY 10, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours and saw ~~-jor Walters concerning details on t he Brazil trip . He next saw Colonel Gale who is leaving the headquarters for return to the United States . At llOO hours farewell ceremonies were held for the British members of the USFA , and General Clark , in a speech, gave his appreciation for the splendid work and cooperat~on the British had given him. At 1200 hours Gener al Clark presented men an0 officers of USFA Headquarters with decorations and thirty-one promotions , after which the decorees and newly-promoted officers retired to the General' s conference room for a short get- together . After lunch the General left by cub for his villa at Sirmione . General Clark today received the foLlowing cable from the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The channel of communication by which the Commanders-in- Chief, U. S. Forces of Occupation in Germany and Austria will ~eceive and ask for instructions from the U. S . Government on matters of policy pertaining to th ~ control machinery, Germany, and the control machinery, Austria , will be through the Joint Chiefs of Staff with· the War Department acting as the executive agency for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Therefore , instructions to you will be sent by the War Department and queri~s from you should be directed to the War Department . 0 "The channel for t r ansmission of politica l informa tion , as distinguished from instructi ons, will be direct f r om the St at~ Department, through your political adviser . " * * VEROHA--JULY 11, 1945--General Clark rema; ned at his villa all day today and took care of nll important mr1tters 1,,rhich came up during the day a.nd were transmitted to him through his aide . * * * VERONA--J1JLY 12, 1945--Genera.1 _Clark arrived at his office at 0930 and worked on papers in his office until eleven o'clock ·1hen he met Colonel �:regroni and members of his Itrilian Linison Section and bade them farewell, as they are leaving the hea.dquart8rs . t 1115 the Genr~ral bade farewell to Lieutenant rressier of the T• rench Lia.ison Section . At 1200 hours General Bethouard arrived at the headquarters and was met by General Clark. After inspecting the guard of honor, Genera.1 Clark conferred with General ethouard for some time on the future set-up of the· Austrian command . General Bethouard and party remained for lunch and left shortly thereafter feneral Clark left for his villa. at 1500 hours where he spent the remaind,3r of the day. General Clark today sent the folloring cable to General Deane of the 11 0s cow: J. S. Piss ion in ni,. Although no information has been receiv8d from JCS it is my understanding that EAC has no'v signed n.greements for occupation of Austria j ncluding lienna ano that r atification by four governments may be exrected soon. I am still unable to l .,arn n:-1me of Russian comm;::,_nder in command of Soviet Forces in Austria . 11 2. Will be grateful to you if you ,;-rill arrange with Soviet authorities for ..,11.try to Vienna of my Deputy Commander, General Gruenther, also General Flory, General Lewis and eight other officers and fifteen enlisted men in eight vehicles . Party will proceed to ViennP by road from Linz .. _ French party will he of sarie size and will accompany U. S . party ·ri th General. herriere in charge . I am respnnsible for making arrnngements for entry of French so you will consider this message as official request for French entry. 3. British party with TlfAjor GenerR..l Winterton in charge will be of approximately same size but will proceed by road over .Judenburg Vienna route . Generri,l r1ccreery is R..ttempting to communicate , ith BarshAl Koniev by officer courier on 13 .Tuly in order to arrange for Vlinterton entry 0 tt 4. Desire also that you a.rrHn~e for meetinr{ to t c ke plRce shortly after three parties reach Vienna so that l,finterton, Cherriere and Gruenther may confer wit n :rropriate Russian officer to settle details for take over of mtional sectors . They will -also arrange for a later meeting of the four commanders in ,lienna . · No political Rdvisers will be included in the parties .. Discussions will be purel military n5 . Based on experience gnined from B.wrlin entry it is our idea that orgRni.zation of headquarters in Vienna nnd movement of garrisons there should be carefully planned and executed only after complete agreement with Russians. The H.s., British and French commanders should not enter Vienna. until conditions are such that they can remain there permanently and assume comm~.nd from 'ienna . I tt6. _ shall le~we for Brazil on July 14th and will return about July 26th. If there is :=my reason why I should return sooner I shall be able to cut riy vis: t accordingly. tr �5 VEROT•. A--JULY 13, 1945--Gem~ral Clark spent the day at the villa and took care of an accumulation o:f important papers · in an effort to clear his desk of all pending matters prior to his departure for razil * * * * MARR.AKE H--JULY 14, 1945--Genera.l Clnrk, accomptmied by General Crittenberger, Gene~al Brann, Colonel rriaddox, Lt . Col. Eberhnrd, Lt Col. Critt enberger, '. ~ajor Case, Captain Grann, Ca tain Luther, Lieutenant Hill and Sergeant Chane;r left Villafranca airport by C-54 at 0900 hours -for a two-,vee trip to Brazil in order to be on hand for the welcoming home ceremony of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . After .:1n eight-hour, non-stop flig _t , the party landed at D~arrA.kech where the,r spent the night at Villa Ta, lor . Durinp; the evening the General drove throu,h t e native '3oction of the city an looked in on some o the shops . * * * NATAL--JULY 15, 1945--General Clark 1 s pRrty continued on the trip to Rio , leaving- F11arrak ch at 0600 hours and lPnding at Dab1r n.t 1130 hours . After refuelini:;, GenAral Clark' s plane flew to atal , l~nding at rn30 hours . Here General Clark revie ·red An assembly of Brazilian Army, Navy and Air Corps officers and enlisted men. The party spent the night a.t .Jata.l . General RHlph Wooten , CoIT1I'1anding General of the South Atlantic Commu d, met G neral Clark at fatal and had dinner with him, alon(; with several other officers of the T-fa.tnl flfilitary Region . * * * * RIO DE JA1'l'EIRO-- JULY 16, 1945--General Clark's plane took o~f from Natal at 0600 hours and le rt non-stop to Santa Cruz where it landed at 1145 hours . General Clark was JY1et by GenerBl Hays Kroner, r.Jjlitary Attache at Rio de Janeiro and Colonel Bini r1acha.do of the Brazilian Army . After having lunch at Santa Cruz, the party agc1in took off, this time in a LocVi1eed, at 1320 hours and landed at Rio airport at 1345 hours Here the General was met by Gcner81 Dutra, General Ma.scarenhas a.nd many high ranking o-rficfals of the government - Army and p,_,r-J. A ~ uge crowd of people was ' on hand to give the General a most her1.:rty welcome to ·the capital of Brazil . After inspecting a gunTd of honor, General ClBrk and his party rode through the strGets , receiving the acclaim of the crowds . After the public reception the .1ern~ral was taken to the home of Roberto Marhieno, here he wa to live during his stay in Rio . At 1600 hours GenAral ClRrk and f8rty asseMbled at the Presidentts work palace ,yhere General Clark received the Oder of the Southern Cross, Second lass, the TrTedal of War t=i.nd the Campairnic Cross from President Vargas. General Crittenberger and eneral Brann were also decorated Many hiffh state officials rnre present at the decoration . A ter the presentation ceremony, General ClP_r k' s party drove to the �Wa.r Depa.1"tment for a visit t o General Dutr a , 7inister of Har . All high rankini:; officials of the War D pr1rt ment were present to i:sreet General C:1Prk . Irnmedfately folloving the visit to the W 0r Department the party vi ited the l11inistry of Foreign Relations where GenerA.1 Clark talked vith r.~r . Velos o the r1inister of oreign Relations . Shortly thereafter General ClA.rk returned to his residence where he had dinn r ., General jj lto:n , of the razilian .Armored Force , was ass:i.gned to be · at GenerF.tl Clarkt s d sposal .nd ccompany him vhile he :vas in Brazil. * * * * RIO DE JAl\!EIRO --JULY 17, 1945--G nHr al Clar { nnd pArty left the Rio air ... port at 0900 hours for a visit to the Military Academy at Rezende . Upon arrival at the Military Academy he reviewed the entire adet Corps which lined the main avenue o the f, ilitary Academy. The Corps was divided into Cc va.lry , Jn antr;'t and Horse - Drawn Artillery After walking along the line of c dets he rroceeded to the Academy Stc1d1um, wbich has been m~med the I'IPrk Clark Stadium , anc reviewed the Corps of Cc1dets as it passed on the RVenue in the front of the stacl ium. After the pP..rade General Clark r s party was conducted on tour of the Tiilitary Academy in order to see the new portions which are beirn~ constructed . ,,.,he party had lunch in t e officers mess and shortly a.fter lunch left the Academy by way of the main avenue which was lined on both sides by cadets. The party arrived at the Rio ~irport at 1430 ours an0 , accompanied by General Kroner , paid a short visit to the America n Ambas sador in Rio , ~'Ir . Berle . At 1-TI 0 hour s General Clark , ~rith Gcmer2l Crittenber ger and General ra.nn , held a press conference in Gern~rA.l Kroner' office where he met :representatives of all Brazilian newspapers .. At 1600 hours General Clnrk r-md pt1.rty arrived at the Rio airport where General Clark met ·1rs . Clark who levY from Washin{{'ton to Rio. A large cro d of reopl8 , including r1any hi,:;h s t ate and m:'Lli tary officials and wives , were on hand to we lcorie I lrs . ClRrk to Brazil. ~rs . Clark, - accompanied by Mrs. Dutra Rnd T1Ts . Be'rle , left for the General' s residence Hnd wo..s joined shortly therenfter by General Clark . I At 2100 hours General and Mrs . ClFirk , accomprmied by Major Vlalters and CR ptain Luther , hn.d dinn0r at the .olc en Room of the Copacabnna I ::i.la.ce Hotel . General Gruenther this evening cabled General Clnrk as f ollo,vs : 11 eturned Verona tonip,ht a. ter t rnnty 1ours in Vienna . i rench are most unhappy_ over refusal of RussiRns to p'1rmit small reconmdssance p:irties to remain in city And Russian refusal to confirm arrangements of any dnd prior to ratification EAC agreenent . Winterton and I feel we made progress . Petrov told us that ~-rhen _next Chie of Staff meeting is held points raised b;v us vrill be settled to our satisfaction . Winterton thinks ussians may tr,r to force early meeting of commanders , but I do not concur . I fee l co ·irtent e shall be able to meet your ishes . He have no estimate �when agreemc-mt Yill be ratified . Everything in order here . Your rAply to SG 630 received . Approval :, anted for aw~rd s to Yroner and Hooten . 11 Genentl Clnrk ,replied to Gene:cal GruenthP,r today as follm;s: nMessages received . Wonrlerful reception Rio . Ac 1rnowledge please ., It Delighted arrangements proceeding satisfactorily. rresent plans on July 2() or ?.7 to leave here . * * * * RIO DE JA fr~IRO-- JULY lg , 1945--At 0900 hours General Clnr , accompanied by Mrs . ClArk n.nd the other rr1embers of his party, went to the dock to visit the "Gen .J ral ieigst v hich brought the Brazilfan troops from Italy to Rio . Fresid nt Vargas rind Gennrnl Clrrk both spoke briefly to the offic rs and men. A. ter leavini:; the boat, GenerPl and I'irs . Clnrk And rarty went to the hospital to visit the wounded members of the BEF, and Mrs . Clark presented in the Gem~ral t s TIP.me American cigarettes to each wounded officer and man . here ,ere approximately 175 wounded . After lunch at home GenerRl Clark proceeded to dmmtown Rio where he was to rAview the retm--ning members of the BEF . Althoup;h the General 1 s party was due at the reviewing stand at 1340 hours , the crowds broke loose and formed a solid mass in the stre t , making it almost jmpossible for the cars to move . The General finally arrived at 1400 hours, after having slowly made is vray throu Jh the trnrnendous crowds . At the time of the start of the parade, the treet was so filled with happy Brazilian people that the troops were unable to push their way through the street. By half shoving and half marchin~, the parade finally began and lasted until 1745. A ter the p8rade, the GenerHl a d party ·~ ent immediately to the WPr Departr1ent where he attended a reception given by Minister of War Dutra. . A ter the reception he returned to his residence and at 2030 hours he and Mrs . lark attended a dinner fsi ven at the American Er1b~ ssy by Ambassador and Mrs . Berle . After dinner Gen ,ral and 1rs. CJ.Ark received with the American Ambassador and his vife at n reception ~iv n in the General t s honor P.t the American J!..mbassy. All high rank{ng state and military officials were pre sent at t .e reception .. · 1 General Gr uenther cabled General Clark today as follows : "Everything under control. Our rroblems today involve displAced persons in AustriR, food for p~isoners and attempts to prevent division being sent to Austria to take place of 101 Division . Food supply for Vienna is still headache . Fetrov said it nras too compli.cated to talk about at first meetin.r; To furthBr information reference commnnderst m etin~. I believe you w111 have comfortable mp· gin . Today' s Stars and tripes carries big story your Tuesday reception . re are proud of you . Orders issued for J . Marshall report this headquarter s . Pal • ine R11d sends best vishes . Very hot here . n * * RIO DE JA~JEIBO--JULY 19, 1945- -The General rested in the morning, and at 1300 hours gave rt small luncheon 1·.rhich was attencl ed by Gener0l Cri ttenberger , �General Brann, General Yfooten, General Y.roner, General Mascarenhas, Colonel Machado and several others . Before lunch GenerE'~ Clark decorated General r~ascarenhas, Gfmeral Wooten, Colonel Draynier nnd Captain BRrrn., General ri~ascarenhast aide, with the Bronze Star rfodal. He also presented GenBral r"ascarenhas with a coffee table beAring the insignia of the 15th Army Group, Fifth Army and the Smo ing Snake of Brazil, inl:dd in wood . In the afternoon the GenerRl rested and in the evening met Mr . Roberto Marhieno and rtr . ;foses, President of the I ress As ocia.tion in Brazil At 2030 hours General Clark and his party attended a dinner at the Ministry of War where Genr-;ral Dutra delivered nn address and. ms answered by General Clark . Hrs . Clf-1rk attended a dinner given at the home of 1ltr and I/rs . Borges where the General met Mrs . ClA.rk after the dinner given at the Ministry of War ., * * * * B ,LA HORIZO~ E--JULY 20, 191~5--General and Prs. Clark, accompanied by General Crittenberger, Gene-ral Brann, General 0rd, Head o the Joint De·• fense Commission of Brazil and the United States, _C olonel Grittenberger , Major Walters, Captain Luther, General Tifilton of the Brazilian Army; and General and ·tcs .. Castello rr-rnco, left tb.e A.irport Pct 0900 hours by C-47 for Bela Horizont., General Castello Branco was acting as escort for General Crittenberger . On arrival at 1100 hours at Bela Horizonte General ClF1rk was met by an honor guard flt the airport and a ter reviewing the guard left by car for the city where he was net by a grand reception from the people .. After walkinf{ through the crowds, he reviewed a short y.11.rade by the Brazilian troops and then started to walk to the hotel where he was to stay General ClFJrk hr-id hardly begun when the crowds literally picked him up and carried him to the hotel on their shoulders The spontaneous public ovation was tremendous . After lunch,. p,iven a.t the Tennis Club , the General visj ted the barracks of the local regiment, after ~rhich he visited a girlst school which gave a short program in his and Mrs . ClArk ' s honor . Next the pnrty proceeded to the Ar:1,ricano School and then returned to the hotel where the General held a press conference at 1700 hours . In the evenint:; the ~.rt;v- had d:i.nner at the beautiful CA.sine Pampulha near the airport.. After dinner General rrnd ·,'trs ., Ch1rk returned to the hotel. Follmdng is the text of a cable · General Gruenther dispatched to General Clark today: HErhardt received message from Grew today advisinR th--:t EAC agree ,,. ment h;::i.s been approved by Joint Chiefs of Staff and State Department . Papers will be presented to }'resident in Berlin. State Department recommends to Fresident that Winant be authorized to ratifv on behalf of United States . Food supply problem for Vienna and U.. S ., zon~ is source of extreme agony for us. SRltzman and ivil Supplies Officer a.re in Frankfort today. Adcock G- 5 at t S 1 '-'~~ says problem is political, and 1,•.re must process all food deman s thru Joint Chiefs of Staff . We do not like that decision A.t t i s late date because we must havA food a.s soon as we take over . Tate �is spendinfs entire time on this Inf tter British -are Rlso bavinf, food trouble 11ith no sol ution in si[sht yet . rench have no worries because they have no food . We ·;ill solve di ficultie in some way -- I hope . U . S . has authorized us to rnish rations and g,_ solin to Vienna French garrison until September 1st . foNarney wrote letter to you reaffirming his rrevious dec ision reference battle t ar for Po Vr-i lley CPmpa.i n . J-Towever you vieYrs vill be presented to Har Department . I tried to -~et to Salzburg this rnornin.r.t but weather forced us back vrhe 1 :re 1ere halfway there . Am folloYrin~ Dutr a - r1A.chado decorations . AFHQ expects Wr:ir Depar+,rient approval late tonight nll proceed Genoa Saturday evening ret irnin. , her ~onda;v morning to execute o ders issued by Brann in his 5542 . Still extremely hot . JuTessa e service with you is xcellent . 11 GenAral Gruenther also cabled General Clark as follows this afternoon: 11 Although this is hottest nay of year, you will be interest learn thnt I hcive just defeated ,.Tick decisiv0ly in tennis . This will e videly disseminated in Italy, including Genoa Hope you see thnt proper announcement is made in 1razil . Stories of your tion are most interesting.. Will now have suprer with Pa.l. n * * * .d to news will recep- * AOLO--J1JLY 21 1945- -Genera.1 ClA.rk nnd party left ela Horizonte ·or the airport this r1orninj and arrived at Sa.or a.olo a t 1100 hours . Although the party had been told that this tmm Yas emotionally cold , wh n ,-reneral Clark :u-rived at the city, and as the car drove t rough the streets on the v y to trie hotel, people crowded to ·r rd the car in an attempt to shake the General' s han , or even touch him . General Clark and party left the hotel for the Technic8l Aeronautical Institute where General Clark presented the grndunting class of 30 m.,n with their diplomas . r he faculty of this school consists .,ntirely of instructors from the Tnited States . Here the General received n most beauti ul leather c esk set as a t~L t from the school.. SAO After lu 1eh a.t the chool, the Generr-11 1-.rent to the Governor' s Pal _ce for q. shot reception , followed by a visit to the arracks o the local re~iment , an returned to the hotel at 1700 ho-µrs for a short rress confer ,nee . At 1800 hours Gem~ral Cl tr ' s party proceeded to th, home of .r.r . and r. 1rs . Prado ·7here n huge cocktail rarty was given in General and •trs . Clerk ' s honor ,'frs .. Prado , a very lovely young woman, is a native of T,Jew York City. General f-'.nd r'1rs . Cle rv. procAeoed to the Sao Paolo Opera House at ?100 hours 1Yh8re the General spok, to 8 , 000 peopL crammed jnto the theater , v1hose normal capacity is '3,000 people . After leaving the theater , GrmerA l a.nd Mrs . CL!:lrk, with General Brann, h:::id dinner in their hotel room . General, Gruenther today advised Gene~.l Clark by cable that 1ars al Koniev had invited the Chiefs of Staff for a Vienna meeting at noon on J ly 24th . Gene al Gruenther also mentioned that the EAC agreeme t had been ratified .. �lD I J SAO AOLO--JULY 22, 191+5--Genernl Cl::=trk rested in the morning and Rt 1300 hours, with the members of his party, had lunch at the Governor's Pnh.ce in Sr-to Pt·w lo., Governor Costa vas one of the most outstanding personalities r1et on the trip to Brazil and was a living example of Brazilian hospitality. Following a remAr .... made by General C1ark as to the r:;ood quality of the co fee he served, the Governor presented General Clr-irk ,d th a 125// bag of coffe • In response to a remark dropJ:ed by Firs. Clark as to the loveliness of his crystal service, the Governor presented Mrs. Clark with a very nice set of cryst_a l. After lunch General Clark's party proceed d to the Municipal Stadium for a short look-in upon the football game and th~n proceeded to the Joclrny Club to \7itness the rrrark Clark Handicap Rrice. rom the Jockey Club the party proceeded to the hor10 of the AT"!erican Consul 1here a. cocktail party vas held for General ~nd Mrs. Clark by Consul and I\/rrs •. Cross . After the cocktail party, eneral and 'Irs. Clark returned to the hotel, and at 2100 hours had dinner with rr. and fl!rs Prado in a ni.ght club oime b, Prs. rado. General Clark today cabled G-ener81 xruenther as follows: n ood nro Jlem in my opinion is politicA.l and should be rrocessed throue;h Joint Chiefs of Staff. Please direct your e forts along these lines nornentum of Brazilian reception increasin~ with each city. Vfant to l . ave here 29 July arrive destination 31 July. Could if absolutely essentfa.l lea.Ye on 28 July. With vour confer nee on 24 July, it seems perfectly reasonable to Me thR.t ommanderst Conference can be del,.,yed a week . Insist on this in order that I may e present for that meeting. Your weat victory over ick pushed r:.e off the front page of Br zilian press. St:i 11 hitting a fast pR.ce . Keep me posted. 11 General Gruenther sent General Clark the following radio today: "Our advance party 1? officers 15 enlisted men left Linz for Vienna this rnornini:;. BalRnce of reconnaissance detA.chment will rroceed to Vienna. on '?4 Jul?. 'T'here is considerable rressure to admit press to ViennR. Y will settle this question as soon as Tuesday's conference in Vienna is completed . 11y rresent est:i.m~te is thnt vre sha.11 probably admit the press to 'ienna on 2r-) July. I plr-m to leave Vienna as soon es Tuesday 1 s conference is completed There is still no puggested date for Commanderst Conference . n * * * * PORT ALEGRE--JULY 23 , 1945- -General Clark and party left Sao Paolo by plane at 1000 hours , arriving at Port Alegre at 1230 hours . Following a tremendous welcome by the population of the city and a parade reviewed from the hotel balcony, he was escorted to a private home where he was to stay while at Port Alegre . After lunch with Hrs . Clark at njs residence , the General proceeded to the Governor' s PalA.ce for a short reception, from which he v1 ent to meet the faculty of the local .iunior military academy. General Clark held a press conference for the loca.1 press at 1700 hours and then at - �ll I tended a program gi ven by the student body of the Institute of Education a large girls ' school. The Gl~neral delivered a short speech to the stude'11.t body and introduced each member of his party f.il:'esent . '.'lrs . Clark also spoke to the girls At 2100 hours the General and his rarty a.ttended a dinner given by the Commander of the Jrd . filitary 1.egion . General Clark a-g in spoke at the dinner . General Gruenther cabled GenerRl Clark today as follovTS : nr am now at Linz and will depart for Vienna early Tuesday. General Mccreery called this evening after r had left our headquarters and de livered the fo llowinfs message . ' I feel that I can not agree to postp oning the Commanders ' neet1ng beyond Monday July 30th . I feel strongly that we have delayed long enough . Delay beyond July 30th will not fit my own plans . General Clark assured me he could alter his schedule if it became necessa.:r·y . t HI shall give you a further re commendation on this point a fter our meet ing on 'J'uesday. still have hope ~ shall be able to delay Cornrnander s ' Meeting until August 1st , but this ma.y entail some collusion with the Russians . tr The text of ~nother cable fr om General Gruenther to Gener al CL'1rk is quoted belo rr: ''Winterton told me this morning that General Mccreery desires Commander s' Meetine July 1 _ 0th . I told him that August 1st is earliest date you can be present . Will advise you further after Vienna meet ing Tuesday. '7ill follo yo 1r instructions reference ood rroblem . rt * * RIO DE JAEIRO --JULY 24, 1945--At 0900 hours General lark visited the military academ;r which is a prepnrntory school to the Academy at Re zende .. Here he spo <e to the assembled cadets . T\fext the Gene r al and hi~ party inspected the merican School which ms run totally b:r teacher s from the States . Upon leaving t he school, the General paid a call at the Red Cross where he , Gener al Critt enberger and General Ord vmre given memberships t o the Brazilian Red Cross . At 1100 hours the General , ~llrs . Clark and the rest of the party at . tended a barbecue at the local Countr y Cluh. Due to rain the barbecue was held lnside but still was a very gay affair . The Gener al received three barbecue ~nives of various izes , and , in line with tradition, gave the Mayor of fort Alegre a captured German coin j n return for the knjves . At 300 hours the party left Fort Alegre for Rio by C-47 and arrived in Rio at 1705 . General and Mrs . Clark had a quiet dinner at home The followin~ cable was dispat ched today from General General Clark : r uenther to �"I talrnd to Mccreery last night over bad line . e is pressing hard for July 30th meeting and stressed that you a.greed to modify your chedule if necessary . It is not clear vrhy he is in such a rush . I told him message had been sent to you on sub ject . You might care to send him message direct . I am holdin~ out for August 1st or later meeting . Cherriere informs me Bet ouart will support us in th8.t rosition . We leave for Vienna in a . ew minutes . " * * * RIO DE JANEIRO--JULY 25 , 1945- -General Clark remained at his residence all day and rested . At 1700 hours General Clark, . with 'tr's . Clark, called on •qrs . Vargas, the wife of the President of Brazil. At 1800 hours GeneralClark saw ~'tr . Hugo, 9·ner of an exclusive gift shop in Rio, and vras presented by ~lfr . Hugo •d th a life-size head and shoulder wood carving of himself . 1 At 2030 hours General Clark and pa.rt:r attended dinner at the Foreign Ministery given by oreign ·~inister Veloso . Mr . Veloso delivered a speech honoring General Clark, to which General Clark responded . * * * * RIO DE JAN'EIRO --JULY 26, 1945--General Clark remained 2t home the early part of the morning, and at 1100 hours attended a decoration ceremony at a £.'ort on Copacabana Beach . At the ceremony several American officers and enlisted men, including General Hays Kroner, aere decorated by GJneral Dutra for their cooperation and wor)~ in Rio . General Clark ret 1.rnect' to his residence a-f'ter the ceremony and had lunch triere . Mrs . Dutra and 'tr's . Veloso called at 1500 hours . At 1630 hours General Clark and rarty attended a decoration ceremony held at the American 1,mbas::;y a.t which General Clark rresented 48 American decorations to members of the BEF which had served under him in Italy. .A_mon~ those decorated ere Gcmeral Dutra. and Colonel u1ach..-:1do . A platoon of the 10th Mountain Division, present in Rio acted as honor guard for the presentation . Immedjately after the decoration ceremony G neral Cl'" k gave a reception for the various officials o government and military offices n11.d his many frfonds in Rio . u: l At - 2100 hours General Clark gave a. dinner at the Copacabana Palace Fotel which was attended b:r the cabinet ministers and wives , military attaches· of the embassies in Rio , and other distinguished persons i.n Rio . General Dutra and ·:tr· . Veloso attended the dinner . General r 1enther yest erday cabled General Clark a.s f ollo'rn with tega.rd to the Austrian situation: "Conferred i th Russians or four hon.rs today followed by b o hours qdka dinner . It wa.s apparent that Russians prefer July 10th CommP ders 1 Meeting suggested by 1'finterton . However , I am quite certain thnt we can put acr oss August ls~ meetin~ if you so direct . If your plans A.re such that you can attend Commanders ' Con_erence :i.n Vienna on July 30 or 31 , J suggest -that yo 1 arrarw,e your schedule accordingly. Advantages gained �l3 will, in my opinion, be worth curtailment of Brazilian trip . Our next rrieetin , v ith Russians will be 1500 hours July 25th. Desire guidance prior to that meetinp; if possible . Additional complications is fact that Russians feel that rress should not be rermittod to enter before entrance of Commanders into Vienna . As result of pressure from British we hAve already 9tarted to assemble press in Linz a.rea an<i they will be ready to enter from July 26th onward . his is another argument in favor· o ,July 30th or 11st Commanderst f.~eeting . Gruenther t s eyes only 1'fil1 not reach him until afternoon 25 Jul~r. Above message fr om Gruenther reached i:rerona sa.me time as :voursto Gruenther. 11 In addition to the above , General Gruenther also sent t he following cable to General Clark yesterday: "You may relax . Pressure for July 30th meeting has subsided .. Koniev is no:v stalling on date because he believes Bi~ Three is considering Austrian question . Commanders' Y 11 eetinis may not even take place on August 1st . Had three-hour rreeting this c fternoon Touv,h e-otng jn spots . Another one later tonight ." Gem~ral Tate added the following to the above message· to General Cl2.rk: trYour 5607 ,iu t received and forwarded to Gruenther who hf-ls not yet received it . 8uggest you not depart pending next message from him . General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows yesterday: I n 'Jecessary leave Rio 0930 local time 27 July reurad 5598 . Conditions rermittin~ will fly to Da.:ar night 27-2g continuin to Marrakech for overn"ght 2R .. Arrival v·11afranca 29 July expected ." General Gruenther today cabled Gener, .1 Clark a.s fo lows: tt Commanders t r eeting vill not ta3.re give no estimate when it rill occur. n lace be ore August 1st . Can Ge 1eral _G ruenther also Cc.bled G Jneral Clark today as follovrs: "Yo, r1essa!se received at three o'clock this r1orning a's I returned rom in<1l conference. Will s'ee Petrov noon today a:nd vrill again bring up question Comnanders' Teeting . However, as J explained in message last ni~ht , J dou )t that meeting ill ta . 9 place on 11st in view of nee;) attitude. Will wire again ;:i,t noon . Me1:m·hile , take life easy. There A.re many headaches here.n * if * * * Rl\lROUTE TO ITALY-- JULY 27, 1945--General and Mrs . Clark, accompanied by the remainder of the party, left Rio at 0835 in a. Lockheed Bomber . At the airport rere leadinF; state ::md military officials to bid a.rewell to Gen .,ra.l Clark. The party landed at Santa Cruz at 0900 and took off a.t 0920 in a C-54, landing at t-Jatal at 1650 . Here the party divided , · and after suprer General Clark, accompanied by- Colonel Sewell, Liaison Officer of the A};"\ q with the EF, Captai n Luther, Captain Grann c_nd S9rgeant �\L\ Chaney took off in the C-54 for Tarrakech while the remainder of the party continued on their way to the TTnit .... d States the following morn··ng * * * NfARRAKECH--JULY 28 , 1945--Genera.l Clnrk landed at Marrakech at 1430 and after a short drive t rou~h the city had dinner at Villa .aylor where the party remained for the ni ht. * * * * VER0NA--JULY 29, 1945--At 0800 hours General Clark and p8.rty took off from fffa.rrakech for Verona and landed at Villafranca. Rirfield at 1l+35 hours in the a ternoon . General C1ark went immediately to his villa by cub, accompanied by General Gruenther, v,here they spent the rest of the evening in conference concernin~ the Vienna situation . * * VERONA--JULY 30, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters in V-rona at 1000 hours where he proceeded to take CAre o official business vh ich had accumulated during his Brazilian trip . ERrly in the morning he conferred with General Gruenther on various sub,jects concerning the Vienna a.ffair nnd also with a group of officers from TTSFET I/ In the a fternoon the Gener:=tl continued his conversations with General Gruenther Hnd went to his villt'.l at 1500 hours where he spent the rest of the day. * * * * VE"R.ONA --JULY 31, 1945--The Generel spent the da;r todFi,y at his villa resting . * * * VERONA-- AUGUS'.!." 1, 1911-5--The Gen0r a l spent t he day relaxing Pt hfu villa . * * ·* * ROJ.A--AUGUST 2, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours a,nd conferred the greater part o the day with Genera l Gruentrer on the proposed conference on the 3rd . Jn t he a_ ternoon Lt . Col. Vl illiams c ame in to see t he General regarding the 15th Army Group . History ::i nd then the General continued the conversation with General Gruenther concerning the Austrian situation . General Clark let for his vill there for the rest of the day. by cub at 1700 hours and remained G,meral ClArk today sent the following cable to Field Marshal Alexander: rrr was highly pleased today to learn of your appointment as Governor ) General of Canada. '!'hose of us who have served under your leaders hip take pHrticular pride in this recognition your government has seen fit to bestow r �upon you for your outstanding military services . I hope thRt when J return to tt".e nited Stat es we "'hall have an opportunit)r to meet r.n renew old times . tt * * * * VEROTt~A--AUGUST 3, 1945--General Cl2rk remained at his villa at SJrmione all dai and at 100 hours held a conference which was attended by General foCreery , General Winterton nnc Mr . Mack of the Bri ti.sh Austrfan Command; General Bethouaro , General Cherriere and the French Politicnl Advisor of the rench Austrian Cornnand . General Gruenther , Genera.I Flory and Mr Erhardt also attended the conference, and Colonel Suth.,rlnnd acted s French interpreter . rrhe complete minutes of the rrieeting will be included in the diary notes of today' s activities . After the conference General Clark and his guests h:'l.d luncheon at the villa , throu~h which they co tinued their discussion . General Mccreery and General Bethouard , accompanied b:r their parties, left the Sirrnione cub strip in L- 5 sat 1530 and proceeded to Villafranca , from which point they proceeded to their headquarters . Generfl.l Clr-trk remrd ned at his villa and had for dinner General McMahon, Colonel Porter and Captain Luther . Later in the evening General Sullivan, accomptmied by four guests , joined General Clark or a movie at the villa . Foll owing are the minutes of the conference held this afternoon: "The British group arrived at about 1100 hours and some general conversation took pla.ce concerning sub.jects to be discussed with the Frenc h officers on their R.rri val. General Clark emphasj_zed that the question of food contr0l should be early on the agenda for the first Allied Council rieeting , and asked General f1cCreery if he thought an J:;conomic Board should not be agreed on at thA first m8etj ng of the Council , to be instr1 1.cted to report at the second meeting of the Council . General McCreery said h~ thought th~s was a good idea and thRt he thou ht the Co1.L~cil , under the European Advisory Commission rules, should meet every ten days . In connection with the food question, there was a discussion of the number of people in the various zones in Vienna . GenAral Winterton said he understood that there were 275, 000 in the Anerican zone , 356,000 i .n the Russian zone , 250 , 000 jn the British zone , and ?.99,000 j_n the French zone , but that there were 800, 000 oth ,rs normally living in Vienna, now temporarily elsewhere , v1ho would be coming back as soon as possible . "Gern=~rals Bethouart and Cheriere arrived a.t l?.00 hours and the meet in~ began., Genern.l Clark acting a.s Chairman . He said that the meeting had been called to agree upon an agenda for the first meeting of the Allied Council . ttGENERAL CLARK then stated that the first subject he thought of dis cussing was that of cod, and h .. repeated to General B8 thou.art the proposal already- made to General Mccreery that an :.iconom:i.c Committee or Bor-ird he set up at the first meeting of the Council, to report at the second meeting of the Council. This was a.greed to by all . �( "The second subject r aised by GEmeral Clc1rk was communications . All persons present agreed that the comrm.J.nications channels proposed by the Russians were inadequate for the rnaintemmce of the necessary headquarters in Vienna a't1d tha.t this subj8ct would have to be diC\cussed 8.t the first Council meeting . General r.cCreery requested that in connectfon w:tth communications, the air routes also -be discussed . ttGeneral Clnrk then sta.ted that the third point to be discussed was ·\ the establishment o the Kommandatura and the da,te for the takin over by the A lied troops of the several zones in Vienna. General Mccreery stated that before the Komnandatura could commence functioning, some means of handling the civilian supply problem in Vienna would have to be decided upon General Bethouart agreed with this a.nd General Clark said that for that reason he had proposed the appointment o the Econom::.c Board in uestion , which should be instructed to report back to the Comman:lers -inChief before the seconc1 me eting of the Council. 0 The fourth point raised by Gener&.1 Clark was the establishment of a Finance Committee. General Bethoua.r:. agreed , stating that ·in':lnce was clearly A. most important problem in viev1 of the in la.tion now in r rogress in ienna a.nd the uncertainty as to the Russian handling of Allied military schillings . General r~cCreery also agreed that this item should be on the agenda . V naimeral Clark then proposed the issuance of a joint" proclamation as a subject for the agenda, and stated that a draft 1ad been prepared by his headquarters for criticism by the others concerned . He stated thR.t he vrould furnish General McGreery. and General Bet ouart with copies of thi e... draft to work on . "General Clark proposed as the next subject for discus~ion that of fraternization , and snid that the Americ an attitude was that all limitations on .raternization in _ustria should be removed immediately when the Council met . .e asked whHt Gem~ral Bethoua.rt ' s view was, and General Bethouart said that he hAd no rroblem in that respect, as fraternization was unlimited in the French zone . As a matter of fact, he said , it could not be stopped anyway . General •,1 cCreery then said that _e agreed with General Cla k and with Gen~ral Bethouart , but thr-=tt from his point of view it waP preferable not to give publicity to relaxation o the fr:=i.ternization ban . General Cl~k aid he would be glad to cooperate with General McCreery in the latter point , though he felt thnt it was inevitable that regardless , press mention 1vould be made on the change in attitude . HThe seventh p oint suggested by Genere.l Clark for discussion ·ms the formation of the Executive Committee . It .7 as agreed the.t t his should be discussed and thr:1t no great problems would be rresented by it . HGeneral Clark then said that there should be a. discussion of the r.1e chanics of runnin the All:ed Council, the establishment of a secretariat , etc . He said that ~•rhile he felt this must be discussed, the project of a jo:rnt secretariat would be opposed by the Russians. HG 'J't>.lERAL wrrrIIB.TmT then said thRt he unrlerstood that the Russfans wished to hHve no central building for a headquarters of the Joint Allied �Commission, but that the meetings should be held in rotation in the office of the o ficer act ·i ng for the moment as Chairman of the Allied Council, and his office would furnish secretarlal service for that m,Jeting and rre pare the agenda for the succeeding meeting . General Clark stated that nhile his original thought had been +.he establishr1ent of a joint secretar· at, he felt that the Ru,...sfa.ns ~~,ould not accert this, and hence that arrangerients of the sort outlined by General Winterton, as they would in his opinion be practicable , might well ;e acce ted. GcmeraL, Mccreery- nnd Bethouart expre sed concurrence in this view . General Clnrk suggested that the Americans, Rrit1sh and French put forward Koniev as Chairman for the first meeting or the Allied Council and tlk1.t thereafter the chairmanship rotate alphabetically ·a ccordin'; to the name of the nation in question . They could discuss hether the chtdrmanship would be or one or two meet. in~s. These _roposals were likewise agreed to as a subje ct of discussion for the first Council meeting. ttThe next subject for discussion was the entry of troops into Vienna and their composition . General Clark said he thought the question had two subdivisions . or the first meetinr: of the Council a guard of honor, rather Tik9.ll in siz , should be arran_"'ed from each of the four nations in"l,olved, the guards of the everal nations to meet at some convenient point and collectively do t __ e honors to t . e several Generals in turn Later, he said, when the respective garrisons entered Vienna, they should form a single parade and the four Commanding Genera.ls should be present as the parade passed in review, the ~eneral o each nqtionality stepping forward one or two pacev and taking the salute as his own troops rassed. General Mccreery stated that the British avy and the British Air Forces would like to be represented with some part in this parade . General Clar~ said that he had no naval forces readily availfi,ble for the parade , and suggested that the Air Forces fly overhead in planes . It was agreed that a discussion of this s1Jbject should be put on the agenda . J. "G .,~IERAL BETH~ again mention9d the question of food c=i.t this point, saying thA.t be ore the meeting closed he would like to accent the importance of a ood ('.'<upply for his zone . General Clark expressed understanding of his nece-ssities . ,lERAL CCRE I Y said that he thought a press communique should be prepared as well as the joint proclamntion previous.ly mentioned . He also said there should be a meeM.ne; of the Deputy Commanders eld in the immediate future. The purpose of this neeting '"'r ould be t o discuss the agenda for t_1e first meeting of the Council and agree on it in the light of the preliminary discussions held today. Gen r a.l Gruenther sr:dd thAt l-ie could get to Vi8nna tomorrow evening to attend such a rrieetin ::) .. Genernl 1dhterton and Gener 1 Cheriere said they would a.lso be avai1cible . Generr-1 Gruenther said he ~vould get in touch vith General Zheltov and r ropose the conference for Saturday evening. rtm~ 11 GE 1TF.RA.L CLARK then raised the uestion of the date for the first co mcil meeting He said he thought it likely th;:i.t the Russians would express th, ·r preference for the date of · this gathering . Generri.l CJ.ark said) he thou.c;ht the 7th was a prob-?ble date , that it ,, ould talre a week to ten de.ys thereR ter or the i..Conomic Committee to have its recormnendations ready on the ood situation, and hence that the s econd meeting of the Coun- �cil could not tal:e plHce until about the 17th. He thought thr1t the second meetin of the Co ncil should occur at a.bout the time the troops entered .. 0 He then raised the question o rho should Pttend the first Council meeting, saying that it was his own preference that only the Commande:r ..~-inChief, the Political Advisers, interpreters, and stenographic reporters attend the meeting . GenerHl Bethouart as '"ed vrhy the Chie s of Staff should not attend, and General Clark stated that he wished, if r,o sible, at this meetj_n to eep the ma,tter ~mtirely on the level of Commander""in-Chief to Commande -in-Chief. He felt thRt the Politjcal Ad isers should be present to represent the respective foreign offices. He sa.id there might well be subsequent meetings at which only the four Commanders-in-Chief 1ould be present, and possibly other r1eetings at which members of the Executive Committee would be present . Generals Mccreery and Bethouart stated that the;v V!ere satis-fi d with this proposal. "General Clark then as ..d if any one had any other matters to brine up at the present meeting, and there being nonJ, the oup adjourned for luncheon . tt * * * * VERO ,TA--ATJGUST 4, 191+5--General Clark departed from Sirmj one cub strip at 1000 hour and landed at Villafranca at 1015 hours, from which point he took off in his C-47 for Florence to spend the day He exrects to return on the 5th. * * * VERONA--AUGUST 5, 191+5--General Clark arrived at his villa from Florence at 1100 hours , returning by C-/+7 to Villafranca and by cub to the Sirmione cub strip. He rested during the A. ternoon and at 1800 hours met Mr . McCloy, Assistant Secretary of War, at the cub strip . ·The General had dinner at his villa with !Jr . McCloy, General Gruenther, General Tc te a.nd VT . 1-l""!rhardt. ·,!fr . McCloy spent the night at the villa. 1 * * * * VER NA--AHGUST 6, 1945--Mr. McCloy left the villr-t at 0830 to return to Villafranca by cub from i"There he took off in his plane for Rome . General Cla.rk , left his villa at 0930 hours by cub and la.need at Villafranca at 0950 hours where he was met by Captain Luther . General Cl8rk, with Captain Luther, took off from the Villafranca airfield at 1000 hours for Salzburg where he landed at 1100 hours . General Clark was met by General Keyes, Conmander of JI Corps, and after revic ri g an honor guard at the r-iirport was tak<m to the public square in SHlzburg wher9 he inspected a battalion of assembled troops and then reviewed the battalion as it passed by JI Corps Head.quart rs . General Clar and General Keyes then went to General Ye yes' .office where they conferred· with Brigadier rreneral Willems, Chief of Staff, II Corps; fJ1 ajor General Deger, Commander o 11th Armor d Division; ~-1a,jor General Hilldring of the /Jar Department, Hashington; M~..ior General Reinhart, Commander of the 65th Division; e.nd i ajor General Collin~, Commander of the 42nd Division. After �( �( the conference the part, had lunch at General Keyes' ville. . After lunch General Clark , 'Tith General Keye went _or a boat ride on Konig Sea and then proceeded to Berchtesga.den ·vhere they went to inspect Hitlert s famed 11 Eaele ~Jesttt mroute to the "Eagle :Jest" they were met hy General Tobin , Commander of the 4L~th AAA Group , who conducted them on a tour of the "Eagle 1\Je"'t" and 3erchtesgaden. Upon the completion of the tour the party went to General Tobin ' s Headquarters for a short while and then- proceeded t o the Hapshtirg Palace in Salzburg vhere General ClRrk is to spend the night . 0 , At 1900 hours General Clark had dinner with General Keyes , General Willems, General Howard, ,1/lr . Dend,,r of the State Department and General B'il l dring c: t the Hapsbbrg Palace • . General Clrirk today sent the following message to Brig. Gen . Deane of the U. S. p.!Tj_litary Mission in Moscov.r : "I have Rlready made several attempts to arrange a rr1eeting o t.e \ our cornr1anders in Vienna , but all have been unsuccessful becA.use of Russ.'an refusal to agree to a date .. At t e conference of Deputy Commanders on AuF;Ust L1- , Colonel General ZHELrrnv stated that I1JTc .rshal KONIBV 1 s health h:rn not ·yet recovered to the point where a .date can be agre ,d to by the Russians . _ Later in the conference he stated that the communique of the Big Three .1eeting in Berlin c ontains so 1ittle concerning Austria that h1rshal KON •,V was certain that additional instructions wuld be is sued by Moscow . Tntil these instructions are received no Allied Council meetinr; can be held . r,le hHve not been R.ble to determine whether or not Marshal KONIEV is actually ill .. During the staff conference held in late July some Russian staff officers stated that lfONIEV w·as ill while others indicated that his health vas excellent . ''The1~e are many matters which are urgently in need of immediate attention ap.d vrhich can not be solved until the Allied Counc il meets . Any attempt to resolve t.1eso difficulties in advance is usually blocked by Gemral ZHEL'T'OV . I shall be nost grateful to you if you can exert any presm.u·e from your end to expedite this neetinL • British and French Commanders share my views and .have made similar representations to their gover _men ts . " * * * * VERO_\ A--AUGUST 7 , 191{,5--At 0900 hours General Clark , vdth General Keyes , le t 11y car for an hour R,nd half trip throup,h Austria to the headquarters of the 11th Armored Di vision vs here they vrnre ret by General Deger and .Colonel Dovrrv~r , Chief of Staff of th~ 11th Arr11ored D~.vision . After an inspection o the guard of honor, General Clark had lunch with General Deger · and his staff . After lunch General Clark inspe cted a vill8 with the idea in mind of using it at a la.ter date but found it undesirablA bocause it was at the present time used as a maternity hospital. At 1330 hours General Clnrk left the 11th Armored Djvision and drove -- �to Linz where he visited the Headrpmrter of the 65th Division . Bere General Clark met his old friend General John E. Copeland . After a short conference at 65th D · visfon Headquarters Genern 1 Clark , General Keyes, General Reinhart and General Copeland went to General Reinhart's residence where General Clark decorated General Reinhart with the Silver Star and the Bronze Star . General Clark l . . ft Linz· ~.t 1,~·30 hours by cub r:md flew to the Salzhurg airport where he left General Keyes and drove to Berchtesgaden Hotel where he ·ras to spend the night . After dinner General Clark retired early. General Gruenther arrived at the hotel at ?200 hours from lerona . General Clar1c today received the following cable from the W, r De partment: "fleet ·ng of commanders in Vien..na is s 1bject reurad SGS 772 , 6 August 1945 . nst ate Department believes we should not press for m8eting at this date as onus for present difficulties in Austria now rests with Russians . If, fr om your standpoint, it is essential that matters be discussed immediately with th Russians reqnest additional information to assist consi derations here . " * * * VER0 11JA--AUGUST 8, 1945--Genera l Clark conferred with General Gruenther from ORJO hours until 0930 hours t his morning and left B~rchtesgaden at 091+5 hours . AccompRnied b;r Captain Luther , he drove to Innsbruck vrhere he inspected an honor guard and had lunch at French Headquarters with Gene ral Bethounrt's staff. Genera.I Betho1n.rt was absent attending a conference in Paris . fter lunch General Clark resumed his trip to Verona , arriving at his villa at ?100 hours . Upon his return General Clark conferred with General Tate on subjects w ich hAd arisen during his absence from his headquarters . * * * VE .0 1,rA-- ATJGUST 9, 191,.5--General Clark re:mained at his villn all day re laxing . The G8neral had General Tate and ~tr' . Erhardt as guests for lunch . General Gruenther sent the following cables to General Clnrk from Vienna today: / ----.._ 081155 . "1. IELTOV rage has subsided . He did not like the idea that you would report to ~our government that Russians a.re delBying when in fa ct they· are not . So , ason for failure to agree to a date is Koniev' s ·illness through Zheltov says Russfans are still awaiting instructions from ,fos cow . ·z heltov would ~ive no estimate as to date . In my opinion meeting will not be held before August 13 . I think Koniev is ill. But tho.t is only my hunch . n2. ood que;1tion discussed at length today with Russfans agreeing to �principle v1e have so often discussed . Thev agree that requisitioning should not ta._ce place and state -thFt Russians have almys follo 10d non requisitioninr; practice Zheltov sa,rs that J'l'leeting of food experts Tuesda:r :rroduced no results because all our experts did was to ask questions and refused to answer any themselves . Fe strongly su::>gests high powered food body with power to riake positive recorunendatio:ns for a.pproval by Allied ounc1.l. If the··r findi~gs are approved by executive corunittee he thinks council problem will be simple . I thinl committee should eet and I will so arrange immediately unless you instruct 1:ne othervdse . n 3. WI IT'S 1TOlJ is st:i 11 convinced that Commanders !·1P.eting should not be call d r.1cetini:; of Allied Council until food rroblem is settled • . He nay be right but don' t think so . v'linterton is Asking McCreery to apologize to you for ank Buildinz J1essage . tt Lt' . Will recommend to you Thursday vrhe:re I should return. should remain here until Saturday. n I V ? Probably RH 338 . n1 . When we assernbled for neeting at 1500 yesterday ZHSLTOV announced that he could only rerm=dn or ? hours rind that 'Je should budget our time accordingly , e agreed to discuss t e dra.ft paper you saw at Berchtesgaden also proposed agenda and problem of food for Vienna and Austria . u2 . Then raised question of date for meetin, of Commanders. Discussion that fo lowed took up 30 minutes Yrith Zheltov on defensive but neverthel ,ss gained no ~ound . He adopted hurt a-t titude thrit although General Clark had . reviously shown consideration · or Konie~,, s health and had even ( throu_~h Gr110nther stated that ho hPil no desire to 'destroyt the f/ti rshc.l' s health h still sa fit to report thet you were stjll solicitious for Yoniev' s health but that an early meeting ':ms absolutely necessary because there AX'e so man7 j_mportant matte! s to be settled . J then nede formal re quest that the meeting he held 1 riday and if thr-it date not acceptable Saturrlay, Sunday and so on . To ·vhich Zheltov sm~led and said he would convey General Clark' s vif'hes to oniev. Vinterton and Cheriere Plso asked . or early meetin • ir3 . Zheltov was in ~ood temper throughout neeting . At 1?00 he told us he -ras r.;oing to att end final performance of Moscow Concert roup and Vie ~,ould be h · s guests . He l<ept his 'natch in front of him throughout meeting and at 1Pl5 we r·:nally f.save in and adjourned. feast _or 1 hour . There followed usual Russian 0 1+ • The c0ncert was good and Z eltov was gracious host . His wife joined us at theater . During intcrmis sion Dr ~ Rmmer called to ay respects to Zheltov and we were presented to _him . u SGS 1001-V, 352 . "Will meet with British, French Deputies three o ' clock today to discuss food problem and rroposed line of action . flhile Rus ians have agreed to sone important r ,rinciples it is rrobf ble that execution may find us in posit· on imilar to Berlin . 11Jo agree!'1ents will be made unless submitted to you . l eanr,rh le v:-e shall try to determine Russi::tn intentions more clearly. Problem is still nost complic ted . n 1 ✓ �SGS 1003- V. "Finance meeting Tuesday vas great success . Russi~ representative aP,Teed to A.11 our p~oposals . ~Iovrnver le has been i n / Vienn. . v , ~ . Wint9rton and Chericre still feel strongly that it wil e error to he ve Commanders meet as Allied Council until food prol::ilem is settled . 1'linterton hinted at this idea yesterday bu+, Zheltov professed he could not understand Winterton 1 s point . Winterton suggested meeting of four Corunanrlers ns such but Zheltov said he could not detect difference . ,eather bad here . 11 SGS 1004-V. "After conference 1!'dth Winterton a.nd Cheriere this afternoon we are convi .ced that Russian solution of fooo rroblem ·s unsatisfactonr. Their osition is no, clearly stated but i appears that they have in rnind arran.~er11ent whereby each nation is responsible .or its own zone . British r-md French pLm to refer matter to f;OVernrnent or guidance . Cheriere and Winterton will leave Friday to consult •rith commanders . I "rill arrive Verona. early Friday afternoon in B-17 . Reference meeting I now cor cur with point of view expressed by State Derartment but have not indicated that to anyone here . n General Clark cabled General Gruenther this c fternoon as follo rn: f 0 Thanks for keep1n~ Ple so thoroughly posted on your activities . I rather feel that my name is being identifiRd as the sole ringleader of the opposition to Zhukov and Koniev . This if allowed to continue without re · su.lts wj_ll seriousl; hurt my future relr-itions w:i th thorn. Hope you do not find it necAssary to rema:n until Saturday unless you think absolutely essentiaL J must leave here Sund, y 111orning in order to address initial meeting that evening at SALZBT1RG festival. Wi~h reference to my alleged lack of consideration of Koniev' s henlth, the expl2.nation is that c C-in-C' s meet~ng 1s so urgent thnt if KonieY could not be rresent or sorne time his deput;r could represent hi m. However, do not discuss thflt subject urthP-r . I would restrict future meetings with Zhukov to the r1inimum unless you feel something worthwhile is being accomplished . n GenGral Gruenther cabled General ClArk this evening HS follows : "I Hm scheduled to see Zheltov ten o'clock ItPl:r time FridRy reference food problem . Desire to clr1x•ify Russian position further. Winterton and Cheriere ill not accompany me . Both of them consider the case hopeless but I nm sB ghtl;r more , ortimistic . I do not plan to y,ress again for early meetinr; date since that ma.tter already adequately presented . PlPn to leave Tulln twelve thirty. u * . * * * VEH0llJA--AUGUST 10, 1945--General ClA.rk remained Ht 'his villa during the morning and cleared up nll correspond nce which had accunrulR.ted . Together v.r·th Gem~ral SaltzTinn he discussed u..merous problems concernint=; USACA. 0 At 1100 hours Gemm::i.l Clark r,inned 2nd Lieutenant bars on two m~rrant Officer and five enlisted men pnd rromoted 1·8utenant Jones, his r::..lot , to the rank of Captain . In the afternoon the GenerRl swim hef ore dinner . ini<::'hed up his corresponnence and took a �"" , General ClP.rk today cabled General Mccreery and General Bethouert as follows: u1. General Zheltov told Gruentber this morninp; that H2.rsh~l Koniev desires to have the rr1eeting of the Commanders on August 14th. Gruenther sa.id hP- ,:muld convey that inforr1ation to me but he did not volunteer nor vvas he asked to transmit it to Generals f 17cCreer~r and Bethouart . n2 . I intend to notify Yonfo-v on Sunday that the rroposed date is agreeahle to rrie . I full~r realize from the discussions which took place Thursday afternoon between Winterton, Cheriere and Gruenther that :irou may have the conviction that the . meetfo½ should not be held until the food question is settled . I consicer that the advantages in having an early ~eetinr- outweigh the disadvantar:;es . However please feel free to transrni t a contrar-s.r vie.,. to r 10rshrrl Koniev if ~rou so desire .. u3 . I am familiAr with the proposal which Winterton r1ade end rrhich Cheriere supported thRt, since tb8 food rroblem will rrobcbly not be settled prior to the first rieeting, we should consider the conference as an informal one . In my· opinion ·e can have the meeting of the four Commanders in Vienna and till not assume the responsibility for feeding Vienna or for the government of Austria by the All ed Commission if condjtions are not suitable . The comrm.mique which ·we issue should clarify that point . 4. For General B8 thouart . I am sorr:v that I missed you Yfodnesday . Your subordinates extended ever;r , hospitalit7 to me . " 0 * * * * VEROT<TA-- AUGUST 11, 1945--The Ge neral remained at his villa all day today and rrepAred for the rriove of his headquarters to Salzburg on Sunday., General Clark today cabled Generc=i.l Lewis in Vienna as follows: "Take Colonel Thayer with you end call on Colonel Gen,ral Zheltov today to deliver the following message from m~: 'Ple::we inform Marshal Koniev of my acceptance nf his invitation to meet with him on August fourteenth . I am deeply appreciative of his cooperative attitude in agreejng to this conference at a time when his health is still impaired .. J am confident thr-it as soon as the four Commanders meet we slu.tll be able to find ::t solution to our problems and that we shall proceed in full harmony in the executio!l of, our mission of establishing a free and independent Austria .. Kindly convey to Jarshal Koniev my continued interest in his health .. I sincerel;r trust that his recovery will be rapid ., Advise when message bas been delivered . Also find out rroposed time of meeting . General Cla.rk prefers that time not be earlier than 111.00 hours so that he can drive if weather is poor . tr * * * ~~~/~ SALZBURG- -AUGUST 12, 1945-- General ClArk left his villa ' by car at 0830, e.ccompa~ied by GenerAl Saltzman, and motored to his new headquarters at Schloss Ilessheim at Salzburg, arriving there at 1730 hours. After reifiewing a guard of honor at the gate , the General proceeded to the ma.i �palace where he is to open his :new headquarters on Monday. had a quiet dinner at his coJ11rria.nd post . The General General Clark left the schloss at 1840, accompanied by General Gruenther, and proceeded to the Festspielhaus where he was to open the Salzburg Music Festival. He was met and shor\ln to his seat by General McChrystal, Head of ISB. Upon arriving there, he was given the ruffles and flourishes, followed by a parade of the 48 flags of the States by the 42nd Division • . After a speech given by the Herr Landeshauptmann, General Clark addressed the gathering, and a short concert of music by Mozart followed. General Clark's remarks are quoted below: "Thank you, Herr Landeshauptmann, for your gracious words of welcome. Through you I speak to the people of Austria. within the American occupational zone. The Salzburg Music Festival, which we are opening today, is a heartwarming example of the revival of your characteristically Austrian traditions, coming as it does only three months after the arrival of the United States Forces in Salzburg. I am indeed gratified that my first official utterance to the Austrian people, dwelling in the zone occupied by the U~ted States Forces, which I have the honor to command, should be on the occasion of a celebration of a rebirth of Austrian cultural freedom. 11 The United Nations are giving Austria an opport unity to work her way back to liberty, to independence, and to an honored place in the community of peace-loving nations. This end was clearly eArpressed in the Moscow Declaration of November 1, 1943; and by their sponsorship of that Declaration, all the four occupying powers have pledged themselves to the reestablishment of a free and independent Austria. This work is already well under way. The forces of the four nations, who share in the occupation of Austria, have moved into the zones which were agreed ~pon some time ago. Final arrangements are now being made for the quadripartite control and occupation of Vienna by Soviet , British, French and American forces. All connection between Austria and the Nazi Germany which overran her in 1938 has been severed. The great task of handling prisoners of war and displaced persons is well begun. Your o~n governmental and social institutions must be reestablished as soon as possible. The Germans who flocked to this country in recent years to enjoy the fruit s of Nazi treachery will be removed as speedily as t ransport permits. A relentless search fur Nazis is in progress, and I assure you that we in the American zone, like our Allies in the other zones, will be vigilant to see that no one who was devoted to our enemies remains in a position of public trust. 1 0 "Meanwhile, the Austrian people are being given a chance to show what they can do with the tools of freedom. Organs of local government have been reestablished in the provinces. I shall allow and encourage democratic political parties, with rights of assembly and of publ ic discussion. Your time-honored trade unions, suppressed by the Nazis, have been allowed to resume their activities in defense of the rights of �working men and women. Your courts are functioning once more, dispensing true - not Nazi - justice, with Austrian judges on the bench. Your national flag, the red-white-red flag, banned by Hitler,- may now be flown. In tact, I have embodied those colors in the shoulder pltch insignia or the . American Forces in Austria. Pl.ans are under way by which, shortly newsplpers, magazines and books will be published by Austrians for Austrians, reestablishing the danocratic right or freedom of the press. I can therefore assure you that the reconstruction or your country, pledged by the Allies, has already commenced. "The Moscow declaration, however, contained more than a promise to the Austrian people. It contained an admonition to them that they were in pirt resJX)nsibl_e for their own downfall and hence that they must contribute in large measure, by their own efforts, to their own revival. When your country, the first or maey unhappy lands, was overrun by the Nazis, man;r Austrians, I am sorry to say, aided and abetted in the betrayal. More tragically still, in the great conflict which has so recently ended in Europe, your country was in the ranks of our enemies. You can readily understand that the people of' the United Nations, remembering these dismal chapters of your recent history, look for Austria to dEID.onstrate - by her zeal, by her industry, by her patriotic aid in ridding herself of all German militaristic and Nazi influences. We expect you to demonstrate that the servants or Hitler among you were a wicked minority, whom you will j_o in us in casting out. ".Americans at a Salzburg Music Festival are not a new sight. In happier da1s my countrymen frequently crossed the seas and came to Austria to attend your f'es1ii val at the birthplace or Mozart and to enjoy the inspiration that came from your renowned musical tradition. Now there are again many Americans in Salzburg,••this time not simply as visitors but as pu-t of the Allied forces which have ended your seven years of servitude. These young men and women, like the Austrian people who planned and organized the revival of this festival, will draw from it the same inspiration which their parents found in brighter days. I am confident that this prompt renewal of your resti val foretells the early completion, by' the efforts of your people and of the forces of' the United Nations, of the work of reestablishing, in liberty and in peace, a free and independent Austria." * * * * S.ALZBURG--AUGUS'J: 13, 1945•-General Clark looked over the headquarters setup with Colonel Smith, Headquarters Commandant, this morning and walked around the groupds ot the palace. At 1700 hours this afternoon the General had a rece,p tion for 100 manbers of his staff up:>n the opening or his headquarters in Salzburg. In the evening the General had several members of his staff for a small dinner at his headquarters. * * * * SALZBURG--AUGUST 14, 1945•-General Clark conferred with General Gruenther �( from 0900 hours to 1000 hours, after which he saw General Hume for a short time concerning his assignment to II Corps as G-5. Shortly after 1000 hours General Clark saw General Flory with Colonel Marget, Head of Finance, USA.CA. At 1100 hours General Clark talked to Colonel Langan, Civil SupPly man in the USAC set-up. · At 17.30 ·hours General Bethouart, Commander of the French Troops in Austria, landed at the airport and was met by General Gruenther, who escorted him to the Schloss. General Clark conferred with General Bethouart and Mr. Moincault, Political Adviser for General Bethouart, and was joined by Mr. Erhardt and General Gruenther later for dinner. * * * SALZBURG-·•AUGUST 15, 1945---General Clark met Congressman MacMillan and his son, Captain MacMillan at 0800 hours and had breakfast with them, along with General Bethouart 8Xld Mr. Moincault at his headquarters. At 0900 hours, after conferring shortly with General Keyes, General Bethouart left the Schloss for the airi:ort. A guard of honor from the 42nd Division, and the 26th Infantry Division Band, were on hand for the de:p9rture of General Bethouart and party. At 1030 General Clark conferred with Colonel Stevens, who is the displace~ persons man f~ USACA. · At 1100 hours General Clark saw Colonel lfoFeely, who is Head of the Demobilization Board in the Military Division. of USACA. He also saw Mr. Adams, newly arrived in Mr. Erhardt' s office, and had lunch with 11.r. Erhardt and Mr. Adame. ~ Shortly before 1400 hours General Clark saw Colonel Shaw, son of General Shaw, who was in the headquarters to see Colonel Jaynes, Ordnance Officer. The General l~ft shortly after 1400 hours to look at a hµnting lodge near Werf'en with a view toward using it some time in the future. Shortly after 1900 General Clark ret'urned to his headquarters where he had dinner and, after conferring with General Gruentb.er, retired. General Lewis today submitted the following rep:>rt with regard to the food situatd.on in Vienna: "l. It has oot been possible this afternoon to obtain any additional \ information regarding the food supplies now on hand in Vienna. We have only the statanents of the Russian authorities and the statement of Dr. Frisch, chief or the Vienna rationing board that there are sufficient supplies on hand to last until September let. "2. was DO The Vienna Chief of Police ui:on being questioned stated that there immediate cause for alarm, that no incidents had occrurred, that the only complaints of consequence came from having to spend much time waiting in line to pn-chase supplies. n.3. Bezirke Control Officers .have expressed the following opinions: �.I• Acute hunger is general; the entire p:,pulation is suffering privations of tragic proportions. ~. Considering the seriousness or the situation, the mass of the p,pulation has shown, until now, ranarkable calm. £• Confidence in US -ability to materially improve the situation is general. A few may be anticipating a miracle, but the vast majority view the situation realistically • .4. They do not doubt, that we can teed them. They are certain, that we will f'eed them sooner or later. But there is, however, a evidence of considerable worry as to whether there might not be a chaotic period between the time Russian stocks are exhausted and other supplies arrive. 0 4. Food, Public Safety, and Bezirke Control Officers have been in- · etructed to keep me fully informed of' any developnents." * * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 16, 1945--Shortly after 0900 hours General Clark saw Mr. J4cCorm.ac and Mr. Fodor, newspaper correspondents who conferred with him for a short time concerning press JX)licies. At 1000 hours he saw Captain Furniss, who has been picked by General Howard to take care of the personal safety of General Clark and al.so to act in the capacity of an aide. General Clark coni'erred with .Lt. Smith, u. s. Navy Department, Chief of the Naval Division, USA.CA,, and Lt. Col. Holliday, Chief of TransJX)rtation, USACA, regarding the water traffic on the Danube. In the af'terooon the General rested for a short while and theh, accompanied by General Gruenther, took a long walk through the countryside. In the evening he attended the music festival at the Festspielhaus with General Gruenther, General Saltzman, Mr. Erhardt, Col. Sutherland and Col. Porter. Upm returning to the schloss the ~ty had dinner and retired for the evening. General Clark today sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Staff with regard to the food situation in Austria, "l. Subject is food supply for Austria. u2. Conferences between four de}Uty commanders in Austria have been in progress since July 24 but until August 10 Russians were reluctant to dis• cuss food iroblem for Viexma. On that date Colonel General Zheltov, reireeenting Marshal lfoniev, stated it was urgent that four p:>wers agree immediately on imIOrt program for food supply or VieDna starting September first. Russians state that Vienna food supPly will be exhausted on that date and that thereafter Russians will bring to Vienna only their prop)rtionate share of food. Each nation is now asked to turn over food to Austrian auth9rities in Vienna for distribution which will be supervised by all Allies. Russians �now supplying 10,000 tons monthly which provides 850 calorie scale for nor• mal individual. We estimate that 25,000 tons will be required to provide l, 550 calorie scale for Vienna pop;,lation. Russians further sta tad at ,August 10 meeting that they expect British, French and Americans to replace their prop:>rtionate shares of food supplied to Vienna by Russians since July 25. When asked how that date •as arrived at Zheltov replied that this was date on which Allied reconnaissance parties arrived in ) Vienna. He would not discuss replacement question further. I will not / agree to this demand. .3. Bri ti.sh, French and American deµities represented strongly that 1 t is essential that normal source of food supplies for Vienna including coUll.t ries in Danubi~ basin such as Hungary and Roumania be utilized before four nations im.}X)rt food into Austria. Russians state that use of food supplies from Hungary and Roumania is matter for goverments to settle and beyond competence ot Allied Council. Zhel tov did agree that Allied Council might make a recommendation to respective goverments that this source be utilized but the definite imiression was gained that it will be a most difficult matter to s.e cure Russian concurrence to such a plan and winter will pass before it could be effective. 11 l "4• Russian position as outlined in paragraphs 2 and 3 above conveyed such grave implications to the British that General McCreary, his political adviser and economic expert are nov in London to determine attitude of British governnent. Initial meeting of Allied Couooil had been ar• ranged fQr August fourteenth but could not take place because of McCreery abseJlCe. He radioed yesterday that he expects to return for August 20th meeting if one can be arranged for that date. "5• General Bethouart and his political adviser came to see me last night after attendiJ>.g meeting of French authorities in Paris. They stated that French have :oo rood to imlX)rt to Vienna and must continue to imp,rt food into French zone in western Austria. 11 6. The food situation in Vienna is rapidly approaching critical status and the present 10 1 000 ton supply is totally inadequate. Continuation of 850 calorie ration scale which this tonnage pr-ovides may produce star• vation conditions. Russians have already indicated that they consider present ration scale ample and they will probably oppose any increase. They agree with us however that there should be uniform ration scale in Vienna. "7. Russians favor establishment of quadripartite Resources Board but they visualize that its main funption will be to use meagre non•food resources of Austria to best advantage. It will be impracticable to organize pooling system so that it will be effective by September first. ns. British state that Stalin agreed at Potsdam conference that Russians rill centime to supply :.fbod to Vienna until some other arrangement is con.. eluded. I have had no confirmation of such a statement from American sources and Koniev1 s representatives appear to be unaware oi' it. "9. I intend to do everything possible at initial meeting of Allied Council to secure Russian agreement to utilize normal sources of food supl,>lies �including Hungary and Ro'UJilania, but particularly food from Russian area in Austria surrounding Vienna which formerly supPl,ied to Vienna. I anticipate that Russians will insist that each nation should contribute its pro•. pertionate share to the Vienna p:>ol beginning September first and that food from the Russian zone surrounding Viema will be used to supply the Russian share. I will accept Russian solution olll.y after all efforts to obtain a more satisfactory one have failed. "10. It each nation is required to import own food for its national zone in Vienna our cost will be 85,000 tons per year assuming 1550 calorie ration scale. An additional 180,000 tons annually will be required to supply deficiency in u.s. zone. These totals may be reduced slightly when barter arrangements can be concluded with other countries by ()ladriparti te Board. We already have in stockpiles in Linz suffic~ent ·food for our zone in Vienna tor one month and we arraDged with Hilldring when he was here for supply tor three additional months. None of this will be moved into Vienna until food agreement has been reached by Allied Council. "11. It is clear to me that the Russians are eager to have us in Vienna to share the responsibility for a situation which is degenerating and which is a burden to them. I may find it appropriate to state at first Allied Council meeting that we shall delay entry to Vienna until food situation is settled, in the hope that such a statement may bring them to suitable terms. However, I fully appreciate the importance of assu.ming our responsibilities at the earliest p:,ssible moment. "12. My headquarter s is now in Salzburg, Austria and I have only house- keeping a...~d service units totall ing 2,500 in Vienna. "13. I desire that my responsibility tor furnishing civil supplies for French be clarified as requested in paragraph seven ot my SGS £:£,7 dated July 27th. As matters now stand French will be unable to agree to aiv imix>rtation of food to supply Vienna because they do not have the food. We have already submitted to Hilldring French requirements for September, October, November to include French zone and Vienna, but French have not been advised of this action." * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 17, 1945--9eneral Clark attended to accumulated corresix>ndence and conferred with General Gruanther on questions concerning the Aus- trian situation. He saw General Gruenther and General Tate with General Keyes concerning the arrangements being made for the reception of the Russian, British and French Commanders of Austrian Troops which was to take place on the 19th. After lunch General Clark, accompanied by General Saltzman, flew by L-5 to Micheldorf where they were met by Colonel Yale of the 11th Armored Division, who took them to Dietlgut to inspect a hunting lodge. General Clark looked over the lodge with the prospect of using it in the near tu.ture as a rest spot. He returned to the schloss by L-5. A.t 1730 hours he received General Brann, General McChrystal, General �( ( �Tate, General Saltzman, Colonel Lazar and Colonel D1 Orsa for drinks and din, ner, after which they spent the evening playing poker. General Clark today sent the following cable to Prime Minister Parri of Italy: · "I have now taken up my new duties as Commanding General, United States Foreea in Austria. Upon my departure from Italy after two years of diff'icult campaigning in your country, I wish to sa3 goodbye to your people and to thank them for the fine assistance and cooperation they have always rendered me in driving the, ana:ny from your country, first as the Co.mmanding General or the Fifth U. s. Army, and later as Commanding General or the Allied 15th Army Group. It was a great source of satisfaction to me that your people, both military, pa:rtisans and civilians, assisted so wholeheartedly and played such an important role in the f'inal Po Valley Campaign which corn• pletely crushed the enemy and liberated your country. I wish you arid the Italian people all the success in the world in bringing about the early reconstruction of' your f'ine country." * * * * SA.LZBURG--AUGUST 18, 1945-•General Clark spent most of the morning conferring with General Gruenther on various questions which bad arisen concerning the Austrian situation and -l ater, with General Tate, concerning plans f'or the Sunday reception. At 1300 hours he had lunch with Mr. and Mrs. Harrison, u. s. Minister to Switzerland, and daughter Ann. ll1r. Erhardt, Colonel Sutherland, Colonel Porter and General Tate also attended the luncheon. At 1730 hours Governor General Puaux or French Morocco, Mrs. Puaux and two daughters, along w.tth the Harrison party, had cocktails with the General and staff members of the headquarters at the Slllall doll house near the schloss. After a light dinner the General retired early. * * * * SALZBURO,.•AUGUST 19, 1945-•At 09.30 hours General Clark received the Congres• sional Group which consisted of Messrs. Thomas S. Gordon1• Josei:h F. Ryter, Karl E,. Mundt, Fritz L. Connor, Clerk, Mr. Kinehart and -rs. Francis P. Balton. The committee received an honor guard and then proceeded to the Gene. -~ ral' s office where he explained the set-up in Austria and what was to be ex- t, 't"' pected in the near future. ·l _ fJ General McCreary and General Winterton, with Mr. Mack, Political Adviser for the British, arrived at 1030 hours and conferred with General Clark, General Gruenther and Mr. Erhardt. At 1300 hours the Russian party, consisting of General Zheltov, Mr. Kiselev, Political Adviser, and six other off'ieers and a group of enlisted men, arrived, escorted by General Saltzman. The convoy had been escorted by motorcycles, a MP jeep and two armored cars from Linz to General Clark's headquarters. At 1400 hours General Zheltov with General Clark received a ~ard of honor, consisting of' an infantry compe.J.V' from the 42nd Di vision. The U. S. and Russian f'lags made up the color guard. At 1415 hours General McCreary, with General Clark, received a guard of ho:cor with the u. s. and British fiags predominant. At 1430 general Bethouart, �3l French Commander, with General Cherri ere and Mr. Monicaul t, Political Adviser, and aide, arrived from the airport and immediately General Bethouart received a guard of honor with General Clark. Immediately following the French guard of honor, the entire party lef't the schloss and proceeded by motor to Berchtesgaden where they visited the Eagle's Nest and Hitler's House, returning to General Clark's headquarters at 1730 hours. At 1800 hours General Clark gave a reception in honor of the visiting commanders, which was attended by General Bethouart, General Zheltov, General McCreary, Gen. Keyes, Gen. Gruenther, Mr. Kisilev, Mr. Monicault, Mr. Mack, Mr. Erhardt, Gen. ~~ _ , Gen. Saltzman, Gen. McMahon, Gen. Howard, Gen. Moran, en. McC~stal, Gen. Lewis, Gen. Will ems and the ~action heads of the he~dquarters. At 1845 hours ·t he entire party proceeded to the Mozarteum to attend the performance g1ven by the Vienna Boys Choir, after which the party returned to the schloss where General Clark gave a dinner for forty-two guests in honor of the visiting commanders. * * * SALZBURG--AUGUST 20, 1945--At 0900 hours General Clark conferred with General Zhel tov concerning the prgent need tor an early meeting of the four commanders and other various topics. At 0930 General Bethouart and party left and were g:lven a guard or ho:cor up:>n their del)lrture. ( r At 1000 hours General Clark conferred with General McCreary concerning the British policies in Austria and shortly thereafter General McCreary left, receiving the honor guard with General Tate. After a meeting of the three deputy commanders, General Zheltov and party departed from the schloss after having received a guard of honor with ·General Clark. After lunch General Clark conferred for a long time with General Gruenther on ·the results of the meeting and the probable meeting of the f'our commanders. General Clark spent the evening at his headquarters and had a group in for the evening. General Clark today received the following cable from the Joint Chiefs ot Staff. "l. SuJWlx SjA:J<14s. Authorization to Headquarters USFET to call forward total food requirements submitted for U.s ./FR zones Austria, including Vienna, through Novanber 1945 will be completed by ·22 August. No require• ments beyond this date have been received. Understand that as result conference Salzburg beginning this month USFET and AFHQ have agreed to advance certain quantities food from existing stocks to meet requirements Austria, including Vienna, until supplies called forward against specific Austrian requirements are available~ AFB Q and USFET stock position and their needs outside Austria for whieh stocks of these Headquarters are required are not known here. Moreover stock advances and interzone exchanges needed to meet Austrian food situation 's hould be subject of consultation between you and other Zone Commanders in Austria and with AFB Q and USFET rather than subject of directive from JCS or ec-s. Shipnent of supplies against Austrian / �( } �requisitions will be expedited. "2• Supply irocedure. Method of placing Austrian supply require• ments as outlined by Hilldring in his message Victory 259, amended by his message DTG 051520B approved. Desirable that requirements for Austria, including Vienna, are coordinated on quadripartite basis by Austrian Control Council or in absence of such machinery for three Western Zones by u. s. - u. K. and French Zone Commanders in consultation, so that equitable distribution of Austrian resources will be effected .before resorting to imix>rts. If' you and other Zone Commanders desire to effect such eon• eultation through orgaDization similar to CRAB no objections here to such procedure. It will be your resp:msibili ty to coordinate w1 th USFET as to use of aey available USFEI' food supplies, in addition to responsibility to clear inland transp:>rtation availability. 3. USFA resp:msibili ty for Freneh Zone. As interim measure pend• ing final decision as to supply machinery and financial responsibility for meeting essential civllian requirements in the respective Zones, you should eontiw.e assume resix>nsibili ty to meet food requirements in French Zone, including ViemJS.. State Department advises that question of French res~nsibility w:Lll be subject of discussion with General DeGaulle on his forthcoming visit to Washington. 11 4. Russian Agreement £or feeding Vienna. You . should proceed to Vienna for proi:osed council meeting 20 August and assert your p:>sition as stated in your P-1054, but not ·adhere to rigid policy of refusing to complete occupation of city until adequate arrangements are made for feeding Vienna }X)pulation. You should discuss question w1 thout commiting U. S. to rigid position as regards entry into Vienna, but should not agree Russian prop:,sals as outlined by you. If you cannot secure agreement to your , view you should make no commitment with respect to your occupation of Vienna but should hold :subject open for further discussion and advise JCS, reques~ ing further instructions. For your inf'or1nation, State Department adv.1.ses that Stalin agreed at Potsd8Jll Confei:ence to continue _ SUPJ?lY Viemia until the British and Americans found it p:,ssilYre'to make other ar~G,. ..i,f::;,'-"l,en s. State Depart.ment agrees that until fllrther instructed you contillUe attem to negotiate acceptance your r,osition. Your P•l054 and this message being relayed to General Deane at Moscow, where representations will be made to Stalin by Harriman, with whom State Depart.ment has communicated, requesting Soviet Authorities to instn.1.ct Marshal Koniev of Stalin agreement at 11 ( Potsdam." * * SALZBURG-•A.UGUST 21 1 1945-•General Clark left his headquarters by cub for hie hunting lodge at Dietlgut where he spent the day relaxing and fishing. He returned by cub at 1700 hours and had dinner with Mr. Erhardt, General Brann, General Saltzman and Colonel Sutherland. General Clark replied to the cable from the Joint Chiefs Gf Staff, WA.RX 51777, as f~llows: "Your WA.RX 51777 received. On the 19th I invi. ted Koniev, MeCreery �( ( . �33 ( and Bethouart to be my guests to attend the Salzburg Music Festival, using it as a conveyance to bring the four Allied leaders together. Koniev• s illness prevented his coming, but he sent his deputy, Colonel General Zheltov. All others came, including their depities and JX>li tical advisers. "My p:>si tion is that we ean not begin to accomplish our Allied mission in Austria until the Allied Council meets, for every effort in the i:ast to set up subordinate committees on food, other economic subjects, finance, etc., have accomplished nothing, because the Russian representatives finally block :i:rocedure by stating, ''This is a subject to be decided by the Allied Council 11. 11In frank talks with Zhel tov her~Sunday, he informed me that Koniev was most anxious to have an Allied-e-ouneil meeting and would adhere to 81\f date we suggest~q. I asked for Thursday, the 23rd, allowing the 21st and 22nd for preparation of an agenda for the meeting, by the executive committee, which is now in. Vienna. Zhel tov and Betb.ouart agreed, but McCreary surprised me by saying his go,;vernnent would not permit hiin to attend an Allied Council meeting until the long-range food situation for Vienna and, for Austria as a whole, was discussed at the forthcoming confereme of Foreign Secretaries, to be held in London in early September. He said, however, his gover:anent would permit him to attend an informal conference of the Commanders-in-Chief. He also stated that his goverrment would not permit him to attend an Allied Council meeting nor to take over his resp:msibili t+es in Vienna except on the basis of equality with the Russians. This means particularly certain hotels and other facilities now occupied by the Russians in the 1 Innerstadt 11 in Vienna and desired by the British. My p:>sition is that the food situation in Vienna is so critical that these relatively unimp:>rtan/ subjects and others can wait for subsequent meetings of the Allied Council. "When Zhel tov heard that the British would not attend an Allied Council meeting he was greatly upset. I told Zhel tov I did not agree with the British/ position but th~t I would meet under a11'J' condition with the other three Commanders in order to get started on our job. ttMy guests departed yesterday. I have just received word that Marshal has extended to me and the other Commanders written invitations to attend the first Allied Council meeting in Viema on the 23rd. I have accepted. Bethouart has informed me by phone that he is accepting, and I hear in.formally, through McCreery 1 s DeIUty and Political Adviser, that McCreary is declining. In the meantime, Koniev has ex.tended me an invitation to come to Baden, outside of Vienna, to be his guest tomorrow night and to discuss matters with him informally. I have accepted, as this will permit me to meet him for the first time and to attempt to learn some of his views. Kom.•v "I know that no Allied Council meeting can be held unless all £our Com~ manders attend, and I appreciate that in accepting the invitation to the Council meeting, along with the French, with McCreery 1 s refusal, places the British in an embarrassing position, but in my opinion they have placed themselves in that situation, and acceptances by u. s. and French may force British to a reasonable }X)Sition. I have notified McCreary that I have accepted Marshal Koniev1 s invitation to attend the Allied Council meeting and to be his guest the night preceding. · ��34 ''From my conversations with Zheltov I am reasonably sure that an acceptable interim solution £or the feeding of Vienna, at this critical time can be found, and that the way may be paved for a solution to the longrange Austrian food problem. 11 • tion. General Clark cabled General Eisenhower today regarding fraternizaThe cable follows: "Immediately following proposed meeting of Allied Council Austria in . Vienna 23 August, I p.roi:ose to remove all restrictions ( except for known Nazi elements) on non-frate,r nization by U. s. troops in Austria reference message m:unber V.307BG.364 from Joint Chiefs of Staff dated 26 July. Please let me know if this in a:rr,- way interferes with your plans." * * * * SALZBURG---AUGUST 22, 1945-•General Clark conferred with Mr. McElligott at 0845 hours concerning arrangements and changes desired at his hunting lodge. At 0900 hours the General saw General Flory and Mr. Erhardt, discussing with them various topics concerning the coming meeting with the Russian Commander. ( , At 10.30 hours General Flory brought Mr. St. Aubin, Red Cross man, to see General Clark. They discussed the Red Cross set-up for Austria. At 1045 hours General Clark interviewed Major Dollard, the new historian, and discussed with him the possibility of a split in the G-.3 Section. There was insufficient time for a complete discussion of this subject. At 1100 hours General Clark had lunch with General Tate, Mr. Erhardt, and General Brann and shortly thereafter left the headquarters for the air}X)rt where he took off in a B-17 for Tulln airport. Accompanied by Mr. Erhardt, General Tate, Captain Gra.nn, piotographer, Captain Luther and Chaney, Ge,n eral Clark lap.dad at Tulln airp::>rt at 13.30 hours and was met by a Russian delegation and General Gruenther. ~ ' J OJ) 0 The party proceeded to Baden, headquarters of Marshal Koniev, in Russian vehicles and was met by Colonel General Zheltov who escorted them to the house where they were to stay while in Baden. At 1600 hours General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther, General Zheltov and Colonel Thayer, interpreter, went to Marshal Komev• s headquarters where General Clark met Marshal Koniev and reviewed a · guard of honor. Immediately the conference began among the Commanders, Deputy Commanders and Political Advisers of Ru~sia and the United States. Marshal Koniev decided that the meeting to be held on the 23rd could be known as the Commanders-in-Chief Meeting and immediately upon making this decision notified the French and British, ex- 1 tending them invitations to at tend such a meeting in. Vienna. Much discussion concerDing fuel and food for Vienna was held at the conference, both General Clark and Marshal Koniev expressing their views on the subject. This discussion aided greatly in bringing about many decisions which were to be made the next day. At 1800 hours the party lef't Marshal Koniev' s headquarters and p.roceeded to his home where an elaborate dinner had been prepired. Much toasting with vodka took place until the meal ended at approximately 2130 hours. �( I , ;y- 1/ ..·,,,..-- J . l ~ ~- ~/ .,;~sp.-' .~~ r~ 0- u-- ,,~- rt . /, ~ fr: ? ✓ ~A/ ' �After dinner the party proceeded to the Baden Opera House where they enjoyed the concert given by a group of Russian entertainers dressed in native costume. The program consisted of Ioik songs and dances. General Clark went backstage during intermission and Sp)k~ to the entertainers, telling them he hoped the opportunity would p:-esent itself to enable than to entertain America.n soldiers. In .return American entertainers would come to the Russian zone. ~ J ~ ~ ~ - e..."'-"" ~ ~"~ l~ yt>~ After the concert Marshal Koniev retired to his house, and General ) Zhel tov accompanied the party to the residence where General Clark was staying. Here a movie of the celebration in Moscow was shown the group and was followed by another dinner at midnight. Among those present during_the evening were Army General Petrov, Lieutenant General Malanin and Lieutenant General Marasov of~ the Russian Arm_y. ~..-"""""o-. _ ~ .Q_ ~ ' ~ * t{ It' - u ~-J ~ A. Ill'\_ 'C, ·J'. ~ * .{;--~ / • .,a_ f.1,.,-; * ~00. ~ ,,., t ~l,P ~ I,µ- 4 '?~- 94A~ QA J.,.. SALZBURG-•AUGUST 23, 1945--At 1000 hours General Gru.enther played tennis with General Zhel tov with the final score of 6-0. Following the tennis match General Clark, Mr. Erhardt, General Gruenther, General Zheltov, Colonel Thayer, Captain Bajeoow and Captain Luther went to the Baden Sanatorium where they had a swim in ~ols containing sulphur water from natural. springs. This aided greatly in relieving the vodka head. Shortly after returning from the · swim, General Clark's party left by ear £or Vienna and proceeded to USFA Headquarters. General Clark looked over the new office set-up for the first time and at noon was escorted by Colonel Porter to his house in the American zone in Vienna. After a light lunch General Clark rested for a short time and at 1400 hours left for his headquarters where he joined the remainder of the party to attend the review in honor of the four canmanders. At 1425 hours, escorted by six motorcycles, General Clark proceeded to the Imperial Hotel through streets lined with American and Russian soldiers. Ui;on arriving, General Clark was met by a Russian delegate and escorted to the American room in the Imperial. At 1500 hours General Clark, General McCreary, General Bethouart, es- · cor.ted by Marshal Koniev, went to the public square where the ceremonies were to take place. .After receiving the rep,rt of the Russian Commander or the guard of honor, the four commanders inspected the troops. After returning to the reviewing stand, the troops or the Russian, U. S., British and French Armies passed in review, followed by each of the separate portions of the combined banda. After the ceremoey the four commanders, JX)litical advisers and deputy commanders proceeded to the Russian room of the Imperial Hotel where the conference immediately began, lasting until 2000 hours. The main !X)ints discussed were the food and fuel problem for Vienna. Many other p,inta were brought up and possible solutions reached. After the conference the party proceeded to the banquet room of the hotel where a large dinner was held. At 2300 hours the entire group, consisting of the delegations of the -- ��four p:>wers, proceeded to the Franz Joseph Palace where the same group of entertainers as entertained General Clark the preceding ·evening put on a program of folk songs and dances. I After the program, General Clark went to his house where he spent the night • . The protocol of the conference held this afternoon is quoted below: "In view of the fact that the Commanders-in-Chief of the USA - General Clark, and of France - General Bethouart had accepted Marshal Koniev' s invitation to · attend a meeting of the Allied Council, whereas the Commander-inChief of the British Forces, General cCreery had, as he stated, authority to attend only a meeting of Commanders-in-Chief, the four Commanders-in-Chief began the meeting by agreeing to consider it a meeting of Commanders-in-Chief. non the prop,sal of the Commanders-in-Chief, Marshal Koniev was made chairman of the meeting. · / ttin view of the altered character of the meeting, Marshal Koniev proposed to adopt the agenda as given above instead of the agenda for the meeting of the Allied Council which had been previously distributed. The Commanders-in-Chief agreed on this agenda: Food Supplies for the City of Vienna. The Calling of the Allied Council. The extension of the ·competence or the Provisional Austrian Government to all Austria. "Following an exchange of views on the above questions, the four Commandersin-Chief of the Allied Forces of Occupation in Austria decided: "l. Food Supplies for the City of Viema. (a) Recognizing the need for further assistance to the :EX>Pll.ation of Vienna in the supply of l'ood, which has hitherto been supplied by the Soviet Command, to begin, as from 1st September 1945 until the final settlement of this question by the Allied Council, a joint system for supplying the population of Vierma with food on the basis of the existing ration scale. (b) That the share of each Ally in supplying the pop.tl.ation of Vienna should be pro}X)r tional to the }X)pulation in his Sector, plus one quarter of the population of the first, Inter-Allied, District of Vienna. {c) To preserve the existing machinery set up by the local municipal authorities for distributing tood and to assist them by the provision by each Ally of motor transport. �( ( �(d) To entrust the control of the distribution of food to the en.sting system of Komandaturas and later to the Inter-Allied Komandatura. (e) Having agreed that the existing ration scales must be increased, to instruct the Deputies to the Commanders-in-Chief ( the :t"u.ture Deputies of Austria, to prepare by the 10th-15th Sept~nber, 1945, the new ration scales based on a ration for the normal consumer of 1550 calories, with a view to their introduction not later than 20th September., (f) To instruct the existing Komandatura and, later, the Inter-Allied Komandatura to keep an accurate account of the food supplied by each Ally with a view to readjustment at a :t'uture date. "2• The Calling of the Allied Council. The meeting or the Commanders-in-Chief heard a statement from the British Commander-in-Chief, General McCreary, to the effect that His Majesty's Government had not authorized him to participate in the Allied Council until such time as the Austrian food problem had been solved between the four Governments. Marshal Koniev and Generals Clark and Bethouart, taking into consideration the increasingly critic al situation in Austria, advocated an early start of the work of the .Allied Council. They stated that the delay in beginning the work of the Allied Council made it in fact imJX)ssible to implement the agreements of the four governnents concerning the zones of occupation and control machinery for Austria. They agreed to inform their governments of General McCreery's statement of the p,int of view of His Majesty's Govern- _ ment on this problem. ( 11 3. The extension of the competence of- the Provi- sional Austrian ·Governnent to all Austria. The following prop,sal made by the British Commander-in-Chief, General McCreery, . was adopted: · To instruct the Deputies to the Commandera-inChief to examine the competence of the Departments of the Central Austrian Administrative Machine and to make recommendations as to the extent to which they could be used to assist the Allies in their task. -- - - - - - - - - ~ l "At the close of the meeting, General McCreary proposed that a committee should be set up to examine the food situation in Austria. It was decided to instruct the Deputies to the Commanders-in-Chief to examine this problem and also to prepare a list of further urgent problems to be examined by the Commanders-in-Chief or the Allied Council. ��11It was agreed to issue a communique summarizing the proceedings of the meeting. tt The complete text of the communique issued in connection with the meeting of the Commanders-in-Chief is quoted below: "At Marshal Koniev1 s invitation, a meeting took place in Vie1ma today of the four Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Forces of Occupation in Austria: Namely; USSR, Marshal Ivan S. Koniev; USA; General Mark W. Clark; U .K., Lieutenant General Sir Richard L. McCreary; France, Lieute:cant General M. E. Bethouart. At _the request of his colleagues Marshal Koniev presided. Each Commander-in-Chief was accompanied by his Political Adviser and his Deputy Commander. · "The four Commanders-in-Chief considered a number of questions of urgent imp,rtance and agreed on certain measures to which immediate effect will be given. In particular they discussed future arrangements for .feeding the }X)pulation of Viema. They took note of the fact that the Soviet authorities had hitherto furnished the supplies for the city and they agreed that, as an interim measure pending final decisions, each of the four occupying p:>wers would contribute as from the first of September certain supplies for the city in pr-olX)rtion to ~he pop.llation of their respective sectors. They further agreed that this factor would enable an improvement to be made at an early date in the supplies which will be furnished for Vienna. 1'Preliminary consideration was also given to the question of removing· economic and other barriers between the four zones of' occupation in Austria. 'The Commanders-in-Chief will work out detailed plans for implementing the measures agreed upon.t1 1 * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST 24, 1945-•General Clark arrived at his office at 09.30 hours where he conferred with General Gruenther on the results of the conference the night before. He then discussed the news reports with Mr. Erhardt and Colonel Grogan, PRO, and at 1030 hours held a press conference for all the American corresp:mdents in Vienna. At 1300 hours the General had lunch with Mr. Erhardt, Mr. Adams, Mr. Frank and General Tate at his house, returning to his headquarters at 1400 hours. After conferring with General Gruenther for a short while, General Clark left his headquarters by car} for Tulln airfield with General Tate. At 1630 hours the General took off in his B-17 to return to Salzburg, where he l~ed at 1725 hours and was met by General Brann. Upon returning to his Salzbur_g headquarters, General Clark conferred for some time with General Brann----t>n the results and accomplishments of the Vienna conference. "'\ �( ( �( ) SALZBURG-- UGUST 25, 1945-- t 0900 hours General Clark conferred with General Brann on the possible changes in the G-5 set- up and the dissolution of II Corps Headquarters . At 0930 ifeneral Clark conferred with General Hume with the prospect of placing him as G-5 in the Salzburg Headquarters, and then talked to General Howard concerning Mr . Burde who has been used as an interpreter in the General ' s hunting lodge . l had been uncovered that Mr . Burde is a very undesirable character, having formerly maintained headquarters in Salzburg as head of a spy ring operating in this locality. - --General Keyes saw General Clark immediately after General Howard, at which time they discussed a new p:>sitiori for General Keyes , possibly the command of the Seventh Army. Following General Keyes , General Snavely was seen by General Clark and was followed by General Flory Colonel D'Orsa~ Colonel Warren and General Brann, who held a discussion on the ful e problem for Vienna . This is a most pressing question at the present time, and a woriing solution has to be reached immediately. Miss Elizabeth A. Riley was interviewed for JX)sition as General Clark' s secretary and was accepted for that position. After lunch General Clark conferred with Generals Collins, Reinhar t , and Brann on the problems concerning displaced persons and prisoners of war in the u.s. zone. Later in the afternoon General Clark interviewed Captain Mattox and Lieutenant Traugott with the possibility of using one of them as his aide. Captain Mattox was selected ·and will report Tuesday for duty with G~neral Clark as aide . After dinner , with Genera[ Brann, General Saltzman and General Howard; General Clark saw a movie 11The Merry Monagbans ". After the movie the four generals went for a walk, dropping in at the Kavellier House for a short time for a loo~- in at the dance being held there . The General returned to his Headquarters and retired for the night . General Clark sent the following cable to the Joint Chiefs of Sta.ff , P- 7013, as follows: "l . As outlined in my P-1248 General McCreery declined to accept the invitation of Marshal Koniev to attend the Allied Council Meeting in Vienna on August 23 . General Be-thouart accepted. In response to an invitation from Marshal Koniev I proceeded to Byden on the afternoon 22 August for a discussion of the many urgent Austrian problems which conf'ront us. I was able to secure Koniev 1 s agreement to change the meeting from one of Allied Council to a meeting of the 4 Commanders- in-Chief . Thereupon General McCreary accepted the invitation and the conference took place in Vienna on the afternoon 23 August . 7 �"2 Conference was preceded by a ceremony in which approxima;t ely .1 Rifle Company from each of the 4 nations participated. An outstanding feature was the Combined Band which functioned with most gratifying results. Troops passed in review and I was very proud of the American Contingent from the 42nd Division. "3 t the Commanders Meeting General Mccreery outlined British position by stating that his Majesty' s Government is unwilling to have him attend a Meeting of the llied Council or to :p1rticipate in establishing of the Allied Commission for Austria until the problem of meeting the food deficit for Austria as a whole has been discussed with the other Allied Governments . As regards the immediate problem of feeding Vienna he stated that the British Government considers it a matter of such urgency that it is willing, as an interim measure, to contribute its p.ro:EX)rtionate share of food for Vienna commencing September 1st without prejudice to the final solution for Austria . This arrangement was agreed to with all nations participating from September 1st with the understanding that the food would be distributed by the existing Austrian machine under Russian control with Representatives of the 3 Allies functioning as observers. It was further agreed that not later than September 20 a new increased Ration Scale will be put into effect in Vienna . II ( "4• It was also agreed by the Commanders that a Quadri:p9.rtite Resources Committee should be established immediately in order to examine the method of utilization of the resources of Austria with immediate emJiiasis on food. "5. The British consider that the 4 Governments will find some solution) whereby food from the countries in the Danubian Bssin will be made available for the supply of Austria. It is possible that the Russians may be forced into that position, but I consider it an err~~ fo~e Br·tish to refuse to permit the Allied Commission to be set up prior to that conference . General McCreary told me that the matter would be referred to t pe Council of Foreign Ministers which meets in September. If that is true I foresee a delay of another month before the Allied Commission can be established . There are numerous urgent problems which require immediate so~ution and I consider that we are in a very vulnerable position in the eyes of the world if we continue to delay the assumption of our resp,nsibilities in Austria . As it stands now we are virtually guests of the ,Russians i~ Vienna, and we shall continue in that status for an indefinite period unless the British position changes . 6. Marshal Konev proposed that the Commanders consider the extension of the authoioity of the present Provisiibnal Government in Austria . After considerable disli•:ussion it was agreed to examine immediately the competence of the Departments of the present Central Austrian Administrative ma.chine and to make recommendations as to extent to which they could be used to assist the llied. in their task . 8 �Lf "7. s a result of my 48 hours contact with Marshal Konev I feel our relations have improved considerably, with indications that he V] will make some concessions from their hitherto difficult attitude .n * * * SALZBURG-•AUGUST, 26, 1945-- General Clark conferred with General Saltzman and General Brann on displaced persons and prisoners~of-war in the American Zone of Austria . The purpose of the meeting was to see if a solution could be reached in order that the displaced persons may be disposed of as rapidly as possible. Comdr . M• . • Musmanno of Headquarters, USFA, conferred with General C~rk ·quite some time on a personal matter . At 1030 hours General Gruenther arrived by plane and immediately went into conference with General Clark and General Brann concerning the results of a Depity Commander meeting which had been held the day before . The conference lasted through lunch and until around 1500 hours, when General Gruenther left by plane for Vienna . After the conference General Clark and General Brann took a long walk through the woods and returned to Headquarters around 1700 hours . In the evening General Saltzman and General Brann accomµrnied by three other guests had dinner with General Clark. General Clark sent the following letter to General Eisenhower in regard to Enlisted Men travelling under their own supervision: "lam in wholehearted agreement with the spirit and purpose of the plan to allow groups of Enlisted Men to travel under their own supervision to points of their ovm choosing within our area, as outlined in your letter of August 20. "Accordil1gly,, I .am sending out ten such groups of Ehlisted Men on Wednesday, August ;;e . This number of groups, to be sent out each week, will be increased later. Each individual group will be com!X)sed of ten men, including a responsible non-commissioned officer . Each group is free to plan and to follow its own itinerary, will be provided its own transportation, gasoline and the necessary rations and camping equipment. It will be at liberty to travel for one week but shall avoid entry into the Russian Zone and, initially at least, will stay clear of our organized l eave areas . t'There is one further matter f*or consideration, which I want to mention at this ti.me . Many of our men have not visited Italy and strongly desire to do so. To enab e t hem to see the historic sights of Rome, Florene e, Bologna and Venice., and to visit the renown~d vacatio~ spots of Lake Como and Lake Garda, I shall · make the necessary arrangements v~ith MTOU A to permit them to travel in Italy, should they elect to do so. l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, July 1 - August 25, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from July 1 - August 25, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1669 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/d6f84571659ba042f22059106a7499b9.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=IfXGwLrr%7EEL6Ge%7Eedn5FX3I3X8FlBDYWivx5eT21YNUuzBL1ALKVL%7ErY1NDKeZq3PaMTe1ugS8Hrw%7EnoB4oEjQCMXrRJ9tki3QxK6mxxGlRkHPdfX30xUCaPf96NZ1ffg5uGn9LvVeFLrq4o9Pg-2x9TApkhbFgecVXRIA1lRbZYcqfUzgG1hno2khDJ%7ERbWzoAaNH8ZeWI58RPu4YrJSTkSKIc0bfQ5SLhkGHvdWafP07bED3wOVgtOfXit-EPQGjHSz07ilhk2tFVxaElXOS4Avgkz9eSriBTJUr5Dmxs45-GV4UmIZtxH0rKMLLx3JTRFjUFNedTNyhHOHfqXcA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f24ef4e931cfe5b19ae671357c410c7a PDF Text Text 99 THE CITADEL. ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM the spot ,. nt5. I agree those of my units er· partisans with the m op"')rt:i.ting to the wec;t of that line will come under your command. 11 f 6. I agree and thank you for your suggestion thi:,t the closest contact is necessary between our and your troops as soon RS they meet in order to coordj nate their oJ'("'rRtions ag~:iinst the common ~nemy. 11 r7 . In Rll the above mentioned rireas of operritions of my troops our militar:r and civil authorities will naturally (queried) continue to function .' 11 • * * * FLORENCE--Tv1AY 3, 1945--The General arrived at his headqu."1rters at 0900 hours this morning and had his conference at 0930 . At 1000 hours this .morni'1f; Ha,j . Gen. Cherriere of Genernl Juin 1 s staff cane to F'Y his respects to G ,mms 1 ClRr}r . This morning Genernl Cl11r1, ma.de a rf'}cording for a broadcast in his conference hut for the XII Air .Fore~ on groundair cooperation . Th~ General spent th, entire afternoon in his office working on papers and conferrin~ 1ith hi s staff , retrirninr, to his villa for the night . ( General Clark today replied to President 'J'rumant s cable of congratulations as follows : Your message deeply appreciated . I am furnishing R. copy to every American soldier under my comMand. We stand ready to continue the fi~ht against Japan." 11 General Clark this afternoon dictated the following material for his diar y : "The Prime t,'inister , in his announcement of our victory befor~ the House of Commons, had the following to say : 111 This surrender :r:uts us into very close ·touch w.ith the rosition of the U. 'S . armies in the north . Not only ·has a VA.st area of territory, vital in its character, fallen into the hands of the Surreme Comriancler, Sir Farold Alexander , but the actual surrender '·" hich has tnken place , so far ns comprising numb~rs , constitutes , I believe , a record for the whole of' this wrr , ann it must be helpful to furthe-r events for which we have been looking. 11 t1J'his Army in Ital y , A!"leric11.n and British, coml"Wnded by our trusted general , and having uncll'!r him Gen~ra.1 M~:irk Clark, who is an efficient and daring American soldier, hns had a marvellous record since they fi1rst landed in the Peninsula - the landin,; at Sal'-'rno, and the tr ~mendous fip;hting at Jlnzio , vhcn we tried a turning movement to Rome . �too ( the en my aortlw ards h.., s placed an enormous effort upon thes troops, nnc1 has 1J en attended by v ry h B:vy losses , in stubborn fightin~ ., What has made it pPrticubrlv difficult c: nd cl pressing to this a.rmy is the tr P1endous im.. oads the t have be"n m!1de on it , in order to h,lp forward op .rations elscwher tt 1- Driving "Thus, in Jun and .Tuly, what very n~c rly amount d to :m arr11y was tak Jn from t 10s e in Italy, whil"' only a SMRll corr~ spondine withdravrn.l took place on th~~ e11~my' s side . Quite recently, a f w 1'\'Jonths c go , fe ..,l:i nr; t 1at :lt ·muld probably bo ~yond tbe strenrrth of this army to make a decisive attack, we mov . . d rmo_th ,r large a d1 tion of di visions to the T'"'stern Front, and som~ others ,·rent to Gre~ce .. Th s , this army was an Prmy stripp d of its str .,ngth., e.nd was facing c.n enemy fore hich, o all purnoses of ··1ar, must hP ve been cons id .,r d far stronger, .,ca.us it had th., duty of d ,f ndinF; mountain ranges :me , aft~J· ·rard s , plains flooded ;vith autumn and w:i.nter rains; v1hich c rtainly, in the number of divisions ., exc,ed~ tho e who w,r, left to attack him .. n ' Moreov .,r , this orce left to attack , as I pointed out in my m.,,ssage of congratulations to Al,xander, wer.., of so mnny diff rent nations that only some p r.ona.l::ty of commanding qualities could have held th ... m c 11, and voven t em together . n Look over the vrhoL liot of these men v.rho f'ought , ta.king our own contribu ion fir t !hich was the larg st - British r-md Britj sh Indian divisions of the hip;hcst quelity . n In addition to Briti_sh Inriian divisions w ,. had Pol foug t ,, j_th the r-;r ,atest loyal t.r; Ne-vr Z .,alamfors, uho hl ve the wa, from th" J1'ginning righ.t u , to tl e very sp t1rhce,d VP.nc th Sou"",h Africa . Armored Di vision, very f orwru: d in s who hav~ marched a.11 of th~ adthe fray ,:-re t forces of thu United States , / second Th re have 1J 1... n .;r~~zilian f orcP-s , .. rhich have made very steady advanc~s; a 1Tegro i vision of United St?.tes troops wh.c has also distinguish,d its,l; the Je1ish Brigadv which we f orm~d a year or so ago anrl which hr-- s fought j n t}1e frontline with com·age; ,Tap, nese of Am,.,ric~n birth •.rho .nt~r ,d rrurin; and finally, · Fr e Itc lians who hav ., plnycd th ,ir p::irt j n clearing th ,ir country from t e G~rman-fn.scist yoke . 11 Th re have b en th .in numbers only to our own n r All thes , forces , wea1renec as th :r hP d been, wer ~ not discouraged .. Divided n.s th ,y ~ ..,re h;.r rRci.-::i.l diff,,renc s, th,y were tmit.~d and resolved upon th.,ir purpose . And now th ir r ,11rard is cor11e , and J am v ,ry glad it h:~s come , t a tim~ wh,n it can be singl~d out, and st(nds out as bringinp: to the conclusion the vrork of as P-'allant an army as v ,r marched , and il'ings to th., itch of fa.m., and military reputat·on a comm nd r .·:rho ha.s nlvm,ys ., I may say, .:.nj o ~d the fullest confidence of t 1e House of Commons . t1 t Repl ing to ques.tions , Churchill said that th the surrender on his own r sponsibilitye Germa.n g ,nlff'ral made �lo\ n These discussions hr. v been of a highly rrivate nature for some t1me . At times, they hav appep,red mor~ hopeful than at oth~rs, but for the last two c.ays I hnve 1:nown vrhct rrms comin~, but one was not certain thnt it mii{ht not be sm~tched a~ay at h last mom ,nt . Th~refore, ~r ,at s.Jcr cy .vas n,c ssary . n 'In rn .ntionj_ng all na t·i on~_lities, I would point out that there is a tr m. ndousl, pow . . rful Am rican Air Force ·with a strong British Air Force; also a v ,ry large c ~tach:m ,nt of th ., British Navy, who hr>.v ., , tlu--ou :,hou-.,, .en th mainstay and sustenance and shi ,1 of the rho 1 of land operatj ons ., 11 0 General Frc . ½erg' s troops occupjed Trieste and accepted th surrender of the German garrison there at 1630 hours , May ?nd Do not have t ~ count, . ut a.priar ,ntly th., G r:r.ian ea.rrison is hrge There was not a single memb,r of Tito' s fores to be found in th town even tough Tito had announced to the vorln thc:>t his forces had captur,d 'Trieste . I put the conmunique out that vm had occupied the town ahd accepted the surrender o:e the G .. rmnn garrison . I omitted any ref nee to th absence of fito 1 s forces . 1/ 11 G.,neral rriruscott phon~d tht:'t in carrying out my instructions to send strong detach.ments to the Italian-Austrian frontier in order to block the ithdrawal of G rman troops under the terms of the surr~nder he was afraid vht1t t f 1~ht vmuld be resumed ., lem ,nts of th 1st German arachute Division v1ho hr .ve stopped fj ghting elt that th t stay put t order arr li ,d to Allied troo s as ,,.,. ... 11 as to German.. I directed Truscott not to advanc and under no cond:itions to cause a re. s1.1tnption of th., fight In my r ... port by phone to Alexanrler th:is norning on th, YuF;oslRv s··tuation ., J inform .,d him of my secision, in 'Ihich he concurred . I a.lso told Alexande1 today that the Eighth Army had picked up Field Marshal Tito ' s son in th~ Padua area . AppRr ntly he had Mn ightin~ wi_ th the Italian rartisans . Thinking that this Jrnowfodge might J a trump card in Alexande1 1.s hands in n ,gotiation with Tito I phoned him this infor .ntion r-rnc told him I "'l as sending Ti to r s son o Gas rta Alexander f ,lt the t this ,ould be v ry helpful . HAll j_nstructiorts n.re rrern.red 8.nd Rrrani:;ements P1rrli, to re.cei ve the (}.,rman delegn.tion whnn they com I hope to have Truscott and McCr er~r ncl Chidlaw with me if co 1ditions at th front :vill .rmi t . n j Quoted belovr .is the text of conv .,rsn.tion b t •,recn G ncral Clark and Fi ,ld f,,nrshal Alexander .t 2000 ours this ev~ning: "G.,neral Clark stAt d th2.t Ge n ,ral McCr .ry had reported that the situation in th Trieste area :1as generally unsatisf ctory because of an evid nt lack o un orstandirns betw~en the HiRh Comman.c1 of the Yugoslav rmd Allied forces ., The YuR"oslev forces r ,re surprised to s e c our troops ast of the I sonzo " Yugoslav :ore s ::r no ·.r nov::i n~ in to t e area i fairlJ lar e numbers , ~sp cially in Tri st and Gorizia . At ,tronfalcone ,. t e tom l''h r. G .,n rnl Hrrdinir' s he dqur-i.rt .rs is locat .,d , t Yuf;osl vs will hold om~ sort of .,lection on r · y 4. General I I ��lD2 ( Freyb ,rg is h:wing difficulty in the port of Trj ,ste Jecause he does not know exactly hat port faci l ities Rr, n~Lded . A senior officer from APHQ is n eded o in ica.t Bxactly what fR.cilities ;:ire n eded so that n ,gotiations can be conducted on the ground with th.., Yugoslnv commander . General McCreery will cLlRy hi. a.dvanc .. on Pola until trie situ Jton in the Trieste area has be n clarified Th advance of Eighth Army trnops to the north has met resistance in the nei~hborhood of Gemona . The enemy thJre refuses to surr..,nder G nerc.1 McCre ry has not een able to id ntify th troops , nor is he certaJn th.ct they arc under cornmrmd of C-in-C Southwest . ) General Clark nl. o informed the Field rfBrshal th0.t on tnc Fifth Army front the 1st Parachute Division and an lem.rmt of the 2-?r~th / ./ Division ad declin ,d to surrend Jr .,cRuse the surr ..,nd .,r order h8d not V yet r~ached th:.-m .. It ar ears thr-.t th~ commimder of the 1st Pn..rc Corps has not yet ran,.,mi tt d th., orders to his suborclinri t es . G.merf' 1 ClArk inforned Fi ,ld M::,,rshal Alexand r thB.t h~ has issued ord rs to t .I"! Commandinr.t G neral, Fifth Army and th., GOC , Eighth Army to move .orc-s northward as rapic;ly HS possible to ex cute pr .,viously assignr;d missions , but that c.rmed conPlict with Ger1rian units was to e a:·roided e:xce t in the event that he .,nemy commits an ov _,rt hostiL act . Genr-•re,l Clark xplainec1 that p ndini:; the Arrival of the G,rmPn ro rescntativ s consider ,d tht1.t he was CRrrying out the in~tructions of t 1e Field fliarshal by avoiding unnccessar;c 8 nAd con-':lict . - -11 I ( flThe Field TTarshal inform d G0w:,rnl t'la.rk thr-:.t 1e a.greGd vri th rw,,..rything thr-it G~neral C1a.rk hcd said; thPt he had full confidence in G...,n.,ral .. lrirk 1 s .stimate o.f th ., sitmition anct his nbility to take the roper action; th2t h cnncurrec=i' in th .., view that r>rrn~d coi flict should be avo:ic~ed at this tin~, especially 4 n view of th, f,- .c t that there wr-i.s bound vo be some delay in the c iss ,,mination of orders . He furth~r ) stated that ,:, ad received a mer·sage from iVk·=tr hal Tito w ic'.l indicAted th;:i.t the mi~under trindings had probably novr been a d justed , pnd thPt he felt confident that this inform8,tion v1ould soon gBt do m tc tl , forw~rd troop elements . The "'i ,lr.1 MR.rshal stated th..,t h., would scnc1 rrope p8rsonn,l to assist Ge n rn.l Hnrdinr; in th, selection of port facilities , an0 to advise General I _rding on politicA.l matt rs pe culiar to the Y1 : =;oslav problem . 11 * * * FLORE TCE--r1AY 4, 1945 At 1000 hours Generals ~1 ruscott, ncCrecry and (jhidlav-1 vJith their r e sp ,ctive Chiefs of ;3· aff, G.,ne'.rRl CPrlcton , Brigadier Floyc a.nd Colone l Boettig r ?rriv ,d at Gen . . rP.l CL- rk 1 s office . At 1030 hours assembled in Grmerttl ClP.rk' s office were · his Army Conmanckrs, the~ r Chi~fs of Staff , Gencrnls Gru ,nth ,r }3"rann, Tr>·L,e, ColonJl fonfort G- 5 and the following correspondent 0 : r atrick E-3mi th, BBC; i- 1" Fag ,nee , London Di: ,ily Herald; J .. Robinson, FHB; L::mdrw11 al.ling 0v ..,rseas ·r:.w•3 Serv:tce; 1':J. 1 v r ;;do:r Chicago Sun; A Fa mmonc , r cmsley 'Lwspap,~:rs; H G. 1: ing, Tit, L. 1.fl1i t ~, Chicago Daily ~rews; l . Lessin,o;, E .... )1an p-e 1 ,l ,gr, .ph; (korge ,ryia , AF; Desmond 'T'igh, R~ut rs; E .. C. Aquilar, Reuters; Rit~, ,.Iume, Hf'; Clet Robert s , Dlu, ;\f.etwork; r"L1s on urdd,t, CBS, Uilli:J.m Alexr:.nd ✓r, Oklahoma Tim . . s . �/ ' 0 · ~. ~ ,,, / ;~ r -i,, ~ / ~ (1, 1 ~ i- /. t . LY . 9(1 .~ o--tl ~ • ~ . l( ./ 9~·, . ~ e . . , . ~ ~ ~ . e , / . ..,/ ,,.- I ~Q/ �f Gener:=-.1 ion S n~ .,r who cornrrtrnd ,d xnr Panz .,r lforps at this time report .,d o Gen . .rn.l Cl"'r. s th, rcrres. ,nta.ti v ., o: t , , G0r"l11r-in Comman( erin·.. Chief, ~·outhuest for ord.__,rs from G .,n ·,ral lnrl.e.: for th s 1rr ,n-~ r of G rma.n land forces . Inmediat~ly aftor G n re.l Von ~,-ngt:..:r 1 ,ft G,.~n Jral Clar k t s off ice , th, G ,n ,:cal id goodbye to his Army CoT'l.nanders rm . held a bri fing in his Har Room for the above mentioned corr .,spondents . he G neral lune ed at his headquarters with · egul J." m mb rs of his mess and at 1430 oner on S .. ngcr was brought to G .,n rril Cla.:rk to confer . The text o wil l be quot d at the · sion of todayt s diary W , 9ii.-.. 1 ... ~ <;, _....~""'G+'\..n-.1. , At 1700 th G ,neral return .,d to his villa for th... V\'.:ning . At noon today G ,n .,ral Clro"'k dicta u d the follo rfing material for inclusion in.his diary. . "At ., ctly 1030 hours this morning, :ay 4th Gener 1 of PPnzer \ Troops Von Scnr:..,r reported to m. in my office at my cornn .nd i:o~t in \ Florene-- ns th, re Jr ,sentativ~, of Gon.,ral Von Lt i.nghoff fo_ order to r ..,cvive ray instructior1s~rovid~c. . or 111 1.e termd of th, uncondi tional sm-rencler which ·van Victin_'.)hoff ' s r . . pr ,s ,ntntive hr:..d signed nt .AFHq several da~rs ago . 11 I had with me on my r:i.ght Lieutenant Gen ,ral ?cCr ,ery, Command ing r~ .,n~ral of th , ";r:1 tish 1~i ,hth Army; on his righ v : :2 j or G nff..,Tr· l C lidlaw , Co1mnand1.ng n-cne~o.l of th XII Air Force; c nd on my l ,ft Lieut ,-r1ant G ,n Jral r;•ru ..,co-tt Cor:rn~nding Gtmi .ral of the Fifth American Army m m .,rs of the press , of-f'icial rhotogre.ph ,rs and s .,v.__ral stnff officvrs . . 'Gcnert1l 'on Sen~ ,r cane in , salute r.nd gnve me t r ✓ rort in die t d abov repli-.,d that 1 assumed that he had full a11t.1ori ty to imrlem..,nt tht., uncon itional surrende1· · terr1s . He r, lied h,, di<1 have . then handed him the instr 1.etions rind told him the t he muld th ,n go Tith th . . members of m..r stnff , includin cir r pres~ntativ s, to a conference which G, ~r[ll Gru nth~r would 1old in order to study th ... s, instructions nd iscuss them in rl ., nil. I told him thrt if th re w ~re any irr~concilnble orders th could not be S4'ttled in confer nee that he p .,rsonally .rnnlc~ ~ring them to my attention . 1 11 B ( v. _ lov, is son dn.ta on General Von S n:.;,er H is t~.11 a d tliin and ap )Mr ,d to ·:1 ~ gr .Jatly mov _,cl on this occasion . His attitucL appears n.t first glance 1.,0 b on of complete cooper8.tion G n . . rol Jon Sen~,"' wns born near Ko·n.stanz, aden in 1~91 . He s .. rved in World War J as a rcserv officer ., _n th ·✓ interval b tween wnrs , h, sa.w s1,rvice rith cavalry units A.nd complet ,d a G- ,n ral Staff course . In 1940 he was he:"1d of th Germnn del .Jgation at he ,._,rench Armistice Commission , and in 1941 and 1 42 Yas s .,nior Germrm liaison off i .c er ·vi th tll Its. lian Armistic f:omrnittee . In pril 1943 h, commanrl ,d the 17th F2.nze1-- Di vision a.nd rre.s cited in Octob r of the same year for th~ er .,ditable mann r in rvhich the ,,vacuation of Corsica uas cnrriea out . r~arly in 1944 hf~ was f'ppointed as comP1an ~cr o-f: :av Fanz~r Corps , r . . plncing I me , who left in ovember , 191+3 . Appar ,ntly a cosmopolitan t .,, h, studied - ��Eno;lish at Oxforrl from 1912 to 1914, and is m~rried to an Englishsp~akin<s vrife Scio to b, rmch intere t d in horses and horse ~hors, in ,{ cping with his bac)rground as a. cav.o lry officer . 0 He indicated the gr at di '"'ficulty his com111ander was having in transmittinr") ord,rs, du, to poor communications in th, mountains , :1.nd th, -Pnct that t cy Wt'}re b .5 nr; continually har as.--cd . partisa.ns . H , told G 11,,ral Grucnth ,r that only th ay be ore ;rest rda~r th pnrtisans attack ,d G<1n ro.l Von Vi tinghofft s h a qur-trtcrs at '3olsano ''here forty of hi people YTCrL killed . He hn.d great difficulty comin~ dmm t . e Br ,nner rond and would h:we be.,n kill d hy parLJisans had it not been for the int rv ntion of '"'~veral A!i1erican offie .,rs v1ho shi , ld d him 11 "I hnve r .-rorted these full d t,. ils to Fi ld Parshril ALxand r by phon 1 told Mm that I had issu.,d· instructions to these parti- . sans to c~ll off their offensiv , :mt I con w~ll i agin th dif±''iculty of rs tting word to all of th ·,ir b2nd s at isolat d plnces in the Alps . 'l'he G mans are now pP..ying for th..,ir rolicy of terror nnd destruction in Ital.r rt is w~ll unrlerstanr1;:1bl, ho ~r th..,,se p, ..rtisqns who h:w1' b 1 fir ,d to J1thusiasm by my instructions , thorou ,.b ly arm_..d and told to wait for their or,portunity for the kill He gav th ,m th, sj ~nal to go in for tho kill a short tim, ago , e,nd it is ett hR.rd to squ~lch all that ardor by radio rn ,ssages . The best way to hancll., it is to g_.. t A crican troops up in t ,.,re , and we ar , trying to do thr:i.t . t I ffHeavy motor and hose-drawn mov m.. nt north in e,he Br.,nn r disturbs me gr atl .. • T.he air reports 1,000 horse-drav- n .ve-,hicl ,s anc 500 mixerl with muc cjvilfan tr( +-'fie moving north in th., Dr .nner throur!,h Bolsano ~v ,n had I d ,cid .,d to bonb tb .. s. vehicles yesterday, Yreath r ''roulrl not hnve permitted Wee thor sti] 1 prev .,nts it toclrv ., orr-r~v .. r, _ do not de si e to attack nor to bring on aey mor c hostilities . I cant irnag:i.n., where these troops ar~ gojng unl,ss a last ditch sk.nd by so111.., fc nR.tical troops of the l;::it J a Corps at the Brenn ✓r . HI 'lPV told G ,n rHl mruscott to bend _,very vffort to get my liaison group h ,ad ,d for Von i L ti n~hoff 1 s headqtwrt rs , togeth ,r with the air and navFi.l partLs , as .ast as possjble; that he vdll use el .,ments of the 10th D~~v:ision to get th~M. throueh . I 111ust ,stablish my adio communication dir t ~ith · ietinghoff . The 85th Division, on the east , as· Pdvanc ,d almost to th Aus ·1 rian horner vi thout opposition . It is only in thn cent r 17h r, el - . m",nts of ..,h , farn'.ltic l<:;t ara Corps h_flv , preif nt _,d our novem nt . Th y appar .. ntly hrnre n .v ,r received th, instructions . This is . Jing worked out wf t GenerB 1 Von Sengur h r , • 11 The 75 Corris in the west is surrend~rinr; . '1cCr .,ery1 s situ... tion in Tri .st, r .,mains r, .,licrt .. . Alexander is sendi.ng a f;rn message co Tito . I have authorized nccr~-~ry to move th, 91•3t Division up west of th Isonza aNl old him th.qt a show of strength may help . r am 11 �j ( convinced that Pield Marshal Alexand.,rts visit to Tito resulted in m ny misunderstandings We must rr ,t a firm uriderst ndj_ng at the top to 8.Vo d dif ficulty . I have directed ·· oth McCreery and 7ruscott ·thc .t und r no conditi ons will t'1e, bring on a fight ~ithcr with tho G.rmans or u jth the Yugosla:vs l1cCreery s column advancing on Villach is making good progress against no opposition 11 Last night I sent Field Ih:1rshal Alexander the following telegram: UTQonf:irming my conversation with you this evening, th 1st Parachut Division has refused' to surrendAr, stating that no surrend ,r orders hav, been received from higher ·headquart rs. Part of ?7~ Division undJr 1st .}ara Gor . s has also receiv,d nq surre nder orders . It is probnble that Com mantling G_,neral 1st Para orps ·:ha·G not rassed surrender orders to su ordinate units . Th~re is also opposition on Gen ral :cCreery s front in the area. of G'P,PO TA but no irlentif1.cation of troops there has een· made ,. As I explained to you T have issued ord ... rs to oth Army Corrrnanders to send forces northward to xecute assiP-;ncd missions as rapidly as poRs ibl , but that armed conflict is to be avold .,d . ~ hav1' just been ad.vis .,d .that th., Germr-m representa.t:i.ve s :r om C in-C South1·. rest will arrive here on th ., morn..:. ir,i.g of 4 May and I ,x )Cct that w. .., ·hall e r>bli.., to rectify the situ.B.ttorr at that timc . 1 H After having seen General Von Seng rat 1400 hows this afternoon, GJneral Clark dictated th following: I have just had a long conversation with G...,nere.l on Senger. I am impressed wit his abil~ty and g~nu:i.ne desire to help solve this proble m., \ The principal point he has mn.de is t ho one th2.t his troops hate the Italians and disli '" e very rmch tho thouP,ht that they are to be dr .. gged out of the monnta:i ns back into the Po alley v:rh Jre th~y uill b~ subj ct d to the Italian j nsults He feels thr t ma.ny of th, sold :L ,rs 2.re deserting 1 n on ,ff ort to get to their homes Thri.t would 1Je c natural inclination for a ma.n as I see it, a.nd there is nothing to stop them excert the armies coming dovrn from the· north because my troops hnv not be ,n c ble to negotiate th mountain roRds north to get around behind them-at the pres nt time . Vfe are trying to do that 11 ur hav, just talked with rrruscott to speed him on to Balzano and to if he couldn -t effect the assembly o.. the units in the mounta:tns and gradually brinr; th .,m down into the foothills . :-C na n ... ral Von S nger assur d m , thet G n r nl Von VL tj nghoff is sinc0r .,, cooperativ and doing C\r ,ryt ing h, can to facilitc te thls surrender . urnciden ally I have r ceiv ,d rndj ofi,rams of congratulations :Crom all over th world . Th~y will b included in the diary later n Gen ral Clnr ,. talk d vJ"i th Gen ral PcCreery on t L phone this and dictated the following v:ith r..,f ronc to his conv:-rsation: "I vening ave just t ..,lephoned at 1820 to General rncCr ,ery adyising him of ) �\Db th ~xc ange of radios b ,tween Ti to and Alexander -1hich were getting us no place I am s nding this rad· o on to rqc reery. I told I.1cGreery that ) h must 1e strong in Trieste and in Gorizia nnd provide for his line of communication rom Trieste to GoriziA. and arvisio into Austria . He · told me that h, rras quite stron and was noving the 56th Division into Gor1zie. n General Clar:: today cab d G ., neral Truscott as fallows: "Confirming 01:ir conversation, I cannot cnphasize too strongly the importance of stopping gu rilla pPrtisan action again t the G,rman force~ . Urgent as quickest me thod thau v1.!f_thout engaging in arm~d conflict your troops advance into tho,::> areas ';1h . .,re parti an-> a.r'"' P cti ve against th~ G rmans pru.--·vicufarly to B0LZAH0 It iq most impor L-ant thnt your troops occupy that town at arliest tirrk, to insur., that G ,n ral 1 on Viet j nghoff can effectiv .,ly control and dir ct is forces in complying with surrend r t rms tr T e Army Group Comrriander this ._, vcning sent the follo1 Ying cable ··o General 1l1ruscott summing up the French sitl.18.tion: "l. In order o · assist 15th Army Grou spring o fensive 6 Army Group v re asked to simulate an attack on Franco-Italian fronti .,r by using _ec ption methods int..,nsive pe rollin~ in central sector and operations on coa~1.,al s ctor ya force of not more than one RCT . It was consicered that operational ben ..,fit ov~rcam all political o jections 2. i rly in April above r....,otrjctions w..,r, rcmov c1 and ranch started active opex·a ions along entir front with the following line as maximum limit of advance . Junction Italian Fr-nch and s~iss frontiers - Pr~ St Didier - G an Paradiso rnountain - C ,res - Bussoleno - F Jnastrelle Crissolo - r.uneo - Imp ,ria . 11 n3. On 27 April this hq informed 6 Arrriy Group that irn"' had ar rived wh..,n further advance b;v French troops could have no appr,ciabL ef fec , • 1 ext day ~ Army Group order d th Fr ,nch to halt and to 1 repare to withdraw o frontier .. 1 4. By .30 April it was clear above order was not ½ving ob y~d end further instructions were giv n to French . French Comnc.nder stated of,.. fensive action ceased. 2b Apr:il ut would not withdraw ,:i thout [ if.C r nLnt · of his governm~nt . 11 n5 Situ,. tion in Val D1 Aosta at present con"used . T is ar a most difficult from political an~le as it contains large separationj st party and arrival Fr nch troops m:ight cause serious conflict with partjsans who are w 11 armed t16 . AFHQ have now informed SHAEF thnt continued presence of Fr .. nc troops in Italy is non unn cessnry anc most und sira le . AF'H'1 furth r stat~ that reports indic[1t,e French making lu1reasonable d ,mr-,.n09 on Italians requisitionrn '-' food and using f1orocca.ns to ,nforc .. th r~by hoping to pro- �vok . . incident . SAC ED is determined to tah, matter up with Co:rib:in _d Chi f s of Sta '-"f for action b;r U. S and British Gov ..,rnm ,nts unless SHAEF can o t 1.n F'r . . nch compliance to ord r to withdraw. 7. Above gives brief outl:' n, rec ,nt develo m nts Franco-Italian orfier It is most important t ,_nt no .courag..,m nt is g-·ven to Fr nch and · hn.t ev ry effort be made to get th ... m to rrithdraw h~yond frontier 11 11 * * * FLOR ~NOE flf.A.Y 5 1945- Gr. . n :cal C ~rk, accompanied y 3:rigadier Hirsch, G- 2, 1 ,ft li lor, ,nee by tnr at a_Jproximately 1030 hours ., They ch2.nged into L- 5 s fro1;1 the C-47 at Udin and fl ~Jw to Ifonfalcon • Herc they w re met by Gc.neral FcCreery, Eighth .,u., my Gomnandcr, and. Lt . Gen . Iarclin~ , Command ing 13 Corps They drove to Gener~l Harding' s Headquarters and discussed the· situ,_q_tion whif"!h had a.risen in Trieste between the Few Z ,a.land troo s and r"'nrshal Tito t s partisans , vrho had both occupi~d the rort at approximat~ly the sam tirn; ':' e G ,nera.ls n d a ~antw5 c 1- Iuncheon in G .neral Ar<ingt" s caravan , n.nd General Clar!{ also SoJI br::i ~fly Air Vic Harshal Foster and Brigadier· Gener al Williamson, Assistant Division Commander of t e 91st Division o. · The 91st Infantry Di vision had newly come under the comr nd of th Eighth Army and nas at that time rr-ov:i ng up into this sector Generals Clark rmd He r ~ery then drove to G ncral Fr yb rg ' s Head quart ,rs which was situRt . . d in the Villa Uiramare halfvm.y betw.,en f,lonfn.1cone anct rr.ri ,st • 1. is ras the ville built _or nd occupied by the late Empr,, s of irr ,xico and was truly a 1 autiful spot . 1 G..,n . ral Clark was then taken by Generc 1 Freyb1:;r g into th.,., city of 7rieste itself Her, thin ~s vmr quite quiet , but th ,r P.T' r.i,~ r .,d to be a co:nsidcrabl und rcurr nt of unc,rtainty and unrest ., Ev __,ry cone iva. le t. pe of uniform vms to be s ,en on t str .ets Th__.re ~-r.,re mc-iny parti.sans on foot , and on bicycl~s , wavi n flags of all colors .. "ea.rly a.11 the popu lation was on the str , ts, and every oth ;r man had a wea.pon of some sort . G _,neral Clark vis-ited t e Headquarters of th, 9th New Zon.land Brigade which was occupying the town and · r1et Brigadier G ntry, th Brigade Commander He pRid a short visit to th, docks .. Th dock area was ,:x:trem~ly hetWJ.ly defended by VIir , anc pillboxes and hr-i.d een COY, siderp bly d strayed both b;r our bombing and German denoliM.o s . Aprirt from this, ho 1,.,ver , t :HJ t9vm appeared to be in good shape and quite , ttracti.ve . J ·Gen, --al Clark then IE.turn ,d to G ,n,.,ral Freyberg' s H., .dqu,...rt ;rs whe-re ho was photograp ,d with all the comn .ndin~ officers of th , ~nd 'Jew Z .,aland rd vision (¼{!;n__,rPl Clark then r tucn ,d to Tfionfc.lcone ~nd fl -r:r back to Flor~nc ., , arrivinP, at his conmand post at approx:i mntely 1700 hours . At 1: 00 hours Gen .,ral Clark hung t .. , Lep;ion of M,ri t , D ,gre e of CoP1mrmrter, I: .da.l around the nee] of Lieutent1nt G,n~rRl J L . K. He.w ~esworth . G~n,ral Hankesworth,. 1ho nor comnrmds the 10th __>rj ti h Corps, comr'lnnded th NSth British Infantr;r Div· sion, thvn in Fifth Arny, from Salerno to t L Garigliano . 'I'he Army Gr up Cor.unander d ictat d the following not s for inclusion in his diary : I �l03 ur flew in th., C-47 with BrigA.dier Hirsch mJ r-2,, n ar to Udinc and ·hen ·transferred to my cub and crossed tht- Isonza River , la·"ding n a.r 13 Corps ~ c,adqun.rters . Was rn .,t by Dick r1cCre ry and John m=ir ing . ~ent to th_; la.tter f s h adquar ters for orientation and a sanrlwi ch anrl th .,n on to Fre;vb rP, t s headquarters w· _ the four of us drov.., intq 'fri ste . The situation ther., is ,. s follo rrs: ( a) It is t .,nse . Both Brit j sh ~md Yu~oslav troops occupy_ tl e city of Trieste This morning the Itc..lians, ,1"'_ w·ho number ?00 , 000 in chc city ns againf3t 60,.000 Yugoslavs , stc: ged a ~ d monstration and were promptly dispersed by YugoslA.v soldi.,rs firing into ~ the air . 'rhe Yu oslavs occupy pnrt o tb~ cjty a.n 1 c r,ood deal of th_, port area . ur soldi . . rs g .,t alonr-; well tog ther The trouble com~s from the i[:;'h~r officors ; nam .. ly th, Yun;oslnv gen ,ral ~ who are roliticos . (b) I t ink there, will be no trouble in ~"'ri~ste , although •it is the usual story of II itting on the Bt=ilkan rowder kegtt . (c) 1 ursuant to my directions , we are show:h fore • A battalion of the 91st Divi""ion (US) is moving ( into r:iri'Jste , and a r ,giment into Gorizia . British troops mt1 e u:r an Allied combi:-10.tion .. The whole 56th Di visirm is rnov·Lng ea.st on t 1e _ Isonza (d) Tito is infiltrating companies ana . attalions across the Isonza ·to tho west wh~re clash~s with the Ita.linns may take plti.c 8nd uher , is rev1uisitioninf; rro:-ierty, su j'lL.s and conscript: ng manpoi/; ,r and in some pln.cei=:l holding elections .. 'rhis is • ell to the w :Jt of the zrestern "~neziB Giulia boundary ( ) I am convinced thPt ·we cannot occupy with _om" fo:r ces all of 'fon ,zia. Giulia \"1 7 thout bringing on hosti l ities , vrhich is the last thin ~ we should do (f) Tito is moving troops irito the dis 1_ 11t0d Area ' as fast as h~ can . (g) h...,re hnve been no disturbances .1et 1 cm our troops .,re !. J nrr , only v n:r to solv this d i f iculty is on th~ highest level I have so phoned , upon my return ., Fi(,ld MarshFll Alexander . IIe must m .,ct vit. Ti'L,o , t ell the latter he can occupy practically all of Ven ,zia Giulia, .1hic wHl g·· ve him a stron~ claim on this are& ~.t t e peace tabl ,, but that we must operat., the port of rrrLste and rrotect our line of communication through Gorj_zia , . Prvisio into Austrin and try to_ get 'i1ito to · help us protect this lim of corwmnication·. Tito must be told that he can not unc1 ,r any c.!rcumsta.nc , s , permit his troo s to infiltrate into 1 taly west o· th I sonza River . I Jelicve this can e work .,d out . Alcx!'.n der is going to trv it . 1 nrr Tito will not accept tM.s , t}v,r ar , just t•ro rer:rinine lterm tives . 1 irst , to taJq~ over the port of Tri ste by force if nee ssary and protect our long line of communications into Austria ·1hich rill r quire three or four divisions . This probably will bril g on hostil iti .s . If the Combined Chiefs of St a:rf are not willin-:, t o take th1.s chance , r>nd c rtainly they , hould not take the chance , t . e only r ,maining al tern.r.tive is , s cond ly, o p:et t e -h~ll out of ,nez ia Giulia , withdraw b~hind the IsonzR, pr ,vent Tito ' s forces f'rom movln~ to th~ ·,est and supply om" troops into Austria from some oth r port , perhaps Venice . 11 VcCreery, Ht:=trding and Frey erg all Ftgr~e to this . ii Foll owing is a st1r1m!U' Y of G~ner~l Cle k ' s telephone conv rsation wi t h Field 7arshal Alexander upon his r,turn from todayt s tour of the Trieste area : �lD9 ttG ,ncral ClRrk allmd to Fi ,ld Mar hal Alex nder Rt 0850 hours on the subject of th . . sitUB.tion in th Trieste are(_ • He told the FLld M~rshal thflt the s-it ation t 1er is un ctisf· ctor.r; the t th, Yup;osl{_vs ar moving larg , numh.,rs of troops into tlle nren, c nd are , ctually now advancine w st of th Isonza River . H, recoTnD nded to th., Fi -1~ r~rshal that we taJ<-~ a fJrm st1-1nd in the matter ., The Fi~ld a-1rshal ag:r.,ed thc:t such a stand was desirabi but the conv . . rsntion end.,d with nod fini t e line of action propos,d ~ 0 "General Clark c~.lled t ., F: eld H0rshn.l agai n at 910 c· nd sta · d that he VU3S ~oing to ta ~e o.ff by pfane for UDII at 10 0 1 cloc}.: to obtajn first-hand nowledge of the situ, tion confronting Gen,ral Hrrding ., He ask _,, d the Field '1arshal wh th r or not he was au ,horizr,d to take such acti n as he consider d necessary in the event h, found that the ·novement of he Yugoslavs west of t e Isonz(). River w3s hrimp~ring our L_ of C. Th Field /Jarshal advised G..neral Clark that we should do everythinf possible top .. rsuade the .YuF!oslavs not to advance west of th., Isonza, but thrt if the, insist it will b., necessary to ~llow th,m to continue . He was very specific in his instructions to G..,neral Clar}. that und .,r no conditions should the Allies fire th first shot . ;J / 1 -- ttG .,neral Cl? rk talked to :the F'ield J:arshal again at 1800 hours to report on his visit to rrr, est ., He stP_teo that he found the conditions int e area Y ✓r, not a.s bad as he had expected th~m to e ., Th men in tho forward units are fri . . ndly with each other , ancl t 1 re is evidenc t at th trouble stems from the higher command . Gen ,ral Clar j nformed 4 ie d Jarshal Al xander of the location of the Alli .d troop formations in th area He also stated that he considered that Generf-11s McCreery, Harding c: nd Freyberg had a thorough grasp o· the situation "'nd w re andl - ; ing it in a sup rior mannr,r He urge upon thv Field P rshal thPt an early agre ,ment be r _,ach d ,7·_th F~rshal Tito c..nc1 recommended -thr.t GenerPl MorgBn vis1t the nrieste area before his scheduled meeting w1th Tito on Monday Generpl Clark stc~.ted that, b[I ed upon th impressions which h receiv .,d today h, consid . r thE1t a satis a.ctory ~elution can rrobr ly / b r ach ..d with Tit o -rhcr by the Alli~s vlill be able to us the rort of Tries Je o the d sired amount , and vfill h<. ve full use of the L of C into Austria... Gen· rr-tl Cl::ir sugg .st d that it might be Hdvisabl~ to hav~ MRrshal Tito assist in th protection o_ the L of C 1 11 F:i. ,ld fhrshnl Al xand .,r VTc:..S very lad to get this report , • nd in) form d n-..,n ral Clark that h had rec ived a m ,ssnge from Tito todaJ which was quite fa.vorable in · tone A rroposed military agreement with Tito is c-"ng drafte at AFHQ nov1 and will disp0tch d to the Combined Chiefs of S"t,aff for arm:-oval, so that it may be pr ,sent d to Tito nt the con fer nee on !'onday 11 Upon is r turn to his coPlmand post today, Gen ro.l Cla.rk saw Signor Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime Itinist ,r of Italy, and following is a summary of t 1e Army Group Comma.nder 1 s conference with the Irime Minister of I· aly. "Mr . Bonomi stated t mt the purrosv of 1is call on G nerP.l Clark was to offer his congratula.tions for th.• most successful ce.mpaign which . ��l \D has just be n cornp~eted and vrhich has resultE::,d in the libor2tion of his countr . • v 11 Hr-. Bonomi nlso express d hJ s unea.sin ss ov ,r the V ,n__.zfo. Giulia si tuR.tion. Be sta ed that sine the d:i sposi tion of th is .~"ovince was a . matter of controversy, e ho . . d t1at the Allis would e able to occupy it pencfi ng a settl~ment at the y:-eace conf .rcnce .. 11 Generfll Clro-k gave a brief resume of the rrcscnt sjtuation in Venezia Giulia an, s--Pted th?.t he was taking every possi le ster to sec that conflict with the Yugoslavs is r.voiaed . The estnblishment of e. suit•ablc line of communications, into Austria is his rrirru ry miss:ion , 2nc he belLves that n arrangement will be rnri.de with Tito vr1H3r by that can be accomplish ,d . G ,neral Clark stated that h considers it most imrortant th8.t th V n zia Giuli problem. be hnn01 d in such a manner tl t there e no armed con lict -:- t v-reen th Allie~ and the Yu "oslavs . V...,n zia Giulia is not vorth another \'1ar . 11 * * * * FL RENCE-- MAY 6, 1945--The General pent th entire day at his ville . and lunched at 1100 hours vr th Pr . and Mrs . rtr.con Taylor at their villa in Florcncf-9 returning to his villa for dinnJr anr1 th~ night . ·General Clark this aftnrnoon sent th~ follo,ntlng rLssa.ge to Gen ral rTcCreery: urr fol mnn) message dispntch, May 5th by Fi ld F rshal Al xander is 1 ' 1cssa~e begins. 1 to Co:rnbin ,cl C iefs of 3taff on urnished or yotU.. informetion 11 vIt is quHe cert~in that I cannot carry out ·110 rolicy laid down in \, FA 1T 536 w5thout use of force . I rropose therefo1.. ~ to send my Chief of } Sta.ff to B lgra.de to negotiate a r-:urely miljtar~r agreement on th~ following lines • 11 t L Fi ld \,r. rshal Alexander r~,quires ro.iluay and ro.: as from t ~ ,1.. , to Villach via of t e lin 1 m2.rked on he r1c r u-il ;e un .,r wb.., her 15th Army Group or Yu:,oslov or PT orders at an agreed time . '.1 the port of Tries ·e and the Gorizfo. . The territory west ~is control. All forces isan, ';lill conL unc1 11r his 2 'Fielc firirshnl Al xnnc ..,r 1 s Allied Pilitary GovernrLYG rill c minister this "rea. li"ull us.,, r!'° 11 J-:1S : of rmy Yugosl v civil a ~ministrati.o alr..,ac~r sot up 2nd wor}rjn'J sr>tisf'rictorily n _0 facilita ~e the wor .in~ of onv and two gular "'orces should gradually ._) v ithdrc wn from t . . ., Ht J. 1 P. ov .J' Yuv,osl2..v re- a.:r~ a unc er Fi ,ld ~arshal Alexande:c t s con~rol and pri.rtisans will ·1c1.nd in th 5r arms and disband . I+ . This a '::r' -:emcmt is pur __.ly r.1ili"tinry e.nd in no way a fects longterm policy regA.rd." nr, these tei·I·itorie s . r n 11 t �Gen ral Clark received the followinR; cable today from Fild Ft1rshal Alexander with r,_.gard o he s:i u~tion in .,. cnezia Giulia: rruntil a military agr., ment is negotiated between Marshal Ti"to and Myself, your line of action in enc zia Giulia. should be as follows . 11 A You should hold he advanced areas we hover ach~d in-great strength displayin~ as many modern w apons , such as tanks , as pos~ibl . . . Srr,all detachm nts sllould b avoided . 3 . Troops should e r .,ad.,r a· all times to deftmd the mselves ½ut on no account WJ.11 th.,y tak action unl~ss attack . . d . 0 I 11 C. It should L impres ed on local comma ders thr .t a.ny arrange ments th,, make vri vh the Yugoslav autl1ori ties are only temporary and for the purpose of arrnngi_ng a modus vi r ndi pendin the conclusion of taU:s Jetwc n rr j to r.:..nd nyse 1.f . 11 D. . West of th--- :--sonza a stiff r att-'tud should be adopted owa.rrls Yugoslav trooJ.1B who. in.1.iltrn: ., They shonld _, asked to vrithdraw from the ar Al 8nci no friciliv:; cs such a.s rations , petrol A.nG. accommodation gi v _,n t -;em to encourage ,h ~m t.o stay .. H G~neral Clark passed th a ov ., instructions on to Gen . . ral I 1cCre ery imme ja ly upon thJir rccei:rt ~ * ..,-'- * TAY 7, 1945--1 t 1000 hours G .:n .ral Clar1,~ , 1/IJ'ith Brigfldi r P~ch'l"'d , Colon__,l Ricpo Colone Grognn, 1 ft ):f C-47 from Florence for I'1ilan, ( r riving r t 1115 hours . There G __,11 ral G_£rk was met -Y Generc,ls Cri ttemrger and Cran , Artillery Offic ✓r , IV Coq:-s . Togeth -r t 1 .y drov., into the c··t. of ~il n ·;rh re a gtl8rd of onor was hclc. for Genernl Clar 1 ,;: composed of American, British, 3outh J'-1.frican , .,razili2.n .nd ItrliM1 troors . G neral Cl8rk ins:rec d 1 , gucird, .sp~~ kin ) to sev .,ral of t .e of'ficers r.n nen t-1. h~, passed many Piln.n ... s, ci vilinns · 1 .,re pre ent at th _. guard of honor and nr:,laud d G ,n _,ral Clark heartily as he pe.ssed . General Cl r ( vrtth Gen ,rr 1 Cr~tt nb rg ,r , t 1~n .,rove to tr::.': ,.,ad qua: v~rs of JV Co:cps =n r~ilan wh r, h , fol _o;vj 11.g di v~.sional commflnd .,rs v er, \ aitin, to f:r .. et im • Gen ,rEJl :Co1tc, 34th Dj v::. s1 on; CLn ral Pool , , t . South African Ar or ,d Div-· ,. . ion, G ,n r 1 Th~ron, A :m-: 11.: s rat iv, fficer South Africc".n Forces; G,_,n .,rPl Almond 92nd Division; G ,nernl Tasc,r_.nh~s, .ra.zilian 1-i . :p~di· J.onRry -Fo:i.·ce; Gen,ral Danj_els, r . . presen-Vng G ,neral ritchard of th, 1st J\rmor e d Li vision; <} ,n .re 1 Utili, Commanding the · gnano G:roup . G~n rnl Clark addressed __,n,ch co1.1MPnc1cr individuall.y, giving a bri ,f r__,smne of th_., P ccomplishment of th .... ir command T e G ,n.,ral. then addr ssed G ,n~ral Crittenberg __,r , comm nding h.:..m on the me gnificcnt _job h., bad don~ as Corps Cornnandor ., G --neral Gritten) ,rg ,r th~n P_d dressed G ,n ,rf!.l Clark teJJ.i g him the grerit honor it hrs 0 ,en for IV Corps ,o ave s .,r :ed nnc, er his mar;nific_.nt corv1anG .. G ne:.rn.l Cri tten 1 ,rg r so.id thnt at ::10 , im , t h, mn.de any r qu - sts to Gm ,rRl Clark that r,r ,1", not at one-., Rranted , nncl it" WRS -through 1is _,..in., load ,rship thPt this .a;reat victorJ was mn_de rossible . �( Gen.,ral Clark with Cren,ral Cr~tt nb__.rg ,r an his divisionril commHnd rs , then drov, to the Continental Hotel h,re they vrer., qr eted b~r G n ral Cordona, Chief of the G n ral Comrnanrl of the Volnnt~ ,r orps of Liberty, and I."r . Lonc~hi , Fr~sident of th Cornnitte of National Liberation for 'Jorth Italy, a· _6 oth r 1:i.gh ranking partisan Lad~rs . G~neral Ratfa 1 Cordona ntortain ,cl G~n ..,rfll Clark for lunch rri th Allied Gen -.rp ls and patriot leaders . Gen,ral Cordona at lunch prorosed a toast to G~ne ral Clark and his All:i.ed troops hrit four;ht over th~ most difficult t r ra.in in Europe and expressed the pl ,asure of the pc'3.rtisans to hr-i.ve fought beside such excellent troops G1..,n ral Cl~u·k return ,d General Cordona' s toast , sayinr; hov .crenuin~ly proud h ., WP. s of th fine · , ork the p:-irtfaans in TJorth Italy ha.d don and how pl ,ased he wns of the ciscipline nd or ganization of these troops He also expressed his ~atitud and approc iation of the f · nc job 1:1hich the five Italian di vis ions lffhich serv~d under his coJ11mand had p_,rform,d . in closinF.;, Gen ral Clark proposed a toast to the Allied soldiers 1vJ:.o had fa.llen . r After lunch Generr l Clark, ,·dth G £Ural Critt ,nberg ,r and "'cn . . . ral Cordona , drove to G ., neral Cordona t s H .,ad '1ur.rt~r'J ·.,rhcre th , Army Group Comr,1ander , in G neral Cordon:'l ' s offic,, , was introduced to th 1 ading rartisan officials . Genral Clc.rk sroke briefl; to the.partisan o:fficinls ., t,11j ng them hov;r proud the;r sb011 ld .., of the important pc'~rt th :r hav~ r la:y~ ,d a l on,side of t .h e Alli s in the µtru .,gl ., to fr JtPly of G rma.n, Prmi-.;s . 'T'he r,laynr of f;ilan , Mayor Griepe arrived and b.,for'-, th, assembled . , oup presented G1 ,neral Clt:1.rk w; th th~ Flc: g of flil~n nnd also a sn'lll '':'-ronzc stA.tu" of St . Ambro~i.o the ratron saint of f·~ilan , carrying the torch of l iberty . Tlns sculpture was done by Castiglion, th.., femous Viilanese sculptor . General Clur}~ stated tht::it he accepted thes .. gjfts on behalf ·o. e very AllLd soldier , dead or aliv , ~rhos., brav .,ry in combat had brought liberty to the p ople of r Iilrm P d th rest of It?.ly. 1 Gem.,ra.1 Clark accompnnied by G ,neral Cr.~ttenbcrgcr and Lt . Col . Angleton , MIG ffic .,r of Milan, th ,n made a. sightseeine; tour of t½e c:lt~ , visitin:r th~ famou~: cathedral Pnc musoum of San Ambrogio where t c General saw th., famous Lconr-.rdo de Vinci cone rt ion of the last supp ,r . Th, Army Group Commander then drove tc th~ airfield and d parted for his command post in Florence General Clark today received th~ follov,::i ng cable from General Alexc nder : "At 0241 hours , 7 Ha , r pre~ ntativ of tbe Gerrnc1.n High Comwmd \ sign,d the unconditional surr ✓ nder of n.11 G,rmfln Land , Sea and Air Fores in Europ, to th Allied ~xpeditionary Force and s:Lmultr,n ously to the Sovi t High Com:r1a.nd . · n2 . All forc..;s nn .er Germ,m control P.r--, to ceR.se active op1'rations at 0001 B hours , 9 Lay (9 7ay) ." * * * FLORi:::::NCE--HAY e, 1945--The General nrrived 2.t his headquarters P.t 0930 ., At 1300 r1r . &.nd rirrs . Myron Taylor came to lunch with G ,nerc: 1 Clrirk at his l �ll3 headquarters . The Generl spent ·he aft rnoon and evening G .n •,ral Clark s nt the follo'Ting cabl ternoon this villa . to General McCreery this at·- ttThe obj~ct of your op.rations rema~ns ..-s given in this Hq 0-5529 of 5 T.Tay thAt is (a) to secur., th ar ,a Tarvisio - Klagcnfurt (b adv(_ nc ra:ridly tomrds firstly Graz to contnct Russians and secondly Lo.,ben Ra dstadt to cont ct 12 Army Group 11 2 ., In this connection it is mo~t desirc.ble as much ns possible of the Bri ti~3h zon in Au tria should e occupied befo " .,_' ther the Yugoslc1vs or Russians get th ,,r n 3. In vieVi however of the p; n . ra 1 unconditional surr nfler of the en my, your action on encounterin , en,my orposition must be moc;lified in order to PVoid as far ris possibfo incurrin~ any C8sualt::ics to our own troops throug ~recipit~te action . "L~. On encountering cnem~r your troops shoulrl. rarley "Tith th~m wit 1 a vi ,w to securini:s their imnedjat.., surr ,n er . If this is not fort cop1j ng and if the enemy resie!ts 2.ction Pgainst th . . m should b confined to c. rtil1 ry and a rial bombA.rdment Attacks b;'i,'" :i nfantr., vTill be avoided 11 Gcn~rP,l Clark sent General Trus cott the fo1 ovling radio r Jgar<ling tlie s t tuation on th :Blranco-I t alian ·frontier : n1 SH.AEF ar ., requ esting rench to instruct G.,n Doy n to coordinat his vri thdravtal into France with he e.rri val of your or ce s on the Italian order . SEAEF have stress~d 1.mportance of ennbling Fifth Lrmy to estabE_sh frontier· control on Ttnlian sid as nlready planned and Ag:r .• d v French SHARF consider R,rriYc: 1 Fifth Army troops with instructions to tac, ov .,r from Fr nch and establish frontier control best way of enuring French withdrawal. S ould Fr ,nch r .,ply be unsatisf P.ctory the matt .r i l l be rcferr~d to Combined Chiefs of Staff r12 In ~mticipc t ion of li'r .. nch ·Tithdrawal you ·•j J.l est Rblish AH} in forthwest Ital up to T◄1ranco -Ita1,ian fronti r s quickly HS possibfo . u3. You will avoid any armed clash with French at all costs . Should any comlict·c.p e .r likel, you will ord r yom; troops to ._,tand fast and refer to this headqu[-lrter s for c1 .. cision. n * * * 1945--The G ,n~ral arrived at his offic flt 0900 rnd spent a busy mornin., in his office rrnrking on pap ,rs . At l?.30 hours r.ir. Offie Political Adviser AFH w, Ftnd Er ,Rrhnrt , /\.mcric&n :Political Advisor on Austrian / ff airs , came to see Gvnerr-d Clar}· anrl r nr-i ined for lunch as Ins r,·1.1-..,sts . In the afternoon the G(>n ,ral remain ,d in his office and returned to his v:illa at 1830 for th v ning FLORENC --HAY 9 1 I �( Gen ral Clark today sent th~ following instructions to his Army Command~r s regarding the course to be pux su d ollov1ing the urrender . n1 . In order to provid c ntr~.lized control the resJ~onsibility for accepting and ~recessing surrender d Axis p.,rsonn .1,· transport dumps , <locum nts, etc .,, of PfC Southwest will b., assum ,d b~r t 1 . CoITir1nnding G1'n , ral, Fift h JU-my, by 0001 hours 13 r~.y. 11 2 Fifth Army will assm1., control of and respons1-bility for all surrendered Axis per onnel .dthin their pres nt Army zon and the.t pr>rt of the Eighth Army zon north of Highvray 13 and w st of th Riv r T ,gli~ m ,nto . Eighth rmy vill relinquish control of and responsibility for all such matters in th Rbov B.rea ., This r .,sponsibility is exclusive of the estimat d 40 , 000 Axis troops w 10 became pri. on rs of 'mr before t he S1Jl' render ,vas ordered R.nd were not evacuated prior to the s1.xrrend r and hr've since e.n classified as surrendered p rsonnel T ese remRin th~ responsibility of ~igh"l,h Army. u3 . Headque.rvers Gernnn l'•.rrny Group 1 C1 with its subordin,,. te head quarters ·rill r port direct \,o Fifth Army on all Axis matters ., Fifth Army will r lieve 15th Army rrroup Liaison d ~tachm nt t Bolzano by 13 : lay. German Liruson lTission now a.t Headquarters 15 Army Crroup is available for Fifth Army .. ?ersonn 1 not renu:ir Jd b. Fifth Army rill be rP-. ·,urn ,d to Bolsano by 13 i 1ay. tt 4 The intention of this direct iv~ is to charge 1, i.. th Army vnth the initiPl control disarning c,nd. recessing . Subsequently all Axis p ,rs onn ... l equipm .. nt and supplies will be nrocessed y Fifth Army back to the American and Brj tish f1.nal concentration areas under instructions to iRsu .,d lat r n5 . Eighth Ar ny will continue control 2nd proc.,ssin(s o. prison,rs of war sm~r~nd ,Jr d p .,rsonnel anrl captur ,d .quipmenv and stores whic fr,_ll ·within its zone less surr .. ndered Ax1s } ..,:rsonncl in thnt portion north of Hi~hvray 13 and r1est of River ma.glinmento . rr General Cfark this aft rnoon cabl.d General McCreery as follo1s: lfTh following is the taxt of a message from G .. ner~1 Horgr-in I'iarshal A ex .nd~r dat .. d m~ May. f1essagc begin 00 FLld n t Meetin? with r\-.r hal Tito lasted on nnd ha lf hours . After he had studied terns he immediat .. ly w.nde it clear that h could not accept th ,m ~ His main a r gument r•ms that as he had conqu~red the terrHory and as he h-d ev,ry intent~on of claiming this and further territory to ·h west under the peace treaty c co1sidercd that his country should b .. 2llorred ,o occupy this territor;v as a re TH.rd for all th .. ir ,fforts in th__, Al: ied c?..use and expenditur in blood rnd resources . Ifo th n ent on to say that RS he ·vr,s willinp to giv us full and unr-,strfotcd use of the port of Trieste nnd the rends anc' railTirays we required he consid rod th~.t t .is would amply meet our milj ta needs . At this stage it look .. cl. as if __urth ., r discussion -,ms useless . I asked him o•· tW _,r to ,xy:lain more C �ll5 fully what he meant by uru--estricted use he th .,n b gan to yi:ld a certain amount nd finall, :.-Volved after much questioning nnd d:iscussion a suggested plan for a joint militar.r command ='. n t L Prca . He e:;\!1lainPd that there would joint military corm'1anders of equal rr:ink 1ho 1 ould command th troo . . s of their mm nationality , administrc:ition o th., territory must however be cn.rri ;d out by the gov .J''nrnent of 'Thie 1 h hrd ~.lr ady es· Lbli shed underground three years ago P.no i'J -- ich has now ta1-<:en control. In r1atters p 1 ta:i.ning to military interests t 1 e joint cor'71T'lf'nrl 1; oulci have overridini=s powers over the cjvil authorities ., Th~ Allies would be in full control of the port a 11c ra~lways nnd could run them PS they wished using locRl la our c nd . mploy, .es as required., A11 ·. od troorA in the t.rec. v ould have extrrt t rr:i.torj nl rights unil r th ;ir o •m corm1andcrs Italir:m m tropoli ta.n lire would b~ th0 c1rrcnc~r., A further m ,t:ing h· s be n arrrmged for 1100 wurs tomorrow 1'vhen Tito vill confJ.rm above roints and \Till be as rnd for furth~r e:x:rhmations o.nd · or d tnils rogarding th, navnl aspect of the port control.. I m.._9.d , j t quite clear nnd end d th, neetin!; by so stat~ng his prorosals we3re quite beyond my po vcr to discuss r-m" I vroul·. ave to ref ~r to you an you almost certr:1.inly to tb , li.rLricc n and Br· tish Govc,rnm-,nts . ily fim~.l impr ,ssion is thnt Tito is in such c :position that ev ,,n if h, wished to h is unt1 )1, v1it 10ut :r"r ;judici ng his ow11 posidon to f;nrnt us the t ,rms n su mitted . Althou,h t e results vrer, most unsa:tis·:""a.ctory from oux· point of vi.xr thn rneeting ,nded on a fri ,ndly note with ctrinks all round . 11 Wi 1 reference to the .- bove quot cable , Fi ld Marshal A reply to Gen~ral Horgan is quot d elow: 11 1. Your UD 1 xander ' s 2 received . 11 2 For ,rour guidance in future discussions Ti th Marshc'cl Tlt6 I will not recede from terms of agreem ,n w}iich you lmve pres nted except for ro~sible sli ht adjustments in :ropos..,d bourn ury and in allo 7ing Marshal Tito to r~tain some regular Yuq;oslnv troops 1 est of the boundary. In the 1 tt r case, hovrever, any of his troops ,•rhich do rem'""' in in the area west of th, line must be p~a0ed under my cornmn.nd tt 3 Subj ,ct to th, above I ~-,ill not e.ccept anythi.ng less than the propos ;4 i)oundary Fhich runs east of ~rieste anc incluo.es 1.~ n,;cessr,ry \ port rnd depot facilitLs and th, rail nd roPd coml'lunications rmming. L om Trieste into Austria If rhrshrl ito insists in kecring some cf his troops w~st of that Jound1-1ry, I w~ 11 ag-.c ,c uO it only under conditions referrecJ, to in para two abo re . However, as . , ou v,ill appreciate he f .wer Yugoslav roops which· remain west of the o mdary the better . 0 11 1+ As indicated in e proposed agreement, I trill us , any Yugoslev civil acl.ministra:t,ion ·which is alrear:y stabl:! shjl and is wor cine sa uisf actorily in the. area , ut I insist t r,t it functions under mjr Alli cl l.Ulitar •.r Gow~rnn ent . ·othing less than tha.t is acceptable to me 11 s 5 I rrill not agrne to joint military command ns su:;g.✓ sted by IV1in.r - 1 Tito . t16. fa fere1i.ce ou.r -di scus 0 .... 1· OUR .~ b forn . .r:o·t,,... . d,epe.r t ure , you should '-' , ,!.,.L �( ( mak, i t cl ar to Ma-rshal Tito thnt if h fails to c~ccJ t the proposed agree ment , I s ·1 all be very disc ppoint d . Th~ ma ,ter 'i]) tli ,n be out of my ands n __ m st ref ---1"' it · o authoriti~s in Washington and Lom1on with v.-hom he mus deal in the fu ure .. ou should point out t rJ~ I _ av , Pl iBys b en a good r~_cnd of hj_s as hJ ill ay:precji:-te by th _. mi t Jrir·l ,_ nd milit ry aid vhic I have gi vcn him However } th::.s has only b~ n c1 chieved :;y th clos , pt!)rsonal contact. !Vhich we , ve had in th past ., If he cannot deal w1 th me directly along the line of th-.- proposed mili tar, a;"'., m ,nt , · hich you l1avo present d , I canno · go fartht.:r, < nd it "Till be n cessar::r for 1im in th, future to deal with th, Anerican and British Gov,rnments . y n7 . this cab .. leas inform British and A~nerican amba sadors of contents of (.., . ti Gen ,ral Clark- dictat ,d the not s quoted belov1 for inclusion in his diary : 11 For s me time i.t has _con i~<licnted th,St I might be the Amc.rican )) Commander of ro ops in Austria and c c csignated as the !'.riLrican High .,. Commj ssioncr nc;farnn:r, pursuant to my l'c.quest , rac1 io d G neral HarshP 11 th2.t -· Fould li :ch an c ssignmerit , provid ,a I was not lj ned up for a combB.t jo · in the Pacific . Later , 1'.1cHarnJ7 re dioed he ifar D _pP.,rtment , without notifying me , that h, Yroulcl like to be set up nominally as the Jii~h Comnti.ssion ·r w~i th Truscott as his Deputy; Fifth Al"'PW furnishing th staff . It then seem er, desirabl J to 1 t Fiftb Army h, nd le the red . . ploynen t in Italy for 1et ave the Bdministrative staff to do so , .nd I do not . Truricott did not want to go to Austri , pre um?.bly as a De1=uty, so HcNarney asked me 1r1hat I t _ought of i-t I tel ephoned c]'- rnAy - nd tol/ im that I r,as '.Jillin~ to do anytbinB )Ut that i I v, . . re sent into ·AustriP I could not agree that h, be arpointed the _igh Comnission rand me his Deputy wh ,re h would bo High Commissioner for n out one week ( nd then turn ov~r to me . WhoeV<:':r is High CommissioneJ· in Austrir._ will hav., one out st ndinG di ficul t7r - that will be th·, Russians .. W oever go ..,s in should f"O in as Hi,::,h Commission ,r initially m1.rl not be a second .light ma.n nnd th :..n get dc"l{ed up:gtairs . I asked ~c-rarn y ,,Jh'"'t possi le e"'~cus th.,r could be for designatinr; h::_m High C01'l:1ission r ,. hen , intvnded to tR.ke no active Ic rt in it ancl could not FsO into Austrfa.. H, could give no reasons ., Pi-·esumably, 1 e desired it for the honor wl-i ich ,~rould e nttachedto it J 1old him that if he were to 1ave it for a week and then I go in it '.vould hurt m, prestige with the Russians nnd oth r mit:~ ons v1ho "rill c my close associates . He agroed, but I do not nm~r 17hnt the outcom v.r:_11 e .. j 1ir . ~ai... hart who is to be my oliticel p_dvisor from the StR.te Department nnc1 vho ult m3,tely will Je th, AmbAssador, call!'JJd on n:c with Hr . Offi , t e J S . Political r1visor to the Thenter Comrr1r-i-11d ,r here in Itflly . The, believe thP-.t I am to be d signat . . d initially the High Cornr1issj_oner I ask ,d them to find out from the State Dc,prrtmn:nt th ir point of vi ,w . hey feel j t would be a e;raYe error for t 11e Tnited Stat ,s to set tvm four star ,ener£?1S up - 011-- as a stuff ,d shirt , R.nd th"' other , ~ tbe ·worker and t ) ,n pull ,he top man out a. few r1nys letc.r .. I hn:L to be rut in t is poshion, but I f .,,el i t is of sui'fiefont importnnc, to press t ~ point until a decision is 1 ~<le ., I f el I should insi t my vie 1s be sent 7 / �to the WFJ.r Dep~rtmi.mt . T ·1e tc-1.tn r~. resr:mtativcs concur and intend to raise tl19. qu stion through State Dcp2.i--trn ,nt channols ., I was gr atl imrr ss d with "r . Earhart and am sur · ·re rill hit it off . " Follovling is the text of General Clark' s , :_, Da.y broc cast which was air cl over the local station and to the States yesterday . ttThe vmr in Italy na.s be n a lon~ and bitt .rly · ought battle . It ms meA.nt the comp ete n ·1d close coop ,ration of all the Allied forces . The all- out and combined .f orts of lSth Al my Group' s Fifth and ?.:ight.h J. rmies on th~ ground of t ., I~dit rr9n ,an Allied T"lctical Air Force and 15th Air Fore in the skies , and the Allied nPvies on t1e sea nade it ·impossi l· for th -r-Jazi Armjes to remain intact . Time and tim., again v1hen lock d in attl,, the G rmans tried an ord rly r tr c: t only to fine the..t all a enu s of e s cap had be .,n bloc1'-ed by tactical ( nd str tegic bombing The aid given by th~ 'T'roop Carrier Cor.:uJ0nd i.n the delivery of suppli s to our troors and to the Far·'5sans of the 15th Army Group th, evricu;,,tion of the wounded , made tr.- nsport plrmes t, uly I ar plan s ' • The off n"'i ves of our FLth and gighth Armies wer n ver c:. single opcrrttion but the □ ight of air and ground coMbin~d f e aim of l)th Army Gr)up res to make th~ German stand and fight . Gen ,ral Chidlaw 1 s tn_ctical ,.. ir forces , and the strategic air fore s of General T dning , under the v r-a.11 corr1I1. nd of G n ,ral Cannon t s 1" di tcrra.n an Alli d Air Fore s mnde this po si )1 by loc dng his escape routes s well cS cutting his supply lines . Through close coord_" nD.tion and tearnwor <: of th r;round troops of 15th Army Group _nd t o c :i.r armies of the Ii ..dit .rr 1 ,an theater , ti. :.) eat victory hns een won 11 * * * * 10 1945--T 1 G ,n~ral r .. rnained in his villa oc7ay Pna ha.d impoJ:-tant pa.p~rs clelivero · to him via courier c:t intervals dur:ing the day. J "AY FLORENCE - HA.Y 11 945- General Cl8rk ccomptmied y G ,n0rcJl Gruenther , took 01 f at 1055 from Florence to att~zi,d a cor mony in V .nic·e .. There vrent along also nofficially, Gcn.ral Brann, G neral Jaynes , Colonel Miller , Colonel D1 0rsa and severrl oth .r staff o-f'ficers ., This part · ook no _ rt in th.,, off iciP 1 ceremonies throughout the day but -r•r .nt merely for t e rid • G~neral Clark arrived a.t the Lido airpor·t shortly )cfor t velve noon anc 'Vas m~t \ G.,nerP.l I,1cCr er th~ Eighth Army Cor:imander . H, trav ,lled into lenice in th., Arny Co:run.ander 1 launch, 2rriving at t ·)e Piti r:?:Za San Harco at 1214. H .re he wn, gr19et, .,d by a ~ll2rd of honor composerl of troo ,s from th, ~rp;yll nncl Suth ..,rland Hi~hlanc1ers and from the 12th Royal Frontier Force Rifles , also th p'ipe !'_nd of t e Argylls . Tho G .r.i.er( 1 S::~lute was pl y cl on the pipes and Gen r..-~l Cl .rk ins _.ect K. -,he t,i,ro honor guPrds . Immediately after :m.rc.:s G n rel Clark pr .,sonted the L .,gion o· Merit in the D·.gre., of Com1:12nder to six British G ner~l officers . rr here WAS • short t:..Xchange of speech ,s bet ween G neral Clark c.nd General McCreery, �I and the following GenJrals ca.me up , one c.fter the other, to be decorated : Gen~ral Freyberg, 2nd ;Jew Zealand Di vision; General ·Bohusz - Szyz. o, 2nd olish Corps; General Duch , ,rd Carpathian Division; General Sulik, 5th Kresowa Division; General Russell, 8th Indian Division; General '·lhitfield , 51Sth British Infantry Division .. G.,nerr-tl Clnrk met the ·!ayor of enice ri.nd the local Itc lian rr1.ili tary commander . He e,h ,,n vmlk . . d to the Grand Hotel whr re he ~ nd G ,ner,.,l Grucnther were guests of the ,N:'my Command r for luncheon .. Most of th.,, high r .nking officers taking part in or e.ttencang t 1e ceremony were also ~ests . Durjng the 1=1.ft rnoon G~n ,,ral Clar}·· was taken on a short tour of ·1hmice by Brigadier Ric1ards , Commanding i%th Army Area (British) . He visited th Doge t s Palace and .Saint Mark t s Gr-i thedral , and he· mc.rle fl quick tour of the shopping qua.rter in ,nice . He then spent Rbout one hour trnvell-ing by launch nround the cnna.ls , and especially the Grano Cr,.nal. HE. stopped off for a ft1w mjnut .,s at 86 Area Hq. General Clark r turn.d to the Lido a.irf"'ield and took off at about 1'730 hours, ar-riving in Florence at 1830 . At 1930 hours Under Secretary of War _ atterson, wjth Mr .. Amon Garter , Fu lishP-r of the Fort Worth Star- Telegram, and General T"-;.nscy of the Opera.tions Division of the Wn.r Depar1..,ment arrived ., G ,rn'H'r=i.l Clri.rk met Under Secretary Patterson at the Florence airfield and c1rove him to his headquarters where h, entertain,d his :iistinguishcd guests for dinner . After dinne.!r Gcmernl Cl~trk conferred with the Under Secrefa.ry in his of fice for two hours . Messrs . rPtterson , Gflrter nnd Gt~nnrnl Tans Jy then J."eturn .,d to the Hotel Kx:ct1lsior for th, night . General Clark today received the following letter from G~neral Trus cott rc~garding the French situation in 1forthvrest Italy: n1 . I am transmittinp; her .,vd th a r eport b;v my G-5 , Brigadier General · Hume , on a personal inspection durin~ the r,ast t ~ro or three days in th area in Northwest Italy at rres nt occupied by Fl"'ench troops I think it is obvious from this report that political m:.,gchinations are involved, looking toward the annexation of some of the corununes or .rovinces adjacent to the Franco-It:=ilian border . In my opin5on this rnatter should be rre "'." sented on the hi~hcst level with a view to attaining the withr'rawa.l of the Fr~nch forces in accordance with the SHAEF directives , if thnt is to be accomplished ., General Fume is 8VBilable for amplification of this report _ in p rson , if that is desired ~ "2 . ln my message, Ref . Fo . 1679, I reported the r .,sult of a visit from my lia:r-son of'ficcr, Golon.-1 Cpnway, to the Fr .. nch headquarters. u 3,, General 7'Jorbert, Chief of Staff to Gen ,ral Doyen, visit ,d Fifth Army Headquarters 1:J dn sda7,r 9 nay for a conference with G .neral Carle ton . In thi conf '"'rencJ he Rtrted that French troops had receivec1 orders to withdraw and were awaJting confirmetion b;" th~ir government 4> He proposed tha.t , since the Fifth Army rnj_ ss · on involved the occupation of northwest I ,aly., one of two solutions Je ~mployed: �~ W,, advance to t French forces . 1e lin no•.•1 occupied by 1 ,.ading elements of , r ,. complete +_,h ·occupRti on i;rithout regard to the fact thr-it French troops nre alrea.d,r in the flrea . J He favor d 'l,he linL occupj cd by leading el ments of th, French forces RS the 1 · ne of demflrcation Gen.,,ral Norb ,rt also :0roposed to Gvn ,:i."al arL,ton t :nt T· moot G ,.noral Do:11_,n in 7urin, vri h honor ards nnrl consj_derr.b le fan are Th_, rea on ad.vane d hy G rierPl ~Torhert 'fa the fact thr,t the French hnd 1ecm eomp(1ll~d to co11G to Turin to sign th , Cflpi~ulation of 1940 to the Gr,rmans r11d Itr_lians and thr..t such a m, tin') muld r .,mov the sting from th~ old wound . Gen~rPl Norb,rt en-.eavor ,d to .,mphasizc that this propos ,d mcet1 nr: in ':i'urin ·muld e a mMting of olch ..,rs or t e purpose ind:tcrted and would h~ve no .connection with politics . Obviously from our roint of vieY1 sucri a me .,ting muld be a grent mist _kt-, . I hRve lrected tha.t Generr-1-1 Do~,,-en 1e inforr1 d thnt I '~•j_ll be v ry hap y to ri ,et him · on the Franco - Italian order or at his om h adqur1r ers , or that I 1,ill e very lad to rec ,ive Mm at my head uarters . · It seems obvious to m., that any meeting und r any otht,r con itions vrnulc] be a s rious mistak on o Jr rnrt since it is quite evident th French er, endcavorinr{ to tac . a.dvantap;e of the rr ...,sence of Am ,rican forces to su Jport d vious political an~ terri torinl Pnbi tions ., 4., I am continuing ·"he occuration of l orthv1 · ItP..ly Gen ,rel Hume informs me that· he has already infiltrat__,d a numb r of AJIG officia.1s into the district aml t ~t more ar,. on the vra"' 11 11 Gen ral Clru."' c toda. r rerlied to Gen ral Trus co' t by th f ollovring ca 1 : Y u ·will follow th lin__, o.!'l action i ndic.•:ited in rnragraph J_ of _ ove nee letter, taking all practicable stv s o encourag French witha to tl1 F. anco-Italian orr er ut j n any ca.s , "'rou should esta lish frontier contro on the I talie.n side of th ., ' order Rs you h;- v, aJree.dy b""~n instruc ,d in m 111.-ssage O 5546. If {ollov in~ this cours., of r-i.ction brin~s you to t e point 1·1here hostiliti ,s ::tre thr ,,atened youx troops ,.ill stand f a st and immediate report ril b, mad, to thi he,dqu~r __.rs 11 11 I concur in your r .,fusal to m., t tbt"" French ,:e:neral et Turin. \Jh ,n and if you ~rranr:re o mJet , 1 ith G~n 1·\ 1 DoJ n I dcsir ou to P(1 Vis me in advance so th t ~- may ave a r .,pr •1 .ntativc '"'r m -Lh is h"'edquar·, rs pr ...,sent '"'or · ,he Meeting , 1 T L qu.,. st ion of th ., · i thdro.wP 1 of Frenci1 troo·1 s .oI, om Itnly h:_:i s ,on tak .,n up on th., hi~hest Lvc:1_s I 2 r s_.,nding another m,.,ssng~ top· ld 'b rsha.1 P.l ,xand,"' ~nd will cJo ev ,.rythi g ro0sible to assist : ou n r ,achin~ an early solution to a di ficul t ir'O bl .,m ., tt ·1 Ge eral Clar c r~ported to ~ ield i4.?rshal Al xander by situri. ion in Tforthwes Ital as follrnrrs: Cc 1 to e..y on "l ~h 1s +'~.r J hRVe: no -✓Videnc, thPt G ,.n ral :io~ ~n is ·1 ·:..th ·ravrini; . rench troops from ~ or h7__.st It--ly . H, :i.dvis r1 Fi· Army stf-l+>f o ficer on Pny 7 1 re .11: 1, d ... _., c iv d or ers .c>rom ,,Jth Arm, Group ·Jo rit dr8w to �Franco-Italian fron · i ,r hut wri ._, n;rnd ti·1g conf irm~tio 1 fron French Governm\.,n-L ..., f.'or complying Le pro os, nn ih.t rim solutio 1 thrt . . it er we a .Ve nee to line no .r occupied );T 1 ar in ~ ..,1 ,ments o Fr ,nch forces or that ~Jo advance to Franco-Ifali,:.n f'rontier passinp: t 1rough }'rcnch troops and allowing U 1 em o r .,majn ~:n place . IL r1.,comm~nded ,.,e halt on present line of Fr nch troops . Doyen i- s Chief of Sta·· f on !'/lay 9 proposed Alli ,cl c .:-rvmony i.n Turin .r:Lth Fr ncl1 participatio·;1. Ee stated Fr{')nch had be_,n oblig d to com., to Turin in 19/t0 to sign capiculr-1.tion and ceremony wuld r ,mov. that sting. . will not p ,rmit th0 c.,rcmony to t[->Jr~ place . 11 2 I av --- directed Truscot., to ndvanc as rapidly ·1s rossi )L to th. Franco·•"ft2.lian bord Jr trikinf~ all practicabl stel,o to ,ncourage th Fr ,nch to withdraw hut in any case to ,stP.hlish frontLr control · us . If hostiliti ,s nr thr -~.teiLd b .. ~1--iis act:i 0:1 b~ hes Y en instructed to he ve lns troops s cancl fast . nd to n::1- an i.1JJ ,diat., r~ _ort to his headqu~rter s. 1 J n 3 er ·-ve are a,- ,er1pting Jo move U .. S troops · nto border ar c • as dir..,ctcd in AFHQ ?.1C 7'222[ and FX 724"1 ·.nr~ to sta'tli~h A.I Gas rnpidly as poss·1 le . lhil . +,he •r Jnc troops on t:1e 0 round 11:r-. :xvr ,rLl. cor liPl to om· troops, the ..,rogress w are ma .inf~ is not sntisfq.ctorJ bec;:ius., of priss~ive in,,t'.,rfe:cence __ rom Fr.,nch h . y hav·, orge,niz rorc" hloc}rs on Jrey rout ·· and T'1R. fo it v .,r;.r di ,..ficuit for adv of om· tr o s . r,ruscott considers th!lt unfo tunc1. incid . nts rill if ou- ( dv...,nce is rush~d, arid I concur 1 J 1t i- _ n Cr'!'n:~ area Fr .. nch ,,Lm ,nts Dl" stimu'_Ptin1 op1L-r pro French c emonstrations l!'rencb flags ar., rromin ,ntly cd splayed am1 local Cammitt .,e ha. s order ~ct Itali'l n lags ta ~ n do1:v11.. Forms r-irc b ,ing d ·1str:tbut ;d 1/) for signature urging ann.,xatio.1 of nrea by France . Fr ,nch he v,__, or ''er, 1. It..-lie.n to accept trenc. currency In some instances one franc is given for one lir, to in.flu ntial civi1ians . Si UPtion in.AOSTA area is genern.11 tLe same . hny Itqlrn.n pn.rtisa he ve e.;(pr .,sse · their rem 1 iness ·co fight Fr nch if necessar, • s "5 I a 11 not 1mdul alarmed ov ,r this situntion )Ut it is rot .nt-'o..lly \ dangerous . I am confid, t t . 1.n,t th, Fr ,ncb ,vil_1 not . . ngagc in ar ..ci conflict with T • S .. troops. r:a.ny of th, loc2.l C01"1""1 ,nc1 ,rs s ,rv .,d un' ,r rn, • n t 1.., Fift 1 Army and r f ,,r w:l.+,h ·"'rid , to thn nssochtion vhcn our lJ Hison office,rs vi,·i.t French units. Howev,r I clo riot lvw-, complet, co trol ov ..r tie ItFtlian r2.rtisans e.n, ::.ncidcnts 1-et,,e n th n anc1 Fr ,,nch troops mR·r occur at r.ny time v1i h unfort,m: t., r .. sults . If th .re is . ny additional pressure i 1/h_· ch ca11 e brouc1 ht on th . French Gov rmr1 ,nt vO s ,,cur , a.n imm ,diate w1 thdrawA.l . urgent , r ,comm nd that such action h . tak~n . n 'S . r ,nc forvrrrd .,lemJnts no, occupy th ,· ✓ n .ral linu PP.E ST DIDIF,R , _)tr"' 10I1'~HO SAL3ERmRPi. AIGUILL c3 (FRAJCZ) 0RGO d DALi ffi XIO, ·m, ~s, ~, ~\ff1JfiJC'rLIA , with l .,ments approximately 10 1-:ilom ,ters east of th 'T ~~-7 I ·IGLIJ\ ROAD . 11 cmmo, 1 * * * FLORBNCE-- 1AY 12, 1945--G n Jral Clro. .1r rnet Under JcretPTJ att rson, r~r . Cart r, G, 1 ral 'T'Hnsey, G ,n .r2.l Chidla · r>nd Colon ~1 Groe;, n at th., Florence 1 �( ( ( �a1rfi ,ld wh re they took off in Seer ,tary Pc tter•--on' s C-47 for Fj lan et oqo Arrivin , t 1015 th ,:r wer~ met b,r G ,_n .ral Cr:.ttcnb ,rgcr The pc rty th , n ove to th,, cent ,r of ~ 1• L n vh .,r a guard of hon.a·· , ras h ..,ld for the tTnder S .er .,tro\f of , ar ,, 11 h guRrd consi, t .. d .of rin .,ric~ n ~)outh /.\.fricr.n, raz:i.lian Italirm and ·iritish troops .. Aft ,r th., honors had b ,_,n given, t 1 S ,cret~.ry r ,vfow ,d t., gun.rd Tr-i th G ,n ·:,.l ClPrk ., G .n ,n:i l Crittenbcrgl_.r th ,n took Lie rr·nder ecr ,tnr G ,nerR 1 Clf-lr: an,1 pc rt;v on t1 fort -five minut sight-st~ in:, tour of Nilrm r, At lM.5 th .,y arriv1,d IV Cor} s Heedqu,.._rt..,rs in Milan v.,rher.., G .,nera l ritt-nber :,er introduced t.., nd.,r S ,cr.,tHry to th following t ivisional comnn.nders: Gen___,ralAlmon , Gcner~l Bale, Gen.,r~l D.nL,ls G.,ncr:=il Ut:Ui, G .,ncral oo 1, at1t G-..,n..,ral JiaSCRrenhR s . rr 1., Under Secretnry spoke to ·he a . . sem' l..,rl g, .n ,rc 1 o .. ficers congrP.tulatin~ h m on their .,r~Rt accom lishment~ hvre in Italy and how proud the p opL int United StAtes 't er~ of th, gr at job the, 1ave don ., G n.,ral Critt nb~rg r th ✓ n Jnt rtained Under S ,cretnry of Hnr Fe.tt ,rson and G ✓ ..,rE'..l ClRrk at c lunch at th, Conti· ntal Hotel in d-"lan .. J'J~yor Grat ti of r'1ilA.n nnd s veral high ran:V.-ing partis n o c>ficiB ls v-r _,re rr ,s nt at th lunch. Irnmedfa.1.,ely ft .,r lunch G Jn.,ral lar1r and J:'GrtY drove to t r ilan B.ir ort rher ., th ,y took off in C-47" s for V~ llafrnncP_ •Th .,r th ,y · were met Pt t , f ~ , ld by G nerP.l Mruscott . Uith G ,nerPl Truscott th~y th .,n drove to the command po t o the Fifth Army , t Veron"' wher.., th Unr1er S er ,tPry r .3 met b a guard of honor ., G nerals K y , Liv say Coulter , la.ys, ? .ndall, Carl ton, _omrd, ullivr-m and staff o •"'f -~ c .. rs of Fifth Army Headquart .rs all as'7 mbLd in .,n .,ral Trw1cott t s conf ,r .,nc hut here they -wer , address .,d bri ,fly b;r the nder s~cr 1tary of War congrntulatinF; t m on the great n ccomplishra ,nt r1ade her , in Ital:r. Imm.,diat,l, ollo, in~ a shot cer,:mony, GJnerel Clnrk wit th Fnrl.er S er ,tary ~,rr . Crirt r , G ,n__,ral T:msey, Colon .1 Gro _ an ., G .,nernl Chidlavr took off _rom Villafranca for ~mice wh ..,re the7 land d at th~ Lido airport . rr ,re the. .,re met b,r _ igadLr Richards , Comma.nding th, -6th Are , who took the party b;-tr la11n ~h on a tour of 1 enice . The r-2..rty too1c off from V ..,nice at 1830 hours , arriving in Flo ence at 19'30 hours General Clnrk entertained th Und ,r S ,cretar~r, rr . Cart r and GcncrRl Tansey- for dinn r this Jvening Gen ral Clark toda:r s .,nt the f'ollovTing message to G~neral Mccreery: lfFi ,ld rnnrshr-i.l Ale.,~anrl"r tocla, sent th., follo ring mes. ag .., to TITO riress· ,g ., begins · HI have been order .,<l JY th" Br-i.tish · nd Unit d Stat ,s gov ,r 1111 ,nts to occur. and ~c1minister th ustrian rov· nces o_ S ·yr:i a and Cr rin-0hin . Py · rooJ s have occupi ,d VillA-ch ·and Klag ..,nfurt and hr v., nact ., junction ii th the .cus..,ian at oitsberg west of Graz . ITy Allied ITilitary Gov .rmnent has "-Jcen proclaim .d and esta. •li..,hed in tl,, c1rca ·rb ich I h~ ve occupi~d . I urn:i .,rstand that on ~qk ,d the alli d 3ov rnm ,,nt. for c zone in Au.., tria to bo allott ,,d to you or occupq.tion on ·1.,. : srm., asis s th0 oth~1 Pllfos . I nm as kin th., Allied Gov ,rnri1ents to tr.1{~ u this question urr ently. 't �( )JJt~' / . ' • ~~~ i ~ ' ' I ~ ' <1,j; ~ ·- ~ )~~ . ( �Meanwhile I ask you to for bid yo J.1"' t.roops o mov ov .,r the Austrian fronti r and to vd thdrau n.n who hav.,, rlr .,ady crossed rrhe pr~s nee of Yugoslav forces in St, ia and Ct1· 5nthia can· only confu;:) th., situntion and make my task mor ✓ difficult You may ely on m to administer th~ ar a impart-inlly and without pre.iudic to any clA.ims you may 'II ish to make lRt .,r to portions o AustriR.~ , I still get r, arts thPt Yugoslav orc_,s ~ r west of the Isonza an.cl ar P1aki g r~quisitions nMr Udin .. I trust thr-t you vdll ord~r the requ-tsitio-:1.in _, to cease im1n__ :1iately Dnd Yill rd thora r these forcJs ILssage ,,nds . " * * * * -NIAY 13 191{,5--At 0~30 th~ G neral drove to the Florence r ·irpqrt to . ay good ye to th_, T der Seer tary of'" Hnr who is leaving thi morning by nlano .or Paris FLORE~TC At 1000 hours the Gen.,rnl, accompanied by G nerc 1 Sa.ltzm:_m, left by C-47 for P.osignono rhere he -ras met b., hi jeep nd r·riven to his ville. in Castiglione ..,llo rhere h ~ sr ,nt the night .. * * *· * 14 , 1945- General Clnrk left Rosig ano y air at approxima In his party were BrigAdier P~chi.rd, G___,nerr:.l , altzmr-in, Lt . Col Short s nior Sout African officer on Gencr<-.1 Clnrk' sta.r-f, and Uss 'Theron dau., t r of Eaj . Gen h;ron, Arlmihi trative Officer of the Jnion Def ,nee 7o~es he pl?n L~nde<l at T,flilnn at about 1000 hour FLOF.ETJC ~-- ,¼Y 11 t .,ly 08.30 . Gen .,ral Clarkt s party was m~t by G~n ral Cri tten Jrg r " They drove through Hilan to the South African Division comm~nd r-o .... -1:, . Here Generr-1 Clark ta.lkc,,,d to Titr Stur:rock, South A''rican Hinister of Rnilwajr-=, nnd Transportation , and Acting Hinist,.r of Defense , and also Lt Gen . Sir 1-i rr . . Vf:n R;meveld, Chief of Staff, Uni n Defense ~ore s., ;sides other mcmb~rs of th ir pP.rt.r. General ;lark, aecompani d y G ;n rc.l I oole , Divisional Comnandcr, and th~ oth~r distinVJish ,c1 visitors th n drov.., to th, Autodromo, Milan s famvd race trac_.. . Here th ,r., ivas n. full-sized gc rd of honor , Pnd repres ntativ, detc chnLnts from all the units in the division. ,mre draun up on rprade . Som, our b~ 1 L --ron units of t 1e r ivision 1vcre 2 lso on parade . Aft .r r~n~r, 1 CL: rY Pnc Mr Sturrock hP.d in Sp ct ,a tr., guard of honor t.-1~,r -~ i'\T8S r>n imrrossiv~ decorction C ,r~mony in vhic some thir ·..-r or'd rri.,mb:.rs o-r> th, division receiv ,d m .ricr-m v;ards for gall[rntr.,r rtnd m~.,r:itorio 1s s ~rvic • Frincipc· 1 a I ong thes ... was th .• a ·irr>rcl .o f the 1~ ion 'Of 1 ri t , Degree of Gomaande . . , -Lo Gen. "'f . E . H. roole , Commander of th., hth South Afric;=m Armor ,rl Di vision . -Aft..,r the decoration c .. r ✓mony, the entire division drove past the , nlu ing · as This was a most impressive sight A.nd took some two hours in all . 0th ,r high rankin.e o·rficers P.t th, cer .. mony w__,r . G ncrE>.l mruscott, G ,nerril Th"'ron rind G .,n..,r" l Bolte . Follo~inp; thr-? c~r ,mony, G .. n ·r.., 1 Pool . ..,nt~rtained th .. ~u sts to '"n op .,n-air llmch ,on in the lovely grounds of thl'!! Ro. ml Palace . Aft . .r hmch (} ,n1,ra.l Clark d ov., back to the air i .. ld anr~ fl .w to Rosi~Rno , arrivine a ou-t 1700. �Duxinq · e coPl"'se of th, da,r G .n rnl Cl~rk a.loo r "t Colonel m.tteo , P· rtisan lertd.r ir IilF.n 1ho had r centl,"" bJ.,n ~ "ignrted C :iJ f of Staff to G~nerc: 1 Jrirdona 1 G ,n .r,., 1 Clr .r I c... toda~'" cr-1.bl .,d G n ,ral r"cGreer"; as fo11ows ~ "1 1 ressur on Tito is no'~ einc; transferred from th military to the gov r ·11:1 ,ntnl 1~ v , ., ' . . ndin.c ac io-1 y ow.~ gov .rnn nt s r-ipply no rnili tar; rr ,s .,ur · tn but con fin our r ef'.linP's vri th him r-md l i,... orces co11c rff11 ., ·· - ... ; "'. r RTrnnJi m nts incid ,nt ·e,o elev loping < d ,--::-------------.---;;;-:;----· i ,ste to A.ustr · a The R of ·y-u~osl v .1.. ore s in kt s·crL is covere . L c~. r I l, 11 2 You 'ihould t< le steps r.nc1 ma.k, arr "1gem~nts , o tl rt hofft,.: l i L.s involving . .,.our .. orces and thos of YugosJBv1 can only occur tbroup;h r "'Ult of c: t·jac on ym.ir forces b: th~ YuE;oc::<l2vs "3 In so far r n pr, ctic ble you qhould confine nl1x· troors in contact :ith :Cu ;oslav,3 to nritish d S 01 c s You Pr , ( uthoriz ,d to us 'Tew Z aL 1d cr·oops in contact wit Yw.,.osl[1vs .Y * * * FLOR ~rTCE- T'tA.Y * "'81 left his vill::i at Ca::n,ig ion} is h .,adqunr in lorenc , erriving t l.100. lar ~, ir~m ;diat ..,,ly upon 1is return cal . ,d meeting o an Brann , r--ate c 1r1 Colon 1 Smi t:r with r ,f ,r .,nee ,ost · o th vi.cin: ty of Bolsano ., ce'ilo and hours G nerP.ls nru.,n co m11 ving th., .At 1?30 J'fr Br:· vi h } olitical Advis r on Austr--t r n Affairs , cam_. . o c nd remain~d for lunch At 1 ~00 hours th., Gen rel a·ct ,nd d a w dd. n~ , tl,, _nglo. can Hot 1 of r1iss Ross i'o .,11 1 .'\.m ,ric n R ,d Cross to Lt Col Robert Ra , Ar ·illel";'l .. ction) Fi t} l\.rmy ~·he Gen . . rnl ;---ve th., 1)rid~ nw2c anrl d d t 1 r ,c.., tioa n.nf dinner " * * NfAY 16 1911-5,la1·k arriv d at is h ,::idqmn·t ,rs at 900 ·1d at 09~10 l 1iss 1, .,· , y,j tish :)hr-> ~ s .,r:i. n a ,tres--: 'ho as be ,n entsrtaining Souti1 Afriean troops h .,r, in H,qly,, cam Lo ay h r rsp ,ctA to G n :ral Cl?rk At 0930 G~nerql S .,vin, Fr nch R(i-;rres ntGtive to the Alli d Control o-·,mispim c, 11 to s e n- 1 ;r'"' 1 Cl k . t is r1or-nilw; c Au 1000 hours G ,n r 1 1-'ift 1 inp; th C P K n G~n Dis wi m "O ..,omP1r-ind 10 \, at 1111:: hours t Y (} 1nr~ls 1 , Hays, Liv . . say o.nc 1 n .. decor g , ,rvic nquiuh .,d r~ rmd ,rs 1 too of· "Y C-l1i-7 for the ny v Ls to 11 .... h ... ld, n. riv rivr-il nt the cor1r,1rnd Jost G,n,rr-il ~ y ,s , Critt ,nh,.,rp;er , Coult r, nor ·ras i1 d ich lRrr, i Oa L., ~ 1 LJ is 1 Clark c'ecoratc G . cott. ., G n · .:. r1..1scott t_ n is r;. .,n ral Crittenb rger ru cot gun.rd " �J divisional conr·k..nders - Gen ... rals Coult ,r , Hr-i.ys L:i.v~s~w , Kend 11 Pnd Bolte . A:."'ter th c ,r ,mon G ,n .,ral Truscott ntert~iru3. th, vn rRl o fie rs at a uffet lunch :i.n his conf~r ,nee ~1Ut 0 Immediatel. a t .,r "lunch th Gen .rP.l fl ,TT bP.ck -to his comw1nd rost in· Flor .,nee, nrr i vi ng Ht 1600 hours T e J ,n,...r!:' 1 sp .,nt th :ccmri ind ,r of th .• afternoon in his of·,...ice , r turning to his villa at 1830 At 19 O General Clark with G nernl Grwmth .,r , attenrl ed a cocktail partv given b,_ Briga.dier ac. '"nrd nnc th _, members of th,, "A 0 1 'Icss . G.meral Clark s citatlon for his Or-tk Leaf Cluster Service f.iI de.l reads as follows " o the Dist··_n 1ish d [/\,JlK W CLARK 05309 , G n ral H~nd .uart rs Fifte nth Arr:r Group , for xc~ptionall~y m ,r ~ ,or:i ous service in a dut:r of t1re t r sponsi iP ty in Nort-1 Africa and I P.ly ram 5 ,Januar;v 19/+3 to ~J · a.y 191+5 As Comm~ndi _n g G ,n ,rnl , ?ift 1 Arr1.y, from 5 Jnnuar, 1943 to lS Decemb..,r 19Li4, !"nr~ as Cor'!r.1 ndin, f1 ,n..,ral , Fift .,enth Arm~ Group rom l'S Dccemb :-r 19/+4 to 2 ~"Y 19/+S , G~n.,ral Cln.rk d~monstr .t ,d ,xtrf-lo dinary v ,rsatil..;ty a:'1.1. unif'orml sup rior [:',bili ty ann 1 ,ad rship as org!mizer , administr[l.tor , nd combat lea ,,r In Janunry 1943 h, organiz d th, Fifth Army in riorocco and imm dfa.t ly 1m("'e too. 71:th consp cuouu succ ss he mission of Pdministering the territories of Jforocco n,11(:1 w~st ,rn Algeriri , trr.ining mrny units for combat in Tmlisia and r;u sequent campAi~ns ,. and 1>rovidin-'s ef n iv m a surcs age.inst rt possibl.., t ,,rmnn invRsion o S anish Tiorocco . H,, com.mand d the Fifth rmy in t , invas10~1 of Ital~r at Sal rno on q Sept nber 1943 , nnd successfully achi ,,v ... c1 th .., limdings in spit, of strong and "et rmined German resistance , ·.rhich :> 'av ,ly thre ten~d th ,ir accomplishment Unc' r his insptrh1g LL cLr~hip his forc..,s quickl, seiz d th initintiv ' rov~ t ,rough t1, mounta· ns ~7ij ch fa.; 1:) we.:-n Sal ,rno an ··h ., vitally imr,ortant port of ~fo,ples anc captm---~d that c~: t;r within hr ✓ w eks of lan i g ., 1 7 en his ~urth ·.r 20..vanc _, nor -nm.rd was obst- uc:t .... ~ ~,. a cor~ ination of sev r, wint r cono ··tj_ons ancl heavily fortifi .,d moUt"1.tain d _ ,ns ,s , he planned and e:ccutcd n, . lan { amphi ious attack at Anzj o and pcrsonall, ciir ,cter t e de ~nse of thai., eac h ,ad aga: nst de err:1in d nemy attacks in large force to dislodge it .. In th" o-ffensiv-.., of MRy 1943 , h, eYhi i ed ext aordj nary tactical g nius in th planning and d., fo.·i L-d d5.!' ,ction of coordinat:~d attac-s from th, Garigliano and Anzio fronts uhich r ,sulted in a major def . . At of the opposin~ German ·"'orces v ho \~ ere driv ,l1 from Rome and fore d to r .,treat nor-th of 1e Arno River . IL l~d the Fift Army north o~ th., Arn in an off .,nsi v which hro ., the.: G ,rmans 1 strong ,st Italian def~nso positions , th., Gothic Line in the Appennine Range . rpon assuming command of th0 Fifteenth Arm~r Group, c coordinat ,c so thoroue:hly t e Allied cnmpon . . nts , consisting of AY! ,ricr-m, '3ritish , Canadian, South Africans ~T~n Z ,a.landers , Indir-m Arm:r mroop, , Fr1'nch en , Pol~s , rnzilians ., Palestinians a.nd Itr, lfans, that in he spring o.ffensi v..,, "ll• ich b gan on April 9 1941> the Fifth rind ~i "htb A.rmies under his corrmand achL,ved in thr t, 'leeks th . cles.1-ruction of' th . . G ,rman : orces in It-:i 1.. and forced t 1e ir unconditional surrender General Clark t s foresight , tacticr 1 an( r-i.c ministrative abili t: leade~rship c .ncl p~rsonal courrv,, hr vc throur;hout this ntire perj od be .,n so con.::,pi cuous thn. t th... hav p:r·ovider a cont ·i i1uous inspiration to all his su1 ordinc.Ls an rssociaLs . oth as Co me.nder of 11 1 �i ") -- l II J the 1 ifth Army and of th, Fifte .nth Army Graul hL , cl-:i ,v Jd r markf-1,bl _. success · n producinc; hnrnonious toa war { ,_.m n ~ th c iv ..,rs AllLd troops un er is command uho were at all tim-.-s imp,11,d to follow his l,adership and to work tog th,,r coop ,ra ti v -.-l;r vowe.xd t, com11on goc: 1 upon rhic}, ·1., k ,pt theil attention 1 nsw~rvin ,1:.. • fixed H-i,... ?.Ccomplishments hf)Ve reflecL,d g-rea t er c it upon his country ancl hnve eon o 1ne stimable value to t 1 ___ United. TJations in th-, complet defeat of G .,rmany F~ntered th United States I ~ili tar,'" Academy from J,~w York If · G Jneral Clark today ca l~d G ,n ,r 1 r,ruscott as . ollovJs: /~ ( 11 This headquarters has · '!en inform d by SACI!..i:D tlmt it mr-~ _..come necessary ih the imrnediat f'uture o carr.r out op ,rations to ~j ct nar shal Ti o r s forces from Southern Austrrn and all or portions of Horthvast Ttal:,r.. These opnrat~· ons will b conduct d by both r ., .' . and British orces under op .,rationa c01'?Pl~.:t1<l of ,ighth rmy., :!:.t will be ncce,ssary for ◄ ive Army to furnish a r.,inforccd corps of t~:ro poss·ibly three, U .. S divisions including th, 91st Division It is f:ir ✓ ct~d th, t the 10th U .. S i~ountain Di vision be al ,rted for mov nent to th, Udin, , re,a on or after 17 Hay. If r ,quir ✓ d , -:,he '3rd TJ . S Division is not exp cted to be cL.lled forward prior to 1 Sun ., • s:' .• U S. II Corrs ·hicJ.1 :· ill omrnan<l -the U. S . troops in. +,hi o ration ,,fill s nd a plannin~ staff to iiain Eir,hth Ari.y Headqnn.r ers without delay Fi th rrriy ;ill er sponsibl for th, supply of the J. s . troops engPg d in tris op'-'ratio1 . 11 G neral ruscot sent General Clar c the f ollouing letter co day 1ith regard to h.,_s confer nc., with G ,n ral Do, en ;OJrunander of French Troops in i'To thw , t Italy. n 1. Gen ,ral Do~ ,n CoT1Y1Md ,r of th , French Arrny of the Alps , visited my command post at noon , 15 fiia., 194S 4' I r,c ived him with a guard of · honor . Ho was accompani d b:r his D~ --ut:r Chief of .Stnff, a Lia.ison Officer with Cr n0.rnl Doy...,n from 6t Arrtr Group , and an Aid.., de Crimp .. n2 . Tn our conference , I -,gn.n . y pointin., out the t th ., Fr nchItalian ord .,r he.d br:, n d f" n ,d b~ the Cor-ibined C.1:ie fs of Staff as the oundBry between t_1e I e,dite ranean and ~urop .,an Theat rs of Or,~ration; that is to sa:r, · . lin of the former French-ItP...... :L,.,n j, 3i.ris~-Itril:iRn, [l.nd Austrian-Ifo.lian fronti~rs , a 11d had J xn so 0ccept .,d ½;f P.11 Allies concern( d . T 1 , mission of th, Supr ,m~ Alli~d Gommand..,r of the M.,diterrnn ,an mh..,~ter ,. 2.fter defeating th, cn,emy in . is .,a1., ,r of OJ ,r~tions, is to occupy the ·'-.erritor,, ov~r-run :l is ...,rmi s, r'"'-estn.blish la r and ord ,r, 1"lith a vi ,w to return such areas to stR Jlished gove nm ..,nts ?.t th., appropria.t , time . So fa as ·,ror hwest Italy is cone .,rn d , · is mission h, s been P ssigned to Fifth ArIT1, und r 15th Arrn.y Grou '11her .,.for, , n:v· ~.ssign~d mj ssion r .. quires me ~o occupy all of forth 11est Itnly and establish mil:tnry gov rnment in all th ., area b ,tw ,en t prese 11t 1oundary J w en th~ Fift ~ and Ei.~hth rmi s nnd those int _.rm.tional boundaries prev.; ously r ferr ,d to . I remr1rked that G~n ...ra.l Do~ n ou _d understand the t , since th,_, area qu stioncd w s part of the zone of action a llocat d to th, Vi ,diterranl")P.n Thea· --..r of Op ra.tions T could erm· t no intorf . . renc .... dth the fr e r-iovc m ,nt of my troops uithin t , area . n 3. !3. • Gen~ral Doyen r pli .d that , for his part , htj hnd complied l �I with all mil ,tary orders he hn.d t, us far received . H, had been as ed t o at ta.cl,. on thv 9th of Apri from is xistin(l' front Hn,, \· ic }, , hAd don • H.., hnd defeat cl t,r e fore'"' oppo'""-l.ng him c~d had pu1:sued th ,m into Italy. Subsequ ,ntly, h h( d b n orderec1 to st op , B.n<l h hPd coripl:i.ed wit .. that order . Fin~.lly, h, hrd ) , .,n ora ..,r .,a by the ?th Army Group to vith raw his forces 1 om Italy to the French- Italirin fron t ier .. IL hfld not complLd with th t ord r inasmuch P..s h b lived it imno~sibl, , under th circ1.: m tances , for an ii'rench G--n . . rRl to con ly Ti th such an order without reference to his Gov ,rnm,,,nt . Gfl')ner~l Doyen , th ,,r.efor e , ,;as awai tin~ confirmP.t1.on by his Gov rnm ..nt b ,fore is suing any ord~rs for th,.., withdrawal of his troops from Italy. / \ _ Gtm~rc1l Doyen w nt on to say h, felt he should explFiin th~· reasons b ..,hind t he .i: r~nch occupat: on of It_ 1 His troor:J Y.,re comros d of nativ ,s of 0avoie , D;:iuphin ... , , nd th, Pnri time Alp-s .,se p .,opL h.Pd b cm subj .,cte-d to the hur1iliation of the It lfan rirr:iisticc t ,rms of 1940 and to the subsequent occu1a.tion by Italian troops . Th'"" unpleasant m,mori evok .d in French m:nds by · h, Itn.li:r>n o cu_ Rtion stj 11 surviv s Consequently, :.n th., minds of th ,)ord ,r peopl , , it is but simpL justice for French t r o ops to occupy ItP.1 · en territory in tb ., sam.. c.. nner th "t Italj n.ns had occupied Fr ..,nch territory und .r s:Lmil.'1.r circumstanc s . Gr,neral Doyen also stat .,d t lPt all Frenchm n consider d that Frc nee ,,as ':ntitl d to r .., :ara :,ions from Italy- for damage done . H, hast .n d to point out trc t al though t e Italian occupation h;_::i_d res lilted in som , unpleasant inci6ents bet-rrecn Itoli, n soldi rs ~md th,, F'r,,nch populat~on, the conduct of his m n troops ~n tal, had b ~n entirel,r correct -in all r sp cts an<.:; it vras m tt .,r of consid .rabL ·rride to him thf't this h, d be n ~o 0 • tt4 . I stat..,d thr-it J couln. not di cuss or settl., any ri_u,,stion of as it ,.,ras obv·i ous y 2-. m tt~r to Je trcP.,t ,d ".t tl1-- p ace tabl~ , in conferenc, with all the AllL:il nations . How,,ver, my militPry miss~on r majned cl ar and I emphasized that this mission obliged me to occup, the entire ar ,a to th , 1 ormer Frenc - I tP.lian frontier; th~t :in vi .. w of G ,nerrl Doy n t s stateP1ent r -la.tiv., to withdrc. in~ this would n ,c s sitate my pl cing deta0hm,nts Ghroufsh an 1 even Jn rear of Fr,nch troops disposed in Italy, thnt my mis ion r~quir, m to set up Alli ,d mili tP.ry gov rnm.,nt throur;hout this ar~a of resrons,bilit.y_ including those ar as in taly no._r.r occupied y F'r nch militar. p .. rsonneL I request"'d G..,ncral Doy .,n to coop .. rAt., with m so thPt I mi~ht f'ully C<. rr, out my assign ,d mission s o that no unt oward incidents rn~i gh affec in the lea.st 1 ,grM th , tradit."..oMl French- Arn~ric.:1n frien hip of long st~nding . r rarat::" ons 1 , 5 G~n .ral Dob ,n r~pli ..,d that hf!! could assure m, there 7ould be no int .,rfercnce whntever lrr Fr .,nch troons to the eyccut · on of t his mission . ' H,~ saict it uas o½viously irn.possi )1 . . for him to acv ·1it ·1out furthr-:r guidance fron his Gov .,rnmvnt ut · hRt h, exp ,cted to see G n~rr.l .Tuin shortl., and would discugs th., ntire matter with him . He h::-id ev ry hope that G.,n ,r2.l Juin would b., abL to obtain a solution to the probl .m on a government al leve L. In th , meantir , he request ,d thnt I t:-:ike cognizance of the actual cHsposition of his troops on ItrdiPn soil n.nr p .n'm:it th ,ir freedom of clrcnlati on and administration . 11 ; n 6. of J:t rench I r ,plied that my troops '.rnuld not int rf ..,re with the movem .,nt troops nor rmy Alli ,d troop;; • thin tl , nree so long s such I �rnoil1 ment~ did not im.,erfere with the full accomplishment of my mission and that it nould be necessar for G., ern.l Doyen to insure t:be.t French t roops · interfere in no wa:r ~lfith th:,, fr .c rnoVE,men of my p ,ople .. Gene r .al Doyen :replied t c..t he hr1 d alreR.d, issued orders to ·1., is .ffect and wmJld personally insure th;:;rt th y w re carried out . I ..,mphri.siz d ae::,in that it was my responsibilit, to estB.blish milit;tr·r gov ,rnm .nt in th area and - [It my M-:G personnel must be , .llowed free access o c 11 places ,..rh re th ;, were r quired to go . 11 7 1◄ inally Gen_.rnl Doyen ask .,d m to co:i1sider th., que!3tion of passage rights for c rtain French p,nm nts in tl t, l font Genis area to graz., their cattL in w. iat is now Itr-il · an t rritory r.rhc history of this particular r gion is described bri ,fly as follows : On tlD ann --cation of Savoie by th Fr ,nch in 1P-6o the . pres ,nt Fr nch - ItR.lic .n fronti r W8.s established However , the Sllvoirird Hho inhP.hit . . o the Ta.n slebourg (Riv~r Arc) A.11 y wer, in the habit of ~razing th ,ir cattl on t 1.c plate2u sou.th of Hount C ,nis aD.d this tr ..,y .md continu ,d' to do , b ine e;t."'anted full passage righlts across t 1~, 1-)ord ,r . This pr~ctice continu0d until 1937 1hen · those peRsants holdin~3 property in t 1 r gion l1ad tho· r lands , expropriated y the ItBliPn deer . . s of 1937-1939 Il1fl smuch P.S none of tl 1 is ..,xpropriated pror~rt:r hti.s ever be n p::iid for by the Ital:irm Gov . . . rnmen , ·he Frenc{l Gov ,rrun nt has never r cogn~1 z ~d the legality of the -two deer . ,s and has dcclar c. them null and vo:_ · r14e pcasPll"Gs involved hav v ry little n..,ans of livelihood ano. ar b::i:ncaJly deT'endent on their fe.rms and cattle for their 1,x:tstenc • (} ,n ,r'"'l Do:ren then rropos ..d two solutions to th"' problem . 11 irst , that the frontLr out osts (Am"rican) be rrainta~.n as at pr ,mmt )Ut thP.t som, form of laissez - pass .. r ½e re cogniz .,d P..nd issued to t e ffl.T 1 rs , form,r o,•rners of pasturi:, land in Ital.. for the pm·pos., of o.llov ing t .. m to introduce ca.ttL on their forme1 holdinps to graze th .,reon; or, s~cond to i thclrc w our . rontLr gu.R.rr1 s to the south ast .,rn ,nd of th., -rlateau in qu~stion ?nd allovr the farmers free circulation w1 th thc1r flock in thnt . - roa . 1 rr s. I r .,plL. d thAt I could not nndor a d cj sion on a point of jurisdiction involving Pn intnrnation 1 ,J01m.dnr,_r tbnt it •·.-,s plain thPt the F ..diterrrmean Theater of Op"ratim s limits , as n1reafiy rl fin , could not be alt r _.a 7 oca1ly nor could J nsvr ... r th ")roposal . nde y G~n0rR . Doyen . ov,~ver , I agreed to t ri. ~1smi t Gener c 1 Doy.., n' s rropo a l and ace mp .. ny:ing man t roug t 1c Cor1manding ,n ,rRl., 15th Army Group to th~ Supr mJ Alli ,d Cor-1rnander of the r1 ,di• err~n~n.n ':'}i~( ter wtth a request fo_,. o. c-cis:i on on his ,conomic cri•"'is in that rec • "9 .. Since the attitude of th, Fr .. nch rrulitary hns be .. n to disclaim conn .,ctj on i-vith the political Rcti vi ti ,S fo'lrinf plac in hat ar .. A, I did · not rais ,. th:i. .q question with GenerP.l Doy,_.n I Pm of th,, oriinion th. ,t w can bes· control thnt by cstahl i shmng olU" mm A.PG p~rsonncl throughout the area ., rr General Clr1rk today cabled G ,ner .1 f/cNarn y B. '"'ol lows: Bascd UJon unconfirmed information thPt J.at,1r al communicntions in the Innsbruck ·area LIO t e Jalzburg ::1rea e;,ist Pnc resent plPn to com~ lete communications tueen "(l _rona and lnnsbruc ~- by Juno 1 , it is now cstimr,te·d th t 15t Arri Group can ssume op~r~tiorKll control :mt not administrati v, control TJ .. S., and French forces in Austrir:_ on or , 1out June 1 . 11 ;f I �:, +"'irm dat can be giv n . Additional j 11 ormntion is ... sired efor., mission is requ t .,d to r vi- 'VT this .stima:t. on 21 Th., . 11 C, ·>E- ~.t * Per- * FLOR.E JC"'1'--T1A.Y 17, 1911.5--Gcm..-ral Cur··,. arri v c1 at his headquarters at 0900 hours this norning . At 1100 hours th Gen .,rP.l took off for Ros." gnano by L- 5 wit his aide and c~rov .. cir . . ct to his villa at Gastiglioncello . In the R. · ,rnoon Gener 1 Grucnther anrl Colonel Porter ar.dved for a s ·rim and for dinner Today G ,1LrR.l CJErk recJiv .,d 8 rn ssagc from the 'fr.ir D_,prirtment ord ring him to r~turn to the ·rni ted Stat s to c:1.rri vc in Chicago on Hay 29th rh,.,r., a celebration would ., lLld in his honor Grmi..,ral Clr:rk caol d Gener J1cC. e .,ry as follows today. HAmplL, in;;; instructions con-·ained in my SGS 3qq and SGS 399. 1- .nd;.. of rres--.-nt _overnm .,ntal n got;j: tions w~th Yu:,oslnvs, you rill avoid entc.ring into an._ si~1..,d B.fs!'e r1e1t with Yua-oslav corm,. nrl rs . You vnll continu., vr:i.th the occupation of areas in V~nezia. Giulia whic you now hol , And ,,hie 1 ar ., necessary for the dev _..lopm_.,.nt ond op~rri.tion of your 1 of C from Tr-i. ste o Aus ria The port of Trieste will 1J used to ma.int, in yom· forces ·o hv ext ,nt vr" ich locr1 situ, tion ,(\:rnits . ing outcor:, 11 In Austria you "ill continu.., to occupy ~tour assigned zone subj c to sue _ local ag::i... . G'"'m---nts ul ic~ you n1-:: ,, wi t . , 0 ov :· t;) 11 ( * * ...,f:t * FLOR'::} CE-- ~:A~[ le-, 1945--A 0' ·15 th.., Gon .. rnl his vil. a nrrivL1g 2t --he Rosi1no.rw 3Jrrort at 0 30 wh,,r 11 vas mJt J, his C- /{,7 . G ,nera Tc. wj uh Colon ,1 nt T\.,il, G-4 Fifth ArE1,_r, ·rcr., ·.aiV n for G n ,r;-i ClRr c a ., t 1e f5 _,ld rnc ·o ,et _ r they too.<: off' for C, s,..,rta for a SAC Poli ticc 1 a. i ta:r•y conf ere nee ~n , Gvnvr, 1 P rriv ,d r.t Gas ,rtR at 1015 . Go 1 • lPT' :e conf .T:red uith G .,n..,rr 1 ·1c1fa:rney u·n tll 1030 an0 th ,n att ..-nd _,c 1JL conf r .,r1c until 1230 . A-..,t .. r thP. conf· rc..ncf, G,.,ner: 1 n1ark tPl.< _d wi . Gr-me r .1 rrcm,r-1. .,y un· il l?.4.5 n.m t 1 .,n lune 1.,d ~ s G..,n .,rnl rTcNarn0y 1 s guest Jir .. rn"ry .r;flor Scripps-Ihm.rd; I Hjor G n .rnl ~'1' .,lson, "'h ,jo G n ,r0.l I .,nc.:.. , 13ri[_;ac.ier G,. n ,r~.l PacGrudcr ~mr ., al ':30 gu., sts of Gen .. ral T1c 1'Ia.rn _,y for lunch 4 J., l\.fJ:,er lunch G neral '"'lar< m.,·J r11r . nffie a.11d Lt . Col. Charles ThBy.,r , ex b ..,ad of O":S in Yur;oslavia anc, to :Ji:, h~ad of ffiS i.n Austria . They drove with him to ·} te airport wh r , they bade him gooclbye . G .ncral Clark fL\v ack to osit;nano arid drov to his illa at Castiglione llo , arriving 8t his villa at 1630. G_mcrrtls .orann , McI7ahon n.nd Colonel Grogc:m cane for the aft rnoon ru1d v •ning ., * * FL RB .. J , - IJAY 19 1911-5--At 0900 ours General :7tosig.:1ano to Florence . The GunEffPl srent the ferring with P1err1 ~rs of hi ~,tr._::.:·r and wrking At 1?30 Gen rn.l Doy m, o~ 1ri-andint?; French troo1 * Clark fl .,w in Ins L 5 fro1 norninf:; in his office conon accumulPt d p:i,rers s in Jorth,1 .,c:•t It, 1 ", and �1.· s Ghi~f of Staff , Gen :. cal l,or crt cnm ·o p.qy th...,ir resp cts to G ne~. al Clark and o discuss th . . militai--y situa.tion A ;) iard of honor \ s h ,ld for Gt;n ,:r[11 Do,y-en aft .r which G .n .,:cal Clark ,o :lferr d 7i -h him in 1is a · fie for h, .lf an horn.~ ,1ef ore lunch . r he 1} ~ner&.l t,h~n ent ,rtaine GenLrB 1 Doy .,n anc"1 his Chii.,f of :)t;iff for lu:1c • G n ,r,, 1 Loyem 1 ft ir m,__,dia t . . ly after lunch , and G~no:r-. ___ (; lar1r too1: off by L-:3 for Cr stiglionc lo At 170 ours Gen Jral Caul t ~ arrivud at Ccistiglionc~llo to spvnd. the nig it ith G ,n~rel Cla:r-k Lt Col 1;ygaarc1, .·ajor Qc-iw..-.ld , th G n n,l s L 5 pilot and Lt Essri.r~r vLr, c: lso r;uests at -1~1 villa for th, night . Th, Gen.,ral saw· t½,.., film urrwo Dovrn and · n To Go 11 and T·etired earlJ .. G JLr~.l la.rk cnbl~d FL,,ld l1nrshal Alexa: c,er ns confer nee 'lith G .n "o.l Doy n .. ollaws ollo"ing his 11 R .fercnc.., Frvnch situation in i'Jorthwest It, .ly. I compLtcly cone lI' in : our vj_eus as :cp. ·ess . esterd'"'.: 1.,hn t t." , Allied gov ,rnr1ents should mak~ strong r ,pres .nta ,io1ls to th Freme Governm ,nt · 1th -. vie,.,.-, to r.i.vlng Fr,..,nch troops 'I:i.thdrawn · rom t 1~~ at t----- earliest rosc•ibl dnt "Cr era.l Doy n , Conmanding Frnncl). Arni of Alrs , visit d He eXJll~in ,,d th< t "i"'rcnch ~roo:r.1s VI --~' s ..,riousl.r c ~ ,aVi·o.:.nt d to stop ad vane , in ::. al Just , s vb ~Y uer , , . Jout -r:,o .,~4 loi s · atec ·t,J. at rrestiie, and honor of 7 r r1.ch ArrQJ r -1.uir ,s thr-it re u:ir .d to vri ,hc1:caw from I ,aly at tl ~s ti nc . I~ said thr,t ( me 1e:r, todr.y. '.·Jh ,n r ,qu1r .d victory. He Fr ..,nch not e h., f .lt quit, certain t at no qu.,stion of ann ,xation of It,,linn t ,r::eitory was involv d . At on stPo;e h sugg,st,d th2t instead of hPvfog Fr-.,nch troops ui thdra,-r h f Jl1., thPt American troops sl1oulo .crJ.v., rrn.y -.,o .,rmi1., ~'rench to occurv 1ro-ger area I to d hin I ras c ,rtain t _is ould nev :.r be a~ e1cd to . "It is p rf ctly s.ppa.r nt to m~ th t F'r ncl troops ill rem2 in g ,,ne rr lly in th~ir pr s ,,nt rosi d.ons :i.n I n.l~r f'or som · i 11., ·rhiL th~ situa tion is being discus'3 ,d on , ·overnmentnl levels . J k.. flrn,rhile vrith tv:o cor:1J'1' n- · d~rs in th.., ;:,ame ar .n and troors thoroughl:r mixed the s t up is unsatisfactor:r . In spite of drastic ord ,rs issued bf all corunr .nc crs cone .. rn .d to prevent incidents , ,...ome arc li2bl.., to ta1'"e pJFc"" , f'[irt~ cul,:,rly in vi w of r,,. im':'lrnnr1abl., :'rn.nco-Italian r •lr-i.t:i onship HTJntil th ,roblern is ~ ttl ,,cl by th, governn,,,nts I r . . corin..,nd thrt you consjd~ t~J,.in~ st., 1;:J to hcve F'r..,nc1 trooJ,s nm'"" J_n tal.., plr.ced und1'r op·,rationPl control of 15th Army Group . I in turn 1Tould attach th 1n to Fifth Army. his oulcl t .nd to bring order to th.., rrc~ent unsatisfactory s·tu.ation houlrl French troops pnss to my comm nd , it is ny plrm to a~sign t nem a definit., sect or of r sponsibilit .. - v hich .rill avoir th-✓ rresent vrbolesal.. mix~ng of r . S . and Fr .,nch roops AfG activiti throughout \ the whol.., c.r a 1·1ould continue to ·,.. m.,tion unc~er comn:"'nd of Fifth Ar y as the:r rre no1;r . Gen re.l Do? ,n c nsid rs my suo;gestion ,. lo1ic.n 1 on4' , though ho was v .ry car ful to avoid committing his s nior commrmder I in turn made it clear to hi'l1 that the proposal hrid not yet been ref rred· to you I d:i_d not dis cuss the AHG angl ., vrith him . n . I I �l3 . FLORENC --MPY 20 1945--The Gent,rP.l s .,nt th, ..,ntire day at his vj_lla a.t CRstj.glio 1cello G n rr'l Coulter left c1t 0930 in th, morning . At lB00 lOlll', n~neral Clary fl~w h .: ck to th Hcadriu.nrters i his 1-5 a.nd dined out with Gen rnl Gruenth,,r in th, ev ,ning. 0 0p.,,rations Instruction //.9 ms issu..,d oda.r P-_nd reads as follows: 11 1 It r1e.:y becom necesoar;v in th irun dj nte ·"uture to cr>i--ry out opera.ti ons to ,1ject the Yurroslav forces from South.,,rn Austr:t::1. and rom all or a portion of N. i-: . Italy Tht: @b.ject of taking such a.ct/.on .,.ould be to mak 7o.rshal Tito rcclis thrt his a.tt,mpts to establish by force anrl militnr ,r occu a tion is claims to c rtain t ..,:rrj torv e ond th , present fro~nt~- r of Yugoslavia. will not be tol rat d ' · · (I The initial policy on vrh: ch the con:1uct of nrval, 1~_nd and A.ir op, at:i.ons y·:j 11 e bns d i thnt off nsi ve actio .. , i ll b r Jsfa•ict ,d , as f'£1: r: s possihle to th.,. areas in qu~stion. 11 2., u3 From ?_? Ma.l Eighth Army wil l)e rit 9t) hours notic out th~ tasks num ..rated in para 4 b lmr . to cr.rry TAS_(S t1 i!~igh t 4 Army will S ,iz a. Triest b ccupy and ej _.ct th., Yugoslav fore s from such areas in H., 1'; . Ital~r as is necess~r.,. to secure Pnd nrot · ct r,,rivst, , rn 1 th L f C from ri ,ste into Au0tria vie Gorizia Capor tto and o.rvisio c. Es· ablish Anglo-American A ~G in the above areas . d. Ej ct iugoslav fore s from the area occupied by Eighth Army in Austria . 5 a :-~ighth Army rlr.ns ill e based on thi, assumption th:-t there 1ill b . no wi thdrn:vml from Trie (!<te 11 lf6 6 It may subsermentl:r be n ... ces~a.ry to e~~tend the o cupf'tion b Eighth Army over the 1l"ole of V ,nezia Giulia , and in particuJJ r to he port of r oln. .. Thi will e th•·J su .i .ct of a separ te instruction 7 The t king av r of the Tforthcrn '"'ortion of the present 5 Corps , ctor by fol"ces from SIW~F dll be dealt ui th sepri.ra.t~ly. 11 "8 . G O. C Eighth Army will continu., to hnv ~.t hi .1isposal all form .tions and units no,..r unckr his comn['..nd , vith th. addition of the following combat troops : a. S .. Corps Hq vnth n Jcessar;;r Corps troops ntn Div 2 U _o ��3l 2 H. L I. and Lovr1· ) ., ,couts ., requir .cl ~5 T • S Div 0nd MJ\.:·7 'i'O'J" .rRU1. 0 1~ ill b~ mr.>de tWPilable . All troops may be used n.s o., r?.tion~.lly r . . quir d e::,.c .. pt thnt Itr lian G:i:-uppi uill not e m loycd East of the TAGLIAlIC.1 ITO o in AUSTRIA . 1f n9 . Naval support Till be obtained on r ,quest to FC!rALI 11 10 f,1A.TAJ? is nv2 ~ lBbl~ to provide air op .,rations in conjunction with thu a ove op,rations ., "11 . TlL supply Pnd administration of Am ,rican troops und ,r comrIPnd °H~ighth Ar r1-;,r r Jrra.ins a r sponsi_biHty of Fifth Arm • On damand by 2 TJ . S. Corps POL and common us ,,r engin~ .,r stores ·rill be provided by Eighth Army. 11 * * * FLOREHC - fJ Y 21 1945--The Gen,r2l spent the ent:ir c!Py toriry in his office 1'rorking on pa .rs, r-m in the ev Jning r ,t,red to his villa or 'the _ ni~ht . * * * FLOR'""'HCE --. 'J.AY 22 , 1945- GJneral Clark 1 ft Florence b ir !"lt 0800 , accompanied by G ,n .rr-i.l Grucnth . . r lrncled et Campo Formirlo field near uo~n c1t 0915 vher he vra.s met by G. . n,,.rn.l f,qcCrue:cy The pRrty drove to the II Corps conronnd post wh..,re they conf rred w· th Gen .,rP.l K Jyes , the Corps Command r , and G ,nerRl TTill ,ms , Chief of StPff . They th .,n drove throut;h Gorizfa. and ins ected actU? 1 [' nd potential rosi t:to 1s east of the . to-m . G . .nerfl1 C -~k m.,.t (1 ,.ncral Liv .,sP.;c-t , Commanding th 91st Division, ✓4f end Colon 1 B oedlow,. Connandinp.; the ~(\1st Infantry during this tmn: . . j)He ,ms net on t he road by G ,.n ,,rnl John Harding, Connending 13 Corps , and "V/ )rigadier Archibald , his Brigadi ,.r G neral Stn.ff , and with th :r.i coninued his tour a.round the 13 Corps r a The pP.rty lunched at G ,n.,ral : Ha:rdino-1 s headquarters sitw-"")t d in a b nutiful villa. near Monfrilcone . ) / 1 r 'J. / / /ilY <, • 1 4./g O' p' - ~ Aft ,r lunch ,on th , J"' .rty rlrov into 'l'rie ste and made r . quick in ~ , , , spection of th~ port f~cilities . Th.., rort , A.t this time , v1<1s unlo'- ding some 2 , 000 tons dailJ ,:)nd the tensioh in the torn apreared to h•::tve ,Psed "~oft sorn. what , although troops of all nationalities w r, conspicuously armed . <J'~ During his inspect ion Gen .rnl ClB.rk mot and talked wit 1 sev ral of the naval o ficers in C18Xg, of port o:r;era ions . ~ ,y1" : / O_ •• t /J/1 fY" ~ ~JJ? G ncral Cl:'1..rk clrov bf! ck to Cr-mpo Fonnido rind flew to Florence , arriving tit the c_ommR.nd post at 1830 . Upon his arri vr 1 bHck P.t the comrnRnd post. G~n ~r:::>J_ Clark emu rr d brL fly rith G n .rP.l Gru.Jnt-:...,r b .for~ r ,tirj ng to hJ_ s -n.lla ., * ~- * * FLOR.:.i JCE--rru\Y 23 1945--G ,n ,rrl Clrirk sr .,nt ::i.11 of th orni;1,r and the a.rly rif:; .,rnoon in 1is office conf vrrinr; 11' :i.th VB.rious stc ff officers c nd �J ( �buttoning up ma.n.r d()tail rr-i_or to his d po.rture for the United States . n the afLrnoon th .. Arm~r Group Command ,r r turn .,d to his villa for· the night . General Clark today sent the follovnng cable to Fi,_,,ld 1·1a:cshal ALxanff 1. G n ,rrtl r1c r .. r~r r ,ro. ted by telephone this nfternoon thPt the Cor111nnder 13th Yu .oslav Division told Colonel . ro .... dlovr, Cor'lmr nding the T. s. 361st Infantry R .,gi 10nt , that h must wi.thdravr 91st Division troops from rr ARTTOVA illr-:i.ge . Bro dlovr repli .,d thri.t he h, d ord ,rs to r ,main in. this locality, whereupon th Yur;oslav commrmder stated thrt if th, 1'merican troops do not nithdraw h~ will be obl:5.g•d to force thr:')rn out General I'i,icCreer, risk d or instructions . - --- J issued th, f ollo1•1in1-; instructions to· Gen ,ral 1cCrocry, which were lat r concurr ,d in );T you . £1• 'rake m cessary dteps to nold th TA.tl.1'-JOVA .. osi tion r ,inforci1 g it to the exten· necessary . b . Have a seniot' U S. com.mt:mder and a sen~ or British conmander inform the Yugoslav cormnand ,,r th2.t our troops lv1ve een ord red not to Yithdrmnr fl om pres nt positions ·rhil,, points of is su a.re bei_nb discuss d by our gov rnment '"' You will also advise th, Yugo 1 v command r thnt if he attacks A lied troops he i:lill ,, held strictly accounta L b~ P'1rshal 1 ?. Ti to for ta.kin:, such aggressive action uhiL n~ :;:,otia.tions r:.r , in progress . n Follov1ing is a summP...ry of the Yugoslav situa ion a.s of this evening . G nertl Gruenth,r HQ n ..,rt .l Mc Creer" telcpho d · / 'lt 1730 hours to give the follm:ing r,port: 0 The local Yugoslav commander , t Gorizia - pro abl:r the 13th Division cor1mander - told Colonel Bro ,dlo r today th1:1t he must , ith raw U. S . roops from 1PAKTOVA villag., Colon 1 Bro .. dlow stnt ,d thr t he hPr:1 orders from his division commP..ndcr to rema1-n in 7AR1 OVA V.Lllage . · The YugoslPV cornnand Jr stc1t ,a thr-,_t if the F . S . troo ar not wi thdrmm he will :f' orce h r1 out . G ,n ral lfoCreer. further stated t at th "'w:;oslt1.v2 rlislik~d a broa<ic~ st which v as he2:n"d over _]5,C_ toda: . hich stn.t d thP-t TT . S •. troops occupi ,d ""AR VA without opposi ion. G n Jr,.-,1 r'lcCr, ,r.r tntod th: t the _ugoslrws were offended , -~3 peciall,_ , y the t ,rm t without op. osition1 , becaus it in rred thnt · i .,hting m.s in progr ss . Gem ,ral IdcCr .ry stated th0t he does not think hat t , ugoslPvs 1.d 11 use force , although ho could not ., c rtain of th2.t poi t . Re recommend d that th re ,.ould b,, no dhovr- do·.11 ovt~r this qu stion o.nd th--,t our ·,,roops b"' \ ithdravm from T""~P:iOVA rcnc in" ·h co c lusion o ne~o£1atio s y t t gov~,rn 1e--ts: Re furthermore stP.t d th7.-t :i.f h,, is g·ven ord .rs to holcl TAR ho.t :r,robnblw v ould be necessriry to str n· ·t 1 ,n th, •a 1 it 4 11 / , ,· . - . . . _., ,.._._ .~ lf Gen ral Gru . . . nth ,r told Gener."l •icCr er that h) ,;rould get d .,cision for him promptly, but tha · h re2:s0;1 .bly c.,rtf'in th"'t Gen rr..l Clar. would dir · ct him to hold the T.ARTTOVA position, :=ind und r no cir cumstn.nces ~. ithdra ·1. F , lso told him thPt h ✓ ·va.s c .,rtain thc.t if G ne rn.l Cln.rk gave that decision he oulc1 also r.nthorize G__,n rn.l _,rcCr r u to reinforc,, it to th r~quired c gree ~ I 17\IJ'f,/, .(. t �( ttG nerc 1 Clrrk was not in the CP at th, time , so G,nerLl Gru nther call~d Gen rnl Lcrnnitz ... r and told fri_m of G\JmrPl McCr er.r' s conversation. He also t0ld him thnt he t 011£'.l;l-tt thr t he :\.,lt quite certnin thf-l.t G0n ... rnl Olar c' s r coru~1!mdation would be to retain t 1e '"PAR TOVA position . Gen ... r.al L,,mnitzcr replied that he 1,as quite sure t at t 1 is d cision would b, in . ccordance wjth th, Fi ,l d rirRrshal 1 s d ,sires . He said , honever , that he i::iould consult t o Field . Tnr~hal imm .,diatnly Pnd rould call back soon . Gen . .rc1l Gruenth ,r told G .,n ,ral L .,mn5_tz ,r of thn Y1.gosla.v d:i.spl .,e.sur , over the :me broadcast , ut Gem .,r 1 L rmitz r stated that th., r,:-L .se 11as quite satisfactory 11n<l m~t th, dcsir ., s of. AFHQ . 1 HG ,neral L ,nnitz r call,,rl_ at 1830 hours anil s n.t ,d thnt th FLld Hrrshnl a~.re,_d thrit th re should b0 no w·it,h rar9.l from the T.A.P.I:OVA rosit j on, and thr1.t lt should )e re~ nforc d as yre consi rlor n ✓ C sst:1ry. The Fi 1 '"n.rshal consider ,d . t r.dv, s~ble to inform th~ Yugoslav co:r:unanccr · he.t our troops have been ordcr- ✓d not to w · thdrdv from their rresent positions nrhile negotiation_s a.r, in pro_,,ress . He ,: lso d ,sir s that the ~[ugoslav commanoer b~ 11p_rn0 that if h . nttac. ~ A li ✓d troops h__, TilJ e hel· strictly accounta~>L y i1'Ta1·shal Tito, for ta dng such aggr s s ive .ction vhil~ n.,gotiations arc in rrogr,us . 11 G ,neral C nrk talked to G ,n ral i1cCrce:r;:r at 1~11,5 hour, anc1 issued orders ns j_ndica ed in th , nr v.!, on.s Jar graph . He also placed th, 85th \ Di vision on c lcrt so uhnt i t would l prep:-,r ,rl t,o send a r .,gim---ntal cori1:fa. s-:Eca.m to the II orps ar~a on twenty- four . 1otirs notice nnd one addi tional regimental combe.v .,f.l.m r cpnr c to mov each t"Tenty- four hours e,1er af r . 11 J Fi ld a rs. al Alexander C8 lud G... n .ral Clark as follows today : .Agr ec thr:.t ;\rour suggcst~Lon o h2. ve French troops in tr. l~ put 1.mder opera iori~.l cnm. an 15 Arny Group mi '.>ht frcilitn ·e Ar'G .nd proc1uce mor ord .,rly nil=i Pry stat of c -rfairs . 0 11 It is h ,~e~ r not ap_,rov d for res.sons given in follo"ing p,-·xr . grr1ph . nsuc -1 action is Ltabl to convey impression to Frenc 1 [.U)d that · nch occupation of .,.o,rthnest -.-tal, is coY1.doned y U.. s .. It m::: ght a l so prejudice strcF1g qction no b ,in1 fo. 1cen )Y U. S., gove1 rnnents to s c rre imrn,..,dirtc tote 1 w·thdrawal of rrench ro Ital • 11 ,T * Itf-lli~ns an T F . rnd U.. K. . Northwest * :!fLOin: c~~ --;:A.Y 24 1945--Th., G .. n . ral . arri vo at his co ,mand r ost t is rior11-nr, at 0930 1ours cnrl s-oent nost o-f t 1e T1ornin conferring \ ----h Generals Gruentbr,r Bml T3rann . At 1;?00 .ours a ceremo~w was ,le~ in the com~ mand post at "'nich Ge,Lrr.l Cl2.1'1 decorated Hnrl promoted 90 o d o ,..f~.c . . rs and nli s t d men of h i s h adquart rs and one WAC, S .,rge ant G rald ine Horn of Lucedale , 11,1i ssi s sippi who has een on duty :i.n G(m.,ral Clarkt s office for the past t~o years A ter lunch the Gene:c2.l departed ·a ,, 141~5 hours for the rr..lazzo I �Vecchio w. er, at an impressive Florence and sign~d the Golden · ies , t c Arm,f Group Comrnf"'nd ..,1• r mo.incl ,r of tl o -:'t-,rnoon and i:::; c,_,remony 1e was made an honorPry citizen of ') 11ook of h., Cit,r . Follovring these £'....,µtivi - / c part ..,d for his villa Yrh r., he sp nt the evening . * -- r'.AY 25 hours 1945--General lark arriv, - Pt his command post at 0830 is morning and af·or cl aring_ his desk of all irnporknt par-:rs d\.:;par er at 0930 for the air1 Lld 11 h ~re he 7as gr ,et ,d by a gtk r of honor and a brg•~ nurnb~.r of p . . rsormcl of 1j s hcadquert .,rs . At 1000 10urs tht:.! rmy Group Cornw=mder took o _f by C-47 on t h . . first leg of his journe.r to the Jnit~d States wh,re he vill participate in .I.!., ceremonies in Chicago on Hay 30th * * MAY 25, 1945 - MAY * * * JO, 1945 - ENROUTE TO U. S. * * WASHINGTON-•MA.Y 31, 1945 - General Cle.rk arrived at 1810 at the Air Transport Hangar , National Airport, Washington from Chicago in a C- 54. He was accompanied by Mrs . Clark, his daughter Ann, Captain Berenson and Sgt . Chaney. General Clark was met at the airpor t by his mothAr and Mr' . and Mrs . Tom Griffiths , old friends from Seattle. There were about fift een photographers and reporters at the airport and the only thing General Clark told them was that he was glad to be home . He went directly from the airport to the Kennedy-Warren . With regard to the Yugoslav sit uation, General Gruenther sent the following cable t o General rtcCreery today: "Following message reference number F 84941 was received from Gener al Lemnitzer AFHQ signed SACMED . Message begins : " ' 1 . For your information , following paraphrase of message re ceived here from US State Department: "US government continues to maintain that '\ Pola must be included in any approach made to Marshal Tito e.nd that Supreme \ Allied Commander ill receive instructions to that effect from COS . American ambassador in Belgrade is ~eing instructed to present note and draft agreement on Venezia Giulia question which US and British governments have \ agreed up6n as soon as word is received from SAC that he has no objection to this procedure" . n t 2. For your further inform tion we have sent maps to US and British( ambassadors in Belgrade showing area to be occup ed in vicinity of Pola if our governments require ooaupatio that port . Area is defined Els coastal a.rea surrounding Port Di Pola to depth of approximately 2 miles from coast and including pr omontory P Cresto as northern limit and promontory P San \ Giovanni as souther n limit. Exact perimeter follows coast and tracks . 1Will send you ·large scale map showing exact area. I wish to emphasize that above area i s applicable for peaceful occupation only. If area uru.st be \ �l35 taken and held by force it will be much larger. Suggest you have study made earliest to determine limits of t actical area r equired to secure Pola under such circumstances.ttt * * * WASHINGTON--JUNE 1, 1945--Genera.1 Clark established his temporary office in the Operations Division of the War Derartment. At 0900 he went to General Marshall 's office where he attended the Chie:fls of Staffs' regular morni.ng operations conference. He also tallted over va_rious matters with General ffarshall, including the establishment of his Headquarters in Austria. General Mu-shall suggested General Keyes for a new assignment, rut General Keyes requested that he be permitted to stay with General Clark. II Corps is going to be the Corps operating with General Clark in Austria. After dictating telegrams to General Gruenther and taking care of other correspondence, General Clark returned to the Kennedyl I ~L In the afternoon he went to .the White House for a conference with President Truman and during the conference President Truman autographed General Clark's autograph book as follows: nTo a great American -General M-u-k W. Clark. Best vdshes from C-in-C Harry S. Truman, 6-1-45". After the White House conference General Clark returned to the KennedyWarren. General Clark today sent the follov-tlng cable to General McNarney: nHave just talked with Hull. He thinks it would be a good idea if II Corps HeadqURrters be employed in the Austrian occupation. ~isenhower when I saw him a few days ago concurred or would provide another corps headquarters . I would like to employ II Corps with probably another commanner as Keyes being considered for another job here. Talked with Gene- / ral Marshall this morning and unless you have other requirements he concurs in my remaining here until approximately June 15th. If II Corps Headquarters not available any other one O.K. with me." General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follovts today: trJust arrived Washington . Chicago ceremony tremendous success. concur in Serge,:tnt Hornets return . I "What decision has been made if any on the Corps Headquarters and its commander to go vdth me into Austria? Keyes being considered here for other assignment. His acceptance rvill depend on t4e Austrian set up . Going to West Point tomorrow." * * * * WASHINGTON--JU lE 2, 1945--General Clark went to 1ar jorie Webster Junior College at 1030 to attend the graduation of his daughter. He ms.de a short talk to t he gradua.tes and presented each with her diploma. He was accompanied to the Marjorie Webster Junior College by Mrs . Clark :-:md his \ �mother . At 1530 General Clark went t o the ATC hangar at National Airport and departed at 1550 for West Point. He went up to be present at the ,graduation of his son, Bill . He was accompanied by Mrs. Clark and his mother and Sergeant Chaney. } General Clark arrived at Stewart Field, New York at 1720, accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Mrs . Charles Clark, Ann Clerk and General and Mrs . F . A. Irving. The party was met by General Wilby, Superintendent of USMA and Captain Luther, temporary aide -de- camp to General Clark. At 1800 they arr:tved at the u. s. Thayer Hotel where they were to stay while on the reservation. They had dinner together with Cadet Bill Clark in the grille of the hotel. General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follows: "Decision postponed General McNarney reference corps headqua.rters until Nelson party returns from SHAEF . II Corps scheduled for demobilization in December, but McJarney believes your wishes can probably be met . Will advise you. British and U. s. parties ~ill proceed to Vienna Sunday to inspect facilities and recommend divisions of city into zones . Flory, Lewis, Smith will be included in our group . Note to Tito now in final form and will be delivered as soon as he returns from inspection trip . Situation quiet entire front . Coffey goes to Pacific. MI'OUSA takes Niblo . We will have Jaynes as Ordnance Officer . ( General Clark today received the following cable regardi ng a trip to Rio de Janeiro: nTogether: Generals Crittenberger and Clark. Altern tes: rately, in order indicated) Generals Truscott or McNarney. (sepa- nrt is ur:rlerstood here that the Foreign Office has been requested by the Brazilian War Minister to invite the aoove named officers for BEF celebration . They should arrive a few days before the first group . of BEF and stay for the celebration. I "Also invited is a platoon of US Infantry from 5th Army which would consist of one officer and 30 enlisted men who would be representatives of the AGF who fought alongside the Brazilian Forces. They will participate in the p xades in BRAZIL and will ride on the USS MEIGS . The USS JlEIGS, with the first group of BEF is expected to arrive in Brazil about. the end o July by the Brazilians . ''Particularly requested by the Minister is the return of Major VERNON WALTERS with General MA.SCARE NH.AS . "Furnished later will be information concerning invitations to the AAF officers . \ °For information and planning alone is this message . n �WEST POINI'--JU lE 3, 1945--General Cle..rk, accompanied by Mrs. M. W. Clark and Ann, attended baccalaureate exercises for the first regiment of the graduating class in the Cadet Chapel. Chaplain Jack Walthour delivered the address. After the address, General Cl.ark went to the Alumni Headquarters in the Cadet Barracks and registered as a member of the Class of '17. With his family General Clark had lunch with ·B rigadier Genera..l and Mrs . George Honnen, Commanda.nt of Cadets, USMA . Among others present were Brig. Gen. and Mrs . l~cManis . At 1500 General nd Mrs. Clark, Mrs. Charles Clark and Ann left for the Superintendent's reception for the family and friends of the graduating class . At 1730 General Clark presented the academic awards to dis- , tingt.lished cadets of the graduating class. Following the reception General Clark returned to his suite at the hotel ,here he had dinner . General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brann, Tate, Nelson returned from SHAEF today. Rooks conducted conference troop list and will submit recommendations to Eisenhower soon. Our requirements appear general ly to be concurred in although there is some likelihood that some of our combat elements especially artillery and tank units may be cut down, and this reduction may cause corresponding out in service units . It seems probable that we shall receive n Corps. Y3 Corps is nov, in the area but must be moved later . It is hoped that time of its relief will coincide with dat~ when I I Corps can be spared from present assignment . Final decision on II Corps will be made by General McNarney as soon as he hears from General Eisenhower. Present esti- ] mate is that &1HAEF will' turn over command of u. S. zone in Austria to AFHQ in about three or four weeks and not on 5 June as previously suggested . That arrangement is sound in view of present complications in removing prisoners and displaced persons from area and reorganizing divisions depleted by re-deployment of personnel. "Doyen sent letter to Crittenberger on 30 May indicating that French intend to administer certain parts Northwest Ita.ly and that they find it undesirable to have Allied Military Government in same region. In one area in west Imperia French Local Commander refused to allow our officers to post proclamations. Matter has been referred by us to .AFHQ for high- A' level decision as to policy to be follovred in view of apparent changed att1.tude on pa.rt of French. It is not alarming, but it is most annoying in view of Doyen assurance to you that French would not interfere with our AMG . No other incidents either in Northwest or Northeast Italy. rote to Tito has not yet been delivered . r "Kildore committee visited our headquarters today and expressed pleasure over reception . " General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today: "Saw Grace at noon. When I talked with General Marshall he asked me to ~iscuss with Keyes an assignment in the US . Have done so and Keyes prefers to go into Austria with me . �"Your msg as received. I am glad that everything is being done to get us II Corps for that assignment . Make it plain that I want Keyes as Commanding General provided that War Department does not overrule his decision, and I am sure that they will not do so. War Department has same views as mine on Austrian set-up . n General Gruenther briefed General Clark on the current situation in Italy today in the following cable: ( "Doyen sent radio to Crittenberger last night stating that French Government approves his posit.ion in resisting establishment of AMG . La.st ) sentence his message reads ' General DeGa.ulle has instructed _me to make a.s clear as possible to Allied Command that I have received the order to pr~vent setting up of Ar/Gin territories occupied by our troops and administered by us by all means without exception'. Alexander will present mat~ ter to Combined Chiefs of Staff for action . We now have A1\G well established northwest Italy but in provinces of I mperia and Cuneo not complete because of dif'ficulties road communica.tions and shortage A1lG personnel . Fifth Army appreciates importance of time and has made every effort to work rapidly. French have not tried to eject our officials in areas "here we have already established ANG. New note to Tito delivered to Vice Premier yesterday in Tito' s absence . He gave no indication Tito 1 s reaction. Ambassadors took a firm line and indicated Allied pr oposals were not subject to further negotiations . Tobruki n sent message last night cutting size of U. s . .and British missions r om 7~ to 40 in each party. However , full size missions left Klagenfurt this A. M. Message received few min~tes ago indicates re ceived with elaborate ceremony when entering Russian zone . Apparently none to be sent back. Alexander still visiting Eighth Army area. MI'OUSA has recommended to Wa:r Department that II Corps Hq. be -changed from Category 4 to Category 1 so that it may be used as Corps Hq . in Austria . Everyt hing proceeding smoothly. Hope you will be able to enjoy a long well de served rest . You must not feel that there is any reason for you to hurry back. " * * * * WESI1 POINI'- -JUNE·4, 1945- At 1000 hours General Clark talked to the members of the Tactical fupartrnent or USM upon the invitation of General Honnen, Commandant . He dis cussed briefly the Italian campaign, the French situation in Northern Italy and the Yugoslav situation in Trieste . At 1100 hours General Clark joined other members of the Class of 1 17 for the Alumni Exercises and along with the rest of the Alumni, reviewed the Corps of Cadets at the review for the r eturned Alumni •. Mr . & Mrs . Tom Griffiths , friends from Seattle, arrived at 1200 hours . At 1245 General Clark attended the Alumni Luncheon in Cullum Hall where he spoke to the assembled Alumni . General and Mrs . Clark attended a Class of ' 17 reunion at Colonel Hayden's quarters in the afternoon. Graduation parade was held. on the Plain at 1730 hours where General Clark reviewed the Corps . In the evening General and Mrs . Clark, with Ann , h d dinner in the \ �l39 .( Cadet Mess Hop in the Clark were later with Hall with Bill, after which the party attended the Graduation Gym. For the first part of the evening the General and Mrs. in the receiving line with General and J\Jfrs. Wilby and then General and Mrs. Honnen. General Clark today received the following cable from General McNarney• nconcur in use of II Corps Headquarters in Austria with the urrlerstanding that it cannot ·be made available until the Jugoslav situation is settled. SHAEF understands this and has indicated the feasibility of providing a Corps Headquarters for the initial few months, if necessary. "Desire you arrive Caserta early 18 June to complete reports on general officers as I will probably depart for United States about 21 June . " General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follovrn: ttus, ( British and French missions reached Vienna last night and were given warm reception and excellent accommodations by Russians . General McNarney said he radioed you today that II Corps Headquarters assignment to you is practically certain. Alexandert s Headquarters Commandant has requested villa. for field ma.rshal on Lake Garda. Smith recommends tfussolini villa since it is not suitable for individual to whom it is now a.ssigned. Smith has more appropriate one lined up for him. If you approve P- 11 make Mussolini offer to Alexander in your name . No new developments · in French or Tito situation. Everything quiet . Bradshaw, Colbern, Crane ordered to US for assignment . Duff goes to P~cific. Bill Donovan will be here today. " General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today. nMessage concerning French si·tuation received. fic assignment .n * * Kno11 nothing of Paci- * WEST POINT-J1JN'E 5, 1945--General Clark and party attended graduation exercises in the Field House at 1000 hours where General Clark presented his son Bill with his diploma. General Omar Bradley delivered the Graduation Address . After the graduation, General Clark talked with Congressman Jackson .from Washington State in his su:l'te in the hotel. He also saw Mayor La.Guardia of New York City. The mayor invited General Clark to visit him at the City Hall in New York City. 2nd Lt . Clark arrived at the General's suite at about 1230 hours, and General Clark proudly pinned gold bars on his son's shirt. Mr. Beck of UP interviewed General Clark shortly after lunch concerning the trip to Braz1_l . The General Jmew nothing of any plans for such a trip . About 20 or 25 photographers assembled at the hotel for pictures of General Clark pinning lieutenant~s bars on his son. The party left West Point at 1400 hours for New York City by motor . 1 ) �l 'iO General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows tcrlay: "Alexs:r1der has sent strong note to CCS reference French situation. Meanwhile Allied attitude toward French in Italy is stiffening in such matters as requests to send French missions to various places in Italy. "Tito returned to Belgrade yesterday. No action from him yet . Donovan and party spent night with us. Two Russian genera.l s here today. Situation all areas quiet. "In previ ous message I indicated command of US Zone would pass to you in about three or four weeks . That estimate is poor one . Co~mand will pass when French occupy their Zone and that time is still a wild guess . nMcNarney thinks it may not be for two months yet . e.xtreme courtesy by Russians . Damage to city is great . transacted yet . " Flory reports Little business General Cle,rk today received the following cable from Mr- . Fernando Lobo, Charge D1 Affaires of Brazil: "On behalf of the Minister of War I have the honor and the pleasure to i nvite you to go to Brazil to attend the ·o fficial ceremonies planned for the arri'val of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force which fought in Europe . Through this invitation to you my government wishes to demonstrate its appreciation and recognition." General Clark today received the following letter from General McNarney ith regard to or ganization and staffing of the Austrian Higher .Headquarters : "1. The various MrOUSA staff sections have studied carefully the statement of requirements for the Austrian Higher Headquarters which has been prepared by members of your staff . It is not necessary, I know, for me to tell you that to the extent of our capabilities I am most anxious to provide you with the personnel which you consider to be necessary for your headquarters . Unfortunately the only allocations of personnel which I can give you are those which ca..~ be withdrawn from troops serving the Allied Commission, .from the Replacement and Training Com1ru;md , and from other miscellaneous pro jects which nmv require personnel allocations from .the authorization for overhead. "2. It rill not be possible to give you the total personnel which the Fifteenth Army Group's staff study indicates as being the minimum essential required . Accordingly, you must plan to use initially in your headquarters personnel detailed on special duty from your operationa.l forces . This is desirable in that the initial personnel requirements will be larger than the requ." .rements after your headquarters operates on a routine ½asis . It is believed that certain other personnel economies can be effected, such as the utilization of stenogra hie typing pools, consolidation of functions in one section instead of in several, and by havin the same personnel in the supply sections per-form military govern- I �ment as well as their routine military functions . The Eastern District will undoubtedly be willing to assume certain additional supply and evacuation functions which should diminish the personnel requirements of certain staff sections. -"3 . The Austrian Headquarters has been authorized 531 officers , 20 warrant officers and 1305 enlisted men, as against 971 officers , 56 warrant officers and 2895 enlisted men indicated by you as necessary. By surveying all existing allocations of overhe d a.uthorizations, it has been possible to make cuts in OUSA Headquarters and other installations to provide additional grades +.ota.lling 150 o~ficers, 15 warrant officers and 159 ~nlisted men. The authorization for the_Austria.n Headquarters is hereby raised to 681 officers , 35 warrant officers and 1464 enlisted men. " * * * NEW YORK CTI'Y- -JUNE 6, 1945- -General CL,rk departed New York City by an Army C-47 and arrived in Washington at 1815 hours . He went from the airport to his home . General Gruenther sent the following cable to General Clark today: ' .Headquarters Fifth Army now declared category 2 unit and will not be demobilized . This change h s already resulted in slight stiffening t oward our personnel requests . · ''Our missions in Vienna have not accomplished much yet . Russians are asking when they will depart . Tolbohkin has suggested June 9 as good departure· date . "Alexander referring matter to Combined Chiefs of Staff. * * * All quiet . u * WASHINGTON- -JUNE 7, 1945-General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 0930 and disposed of cables and correspondence which were waiting. His first conference was wi~h Major General Henry, War Department G-1. He discussed certain personnel problems and made arrangements for Captain John J . Luther, Jr . no with the Tactical Department at West Point , to be issued orders to report to him in Washington on 14th June . Captain Luther is to become General Clark' s new aide . The General next saw Major General James A. Code , Jr . , who had certai n Signal Corps personnel problems which he wanted to discuss with General Clark. The General was next called in to see General Marshall , and after a half hour visit with him he met w:i.th Secretary of War Stimson, and Assistant secretary of War McCloy. The main topic under discussion at that conference was the attitude of the French Government toward Allied Military Government in Northvestern Italy. The possibility of General Clark visiting Brazil was next taken up with Major General Hull of .OPD. The Brazilian Government invited General Clark yesterday in a telegram delivered to him at the Hotel Astor, New York, to make a trip to Brazil coincident with the arrival of the first echelon of Brazilian troops who fought in Italy. Generals Clark and Hull agreed �( that it would be a fine diplomatic gesture and General Clark is going to go to Brazil during late July, if conditions permit. The troops are scheduled to sail from Italy on the 10th of July and will arrive in Rio either the 24th or 25th. General Clark then went across the river to an OSS luncheon at which he was the guest of honor . During the afternoon he held brief conferences with the following people: General Farenbaugh, just home from duty as Assistant Division Commander of the 83rd Infantry Division. He was General Clark' s G- 3 when he commanded the II Corps in England. Genera.l North, head of the Current Group, War Department, OPD . Major General John Hildring, head of the Civil Affairs Division of the War Department . General Clark discussed at length wi.th General Hildring problems which would face him as U. s. Military Governor in Austria . General Hildring pointed out that ·the Austrian policy paper being prepared by the Civil Affairs Division was finally complete and General Clark asked to be kept abreast of developments . Colonel Robert J . Wood, Strategy Section of OPD . Colonel Wood was formerly Assistant G- 3 of the Fifth Army under General Brann. Ci ✓--- Mr; erb~ :Matthew and Mr . Sam Reber, both career men with the State Department . · -· Mr . Matthew was attached to AFHQ during the time that General Clark was Deputy Commander under General Eisenhower. Reber was the State Department representative then with SHAEF. They discussed political problems in Europe and the Near East . Brigadier General Frank Caffey, who was Assistant Division Commander of the 34th Division in Africa- Italy and who now is President of the War Department Returnees Advisory Board. Major Ge?'}.eral James G. Ord, Senior U. s. Arrrzyr Member; Joint BrazilUnited States Defense Commission. General Ord said that he thought it would be of great benefit to relationships between the Military of the United States and Brazi lian Governments if General Clark could be in Brazil when the Brazilian troops which had been under his command came home from Italy. At 1615 hours General Clark went to ATC airport and took-off for 1lhite Sulphur Springs at 1650 hours . He was accompanied by Mrs . Clark, Ann and Bill. General Clark cabled General Gruenther as follows today: naeneral MacArthur's Headquarters have made inquiry ·as to the availability of Saltzman as Deputy to his Chief Signal Officer . Is Charlie interested? Will abide by his wishes . "Reference Headquarters 5th Army being placed in ca.tegory 2, this is no tactical implication merely a desire to perpetua.te 5th Army Headquarters . �I have discussed this whole matter with Hull. Go right ahea.d with your personnel requirements. To White Sulphur Springs tonight for 6 days ." General Clark formally accepted the invitation to attend the official ceremonies for the arrival of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in Rio de Janeiro today in the follov,ing letter to Dr. Lobo, Charge D'Affaires ·of the Brazilian Embassy in Washington : "Your telegram inviting me to attend the official ceremonies planned for the arrival of the first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in Rio de Janeiro has been received with profound appreciation "I take great pleasure in accepting the invitation of the Minister of ar to visit your great country at the time of the arrival of the Brazilian troops who so gallantly fought side by side with their North American comrades in Italy. I am returning to my as signment abroad in the very near future, and sincerely hope that nothing will arise in my command respons bilities overseas which would prevent my being in Rio at the time the first contingent arrives . "Please convey my deep gratitude nnd appreci .tion to General Dutr , fc,r this signal honor which has been accorded me , nd assure him that I am looking forward with a great deal of pleasure toward seeing him again personally in Brazil." ·* JUNE 8, * 1945 - JUNE ll, 1945 - General Clark * & * family at White Sulphur Springs. * * * * WASHI mT0M--J1UE 12, 1945--Because of the illness of l1rs. Doran, who is at Walter Reed Hospital, General Clark and his family returned to Washington unexpectedly by air, arriving at -rational Airport at 1030 hours. During the entire time they were in White Sulphur Springs the weather was bad. The General went directly from the airport to his home, visited Mrs . Doran at Walter Reed but did not come down to his office. General Gruenther today cabled General Clark as follows: ttFrench meetin at JtFHQ yesterday resulted in satisfa.ctory arrangements. French ill start moving qut at, once and will complete withdrawal by July 10th. Carpentier headed French group. Sent you his best regBrds . Meeting with Jugs on ~ednesday. No news from Flory. · "War Department has not yet g·ven decision reference II Corps . It would also be of assistance if ar Department can clarify status of Fifth Army Headquarters . np lease phone McKenney. " �( WASHINGTON--JUNE 13, 1945--Before coming to his Pentagon office General Clark went to his mother's home on Kalorama .Road and spent half an hour with her . His first caller was Brig. Gen . Ralph S . Tate, his G- 4 who had just returned from Italy. General Tate made a report on things that had developed since General Clark left his headquarters , and told him that Genera.l Gruenther was eager to meet him at Caserta when he flew back into Italy. General Clark sent a cable to General Gruenther saying that he did want to meet him in Casert and telling him that his estimated time of arrival was 0900 on 18 June . The General and his party of 11 are scheduled to depart from the ATC hangar at ational Airport at 0900 on 16 June. General Clark then had a number of callers, including General Carter Clarke of the MIS; General Code, Deputy Signal Officer who dis cussed with General Cle..rk the decision on General Saltzman; Major General Hull who came in to talk to General Clark a.bout the Austrian ComnM .nd directive; Major Genera.I Dan roce and Major General Tompkins, Director Special Planning Division, War Department Special Planning Division, War Department Special Sta.ff. General Tompkins and three of his officers questioned General Clark concerning his convictions of the use of antiaircraft troops , colored troops and similar matters . They also discussed how Jational Guard Divisions should be led in peacetime , and it was Gene ral Clark's conviction that Regular Army officers should hold top commands in Guard Divisions since this war has shown that the politically appointed Generals of National Guard Divisions had to be removed after the Guard D~visions were called into the Federal service . General Clark then went to a luncheon wi th a number of StA.te Department officials including General Julius Holmes and Mr. Herbert (Doc) Matthews, Head of the European Division of the State Department . The luncheon ,vas held in Blair House across the street .from the State Department . This house is the one that is used by American Presidents during the time that the White House is being refurnished . Upon leaving the ~1ncheon, General Clark visited Lt . General DeWitt, under whom he served overseas -in the last war . General DeWitt is currently Head of the ArmyNavy Staff College . General Clark then returned to the War Department and cleaned up what work was pending and went home at 1530 hours . In the evening he went to dinner at the Army- ~avy Club with Mrs. Clark. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: ''Vienna ~ission will return here late tonight . cessful. Trip generally suc- "Tolbukhin was sick on last day and did not see them. Have you seen Tate? I estimate you will reach Caserta Swrlay or Monday. Consider that I should meet you there to assist in preparation yotu:- reports . Will bring Beach with me . "Please confirm that you vmnt me to come . day will now begin. " Work ha.s eased up and holi- General Clark cabled General Gruenther as quoted below: �''Back in Washington. Take off 9 AM 16th for Caserta. Keyes , Coulter, Earnest, Honnen, Lieutenants Clark and Keyes and my aide Captain Luther coming with me . Honnen and young Clark and Keyes for two weeks visit . Tate tells me of your proposal to meet me Caserta. I i:muld like you to do this. My scheduled arrival at Caserta 900 hours 18th in C54. Your telegram reference Brigadier Maconochie received . He will be ordered here . " General McNarney today sent the following cable to General Grittenberger regarding General Clarkts proposed trip to Brazil: nThrough Brazilian Embassy, Washington by _Dutra a formal invitation to WD has been extended for Generals Clark and Crittenberger to att end national celebration. Requested by return radio is Crittenberger's ?-Vailability. Regardless of whether Crittenberger will attend or not, an appror~iate personal note is suggested from Crittenberger to Dutra. General Clark will attend unless unforeseen circumstances prevent. Wooten will furnish exact date US party to arrive Brazil." * * * * WASHINGTON- JUNE 14, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours , accompanied by Lt . Cl~k. During the remainder of the morning he conferred with General Mci.rshall and with the Assistant Secretary of War , Mr . McCloy. With both officials he discussed his coming assignment in Austria and got final advice from both the Chief of Staff and Mr . McCloy. General Clarks new aide , Captain Jack Luther, reported in for duty. Genernl Clark left the office early and returned to his apartment at the Kennedy-Warren . 0 General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: nerders for Pence have not yet arrivetl . nrt is improbable that Charlie will depart on Friday. " General Gruenther also sent the following cable to General Clark: "Command set up for Austria contained in SHAEF messa.ge number SCAF 433 was dispatched 8 days ago but has not yet been approved by Combined Chiefs . "You ma.y desire to follow up . nTito representatives very disagreeable at initir-il meeting yesterday \ squirming for every possible advantage . Tough li.ne toward them being fol- } lowed in toda.yl's meeting. Flory returned ea.rly this morning . Reports Russians very cooperative in .all matters except inspection of air fields on north side of Danube . This we were not permitted to do . Russians consider that re should have only one air field Tulln. 11 I. 0 After jnspection of accommodations on ground Flory considers that �C Russian proposal for division of city submitted to EAC in April is much more favorable to us than United States proposal. His recommendations will be submitted promptly. "It aP})ears that we may have more horsetrading to conduct with British and French than with Russians . We have large contingent from our Headquarters on duty with X:V Corps at Salzburg who are actua.lly performing certain functions in US zone . We are receiving excellent cooperation from General Robertson . npassage of command to you will n9w ·be reasonably simple procedure but we do not know when it will take place. "Estimate that 15th Arnry Group Headquarters will di ssolve about July 1st. "We have examined question of moving our new Headquarters to Salzburg area shortly after July 1st but my present thought is that such a move is unwise. e should move into Vienna as soon as settlement of Vienna problem is obtai ned. The sooner the better . "Bea.ch and I will meet you Caserta Monday. "Charlie received invitation last night to take quick trip to States with Pence and White . I approved and he leaves today or Friday. tt I * * * * WASHINGTON--.TTJIB 15, 1945-- General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours and disposed of paper work. He then went down to the Pictorial Branch of the Bureau of Public Relations and was photographed in color . Pictures will be distributed to all publications in the United States who use 3 or 4 plate color job. He then met various callers , including .Mr . Tyrell, who had served in the last war wi th him in the First Army. At 1145 hours General Clark ent to the Capitol where he was the guest of honor at a luncheon given by Congressman Henry Jackson of Washingt on State. Among those attending the luncheon were leading mambo.rs of the House of Representatives, including Speaker Sam Rayburn of TeY..a.s. After lunch Senators Mitchell and Jackson of Washington State escorted General Clark to the Senate's private dining room where a group of Senators, including Majority Leader Barkley, were having lunch. General Clark spoke to the senators for a short time on the Trieste situation, after which Senator Barkley asked for a recess of ten minutes, during which General Clark was taken upon the floor of the Senate, and each Senator was presented to General Clark. The General was the first officer of this war to be given this distinct honor. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brig. Gen. Jeffe , no't'r in Somervell' s office , will be assigned to our Austria Hq . for {ey position in Flory' s Section by reason of his business background. He is Vice-President of the Consolidated Gas Company. Perhaps you can bring him along Saturday. �Russian proposal for division of city submitted to EAC in April is much more favorable to us than United States proposal. His recommendations will be submitted promptly. "It appears that we may have more horsetrading to conduct with British and French than with Russians . We have large contingent from our Headquarters on duty with XV Corps at Salzburg who are actually performing certain functions in US zone . We are receiving excellent cooperation from General Robertson . upassage of command to you will n9w ·be reasonably simple procedure but we do not know when it will take place. "Estimate that 15th Arnry Group Headquarters will dissolve about July 1st. nwe have examined question of moving our new Headquarters to Salzburg area shortly after July 1st but my present thought is that such a move is unwise • . e should move into Vienna as soon as settlement of Vienna problem is obtai ned. The sooner the better . "Beach and I will meet you Caserta Monday. "Charlie received invitation last night to take quick trip to States with Pence and White . I approved and he leaves today or Friday. tt I. * * * * WASHINGT0N- -JU~ 15, 1945--General Clark arrived at his Pentagon office at 1030 hours and disposed of paper work . He then went down to the Pictorial Branch of the Bureau of Public Relations and was photographed in color . Pictures will be distributed to all publications in the United States who use 3 or 4 plate color job. He then met various callers, including Mr . Tyrell, who had served in the last war wj_th him in the First Army. At 1145 hours General Clark ent to the Capitol where he was the guest of honor at a luncheon given by Congressman Henry Jackson of Washingt on State. Among those attending the luncheon were leading memb9rs of the House of Representatives, including Speaker Sam Rayburn of Tey,.as . After lunch Senators Mitchell and Jackson of Washington State escorted General Clark to the Senate's private dining room where a group of Senators, including M:tjority Leader Barkley, were having lunch. General Clark spoke to the senators for a short time on the Trieste situation, after which Senator Barkley asked for a recess of ten minutes, during which General Clark was taken upon the floor of the Senate, and each Senator was presented to General Clark. The General was the first officer of t his war to be given this distinct honor. General Gruenther cabled General Clark as follows today: "Brig. Gen. Jeffe , no • r in Somervell' s office , will be assigned to our Austria Hq . for <ey position in Flory' s Section by reason of his business background . He is Vice-President of the Consolidated Gas Company. Perhaps you can bring him along Saturday. 1 �"We are busy today in connection with the Vienna Project, prospects for which are good . City is in bad condition and the Russians are eager for us to enter . Hovvever they are not so eager that they would weaken on the airfield situation. They have thr8e a:irfields all believed to be good , and I consider we are taking a bad trimming on this point . Will be glad to see you Monda,y. " * * * * ENROUTE TO ITALY--JUNE 16, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Keyes , General Coulter, General Earnest , General Honnen, Lt . Col. Booth, Major Pearce, Captain Kibler, Ca.ptain ,Lut her, Lt . Clark, Lt . Keyes and Sgt . Chaney left the National Airport, Washington, D. c., by C-54 at 1245 hours GM:r. The plane landed at 1820 hours Grm.1 at Stevensville, Newfoundland where General Clark talked with General Bill Collier. At 2005 GMI' the plane departed for Paris . and the trip was very smooth. * * * The weather was clear , * CASERTA- JUNE 17, 1945- At 0810 GMI' General Clark's plane landed at Paris where the party had breakfast . General Earnest and Lt. Col. Booth remained at Paris , and the remainder of the party departed at 0930 GMr for Caserta and arrived there at 1410 Gtfr . General Keyes and son, Lieutenant Keyes , General Coulter, Jajor Pearce and Captain Kibler left Caserta by plane at 1440 mm.1 . General Clark, his son, Lieutenant Clark, General Honnen and Captain Luther went immediately to Villa Content at Caserta where he saw General Lemnitzer and Colonel King . Later he had dinner with his party and Mr . Offie. After dinner General Gruenther arrived and conferred with General Clark for the rest of the evening . * * * * RO:ti'IE--JUNE 18, 1945- -Gener al Clark had breakfast with General McNarney, General Gruenther and General felson, after which he accompanied General McNarney to his office for a conference concerning the promotion to permanent grade of colonels and general officers of ~fro. General McNarney, rxeneral Clark and General Bevins attended the conference . General Honnen and Lieutenant Bill Clark left for Salerno by motor at 0800 and ret urned at 1600 hours . At 1630 hours General Clark, with General Gruenther, General Honnen, Captain Luther and Lieutenant Clark, left Caserta b y plane for Rome, where he landed at 1745. The party proceeded to the Hasler Hotel where they stayed for the night . After a short tour through the city they had dim1er at the Excelsior Hotel and later met several new 2nd Lieutenants just graduated from OCS . GenerA.1 Clark arrived at his hotel at about 2330. * * * * FLORENCE-J1JNE 19, 1945-General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther, �fn �General Honnen, Captain Luther and ~Lieutenant Clark had an audj_ence with the Pope at 1000 hours , arranged by Mr . Gowan of the American Embassy at the Vatican. After a short tour of the Vatican, the Genera l' s party returned to the hotel where they met Colonel Wedemeyer who arranged a meet ing with Prince Umberto at 1130 hours. The General discussed briefly the ItaHan situation with the Prince and later presented his party to His Highness . At 1300 the pa.rty arrived at the American Embassy and had lunch with Ambassador Kirk . After lunch General Clark and General Gruenther left by plane for Florence, arriving at 1615 hours . The General stayed at his villa tonight . · * * * VERONA--JUNE 20, 1945--General Clark, accompe.nied by Genera.I Gruenther , left Florence by plane at 1000 hours and arrived at Verona at 1100 hours . He went immediately to 15th .Army Group Headquarters where he spoke to the assembled officers and men of his headquarters . He then met his staff in the conference room and spoke briefly to them. After lunch General Clark left for his villa on Lake Garda where he relaxed and went in swimming with General Saltzman and Lieutenant Clark . G.e neral Gruenther joined General Clark for dinner this evening at the Lake Garda villa. * * * VERONA- JUNE 21, 1945- -General Clark spent the day at his villa on Lake Garda, relaxing , fishing and swimming. He had dinner in the evening with General Br ann and Lieutenant Clark . * * * * VERONA--JUJE 22 , 1945--General Clark spent the morning at his villa at Sirmione . At 1230 General Mascarenhas , accompanied by Lieutenant Gra.ell, arrived at the Villa for presentation of the War Medal to Generals Brann, McMahbn, Moran and Colonel Porter . General Mascarenhas also presented General Clark with a beautiful coffee set reminiscent of the empire days of Brazil. After lunch General Clark, with General Gruenther and General Br~mn, motored to Riva to inspect under ground factories located there and returned from Riva by boat to the villa. Colonel Sutherland conducted the tour . The General had dinner with General Gruenther, General Brann, Colonel Sutherland and Lieutenant Clark. * * * * VERONA --J1J:NE 23 , 1945- -The General left the cub strip on the spit at 0930 ( and arrived at his headquarters at approximately 0990 . He saw Colonel Porter and was brought up to date on all correspondence . At 1030 Genera l Anders, Commander of Polish Forces in Italy, arrived and after a short conference with General Clark presented General Brann, Colonel D' Orsa and Colonel Burrill with the Polish Gold Cros s of Merit with Swords . After the �presentation General Clark saw Colonel Mills , Commanding Officer of "Phantom" in Ita.ly. General Clark left the headquarters for his villA. at 1300 and spent the afternoon at his villa . In the evening he had dinner with General Brann at General Brann 1 s villa . * * * VERONA--JUNE 24, 1945--Genera.l Clark spent the day at his villa at Sirmione and in the evening had General Gruenther, Genera.I Brann, General Howard , General Lewis, Colonel Smith, Colonel Porter, Mr. Earhart and four State Department girls for dinner . * * * * VERONA--JUNE 25, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by Lieutenant Cla.rk , Captain Luther and Captain Lampson, departed Villafranca. airport at 0930 and arrived at the 91st Division cub strip at 1050 where he was met by General Keyes , General Livesay, General Honnen, General Harding and Colonel Magill, Commanding Officer of the 363rd Infantry. After reviewing Compe.ny D rof the 361st Infantry Regiment which acted as a guard of honor , the General proceeded to the reviewing stand where he spoke to the assembled t r oops of the 363r_d ;J:nfantry Regiment . Foll owing this , the General presented the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Oscar G. Johnson of Company B of the 363rd Infantry Regiment . Immediately after the presentation, the 363rd Regiment passed in review for General Clark and Sergeant Johnson. Arter the review, General Hr-u-ding drove General Clark to 13 Corps Headquarters where the party had lunch . After lunch General Harding conducted a tour through Trieste and surrounding territory for General Clark's party. At 1500 hours General Clark and party took off by cub from Ronchi airfield and landed at Venice at 1545 where they were met by Brigadier Richards and escorted to the Grande Hotel . General Clark bad dinner with General Honnen, Lieutenant Clark, Captain Lampson and Captain Luther and spent the evening with his son . * * * * VERONA - -JTJIE 26, 1945- -General Clark departed from the Lido by cub at 1000 hours and landed at the cub strip at 15th Army Group Headquarters at 1100 hours . He proceeded to his headquarters where he caught up on administrative matters which had accumulated during his absence. General Honnen and Lieutenant Clark left by motor for Balsano at 1500 hours . Lieutenant Clark will visit Paris and depart for the United. States on 2 July 19/f-5 • General Clark left for his villa a.t 1600 hours . ( * * * * VERONA- -JlJNE 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 1000 �l50 hours . He worked on important papers during the bala.nce of the morning and at 1200 hours met Mr . Brunner, CINC, VFW; Mr . Kimball, Director of OC Bureau of VFW; and Colonel Heard , GSC , Washington, and had them as his guests for luncheon. * * * * VEROWA- JUNE 28 , 1945--General Clark spent the day at his villa, having luncheon with Brig Gen . Brann. * * * VERONA-JUNE 29, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther and Brigadier Ritchie , left his villa at 0845 by cub and flew to Bologna for the purpose of decorating Polish officers and men . After inspecting the assembled Polish troops in the public square of Bologna, General Clerk presented twenty-eight officers and men of folcorps with American decorations , after which General Anders decor~ted two American officers . Immediately after the decoration ceremony General Clark delivered a short address to Polish troops and was answered by General Anders . The assembled troops then passed in review to General Clark. Immediately after the review the General returned to his headquarters by cub where he worked on important papers prior to lunch . In the afternoon General Clark proudly presented General Brann with his second star before an assembled group of staff members . After pinning General Brann•s star on, General Clark entertained the assembled staff officers in his conference room for a drink. The General spent the rest of the day at his villa at Sirmione. General Clark's speech to General Anders and the officers and men of Polcorps is quoted below: ffGeneral Anders, Officers and Men of the 2nd Polish Gorps: "This has been a happy occasion this morning in presenting to members of your command, in the name of the Government of the United States, American decorations for heroic achievement on the field of battle . "It is the valorous action that you and many other individuals and units have performed which made possible om~ great victory after our long and difficult Italian campaign. "The acts of heroism for which you are being decorated this morning are characteristic of the valorous conduct of the entire 2nd Polish Corps . ''I recently re-t?urned from a visit to the United States. _ I can assure you that the people of our country are fully cognizant and appreciative of the great part you and the other troops in Italy have played in bringL!g about the final peace in Europe . At Chicago where I took a group of officers and men from Italy for a homecoming , celebration, I hRd the privilege of talking to thousands of civilians, among whom were a. large �l5 l audience of Polish-AmeriCRn citizens. They were particularly proud of the magnificent victories of the 2nd Polish Corps. They know the unselfish manner in which you flung your entire vveight into the final battle in spite of the worries and uncertainties which faced you at that time. rtGeneral Anders , the time has come when our paths will part . It has been a great honor for me to have your magnificent command serve with me. I want to thank you for yom" loyalty, devotion to duty, energy 8.nd, above all, the magnificent leadership you have given this cause. _I do not know what the future may hold for you and your men during the bala.nce of this war, but I do know that whatever t ask may be assigned to you, you will conduct it in the same glorious manner in which you have carried on here in Italy. I will now say goodbye and wish you and your men all the luck in the world , and may God watch over you wherever you go .n * * * * VERONA--J1JNE JO, 1945--General Clark spent a quiet morning at his villa. At 1400 hours he took ·off from Villafranca airfield, accompanied by General Gruenther. This was the first trip he had made in his new C-47 plane. He landed at Ca.mpo Forrnido airfield near Udine just before 1500 hours and transferred to General McCreery's C-45 plane , in which he flew to a strip near General McCreery' s schloss in Austria. General Clark and General Gruenther dis_cussed the situation in Austria and the forthcoming move to Vienna with General McCreary and also wi-th Tub:- . Ma.ck , British Ambassador designate to Austria and Major General Winterton. At 1930 hours there v1as a colossal dinner party for members of the Eighth Army. About 6oO guests were present : Practically all commanders in the Eighth ~rmy down to battalion commanders were invited, and there were a few nurses, FANYS, Red Cross personnel, etc . The schloss was beautifully situated in a lovely valley which was floodlighted by searchlights for some twenty miles around. During the course of the evening General Clark met the following ranking commanders - General Anders, Commanding Polish Corps; General Harding, Commanding British 13 Corps; General Freyberg, Commanding New Zealand Expeditionary Force; General Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army; General Livesay, Commanding u. s. 91st Division; General Hays, Commanding U. s. lOtb Mountain Division, and many others. He also met a Major Braithwaite, presently commanding a battalion in the 78th British Infantry Division, who was the officer who met General Clark on M:lison Blanche airfield on November 10, 1942 and drove him in an armored carrier to the St . George Hotel for his first meeting with Admiral Darlan, and also Miss Whittington, who was the lady in charge of the British Red Cross Rest Center on the Wortersee and whom Ger1era.l Clark ·had met in Sorrento more than a year ago and to whom he had given an American jeep and trailer. General Clark spent the night Rt General McCreery1 s schloss. * * * * VERONA--JULY 1, 1945--General Gruenther left early in the morning to return to 15th Army Group Headq~a.rters. General Clark and General Mccreery left the schloss at about 0900 hours by road and drove into Klagenfurt. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, May 3 - July 1, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from May 3 - July 1, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1668 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/ef6c86e805782fd284a3979f3c1ef497.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=clMQ%7EJ5AihmZTS7lwLv4UqXyzkRya5TAmL6mx7zxacOlw66iNFW97lbnL2KHhJigLpTTbR5k6kSVEQFAUHIoaipvrNSc9-0gg6t6KlscnPoWkeiQ4t-8flrfm82kzrnoSIKMRGzK%7E0WMKDFQst%7E-58ql95aVwID2zQmk7ZVXJfkYm3Kxer4T8cN85ipoK8rLiXA21C4-w9XOGEh1hKTeyu879PsMEDwyJOzV2XaNm5nGOiyoHwKUTy3KJZ03yscRGgn90XsNNryJfI5HGpjK44Pxxm1GMoVkoZWYpTXVwEnz1KHiLT-3UKMiY9LpaGtzr6Z-8-YdcGfHLc5lQB%7EPZg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2f9ddaf6a4fe8d90bd2c1ae843810945 PDF Text Text 41 THE CITADEL, ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM at 1630, at which tjme he gave a cocktail birthday party in honor of General Gruenther . Sixty officers were pr e sent at the party. This evening Genere.l Clerk gave a small dinnAr party for General Gruenther at his villa . * * * FLORENCE- -MARCH 4, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. In the evenjng General Clark entertained Colonels Smith , Sutherland and Major Houston for dinner at the villa. General Clark today sent the following cable to GenerHl Keightley: RN SGS146 . 11Please convey to General Prjmiera my oongrA.tulations upon the successful recent offensive operation by the Cremona Group . clearing of the coast81 area .south of Po di Prjmaro, as well as the casualties inf licte<l upon the enemy and the number of prisoners taken, fort:ifj es the confidence in which these Italian troops are held as a result of earlier favorable actions . I shall look forward to further achievements of your group with keen acticipation." * * FLORENCE--MARCH 5, 1945- -The Gereral arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours and worked on pe.pers and conferred with w-irious JTBmbers of his stciff until 1100 hours , at which time he decorated Capti:iin Bachhuber, hj s Radio Qffjcer, with the Bronze Star arrl offered the CaptRin his best wishes, as today is his birthday. The General had a slight chest cold today. He returned to his villa after lunch and rema5ned there for the afternoon and evening . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 6 , 1945--Air Marshal Slessor, Deputy Commander of MedHerrrmean Air Forces, called to see Gener:,l Clark at 0930 this morning. The General spent the reroo inder of the morning in his office working on important adninistrative matter s and conferring with various staff officers . In the afternoon the Anny Group Commander retired to Ms villa where he spent the night . * * * FLORENCE- -MA.RCH 7, 1945--At 0930 hours this morning General Clark saw Brigadier Irwin who has just cone from Indfa where he has been serving with the 14th P.rmy. The Brigadier has recently been appointed to command the Staff College at Quetta , India . \ At 1030 hours General Clarlc bti.de goodbye and presented a Bronze Star Medal to Colonel Warren, Graves Registratfon Officer of Fifth Anny. Colonel Warren is returning to the United States for a new ass:ivinent. �At 1215 hours General Mccreery, who had just returned from leave in the UK, called on General ClRrk Pnd conferred for an hour. After lunch in his rress the General returned to his villa for the afternoon . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 8, 1945--Crenera.l Clark was interviewed by Mr . Smith, Head of the New York Herald -Trib1 ne Bureau in JtPly. After the intervie v General Clark conferred with General Gruenther and otr er rre ribnrs of his stRff fol'. an hour. The Gener 1 lunched in his mess, a:rrl after llli"lCh left for Rome in his C-47, accompanied by General Brann ~md General Saltzman. General Clark today dictated .the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: "I have sent the following lett :~r to Army Commanders in order th( .t they may be prepared to take advantage of an 9pportunity which would be mi~sed jf we were not ready: "l. The following factors clearly indicnte tba t the day is rapidly approaching when 15th Army Group must rontribute its full smrA to the final offensive tmt will crush the German armed forces . g . On the Eastern and Western fronts , Allied Armies continue their successes against weakening enemy resistP.nce . ( ]2 . For many days the weather has :i:ermi t ted Allied Air Forces to pound Germany with devastnting effect . £• The fact .that the enemy resjstance to our recont limited objective attRcks is not so clesperate as in rrevious attacks mA.y indicate that h:i s morRle is lower j_n some infantry uni ts . g. The enemy' s reserves of war m11.terials in this theater are gradually decreasing and his lines of communication are so bP.dly interrupted by our air forces that additional supplies are brought in with great djfficulty. ~• The enemy continues, under great difficulties , to withdra divisions from our front . 2 . It has been impossible, thus far , to indicate a D- Day for our offensB . Consequently, under current instruction("'! , Army Commanders have been directed to prepare plans to attack as follows: g. As soon as possible in the event of a major enemy wjthdrawal from Jtaly. Q. About 10 April . £• 3. ~- About 1 May. It is now directed thet plans be completed, moverrents rrede a:nd preliminary operations executed to permit the main a.ttPck to be launched �on 10 April, shoulrl conditions varran~. he.situation. · 11 be revie~ed and d9cisions made firm 1 April. It is realized tht=i.t if the attack 1.s launched on 10 April, the proposed operation on VALLI di COMACCHIO will be limited to the personnel that can be transported in approximately forty· (40) Fanta.ils available :in tre ore ration area on tha.t date . b. If on 1 April it is decided that the rre.in attrck should not be laun~hed on 10 April a new t~rget date will be prescribed by me . Eighth Army will increase the size of the operation in the VALLI di GOMACCHIO as additional resources become avaj lnble. 4. Based on present plans tha.t Eighth Army1 s attc-'1.ck vd 11 precede Fifth Army' s attack by an estimated three to fj ve days , it is desjred that Arm~es prepare plans for employrrent of the air forces on all suitable targets withi.n their zones of action. Plans for employment of air forces will be submitted to this headquarters hy 25 fl1arch for fjnal coordination between Armies . u ttI have discussed this rm.tter with Field Marshal Alexander, for I feel that on the British s i de there js certAin reluctanoy to an attack in April - preferring to wait until May. I djscussed the rretter with Generals McCreery and Truscott. The latter is in hea.rty agreement. I made it plain to ~1cCreery that I wouJrl im.ke the decision on the 1st of Apr i l; that the attack might hav A to go without the VALLI di COMA.CCHIO. All the way through the feeling in the Eighth Army is: 'Let's wajt and the job may be easier' • My feelin~ is that when the Boche crumble on all sides we must hit him soon with everything we bB ve . Many conferences have been held and drafts of instructions prepared on the Allied occupation of Austria. Gereral McNarney came to see rre to discuss the subject. I indicated that 15th Army Group should be the agency to plan its occupation but that I, as its commander, had no desire to nsit on my t.R.il" while fighting was going on in the Facific and be a commande...,. of Anerican troops in Austria. As these drafts of instructions CPme to my heR_dquarters for comment, they were not clear as to 15th Army Group's part:1 cipation . In fact, :it WRs rather delega:te<l to the Armies . I r8peatedly protested , indicating to AFHQ that there wa,s no other agency than 15th f!..rmy Group to coordinate the movement of British and Anerican troop s in their initial positions in Austria; that my re8ponsibilities in connection vlith the occupation of i ndu.strial Northwest Italy R.nd Northeast It!:'.l ly o t its proximj ty to Tito 1 s "tinder:. boxn and my re'"'ponsibilities for possibly handling a large number of Germen prisoner:=: in the Po Valley wa.s too intimA.tely associated with the moV9ID8nt of troops into Austria; that it could not be divorced from my responsibilities . I have had a :p9.per prepared as follows , with AFHQ 1 s approval: Pro. I understR.nr it neets 1 n1. In compliance with paragraph 3, cover letter Allied Force Headquarters, subject, Operation FREEBCRN, dated 22 February 1945, the following comments nre submitted. �( / 2 . 15th Army Gr oup has been charged w-ith the rP-sponsibilities of clearin~ Northern ITALY, of the primary disarmRment of enemy troop~ , and of the control and admi nistr~.tion of German forces j n ITALY. Tasks assigned by Operation FREEBORN further charge 15th Army Group wit h re leaqing troops for the initiation of that or-er~.tion . Perforce , frori the units ;equired for the operations in Nco:-thern ITALY must come the units to be initially involved in Operation FREEBORN . 3 . It is agreed that the tasks ass5_gned are so related that definite plans at this t:ime can not be drawn for the coord~nated movement of initial uni ts into AUSTRIA . For this reason , arrl because j t is impracticable to forecast the nnnner in which Oyeration FREEBORN may be executed , i t is essential tha.t simplicity and flexibility of plan be preserved . 4. To the end that simplicity be rre.intained and control rass Ydthout break of continuity a.t thH logical time, it is recommended th=tt one head quarters control the movement8 of uni.ts from tMs theater dest ·ned for AUSTRIA . Inasmuch as 15th Army Group will be in control when the occupation of ATTSTRLI\. is started , :it is recorrnnended tha t this headqu::~rters be charged with the movement to and o ccura tion of initi a.l positions in AUSTRIA by Eighth and Fifth Armj es . 15th Army Group shoulrl be relieved of its responsibilities in AUSTRIA at a date to be determined by SAC . n * * * FLORE rcE --MAROH 9 , 191,.5--The Army Group Commander was still in Rome toda.y, nnd there was no thin5; of importance going on in the comrnand post . General Clark today received th8 follow:ixl1s letter from General UcCreery regarding Armoured Infantry Carriers (KANGAROOS): " I have now to use 27 Lancers , who were going to man KANGAROOS , to man sixty extra LVTs for which American crews are not a.vaila. ble . This has nA cess:i tated my using J/4/20 HussP.rs, . the armoured rAgiment at present supporting 13 Corps , to man sixty KANGi\.ROOi", to enable me to complete enough KAT\JGAROOS to carry thre e complete inf,mtry ba.ttalions . I cons::_der thnt the provision of these KANGl\ROOS is of great importnnce to emtble the leading infantry to keep up with the tanks when exploitation takes place from my brjdgeheads over the rivers S'Ki'-ITO 8.nd SA JTER 11JO . Therefore, I am most anxious that I should be able to carry at least three Ba.tt?lions in this way. I selected 14/20 Hus ars because they are the only regirrent RVa:i lable wh:i. ch is not already in an ,li.rmoured Brigade . · he selection of any other regj 111ent for this purpose would involve breaking- up an l\rmoured Brigr>de , which I can not afford to do now that I have lost two Armoured Brigades wi t h Camldian Corps; and another reason is that 14/20 HussP...rs would not be fully employed wj th 13 Corps in the hilly country. On the other hand, 10 Indj an Di vision may hP ve limited opport,mi ties for the employment of a fe•v troops of tanks whAn the tiT'le oomes for them to undertake limited offensive operations , to help the general plan . Would it b.-., possible , as the sc~ctor is on the imm~3diate right of Fifth Army, to plac8 1.mder commanii 13 Corps one or tr.ro sq1.1.Rdrons of American tanks for this p11rpose? I would be most grBteful if this could be considered . tt �l 51 FL0R...:iHCF,--MARCH 10 , 1945- -In the absence of General Clark ! Gene~a.l . Gruenther this afternoon greeted Genern 1 Mayne of the IndJ_a 0ff1.c 8 1.n I~ondon . The Chjef of Staff oriented General Mnyne on the. situation ~n It9 l:r in G ,ner~l Clark's rvro- Room ann t}•en entertainod hJ m for tea in the conf~rence hut . * * * FLOR"8 CE--MA.RCH 11 , 1945--General Gruenther today entertained GonerP._l Anders, Commander of the Polish Corps , for lunch in thA absenc9 of Generr-1 Clark. G8neral Anders ha -3 .just returned from London where he has been in conference 'Ni th lead1_ng Polish of-f:i c -i al s anc high British mili tA.ry and cj vil officials . * * * FLORE JCE- -MARCH l?. , 1945--General Clark is still in Rome 1Yith Gener::i.l Brann and GenerPl Saltzman, and therA f:rerA no importr>nt co forences or visitors to the commann post today. * * * FLOib\CE'- -MARCH 13, 1945- -GenerBl Gruenther today jnterv~ewed Pat F'r;:ink, War Correspondent, who had cone to 15th Army ..rroup HeP r 1 quarters to see Genernl Clark . The Army Group Chief o Staff ri.lso had as h~ s guests Mr . Patterson, United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia, and Mr~ CochrR-n of the U'NRFA for tea. in the conference hut after orient-tng his guests in General Clark' s War Room . * * r,- * /FLOREJ, cE--rnL1i:CH 14, 1945--General CJ1...rk arrived from Rome by B-25 at 1630 rours with Generals Saltzman, Bran"1. nnd I:ewis . He drov0 d5rectly to his ,,nv'{~ / headquarters where he conferred vith GenerPl. nruenther untjl 1300 hours v _-i. after i•1hich he went to Ms v-nla for the night . General Gruenther anc1 pr~Jr J Colo~1ol Porter dined wj th General ClH_rk at the ,,-,. 1/ r.A.... V 1 .;, ~ /~ N~ ✓ pr'- Cl · -~ * ~? ~({---V-~~ ~ t\ (/ ~¥ ,. C r ..e.. ~ I * FLORE11!., --MARCH 1(, 1945--'T'he Gen8rnl arr 'voc1 at his headquarters at 1000 hours , worked on accumulated papers anrl conferred 'U th rrembers of his staff . Colonel Donaldson , Army Ground Forces Board , called on Gener al CJ1:1 rk to congratulate him per sonally on his nomination to full general. At 1200 hours Mrs . Clare Booth Luce a:rr-i ved an( conferred with the Army Group Commancer un irt'23o. t-fovlly· appointed ambassador to Yugoslavia Patterson, Governor Cochrr-m of the Ul'.JRRA , and Ma,jor GR.tes, , Vfilitary Att.-,che to Yugoslavia, arr ·i ved at 1230. At 1_300 General entertn inetj_JJrs . Luce~- - Ambassa(ior Patterson, Governor Cochran and Lajor Gntes at H buffet lunch . The following women's organizations were represented at tre buffet lunch: Women I s Auxiliar~r Corps , AmericP.n Army 1Jurse Corps, Brazilian ExpPdi t j onary Force Nurse Corps, Arerica.n Hed Cross, Psychological ':";p rfr,re Brr-inch , Royal Air Force hrr-sinr; Sisters, Italia.n R.ed Cross, Queen Alexandr-ta Imperial Military Hur sin.., Service , British R.ed Cross Servi_ce, South _/\frican Nursing �( Service , Army Territorial Service , .Soldiers, '"3ailors & AirmP.n"· Families Ji ssociation Imper·1 al 1flilitary Nursing •~erv:i ce, l\fow Zealand Nurse Corps , Roval Canad1.A.n Army Viedic~l Corps , ENSA , Council of 1 Tolunteer Women \for}:ers, Sa1vf'tion Army an0,· F~men Volunteer Servicn . After lucnh the General le ft for h5_s vj 11.a for the remainder of the afternoon and evening. The Army Group Commander t oday sent the following message to General ,~c"farney with r Jgarrl. to promotion of Gener8.l Brann : R 'T SGS166 . urny only nomination for pror1oti on this month is Brieadier GenerP.1 Donf'llr1 W. Brann whosq qualifications h2VR already been outlined in previous letters +o you . He has been G-3 of }t'ifth Army c nr1 15th Army Group sincf; June , 1943 under most d-ifficult combat cond~ tions . He h~s demonstrated outstanding ability anc1 richly deserves promotion to i'1aJor Generr>.l. I urgently recornrr1end that he be included on next 1:i.st which you submj t to War Department . TT * * :F'L0REHCE--MARCH 1 1) , 1945--r;,he General arrived at his headnuarters at 1000 hours . At 1100 he held a. small decorRtion an< 1 promoti.on cerHmony at which he decorated A_r:il promoted thr➔ f ollovrin~ officers anrl enlisted men froJ'l1 15th Army Group Headqmrters: Colonel Jos.eph R .. Burrill, 1st Lieut0nHnt Louis J . Sir kin , S/Sgt . "8lwin L. Carpenter , T//4- Robert n. Blosser r-i.nct Pfc . Bernard J . H. Nelson were awardGd the Bronze Star med2.l; Mr . r'hite , M/Sgt .. Holly , 1st Sgt . Davis and T/ Sgt . Freedman were promoted to second lieutenants. The General lunched at his mess at th0 heP-.dquarters and after lunch r~turned to his villa. for the rest of the a ternoon ann night. * * * FLORE"'T ' --MARCH 17, 1945--rr'he General arrived at h:.~ headrrnarters at 1030 hours ::i.nr . rret w:ith member. of his staff anc·1 1:mrked on pap~rs . At 1230 he went to the Florence airport with General Lew:s to meet Mrs . Mc1Jair . He returned to his headquarters for lunch with lVlrs . McNair and GenerHl Lewis .. General Bolte called General C1Brk to tell him of tho death of Generel Gus Braun, I1 sqistant Divisional Commander , 34th Infantry Division. GenerPl Braun was shot down by enemy rmti-aircraft fjre while inspecting the front line in an L-L:i., In thA even-~ng at 1930 the GenerP.l attended the West Point annual dinner at the Hate 1 t~xcelsior , Ai'ter vhich he returned to his villa for the rest of the evenim; . 1 * * * FL0RENCE --r.i1ARCH 18 , 191+5--ri:ihe General arrived at hi.s rer,dquarters at 1030 hours . GAnera.l 1cCreery arriv9d at 1100 an0 conferred vr:ith the A my Group Commander on future oper at:ions . At 1130 General Truscott arrived and thA Generals all conferred togethP-r until 1230 . General Clark lunched ri.t h:i s :beadquarters anr1 after 1 mch played r.solf with GenerR 1 Brann, then returned to his villa . �53 I In a conference todny vi th Fifth Army and Eight 1 Army Commanders, t}-e followino: dAcisions v,mr0 rePch,Jd: nrt ~as dec:ided that the Fifth Army vmuld make the mA.in effort in the forthcoming attack in April. General McCreery ~greed thPt it is impossible for the lSth ftrmy Group to be strong in two places simultaneously. General r"cCreery inf or med G-ener al Clarr: that the gighth Army ,..,ould attPck with three divisions, all attackiYlg simultaneously to breA.ch the SANTPER.l\JO . An additional di.vision ( the 78th D:tvision) w:i.11 be in the corps reserve and ~iv-ill rroceed to the ARGElITA gap, passing through the 8th Ind-i_an Division. GAneral Mccreery expects to do the spit operntfon east of VALLI d'.i COMACCHIO on the night of March '30th. He cannot use crash boats but wi 11 use some LVT s. He will not drop the par10,chut:i st~ of the 2nd Fa.rachute Bri gR.de in the BASTIA br-1dge area. He will set up the 5r)th Di vision or re.rt thereof with a view to its ma.king an amphibious operation combined w:ith a re,rachute drop in the PORTO T·¼.GGIORE area. The determination of whether or not this operation is to bA carr ·i ed out will be rode by &ereral Mc Creery in consultation with General c1:~.rk. mhe 2nd Parachute Brigade wag e.ttr, ched to the Eighth Army on the di::i_y of the conference, 18 r~arch . In the event this unit is not us0d in the PORTO MAGG IORF, area, pl~ns viJ.l be rrade for its 1R ter usA elsGwhere. General Mccreery expres "oed himself as being satisfied with his relations with the Navy respectinC; plans for forthcoming operations. 0 General Mccreery understood that his attRck was to b9 I118.de first, and understood thoroughly the cover plan, which is to the effect thRt U. S . troops a.re to be employed in the PO valley to rei!'tf cr en the Eighth Army. He preferred tb.r1t the cover plan indj crite th=i t the attack would be made south of Route 9. General McCreery rill ITIRke more and morA uso of the 13 Corps .. Gt=meral Clrtr1 told General HcCreery that once a bridgehead over the SA\lTER.110 has been established, a small LVI' · effort may be des:irable to assist in the capture of the BASTIA br:Idr;e. G~neral Mccreery bt:1 the main ob.jective until the ~ighth Army d~rected on FRRRARA a understood that Generf-11 Cl.ark desired that FERRARA of the •ighth Army att;.,ck, but cannot become so opens up thA ARGENrA g:::ip. Once the main effort ~-s strong secondary effort r1ill be continued on BUDRIO . In the Fifth Army the main attack w:i 11 be rm.de with the II Corps, with the 3li-th Division attacking Hill 407 with one combat team, the 91st Division attacking rrr . ADO'Tg wHh two regirrents, the 8 ,°ith Division attacking Mr . RUl'UCI wHh one RCT, ancl the 6th South Afr:i can Armored Divisi.on attacking L . SOLE. On the left the IV Corps will i11cL1de the 10th Mount ain and 1st Armored Divis1.ons, the Brazi Hans holding the left flank and t:vo colored regiments bAini:s in the area. The att,-,ck of the IV Corp~ will probPbly "he launched 48 hours before the II Corps attack begins . �54 Fift h Army D-Da.y will probably be the third or f ourth dn.y After Ej ghth fl_rmy D- Day. General CJ.Ark ,~oulrl yr efer to hP ve th A Fifth Army · attack on D plus 4 of the r.::ighth Army if ocndJtions are suita.ble .. The employment later of the 85th Division V[ill be dictE ted by conThe 92nd Division , as reconstituted , will jump off on D minus 5 for the 15th Army Group in an a t tack on MASSA. ditions at the time. Both Army Commanders had mcpressed thP-mselves as being sat:1sf:i..ed concernjng air cooperation . It was agreed that attacks may be postponed on '?!+ hours ' n.otice . n_ * * * FLORENCE- -MARCH 19 , 1945 --General Clnr1< arrived Pt his headquarters at 1000 . He spent the morning working on B.ccurmilated rapers and conferring w~ th members of his stP.ff. After lunch he returned to his villa for the aften1oon and evening . FL0RKJCE--TV'i.RCH 20 , 1945 --Genera Cle.rk arrived at his hendquarters Pt . 0900 hours . •1a,jor General CursAtjee of the Indian ~.lfed ·i cal S9rvice called on Genera.l Clark . At 1130 the Gene,,.Rl had his picture tHken with General Gannon by Miss Toni Fris3ell, lBarling AITBricPn woman photogrnpher. At 1230 General .Tye , Vice ChiPf of ImperiPl Staff, War Office, arrived .. Gener~l Cfark briefed him in his /far Room ,. fter 1hich he entertained him for lunch. Brigadiers Hirsch and nckarr were also nrAsent for lunch. • GenerPl tTye left directly After lunch . At H.15 I 'Iajor Q9ner~.1 Birks , RAC , AFHQ , came to call on Gener al Clark and conferred f"or half an hour. The General left for his villa and spent the rest of the afternoon and evening there . 1 General ClRrk todpy receive<i the following nemorandurn from Rome Area Allied Command: HThe followi ng infornw.tion your GSI(b): j s submitted pursuant to a request from 1. Since NovAmber, 1941.1,, a group of persons in ROME had been under investif.;ation because of tbeir avowed intention to ke ep alive the Fascist Fart;r jn Liberated It::,ly. 'rhey planned to ac8omplish this by T.'.B1=lns of periodic meetings , recrui tinf.; ne v rre mber , publish-i ng clandestine leaf le ts a.nd newspapers , and finally by orgPnizing :md arming nr-1.ction squnds" :.rM ch would bG ready to create disturbmces or ex9cute whatever orders vrnre given them . 2 . The number of " Action squa.dsn really in existence is not known , but one has been discovered and all members of it are now under arrest . "rhis group ·ms responsible about ;:?? January 1945 for the rnurder of an individual in SIEl\JA. cihortly thereafter certr-i in membei"S of tb8 group were arrested by CC . RR and are no·,'? held A.t Reaina Coel:i ,fail in ROME . �55 } On 24 Feb 45 an explosion , thought to be sabotage , occurred on an on pipe - line in ROME . The follrn.ving day an informant who hAd penetrated the group, rAportP.d to our CIC 0etRchment tb~ t th('.~ grour had a ~~clared th0.msr-;lves responsible for the explosion nnd wern enthusiastic about their succes"'. 'rhe informant further stRted thn.t rembers of the group declared their :intention to 11 kill General Clark when he comes to ROME on 1 Mr-i.rch" . Yonr headquarterq was notified on 26 Feb 45 by telegram' of this threat . Meanwhile, instructions rere g,v rm by th:i s headquarters that all rerw in:i ng members of this group were to be arrested as soon As located . Action was taken with the result that all merbers of the group were under arrest And i n prison on 5 Parch . 3. Plans had also be0n TTB.de for the arrest of the principal figures of the clandestine Fasc5 st Party. This acM on was taken on 8 March, 28 arrests being Affected . Invest5 gat d..on still continues ano the case rm :v not yet be considered coriplete . However, these points TIFY be stated : a . No AVidence j s on hadn to indicate t!-F t the main Fasci.st group gave orc1ers to ma'l;;:8 an Pttemnt on the life of General Clark . rrhe threat appears to rnve originate,1 within th9 riction squad jts~lf. As stnted before, this squad is "1oW entirely ~ccounted for ann in prison. b . No 9Vidence is on hand to verify tl1e existenc,3 of other action squads working for the clandestine Fascist Group . If there Are nore squads in existence the7 hAve done nothing ovArt . c . As a result of the recent arrests , all persons in ROME of Fascist background are extremely uneasy about their future t=ind appear eager to avoid any Ftet5.ons wh~ ch would brjng them to the notice of the Allied security author·ties . /+. The tbreat upon the life of General Clark has had no publicity whatsoBver and ::is knmm only to a few mef'lbers of this headqurirters . * * FL(1-qEJCE-- MARCH 21 , 1945--Generrtl CJ.ark , accompvnied by Br~ gadier FPckard , left Florence by roarl at abo1J.t 0715 hours . He reached Forli At 0945 where he was rnt by an of:ricer from the ls t Polish LAncers. From there he drove , preceded by the officer guide , in an armored cA,r , pennants flying, to Faenza whj ch he reached 2.t 1000 hours . Here there was a srna 11 ceremony. Gener2l Anders was presenting dr-~corations to officers anr' men of the 2nd rolish Armored Brigade at the comm;:inr post of t 1e 1st Polish Lancers. The ceremony fllas in the courtyard of a small CAstlP. in FP.enza . The bimd and honor guard were drawn up ac1nr; t . e decorn,es anr! sp s ctators were dram up on the other two sides of the s quare. Grmerr>l CJr rk was received by General Anders and was an interest d spectator of ·she cerenony. After vards the troops taking part marched past General c1, rk anrl the decorees . ri7he ceremony was followed by a Ahart rPception and luncheon in neigh rinF; hotel tA.ken over for the occasion . General ClPrk met Genernl Bohusz- Szyszko who was tr>king over �5G command of the Polish Corps from GenerPl Anders, ,rener~J. Duch , Com.m?nding Jrn Ca.rpnthian Division, Genernl Snlik , Commandjn~ 5th KresoV'P Division, and manv other Polish officers . Dvr ing thr; r0ception Generr-i l A Y1ders pro moted a•· ;vo1mri; tc"P1k_ front gunner from the Armored "8 rigade to th8 rnnk of lr-mce corpornl. This ooy, vho h?d enlisted und .,r a fnlsA age r1hen he WP s onl;,r 16, w~.s the sole mrrvivini:,; membAr of the ere r of a tPnk knocked out by a German gun and he had k~ llBd some tvrnlve Qqrrn.n infrmtrymen for wh ~ch_ exploj t he he 0 been decorated.. (},:meral C]p rk made a short sr1eech ancl GGnerPl Anders repl:ied . After lunch GenerP.l ClRrk, Gener 1 J\nders Pnd other officers droV9 to the headq1i;=irters of the 1st c~.rpnthi1v1 Brigade . Generril ClBrk discussed thP- local ta~tical si tnation ri th tho Brigade comrnP :nder .. He then drove to the 1st battalion of the same bri gr1de wherB the troops were dravm up in his hoYJ.or in a small f orrr:e tion. A ye unq; Fol~. . sh 1P nee corporal WHS called out from format.;on and :introduced to Generril Clark . He h· d a few da.ys efore faken r2rt in an offensive rntrol ana hnd yersonall;-r a.ccoimted for '-,0me f01-ir or five G9rrnrm:'. Gene.r[-11 Clr_rk decided on thP✓ spot to awar' th: s 1.R.nce corporal tho Arre ricPn Bronze JtPr. From there he drove to the comm~nd post of the 5th Wilenska Brigade , p-:irt of the Sth KresovP Division . From -shere he r1 rove to the hePdquarters of the D-ivisj on 17here he took tea with Generr-tl Anders , ,orps Cor11ITJP.nder, GenerRl Sulik , Division2.l CommRnder , an,1 other senior officers of the Corps . Al so present at the tea · party vere rrember s of the An~lo- P ol i sh Ballet , who under the spon s brship of E2'JSA werr3 playing to the Polish Corps Rt this t.! me . Genernl Clark pa.:i c a short visit at the Army Group Polish Artille ry ano. drove to Forlj airfield . He to0k off in his ovrn pb.ne at 1515 and arr:ived back at his command p os t at 1600 . ( J * * * FLORENCE-- itA.RCH 22, 1945--General CJE.rk with General Gruenther left at 0845 hours by B-25 for CasertA to attend the Supreme Allied Comma,nder 1 s conference. Following are the mintrte s of this conference: ttAllied officers attending the conference were Field Marshal Alexander, Lt . General Mc!farney, Vice Admiral Hamilton, Lt. General Eaker, Rear Admiral Lewls, Air Marshal Garrod, Lt. General Clark, Lt. General Morgan, Brig. General .~agruder, Honorable Alexander Kirk, Rt. Honorable H. Macmillan, Rear Admiral Stone , Colonel Smith, Major General Noce, Brig . GenerBl Spofford, Rear Admiral Packer, rJfajor Gener,·:11 Gruenther, Brig. GenerRl 1:berle, Brig. General Cabell, Brigadier Nicholson, Mr. Offie, Colonel Hobson, Mr. Barnes, Brj gad .".er Jeffries and Colonel _Bastion. 1. -- ]ID!UTES OF PR"EVIOUS MEETI ~ G (SAC (P) (4$) 3rd Meeting) THE CONFERENCE approved the minutes of their meeting held on 15th lm-9h 1945. 2. JUGOSLAV ORGANIZA'!.'Io ,rs AI'ID MISSIONS IN I ALY (previous reference SAC (P) (4~) 3rd Meet ing, Minute 3) I �51 ( "MR. MACMILLAN, referring to the Supreme Allied Comm:mder' s invitation to the British Resj_dent ·1inister an0 U.S. Political Adviser to obtain the formal approval of the new Jugosla.v governement to the closure of the Royalist Missions in ROME, NAPL-~S a.,.~d BARI, reported that re had forwarded a communication on this roo tter to the Br i tish Ambasiador · to the Jugosla.v government; no action had, however, been taken to raise with the ,Jugoslt:lV government the questions of the disposition of the Jugoslav · personnel of these mis•3ions or the enlistment of Jugoslavs in Allied Porces. He was of the opinion that this matter shouu.d be tak"m up jointly by t..½e British and United States Ambassadors to JTJGOSLAVIA after the latter had assuned office. MR. OFFlE stated that no diploma.tic action j n · rega rd to the closure of the missj_ons had ,et been ta.ken by the United States. The matter would, however, be raised whe n the Un:ited States Ambassacfor had arrived in BELGRADE. He agreed with rtr. Macmillan's proposal :i.n reg,:ird to the question of the disposition of Jugoslav personnel. THE SUPREME AU,IED COMMANDER: 3. (a) Directed that the reference to the disposition of the Jugoslav personnel, oontained in Minute 3(a) of SAC (P) (45) 3rd Meeting, be regarded as cancelled. (b) Invi ted the British Res 5d ent ~inister and the U. S. Political Ad,,iser to arrange for joint representa tions to be W1de to the Jugoslav government, ·n accordance with Mr. Jiacmillan 1 s proposal at 'X' above, when the United States Ambassanor to JUGOSLAVIA had arrived in BELGF.ADE. LOCAL GERflIAN STTRRENDER IJLIT.!1! (Paper No. SAG (P) (4t;) 'i5 and Addendum) THE CONFEIDJNCE had before them a rev1.sed drR.ft djrecti ve to Commanding General, 15th Army Group, Commander-in-Ch~e f, F,edi terranean, and Air Comm~..nder-111-Chief, Mediterranean, giving the t· .Rks of the land, sea and air forc e s in the event of local German surrender in ITALY a.nd attHching drafts of the instrument of local surrender arrl initial orders to be -~ssued, in accordance with it, to enemy land, naval and air forces. THE OONFERENCE, in discussion, agreed tha.t detailed amendments as set forth in:.Appendix I A' should be made to the draft documents circulated under paper To. SAC (P) (45) 15. VICE AmITRAL HA.MILTON requested that final approval to the Naval Appendix should be deferred unti 1 it harl been examined by the Commander-inChi ef, Medi terranean, ho was returning from LONTX)N on 22nd March. MR. MACM[LLAN, referring to the Supre:rre Allied CommFmder 1 s right under the draft instrument of surrender to refra:i.n from accorc1ing to disar:rred German personnel the privilege of prisoner of war status, suggested that an examination should be rr:Rde a~ to the status of Italian r,ersonnel of the l~a.scist divisions who may be expected to surrender at the same time. He b ~~lieved there was in existence an instruction from the Combined Chiefs of �53 Staff that such personnel should be +,reated as prisoners of war. ( REAR ADMIRAL STONE confirred that it· ·had been directed that captured personnel of Italian Fa s cist divisions should be treated as prisoners of war and considered tba t if any var:ta. tions from this instruction were to be mde, the natter should be referred to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. LIEUTENANT GENE,1lAL McNAl'lNEY believed that these Italian rersonnel should be treated in a mnner precisRly s imilar to Germans who surrendered at the same time. BRIGADIER NICHOLSON cons1.dered that the instruoM.on from the Combined Chiefs of Staff was only intended_ to cover Italian r,ersonllel cartur-ed during normal combat under present conditions. He presumed that in the e vent of' local surrender there would not be any objection to treating such Italians similarly to surrendered Germans . MR. OFFIE said that . the dispositi on of Fascist and Nazi surrendered personnel, {including prisoner s of war) after the termination of hostilities, was now under discuss1- on by the E)Eopean Advisory Council in LONDON. THE .SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER: Directed the Chief of' Staff: (a) To redraft the directive, draft instrument of surrender, an:1 initial orders to enemy land, naval and air forces, circulated urder paper No. SAC (p) (45) 15 a11d to submit the revised drafts for his approval. (b) To appoint a suitable committee, to ·e xami.ne the status, to be accorded in the event of local enemy s,~render in ITALY, to 1_:ersonnel of the Italian Fascist divisions and to repo~t to him in regard to the policy which should be adopted and the connnunications, if any, vfuich should be made on this subject to the Itiuian government and to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. · 4. JUGOSLAV NATrONALS IN _ITALY (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 17) THE CONFERENCE had before them a revised pa.per setting out policy to be adopted in connection with Jugoslav claims to jurisdiction of the:i.r nationals in ITALY, together with a draft letter to Headquarters Allied Comtnission, giving directions on the communication to be a.ddress;d to the dele~ate to JUGOSLAVIA on the Advisory Cou~cil, concerning the sta.tus of such Jugoslav nationals in ITALY. BRIGADIER GENERAL SPOFFORD said that a previous letter , approved . by the Supreme Al lied Comma.nder, had not been forwarded by the Allied Commies.i on to the Jugosla.v delegate, as it had been forestalled by a note from the J.a.tter setting out certain claims in regard to Jugoslav nationals. The letter circulated under paper No . SAC (P) (45) 17 was designed to cover the pro cedure �r to be foll.owed in connection w:i th the apprehension ,of deserters from Jugosle.v units, and to set out the Allied policy in conw~ction i.-vith th8 treatment of Jugoslav nationals. In regard to alleged deserters the proc'.~ dure suggested fol lmved that which was informally- in operation as between Allied forces but added two safeguards, by requ: ring notification ·of the alleged desertion within ninety days and a sta.teoont of the date of' enlistment of the person concerned. The object of these provisions was to µ:-otect Jugoslav nationals whom the Jugoslav partisan elements might seek to have declared deserters on political grounds. REAR ADMIRAL STONE considered that paragraph 3 of the draft letter should be amended, as the Allied Commission could not, of itself, take the action suggested. He agreed w·"th Mr. MRcmillan that the wording nprior to initiating any action towards the apprehension of deserters you will require the competent Jugoslav authority to s~cure in writing the following particulars", would be suitable. LIEUmENANT GENERAL EAKER, referring to his statement at the ."' previous meeting concerning Jugoslav nationals now sGrving with the United States Army Air Forces, suggested that paragraph 6 should be re-worded to read, "that the Jugoslav nationals who a.re now serving in or with the Allied forces will not be classified as deserters and are not subject to · call-upn. THE SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER: ( Directed the Chief of Staff to revise the letter circulated under par:er No . SAC (P) (45) 17, in accordance with the above discussion a.~d subsequently to despatch it as amended. 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE ACTIVITIES DIRECTED TOWARDS THE BALKANS (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 16) THE CONFERENCE had before th em a paper setting out the need for the reorganization of Psychological Warfare .activities directed towards the Balkans a.nd requestin~ the approval of the Supreme Allied Comm-:i.nder to the arrang,e ments which had been rmde and to the despatch of a cable to the Combined Chi efs of Staff, informing · them of the reorganization and requesting that they should make such representations to the British and United States governments as might be necessary t~ ensure that this policy be carried out. MR. KIRK said that the cable should be re-worded so as to describe the functions of the separate British and United States organizations as being the prov·sion of inf.ormtion rather than the dissemination of propaganda. THE SUPREiE ALLIED COMMANDER: Directed the Chief of Staff to revise the cable circulated under Paper To. SAC (P) (45) 16, in accordance with Mr. Ki.rk' s remarks and subsequently to despatch it. �6. CURRENCY RESPONSIBILITIES OF 'IRE ITALIAN GOVER~ (Paper No. SAC (P) (45) 6 a:nd Addendum) THE CONFERENCE had before them a paper suggesting that though the ItRlians n())V recognized their responsibilities for Allied Military currency, the matter was one which must be discussed at governmental level and the Supreme AlHed Commander should refrain from further comment. The paper att~ched a draft cable to the Combined Chiefs of Staff giving effect to these recommendations. THE SUPREME ALLIED cm11MANl}ffi. : Approved the draft cable circulated under SAC (P) (45) 9 Addendum and instructed the Chief of Staff to despatch it." After lunch, ield Marsh~l Alexa.mer conferred with Generals Clark, Gruenther, Morgan and Airay i:h the G-2 War Room. After the conference, General Clark was net by Mr. Offie, Political Adviser to AFHQ, who drove with him to the airport. The General took of from Caserta at 1430 hours, arriving at his headquarters at 1645. He dined at his headquarters with regular members of his mess and after dinner returned to his villa for the night. 1 * ( * * FLORENCE--MA.RCH 23, 1945--Gereral Clark arrived at his office at 1000 hours. At 1030 Major General Ullman, Deputy Engineer in Chief, ~ar Office, with General Coxwell-Rogers , Engineer 15th Army Group, ca.lled on the General. At 1045 Mr. Tighe, Head of Reuters Bureau in Italy, called for an interview with General Clark. At 1100 hours Pat Frank of the Overseas News Agency called to see General Clark with regard to the Jewish Brigade. At 1130 Mary Ha.stings Bradley of Collier• s M&,gazine who is here in Ifa.ly to 'VITrite a story on WACS in the Italian theater called for a short interview with General Clark. At 1230 General Kuo who he ads the Chinese Military Mission to Moscow arrived to s ee General Clark. The General oriented him on the s ituation in Ita ly. At 1300 hours General Anders, C-in-C Polish Armed Forces, who had just returned from London, a.rrived ·with Brigadier Frith, British Liaison Officer with the Polish Corps, and they were guests of General CJ.ark with Generfl l Kuo for lunch. Before lunch, General Clark de corated L/C vVaclaw Ryszewski with the Bronze Star. Immediately after lunch the General returned to his villa for ) the afternoon and evening. Genera l Gruenther left today for the United Kingdom on a mission for General Clark. ----- - ~-- * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 24, 1945--The Army Group ConmR rrl er arrived a t hi s office a t 1030 hours and conferr ~d with General Bra nn and Brigadier H:ir s ch. At 1230 Genera l Clark entertained Ars. CJ.B.re Boothe Luce, Lt. Genera l Hartkesworth, Comma nd ing 10 British Corps, Colone l Blanchfi eld, Chief Nurse V-fri.r Department, ajor Wharton, Head Nurse Fifth Army, Miss Theron, daughter of Gener 1 Theron, Chief Administra t i ve Officer with the South Africr-m Forces in Italy, and Lieutemmt Heyl, Acting A. D.C. to Mr s . Luce, for lunch. Directly a fter lunch the Gener~l left for his v i lla for the a fterno on a n...:iu even· , ing. �61 Operations instruction #4 was is sued today and re~ds as follows : 1. The offensive directed by this operations instruction should result in a major disaster to the enemy, and consequently have an important effect on the prompt ter mination of hostilities . If fully successful, it should be of so crushini:t. and thorough a nature th:"Jt i t will be the JE st coordinated offensive against German forces which the 15th Army Group will make. The attent ·on of all ranks within the 15th Army Group should be ca.lled to the unprecedented opportunities which are provided a.t this t ·.me for dealing a mortal blow to the enemy and acceleratjng the day of victory. It is of vitril import nee thP t each indi vjdna.l who contributes to the offensive shall devote fully his energy and abilities to dr:iv:ing the a:ttn ck home to the enemy \vherever he ma y be found , so that the m xJmum number of Germ1:m troops will be destroyed or captured . To this end it is directed that all cornManders use every effective means to acquaint thoroughly the troops under their command with the opportunities that lie before them a.t this tirre, and that leadership be active throughout the operations to exploit fully every phase of the situation as it develops . 2 . a . 15th Army Group will launch an all out attack 10 April 1945 to destroy maximum number enemy forces South of the PO, for ce cros s ings of the PO River a.nd capture VERONA . (Note: 15th Army Group D Day v'lill be the day on which Eighth P..rmy launches its attack to cross the SENIO River ). b. 15th Army Group' s . operation will be divided into phases as follows: (1) ( (2) (3) a. Phase I - The breaching of the SANTERNO River by Eighth Army a nd the debouchment of Fifth Army into the PO Valley• to include the capture or the i solation of the City of ' BOLOGNA . Fhase II - The breaktbrough by either or both Armies to encircle German forces South of the PO R1ver . Phase III- The cros s ing of the PO Riw~r a.nd t he capture of VERONA . Eighth Army will : (1) Breach the SENIO and SAN.PERNO Rivers. (2) Attack immediately after a bridgehead is established over the SM-r:!:ERNO: (3) (a) In the direction of BASTIA. (b) In the direction of BUDRIO . If the situation 1s favorable, launch an amphibious operation , combined with a rarachute drop , to assist the ground forces to break through the ARGENl'A Gap. (Note: Depending upon the s uccess of operations to secnre the ARGENTA Gap , the CommRndfag Gen j'.:> ral, 15th Ji nny Group, j n �consultation with Gene...,al Officer Cornrranding, Eighth Army, w j 11 rnake the decision that an attack on FERRARA is to be +11e main attP.ck of Eighth Army with a second ry attack on BUDRIO). ( b. Fifth Army will: (1) Launch the ma.in effort of 15th /i_ rmy Group and attack wj th the mission of debouching into the PO Valley with a secondary mission of capt1Jring or isolating the City of BOLCGNA. Fifth Army will be prepared to launch the first phase of :tts main attack on 24 hours notice after Df-2 . (2) Launch a preliminary attack to capture MASSA (P 9101) on D - 5. Be prepared on capture of MASSA to exploi t toward LA SPEZIA . c . Priority for air support will be given initially to Eighth Army. When Fifth .Army' s main attack is launched , priority for air will be given to that attack. Air plans for support of these operations wjll be issued by MAT.AF . d. Jotification of postponement of Eighth Army1 s D Day attack , due to unfavorable weather, will be given by this Headquarters 24 hours in advance of H Hour . e. Inter -Army boundary: fo change . 4 . Phase II . a. b. Eighth Army w· 11 : (1) Prevent enemy forces escaping Northwards by siezing and holdi ng key road centers whfoh dominate the main crossing areas at FERRARA and BONDENO . (2) Make earliest p ossible contact with exploiting columns of Fifth Army in the BONDENO - FEF.RARA area . (3) Send strong mobile columns of armor and infantry for this purpose directed on FERRARA and BONDENO , with intermediate objectives PORTO!f'.AGGICRE (M 2669) and S . NICOLO FERRARESE (M 1871) , by way of the ARGENTA Gap. Fifth Army will : (1) Explojt with armor and infantry in the corridor between the RENO and PANARO Rivers, with a view to joining Eighth Army a.t the earliest poss 5. ble time in the BONDENO or FERRARA area, thereby completing the encirclement of enemy forces South of the PO River . (2) Seize S. GIOVAtTIJI (L 7765) . Thence direct the rrnin effort on CEtf'10 (L 8574) - S. AGOSTINO (L 9381) - BONDK'1'0, denying to the enemy cross ::i.ngs of the RENO River . �(3) Launch a seconda.r:r effort Narthwest from the S. GIOVANNI a.rea to seize crossings of the PANARO River near BOMPORTO and COMPOSANTO, thence to turn Northward in the corridor between the PANARO and SECCHIA River, movi.n g on OSTIGLIA . c . Inter-Army botmdary: Present boundary thence CASTENASO (L 9949) CASTEL :MAGGIORE (9057) - ARGELATO (8964) - CASTELLO D' ARGILE (8669) - CENTO (8574) all inclusive to Eighth Army, thence exclusive to Eighth Army FINALE (8685) - CE ·JESF.IJJI (F q205) . 5. Phase III . a . It is vitally important that both Armies be prepared to seize any opportunity to capture existing bridging and ferrying equipment useful in a crossi ng of the PO River. It is probable that sueh opportunities may occur du.r:ing Phase II operatj_ons . In the event that ~my means of crossing a.re secured by force of either Army, every effor t will be rrade to establish a bridgehead over the river and to initiate the move through this bridgehead of all ava.ilable forces for exploitation on VERONA . f b . If , upon reaching the FO River , suitable Irea.ns of crossing a r e avai l able , reconnaissance of crossing · r-dtes will be begun arrl bridging equj_pment moved up a s rapidly as possible . ~ c . In the event that bridging equipment must be brought forward and crossings over the Po River made age.inst enemy opposit1.on , additional instructions will be issued covering these operations . d . OperaMons Instruction Number J , this Headqm.r t ers, dated 12 February 1945, states trm.t as our a ttack progresses toward VERONA , and when enemy resistance in Northwest Italy bas lessened to a degree permitting , IV U. S. Corps will be detached from Fifth Anny far independent operations in Northwest Italy. The instructions in Orer at i ons Instruction Number 3 remain current but are in no way intended to i nterfere with the employment of rv Corps in the main battle . e . Separ ate instr uctions covering the occupation of Jorthwest Italy will be issued shortly. f. 6. Inter- Army boundary: La.ter . Naval Supper t : a . The following measures a.re being taken by Ro~ 1 Navy to assist 15th 'lrmy Group's offensive: (1) ( I• On East coast: (a) Prio1· to D Day, naval a.ctivj t y designed to sj_mulate the preparation of an amphibious operation in the arel1 of PORTO GARIBALDI . (b) At a date to be selected by Eighth Army after D Day, a demonstration be landing craft and light supporting �units off PORTO GARIBALDI to support the cover plan. A sim.11 Commando will also be landed North of PORTO GARIBALDI if practicable . ( (2) On West coast: Naval bombardment in support of Fifth Army's attack along West coast. A demonstration by light naval craft off CHI.AV.ARI to simulate a landing at a time to be selected by 15th Army Group. b. Plans for Royal Pavy operations will be issued separately. 7. Present enemy strength and probable reaction to this operation issue separately. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 25, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 26,-.. 1945--General Clark arri.ved at his heAdquarters at 1030 hours. At 1230 Mr . Edward Flynn, former President of the Democrntic Party, called to see the General. Mr. Flynn had just returned from Moscow as Preside:ht Roosevelt 1 s personal representative on a special mission. After a short orientation in the Commanding General's War Room, General Clark enterbdned Mr . Flynn far lunch. ~ ~~- 0 ~ ~Al" , ,_;1~y- (). -6,-v' ~ General Clark today received the following rre ssage from Generrtl Gruenther on a mission to the United Kingdom: RR 16880. "Arrived London 1030 after hectj_c trip due to foul weather . GIG., will not return until Tuesday. He advised his office today that he personally will deal with conference. His subordinates believe we have excellent chance for favorable decision especially in vie , of sympathetic Eisenhower attitude. However, Churchill, Brooke and Monty have been together for past t wo days and that may prove disadvan~e .. Inform Alexander .n * * FLORENCE--MARCH 27, 1945--Tb.e General arrived at his office at 100 hom. . s. At 1130 Admiral Cun..ningham, C-in-C Mediterranean , with Admir~tl Morse, Flag Officer Western Italy, Captain Besant, RNLO 15th Army Group, Rnd Commander Adair, Admiral Cunningham's operati ons officer, arrived a.nd conferred with General Clc"J.rk in his War Room for an hour. General ClEirk them entertained AdmirPl Cunningham, Admiral Morse , Captain Besant, Commander Adair , «reneral Rrann and Brigadier Packard for lunch. After lunch the GenerHl drove to his villa, returning to Ms headquarters at 1600 hours. Me.jor General Poole, G.O.C. 6th South .frican Armored Division, who hB.d just returned from a short leave in South Afrj ca, called to see General Clark. He brought with him a springbok head, a gift from Field Marshal Smuts to General Clark. Generel Poole also brought General Cfark a CP.Se of excellent South African wines and liqueur. General Poole left the headquarters at 1630. At 1645 Mr . Flynn �who had just returned from a trip to the Fifth P.rmy front it.h Colonel Grogan, . Public Relations Officer , 15th Army Group, carre to say goodb~e to General Clark before leaving for tre United States . GenerBl Clark d ned in his mess at the headquarters. ImmediP..tely after dinner he returned to his villa. for the night. * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 28, 1945--General Clark arrived at his readquarters at 1030 hours and spent the morning oonferring with rrembers of his staff and vorking on p:i.pers in his office. He lunched at the headquArters and at 1500 left for his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark today sent thB following message to General Eisenhower for General Gruenther: RN SGS212 . ttYou do not need to stop at Cri serta but should come directly to Florence. If i' icholson not with you, you should go directly to Caserta, otherwise he will proceed to Caserta after leaving you at Florence ." * * FLORENCE--lVIARCH 29, 1945--Generc. l Clark left Florence by a:ir at 1045 hours e.ccompanied b~ General Truscott, General Coxwell-Rogers, Engineer 15th Army Group, General Brann, G-3 15th Army Group, and Colonel Miller of th e G-3 Section 15th Army Group. The party arrived at Cervia ajrfield on the Adriatic coast at 1145. It was met by GenerFil McCreary, 8th Army Commarrler, and Brigadier Floyd, his Chief of Staff. The party drove to Castiglione de Cervia where there was bej_ng held a demonstrat ·on by "Bn Assault Br:i.ga.de. This Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Cln.rke, was a mixture of Royal Armored Corps and Ro~l Engineers, both highly specialized in armored as f:ault work. The demonstration consisted of five items . .I 1 . An AVRE drove to the edge of an anti-tank ditch and rolled a la.rge fascine into the ditch. An Ark then drove across the fascin0 and positioned itself in a second ditch. Sew~ral tanks then drove across, using the fascine and Ark as bridges. 2. ''Crocodile" flame thrower tanks carried out attacks on a series of imaginary enemy positions. This was a most impressiv sight • . The flame thrower was in the place where normally the front hull gun would be and the fuel was suppl· ed from a small trailer towed behind the tank. The tanks threw jets of flame with oonsidera.ble ace iracy up to about 150 yards. This type of flame thrower used very heavy oil which ga.ve the flame a greater distance and a l so the ability to penetrate into hollovr ditches, slit trenches, etc . During this attack we also sav, an extremely effective smoke screen la.id dovm by two close support tanks. 3. An already constructed Bailey bridge, 170 feet long, was pu"'hed forward by an AVRE and positioned over a.n 80 foot ga.p. A Churchill and a Sherman then drove a cross the bridge. During the whole demonstration nobody w11s exposed outside his armored vehicle for more than about half a minute . �4. Two AVRES drove up to a filood bank and dropped ~- consjderable number of nbeeMve" charges. These were then placed against the flood bank by hand in three frames . They were fused together and the fus e lighted . The men concerned got into their AVRES and drove out of ra.nge . There were some twenty charges and tre combined effect placed a considerable ~B-~ in the flood bank. Meanwhile, anothAr AVRE achi eved the same effect by firing eight petards against another par t,j on of the flood bank . These petards weigh about forty pounds each and can be proje_c ted with accuracy up to approximately 100 yards . One of these breaches was then slightly smoothed out by an armored Sherman . dozer and another AVRE plac ed a small box girder bridge across a ditch on the far side of the breach. An Ark went through the breach and over the box girder brjdge and pos i tioned itself jn yet another a.nti - tank obstacle. Tanks were then able to cross the whole series of obstacles without d i fficulty , a total distance of soDE 50 feet involving two banks and two anti - tank ditches . Apart from the original men who had placed the charges, nobody was for one moment exposed outside an armored vehicle . 5. The party watched three flail t~nks mrkinR in echelon clearing a 24- foot ga.r through a mine field of teller mines and wooden box mines . These tanks were of the nerab" type which had been developed from the original "Scorpiontt tan s first used at Alamein . During the demonstration, Genere,l Mccreery entertained GenerRl C]Frk and the other spectators at lunch in a marquee erected near the oemonstrRtion. Among other senior officers present were Lt . General Charles Keightley, commanding Fifth British Corps , and Najor General Bohusz- Szyszko, newly appointed commander of the Polish Corps, Immediately after lunch General Clark pinned the Legion of Merit , officPr degree, on Brigadier Stayner who wa.s at the time DA & Qffl at 8th Army Headquarters and who had spent a considerable period in the same capacity with Fifth Army. General Clark and pa.rty drove to Cervia airfield and took off at 1445. Because of a thick cloud , the plane had to go as high as 13, 500 feet over the mountains . General Cl~..rk arrived back at t he eommand post at 1600 hours . GererP.l Gruenther returned today from the Unitec Kingdom and France . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 30, 1945--Today General Clark received official vrord that) ) Congress had approved his promotion to full general. He arrived at his / headquarters at 1015 hours . At 1230 Mljor General Bohusz- Szyszko, Polish Corps Commander, Major General Odzierzynsky, Artillery Officer Polish Corps, Lt. Colonel Karczmarek, GSO{l) Polish Corps , ann Brigadier Frith, British Liaison Officer wjth Polish Corps, arrived for lunch . After lunch the General returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. GenerRl Clark today received the follo ring cable confirmjng his appointment as full general: F 52153 . "Mark Wayne Cla.rk , 05309, Li eutenant General to GenerPl Date of rank 10 March 1945. For his information temporary appointment ann01mced Par. l SO 76, War Department 29 March 1945. n in the Army of the UnHed States . * * * l �) FLORENCE- -MA.RCH 31, 1945--General Clark arrived a~ his headquarters at O?JO hom·s and at a small ceremony in front of his office General Gruenther pinned four stars on the General. General Clark bad waited unti.l today to wear hi~ four stars as it is his ~on Rill' s birthday today. At 0950 General Clark wi ~h Generals Cannon and Gruenther drove to a revriewing field near the Florence A.:lrport to review the S~th Infantry Division. Upon their arrival at the parade grounds they w~re met by Generals Truscott, ,Keyes ard Kendall. General Clar~ was ~"eeted by four Ruffles and Flourishes and the General' s March . The Comnanding Officer of troops, General Lewis , ordered the Division to parade rest . General Ke1;d~l~ then jntroduced General ClRrk who made the follordng address to too 8 ~th DiVJ.s1.on troops: "General Truscott General Kendall , officers and men of the 88th Division . It v;as a.bout a year ag~ - just about a y, ar ago that I ha.d the privilege of standing in front of this Division and welcom:ing you to Italy. I predicted a.t that time that you would cover yourselves with glory, as you have done. You were commanded by Genera.l Sloan , and a magnificent leader has trained you for btttle . When General Sloan introduced me to tlY-. 88th Division on that day he said, "I take pride in ·ntroducing your Army Commander, General Clark, because I was his instructor at a tactical school and I taught him all the Jessons of war correctly, so he is boUt""ld to be a success . tt He put me on the spot at that time , becaum1 if we failed I was a bum commander; if we succeeded re was a good instructor . We succeeded, and you men did a magnificent job and co·vered yourselves with glory. You could not have done otherwise the way you were traine d and with the great leadership you md and the fighting spirit which you rad develoyed . ovi since that time you have gone through many battles. You fought hard and joined up with Gener~l Truscott• s VI Corps in the Anzio Bridgehead, and then together with General Truscott ' s VI Corps and General Keyes ' II Corps , with _your Division leading as a spearhead , you took the Eternal City of Rome . And you kept on going for hundreds of miles to the north , broke the Gothic Line , captiEed Mt . Grande am are now ready for further effort. You a.nd. the other magnificent Allied troops of tre Eighth And Fifth Armies have defeated a.nd kept dovm here and chewed up over twent y- f i ve of tre best German divisions in the ) German army. Suppose those Germans were now opposing our troops in the West ~ Suppose they were in the East opposing the Rus s ian Army t It would be a different story. You have kept them here , and their home , Germany, is being invaded from all sides . Their homes are being destroyed and their morale is at its lowest ebb . What ' s better toward having a. great victory than that? . This is a settin g for a . tremendous victory for the Allied Armies in Italy; \ with good weather at hand, with the snow abo1~ off the mountains, with our a.1:1mun:ition stock high, with our di visions rested and refitted, with trerrendous air power at hand to support us . I have wi th rre today General Cannon , Commander of al~ the ~ir forces in Ital!· He has assured me that all his fighter bombers, all his medium bombers, all his heavy bombers will support us mignificcmtly when we att ack ~ . are fighting for a great victory . We will have that victory o~ly if each d;v1s1on, each regiment, each battalion, each company and every single man decides to do his part . You mve a job to do . It in only by the overwhelming coordinatert effort of all- -both Armies arrl every company a.nd man and division-- tha.t we will get this success which you men deserve more than any other troops that I know of in the world . W: I �/ So good luck to you . I hope tba.t the next time I see you it will be well north of the Po River . Good luck and God bless every one of you . u . After the address General Clark with Generals Truscott, C~non and Ken~all dismounted from the reviewing platform and inspected troops by Jeep, returni ng to the grandsta.nd . General Clexk then decorated 1st Lt . Ralph Decker And 1st Lt . Lindsey Wheeler , both of the 351st Infantry Regiment, with the Distinguished Service Cross . After the decorations the Division passed in review . At the completion of the ceremony, General Clark with Generals Trus~o·~t? Coulter , Cannon and Gruenther drove to the command post of the 88th D1.v1s1on wh.P-re General Kendall entertained these senior officers at lunch. After lunch the General returned to his headquarters . At 1515 hours General Clark saw· Chaplain Anthony, the new 15th Army Group Chaplain . At 1530 the Army Group Comma.rrler held an operational ~eting with Generf11 Truscott and General 1cCreery. Generals Cannon, Chidlaw, Air Commodore Lees , with several other senior _staff Air Force officers were present at the neeting . After the rreeting, at 1645, a cockt1-1.il party was held for General Clark in his conference hut where a.11 chiefs of sections and close personal friends of the General were present to celebrate his promotion to General . At 1900 the Genera.l drove to his v·11a where he entertained a few friends at dinner . Following are the notes on conference conducted by General Clark : naeneral Clark stated tha. t the purpose of the conference was to hear a description by the Air Force representatives present of the air plan far the impending operations. He then outlined br i efly tre plan of or,erations for the Fifth and Eighth Armies, pointfog out that the primary objective of the 15th Army Group attack, starting 9 April, will be to drive the Germans out of their present positions and to des troy their forces south of the Po River . He emphasized the point that the first stages of the Eighth Army offensive are designed to open the door in the area of the ARGENTA gap for an attack toward FERRARA . He then invited GenerRl Cannon to conduct an explanation of the air plan. Colonel Adams discussed in some detail the condition of enemy communications and the dt1.rnage thereto whj_ch has been· effected during the past two months by our Air Force operations . He pointed out that as a result of the air program during February an<l March the enemy has rever been able to conduct through- traffic via the BRENNER PASS from BOLOGNA to INNSBRUCK, and that during this :r:eriod otlt' air has effected continuous interdi ction along the river lines north of the ADRIATIC . The frontier belt has been interdicted during all of March, with some posit ions barred for a longer period . The extent of interruption of enemy traffic is indicated by the slow rate of withdrawal recently of three German divisions , of which one required three weeks , a second between three and four weeks and the third four weeks . Regarding the enemy' s a.ir capabilities, it was stated that re bas nothing available in this theater to rorry us . He at pres8nt has approximately 160 German and Italian planes on north Italian bases , including 25 fighter - bombers whose maximum effort should not exceed 15 sorties. Tmse a.re mostly Italian, although two squadrons of German- manned ships were reported recently to have arrived in the UDINE area . �1· "'" t 11e • el Pottenger outlined the air plan 1.or comrng orera t·iono. It is int~n~:d to employ the maximum possible air pcm er avaiJs.ble in the ti18ater, with large - scale attt=i.cks on troop concentrations , e_ssernbly areas, dumps and gun positions. All MAT.AF resources and strategic heavy bombers will be considered available for these operations . cl I C'.' On D-Day the entire effort of the Desert Air Force will be appli:d to the Eighth Army front , which will be aqsisted by the XXII TAC . Attacks will be . made on headquarters and occupied gun positions. The bulk of heavy bombers will attack a troop concentratfon area (APPLE ) between 1350 and 1520 hours . ?ther heavy bomber gro, Jps will be used against gun position areas. The follow ng day fighter - bombers will make attacks on gun positionr· a.reas and headquarters, and will conduct armed reconnaissance . M8dium bombers will be used ag8inst concentration areas (BAKgR and CHARLIE) From D plus 1 onward, it is di.ffjcult to anticipate targets that will develop , and therefore no prearranged schedule has been made , but all medium a.nd heavy bombers wj 11 be available . The resources of the XXII TAG are deemed sufficient far support of the IV Corps. ·II Corps attack will be a ssisted by rredium and heavy bo~bers and by the DAF . argets will include bridges, occupied aree.s , dumps , assembly areas and targets to the North. The night air effort will start on the night immediately preceding D- Day, the DAF operating in the battle area and the XXII TAO further afield to the North and Northeast . The 205 Group, strategic bombers, wi 11 be a vr-dlable for targets that may develop . Certain safety aids will be used in these operations, including radio beams as indicated, on the Eighth Army side , as well a s markers and smoke . The Eighth Army will fire a flak line at 15,000 feet at prearranged points along a certain line. Similar arrangements have been made on the Fifth Army front . General McCreary asked wh ther a practice wi th a smaller number of aircraft might be advisabl e . General Cannon thought this not necessary and. stated that the air leaders will fly over the area in advance of the operations. General Gruenther pointed out that on a previous occasion an accident due to nschanical failure had caused premature dropping of bombs by other ships in the formation involved . General Cannon stated that this could be prevented by having bomb bay doors opened over the water before the fornations come into their targets . General Cannon pointed out that these operations will get the entire air effort available in the r,: editerranean. General ·1cCreery Rsked whether on D- Day sorre of the medium bombers should be employed on i nterdiction missions against gun areas in order to give the maximum suppor t to the all- out effort . General Cannon stated in re ly that if add:ttional ta.rgets present themselves on D- Day the mediums , and :ii' neces sary tm entire available effort , may be used. General Brann asked when the interdi ction line indicated on the RE ·m would be effected, to which Colonel Pottenger replied that this was not set definitely but ~ould be effected when and if appropriate . Air Vice Marshal Vivian Foster asked what weather would be considered acceptable , to which Genera.l Cani1.on replied 2/10- 3/10 below 20 , 000 feet and 6-mile visibility. �) General Clark stated that he considered tbe proppscd air support entirely satisfactory and v,as very pleased with the progr m, particularly the fact that the entire air resources vill be available if rew targets present themselves . He pointed out that in this battle German logistics should be more d·ffi cult than in the past , and recognized the necessity of not withholding for too many days at a time the bombing of enemy communications ." * * * FLORENCE--A'FRIE 1 , 1945--General CJark arrived at his headquarters a.t 1000 hours and at 1100 he attended Easter services at his command post . General Clark read the lesson at the service . At 1200 General Clark decorated Lt . Colonel Bla.ckford , Executi ve Officer of the 8th Evacuation Hospital, with the Legion of Merit . Colont~l Blackford was leaving for the United States on temporary duty. Genera.1 ,~ar tin , Fifth Army Surgeon, Colonel Kirkman, Comoorr1ing Officer 8th Eva.cuation Hospital , GenerHl Gruenther , Gereral Saltzman and Colonel Porter were present at the ceremony. At 1215 Gereral Clark saw Mr . Shertok, head of the Political Department of the ,Jewish .A.;,ency which adv:i ses the High Commissioner for Pa~lestine on all questions of interest to Jews . He ne otiated the formation of the Jewish Brigade in London . The GenerRl lunched at his headquarters and after lunch returned to his villa for the remainder of the day. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 2 , 1945--Genera.l Clark arrived at his ooadquarters at 0930 hours and worked on papers and conferred with n:embers of his sfa.ff . At 1230 Mr. Gouve de 11 urville , French Ambassador to Italy, arrived . General Clark brjefed M. Couve in his War Room. At 1300 Mrs . Gouve with Captain Savary, French Liaison Officer with 15th Anny Group , Mt's . Savary, !ID:" . Orebaugh, Atrerican Consul in Florence , and Mrs. Orebaugh came to lunch with t.he General . After lunch the General returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark today received the -Pollowing cable No . FX 53949 from Field Marshal Alexander : '' In our FX 50565 of 27 March this headquarters agreed that previous objection to operations of French troops across the Franco- It~lian border were wi thdra m to the extent necessary for implementing the plan outlined in SHAEF forward 18185 of 26 March . 'Phe political objections which hitherto have prohibited our agreement to French troops operating over the border not only still exist but are becoming more serious . It was the intent of our FX 50565 that French tro ops operating a cross the border should be kept to the minimum neces sary t o accomplish the mission of co~atin~ng the German troops in Northwest Italy. The poli ticr_l repercussions which will follow are acceptab,l e because the innnediate operational benefits to be gained by containing these German forces will greatl y a,-; ,3ist 15th Army Group in their coming offensive . However , wo, CB.n not aggre.vate a dangerous i tua.tion ?Y unrestricted employment of French troops in Italy. Furthermore , it j_s the intention of this headqua.rters to request tre immediate vTithdrawal of all French troops from Italy . at the earliest practicable moment after the German~ cease to fight or when the coming battle in Italy has p- ogressed to such an extent that the th-reat on the Franco- Italian border is no longer required" . �7/ ( FLORENCE--APRIL 3, 1945- -Gerera.l CJ.erk arrived at his 1::eRdquarters at 1000 hours and at 1030 saw Colonel Mathews who is with the Engineer Section Survey Branch, War Department. At 1145 General McNarney arrived from Caserta. and conferred wjth General Clark in his Viar Room for an hour . Just before lunch Genera l McNarney pinned four-star insignia on Gener~l Clark in his office . General Gruenther, General Saltzman, Colonel Porter, Captaifu Berenson and Captain Lampson were µ-esent at the small ceremony. General Clark entertained General McNarney for lunch, and at 1330 he left by L- 5 with his Aide for the 92d Division in the area of ~iareggio . Today is the first day the General has flovm with Ma.jar Ozwald, his new L-5 pilot . Upon his arri vn.1 at the cub strip he was met by General Almond. Genernl Clark with General Almond droYe to the 3rd Battalion of the 370th Infantry Regirrent where they w·ere met by Colonel Sherman , Comnanding Offjcer of' the 370th Infantry Regiment . General ClRrk spoke briefly to the assembled h,tt~.lion, telling them of the important part they mve played in the Italian campaign and how very shortly they would have a chance to ps.rticipate in a great victory which they, as well a.s all troops in Italy, des~rve . Too Generril then drove with General Almond to the command post of the 92d Djvision where he was briefed by GenerRl Almond a.nd the G- 2 , Lt . Colonel MacWillie, on the 92d Division front. With General Almond, Gener~l Clark then drow~ to tre 4Li,2d Infantry Regiment area where they inspected the 100th InfBntry Battalion. The 442d had just returned from France-1 and the General spoke to the ba.ttalion, welcoming them back to Italy, telling them how proud he as to have this fine regiment and old friends back again with the Fifth Army and 15th Army Group . The Genera l rret the new commander of the battalion, Major Conely, and the regimental commarrl.er, Lt . Colonel Miller. After his short talk, he drove through the areas of the other two battalions of the regiment , stopping to speak to officers arr1 rren a:rrl inspecting bivoua.cs and company rresses . At 16oO the Army Group Cornr..a nder left the 442d areP with General Almond and drove to the command. post of the 473rd Infantry Regiment where he was met by Colonel YarlJOrough. The 473rd Infantry has recently been activated from anti- aircraft personnel . General Clark spoke briefly to n1n Company, telling them how pleased he was with the fine spirit they have accepted the1.r new role as infantry. The Gen ral explained ,,hy these rren had been converted to infantry and the important part they were to play in the great victory to come shortly. The GenerAl also said that in forming this regiment he looked for the best reg;mental commander that could be found and Colonel Yarboroµgh was it . The General then visited a rest center set up by the Red Cross for men of the 473rd Infantry. At 1730 General Clark arrived at a cub strip in the Serchio Valley at Chivazzo where he took off in his L- 5, arrjving at the IV Corps cub strip at 1750, where he was met by General Crittenherger . They then drove to the IT Corps headquarters at Castelluccio. The General' s VRn which was sent from his readquarters was all set up and waiting for him on his arrival. The General was entertained by General Crittenberger arrl trembers of his staff at dirmer. Duri ig dinn~r , Gener~l Crittenberger drank a toast to GenerRl Clark, congratulating him on h1s promotion and telling hjm how proud IV Corr.a was to serve under his co~mand . He then presented General Clark with a card rraking him an honore..ry rrember of the IV Corps . After dinner the General went into Gener 1 Crittenberger' s War Room for an evening conf'erence . He retired eRrly in his van for the night . * * FLORENCE--APRIL 4 , 1945- -General Clark awoke at 0645 arrl breakfasted with General Crittenberger at 0715. At 0745 GenerAl Clark attended a IV Corps briefing in the i:•rar Room after which the GenerRl spoke to IV Corps staff members telling th ,m of the future plans of the Fifth and Eighth Armies and of hjs hopes �/ ,,,,, fo ~1r ("~ ),'- Jr' n-1: 'P - ' ✓ . P-' '\v/ ~'I,/. - ( �( for a complete success . At 0830 General Clark with General Crittenberger left the IV Corns command post in General Clfl.rk' s Cadillac . At 0900 they arrived at the Riola bridge where they were met by General Keyes and General Prichard . The General then changed into his jeep , said goodbye to General Crittenberger , and with Genern.l Keyes and Gener..-1 Pri?~rd flrove to the 27~h Field Artillery Ba.ttr-ilion comm~mded by Lt . Colonel Philip Draper , at one tirre A. D. C. to General Clark . General Clark inspected artillery pieces, spoke to several of the officers arrJ men telljng the,m that if it had not been for the magnificent support of the artillery, the success ~s that the doughboy has had j n? Italy would have been impos sible and that we were now going into th: ~inal phase of the war and ·that they would have another great chance to part1c Jpa.te in the gr-eat victory. The Gener 1 enroute to th A 6th South African Armored Division command post picked up General Poole , GOO . He then inspected a company of Frontier Force Regiment (Indian) and iret Lt. Colonel Armstrong, Gominanding Officer of tha 4th F . F . R. The Ge:nerP 1 spoke brj efly to th A assembled company and his ad.dross was translat8d by Colonel Armstrong. He told them how proud he was of the 6th South .African Armored Division and how they were to participate shortly in a great vict ory. The General then drove to the command post of the 6th South A.frica.n Armored Division rvhere he trllked to staff officers and ha.d a cup of tea . This Division was today relieving the 1st Armored Division in the Mt . _9ole a1~e·· and the two divisions were in the 1 proces ,, of infiltration . Gener Keyes tl::En said. goodbye to Gener,al Clark who\ // with General Prichard and General Poole drove to a point on the road where / / 1 the General met representatives of the 4/22 FieJrl Regiment , SP., and 1/6 Field Regiment, anti-tank and anti - aircraft units of the 6th South African Armored Division . The Genern.l spoke briefly to th<➔ assembled officers and men. He ' then said goodbye to General Poole and drove rdth General Fricmrd again to the R:tola bridge where he was rret by Genera 1 Crittenberger . General Prichard said goodbye to the General and left for Lucca where his division was tP king up its new headquarters . Generals Clark andCrittenberger drove to Rocca Pitigliana, the commann post of tha 10th Mountain Division, where they were met by General Hayes, who entertained them for lunch. After lunch, General Clark with General Cri ttenrerger and General Hayes drove to a forward observation post where General Hayes pointed out terrain f'eatures over which the 10th Mountain Division wo11ld launch the forthcoming a.ttack. After leRving the observation post GenerPl Clark stopped in at the 3rd Battalion of the 86th Infantry Regiment where the whole battalion was assembled . He was ~t- by Lt . Colonel Hay, Commanding Off:i.cer of the regiment . The General spoke to the men of the 86th comnending them on the magnificent job they heve done a.nd what a shot in the arm the 10th r.fountai Division was to the Fifth Army when they: arrived in Italy. General Clark exp a.med the big picture , telling them that the Eighth Army would attack in a few days and shortly thereafter the Fifth Anny, and that they would have a great opportunity to cover themselves with glory as they have done in the past . General Clark then bid goodbye to Colonel Hay and drove with General Crittenberger to Gaggio Montano where they were met by General ifia.scarenhas . With General Mascarenhas , General Clark then visited a battery of the 2d Brazilian Field Art illery Batt, lion and met the Divisional Artillery Commander , General Oswaldo Cordero de Parias . The General inspected artillery pieces a.nd spo¼3 briefly to the officers an,1 :iren. He then drove to the command post of the Brazilian Exped itionary Force where a guard of honor was held for him after which General Cl.8.rl pinned the Silver Star on 3/Sgt . Zeflerino Crepaldi of the B. E . F. The Ganeral spoke to staff personnel of the B. Ji: . F . cornmend ··ng them on the magnificent oontribution that they had nHde here in Italy and how proud he was to h ve these fine Brazilian troops, so ably led �led by General ,.fa.scarenhas , under his commarrl. The General then Md goodbye to General Mas carenhas and left for the Perretta cub strip, arriving there at 1800 hours. General Clark said goodbye to General Crittenborger and took off in his L-5 for Florence. He arrived at his headquarters at 1845 , spent an hour in his office am returned to his vjjlla for the night. Special Operations Instruction #5 was issued today nnd reads as follows: "1. Information An operation will be initiated very soon on the front of FIFTH Army, as part of the 15th Army Group offensive, with the object of capturing MASSA and exploitin~ towards LA. SPEZIA . 11 2. Intention Allied Special troop units, Allied r issions and partimm forces will give the greatest possible support to this operation. n.3 . Method a . Immediately upon receipt of this Instruction Agencies will pass the follow;ng orders to all units and Missions operating, or in contact with partisan formations operating, within the area bounded by Highway 12 to the East, Highway 9 to the iforth, Highway 45 to the West and the present front line and Highway 1 to the South, all boundaries inclusive : (1) All possible enemy columns, transport, garrisons and encampments will b., attacked (2) Every effort will be made to prevent enemy movement on all his principal routes of travel by the employment of mine fields and roadblocks covered by fire . (3) All enemy command post will be liquidHted :;md all supply installations, especially those containing ammunition and petrol, will be destroyed . (4) All .,n.,my line communications will be cut and where possible wireless sets destroyed . (5) The final details of Anti-Scorch plans will be completJd and preparations rTJ.ad, to put them into effect . b . The provisions of this Instruction will not apply to S.A.S. Oneration ' TOMBOLA' for whom instructions have been issu.,d separately. "4. Hissions and Partisans not within the Are of Operations Orders of a. similar nature will be issued at a lat r date to Missions and partisan forces op,rating outside the area covered by this Instruction, in order to relate their FJ.ctivity to the overall Allied plan and the progress of Military operations .n �FLORENCE--APRIL 5, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0RJ0 a.nd a.t 0900 a guard of honor composed of British and American troops wa.s held in the G-3 square for Field Marshal Alexander who was greeted by General Clark . The Field r.na.rshal then decorated several American staff officers from 15th Army Group and Fifth Army Headquarters ,1ith British decorations . After the cer .,mony, General Clark with Field 1arsha,l Alextmd r walked back to the General s War Room ;\There they conferred for an hour. The Field Marshal then left by road for Fifth Army Headquarters . At 1030 General Cla.rlr saw Major General Beaumont-Nesbitt, Chief of the Liaison Section, AFHQ . General Beaumont- Nesbitt came to report to General Clark on matters pertaining to Poli.sh Corps. At 1045 General ClRrk with General Saltzman, General Tate and General {iblo visited Ordnance units and installations in the Florence area . The General lunch d with Gen ral riblo at one of the Ordnance units. The Gen ral returned to his headqtmrters at 1430 where he srent two hours working on papers and conferring with m mbers of his staff, after which he returned to his villa for the night . * * * FLORE CE--APRIL 6, 1945--General Clark arriv.,d at his headquarters at 0830 hours . General Cannon came to say goodby., to (}en ral Clark before leaving for Caserta to his new assignment as Comrm.nding General, Mediterranean Allied Air Forces . General Cannon is to be succeeded by Genernl Chidlaw who is now commanding XXII Tactical Air Command . This morning the G .,n .,ral also saw G~neral Thomtls North who heads the Miscellaneous Section of the Operations .Division, Var Dept=irtment. General Clark had a. portrait made this morning with his four-star insignia for War Department files . The General lunched at 1230 with regulAr members of his mess and at 1330 he attended the wedding of Captain McCormick a.nd Lt . Brubach . General Clark gave the bride a\vay . He return d to his headquarters inunediately after the wedding and at 1600 he left for the villa for the evening. * * FLORE iTCE--APRIL 7, 1945--The Army Group Commander a rived at his headquarters at 0900 hours . He saw Colonel Herckel who formerly was Chief of Staff to General Beucler and an old friend of General Clark's f'rom Oujda . The General spent the morning conferring with members of his staff in preparation for his press confer . . nee . At 1230 hours t he General held a press conference for approximately 120 correspondents and field pr ss censors . Following is a complete list of the correspondents and their papers : Howard M. Norton of the Ba.ltimor~ Sun, Donald Sanders of United Nations News Service, Sgt . Jack Foisie of the Stars and Stripes , Sgt . Robert Fleisher of the Stars and Stripes , James Roper of United Press , Collins Geor ge of the Pittsburgh Courier, Max Johnson of the Afro-American, Lem Graves of the Norfolk Journal & Guide and Raul de Castro of the Correio da Manha. �15 Henry Bagley of Associ ated Press , Allan Fisher of COIA.A , J oel Silveira of Diarios Associados, Ruben Braga of Diario Carioca , Thacilo Mitke of Agencia facj onal, Thomas L. Stokes of Scripps-Howard Newspapers , Egydi.o Squ ff of O Globo, Frank Norall of COIAA , Milton Bracker of the New York Ti mes , Michael Chinigo of International News Service , Walter Collins of UP, Al do Forte of UP, Richard Mowrer of the Chicago Daily News , Newbold Noyes of the Washington Star, Gene Rea of 11 Progresso , N. Y., Vincent Sheean of ""ANA and John C. Smith of the New York Herald-Tribune . Michael Stern of Fawcett Publications, Joe Robinson of United Nations News , Sgt . Dave Golding of the Stars and Stripes, Clay Gowran of the Chicago Tribune, Pat Frank of Overseas News Agency, Sgt. Harry Sions of YANK , Martin Moore of the London Daily Telegraph, Wallace Rayburn of the Montreal Standard , H. 0 Connor of SAFA, P. Durnford of SABO , s. James of SABC , C. Bell of th., South African Bureau of Information , H. Bierman of South African Public Relations , J . Holmes of South African Publ ic Relations , N. Nichols a.n official photographer , Edd Johnson of the Chicago Sun, Eva Putnam of Transradio Press , Ted Lurie of the Palestine Post , James Roper of United Press, Hall Conefry of Scripps- Howard, Maurice Watts of the London Daily Sk . tch and Capt . Bonney of Parade . Sid Feder of Associated Press, Griffin Bancroft, George Palmer of As sociated Press, Martin Moore of the London Dai l y Telegraph, Desmond Tighe of Reuters , A. Agiulo of Reuters , P . Lessing of Exchange Telegraph, Geoffrey Talbot of BBC , S. Barber of News - Chronicle , J . Cooper of Daily Express , G. Pearce of Daily Express, J . Fisher of Daily Mail, R. Beamish, A. Hammond of Kemsley Newspapers , P. Ure of London Times , H. McKie of Austrailian Press H. Southwell-Keely of Austral ian Press , N'. Lourie of Palestine Post , I . Finkelstein of Palestine Press , J . Barreto of French Press , L. Vernay Ramondy of FrJnch Press, J . L' Hospital of French Press , P. Galozzi of French Press, Lt . Clermont of French Press and G. Noble of New Zealand "Press . C. Lewis of New Zealand Press , G. Duncan of New Zealand Press , G. Mira.ms of Jew Zealand Press, Francis Halla.well of BBC , Clete Roberts of Blue, Godfrey ,,,albot of BBC , Jack Findon of Union Jack and Frederic Ullman of Pathe. These correspondents and radio and movie men were accompanied by the following officers from Allied Force Headquarters: Brig. Gen . A. H. McChrystal , Major C. A. Harkrader , \1!8.jor C. S. Lock, Major P. Henderson, Major The Viscount Stopford, Col . T. Mccrary, Capt . J . Newman, Sq/Ldr T. J . N. Smyth , Sq/Ldr R. M. Williams, Sq/Ldr D. ,J . A. Griffiths, Major P. B. Lowe , Major G. Clewes , Sq/Ldr G. Summers , Capt . Ranamitha.m, Capt . Badzynski, Lt . Skorups~i, Capt . R. Eckhouse, Lt . R. Sutter, and Col. Herkel . After the conference General Clark entertained the correspondents at a buffet luncheon at his headquarters . Shortly after lunch the General left for his villa. for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 8, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa . �I ' 0 /"' J y- ( �FLORENCE- -APRIL 9, 191.,5--General Clark ·arrived at his headquarters at 0830 hours and at 0930 he held his first op,._,rational morning conference in his War Room . The following officers attended and will attend future morning conferences at 0930 hours: General Gruenther, General CMdlaw, Commanding 12th Air Force, Brigadier Hirsch, Brigadier Packard, General Brann, Air Commodore Lees , Deputy Co~rnander 12th Air Force, and Colonel Boettiger , Chief of Staff 12th Air Force . Also attending were several junior officer specialists on weather , engineering, etc . This morning the General saw John Chabot Smith of the ~ew York HeraldTribune and Milton Bracker of the New York Times . L .. ~-~ · .J...,,.. - J o~ ----- r'-Y~ ~- oday is D- Day for the Eighth Army attack. General by General Gruenther, l~ft Florence by air a.t 1220 hours , arriving at Forli airfield at 1300. He was met by Gene r al Mccreery and proceeded immediately to an observation post a couple of miles ·1est of Faenza. Here were also General Cannon, Commandin.o- Mill' , General Chidlaw, Commanding 12th Air Force, and Air Vice Marsha.I Foster, Commanding D.AF . The observation post ,vas a farmhous in the Polish sector a.bout two thousand yards from the front lines . From this OP the assembled officers had a rtng-s ide view of the bombing program laid on in prep:=ira.tion for the Eighth .A:rmy attack sheduled to kick off that evening. There were some 800 heaview who had two area target s not more than two to three square miles . They dropped in the space of an hour and a half some 175, 000 fragmentation bombs , obtaining almost perfect patterns ,.,ith each wave . They were follO\r.red by some 200 mediUIDs who rmd three rath .,r smaller targ ts of gun areas around Castel Bolognese . After they had finished there were about 500 fighter hombers who kept up the attacks on pin- point targets until the attack was due to go on. ) General Clark met General Anders , C- in- C Polish Forces , General BohuszSzyszko , Commanding 2 Polish Corps , G~:r.eral Sulik, Commanding 5 Kresova Division, a.t another observation post . He then went to Headquarters 2 New Zealand Division where he was met by General Freyberg, the Divisional Commander . He then drove to TAC 5 Corps Headquarters where he met General Keightley. All these commanders expressed thems elves full of confidence in the success of the attack. General Clark also talked on the phone to General Russell , Comma.nding 8th Jndian Division . General Clark and Gene ral Gruenther left Forli by air about 1700 hours , e.rriving back at the command pos t at 1745 . General Clark took shortly ther;after to his villa for the evening . General Clark today issued the following statement to his troops : n15th Army Group is resuming the offensive with the object of destroying the German forces opposing us . nrn the past year the Fifth and Eighth Armies , composing 15th Army Group, have captured Rome and driven the enemy northward through his Gothic Line and have had their progress stopr,ed only by a combination of mountains , water obstacles and winter weather . The recent period of rela_tive i.nactivjty has nor drawn to its close . ) �nAs never before we now have an opportunity to deal a. decisive blow. With our enemy weakened by recent severe blows on other fronts the shock of a severe attack here will do much to speed his defeat, with consequent saving of lives and hastening of the day of victory over all our enemies. "It is therefore of extreme importance that every individual should devote himself completely to the success of this new offensive . Ea.ch man, whatever his job, must at this time give himself up utterly to the execution of these operations in order that every possible advantage will be denied the enemy and every opportunity taken to crush him completely. All must make full use of past training, of ingenuity, of rmter:i.el, and finally, of that courage wh:tch is needed to drive the battle home to the enemy in spjte of every discouragement which may lie in the path that leads to complete victory. "It is my greatest hope that this will be the last ma,jor offensive that will be conducted by 15th Army Group . Whether t his is so or not de pends on us . If we carry out our attack with maximum fury and wjth relent less t horoughness so that the enemy is forced to retreat , surrender or die , we may well realize your hope and mine that further major operations will be unnecessary. 0 And so I call upon all of you to give now, as you rave done in the past , the full rreasure of your devotion to your countries and to the allied cause in order that we may exploit fully the opportunities of the moment . No one knows how· great these opportunities are or what success ·we may obtain if we ta.ke full advantage . Hit them with all you t ve got, and with Goa's help we will have a decisive and perhaps a f i nal victory.n * * * FLORENCE-- APRIL 10, 1945--General Cla rk arrived at his headquarters at 0845 hours and at 0930 held hi.s mornjhg conference . At 1030 the General saw Brigadier Carr, Regional Commissioner Liguria; Colonel Poletti, Regional Commissioner Lombardia; Colonel Hancock, (British) , Deputy Commissioner Lombardia.; Colonel Mar s hall, Regional Commissioner Piedmonte; Colonel BovnTIB.n , Regional Commissioner Emilia; Colonel Fiske , Deputy Executive Commissioner Allied Commission; Colonel Jordan, Deputy Commissioner Liguria; and Colonel Monfort, G- 5, 15th Army Group . At 1230 Lt . General Edmond Schreiber, Go~ernor of Malta, came to see General Clark . The General briefed hlm in his War Room, after 'lhich he entertained him at lunch . After lunch, General ClPrk returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORENCE--APRIL 11, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headquarters at 0845 hours and held his 0930 conference . At 1030 the Gene ral attended a drumhead service on the occasion of the visit of His Grace the Archbishop of York, Primate of 1?ngland . Before the service, General Clark met the Archbishop . General Clark read the lesson at the service . �( After the s rvice the General returned to hi.s office and savr General Worsham, Engineer Section, War DepRrtm,nt, with General McCoach, Engineer M'rOUSA . The General also saw Mr . Nixon of BBC and briefed him in the War Room. At 1230 the Archbishop of York came to lunch with General Clark. Before lunch the General briefed the Archbishop in his War Room . After lunch, the General left for his villa for the rest of the afternoon and evening . The following is a message sent by General Clark to the patriots of northern Italy: "Patriotst The final great battles for the liberation of Italy and the destruction of the German invader have started • • HYou are prepa.red and ready to fight . But the time for your concerted action in aidlng the Allied armies has not yet come . Certain bands have been given special instructions what to do in this the first phase of the battle; they have received their instructions by special means knovm to you . Other bands will concentrate on preserving their districts and towns from destruction when the enemy is forced to withdraw. You have all been prepa~ed for your tasks when the tjme comes for concerted and all- out action . ( rrTo those bands which have not been given specific tasks for the immediate future you are to nurse your strength and be ready for the call. Do not play into the hands of the enemy by acting before the time chosen for you. Do not squander your strength and rresent an uncoordinated effort . Do not be tempted to premature action. ttWhen the right time for great .nd decisive action comes one and all will be called upon to play his or her p:i.rt in liberating Italy and in destroying the hated enemy. " General Clark today sent the following cable to General Cannon: "I want you to know how fully I appreciate the splendid and effective air support which the Air Forces have already given us in the current ~.t tack . J ha.ve been especially g·atified by the excellent cooperation which we have received from all air .force personnel starting with the early planning phase . Our air ground team is now a great success , and I am confident of your all out support in the f1 1 ture . tt * * FLORENCE- -AFRIL 12, 1945--General Clark arrived at his headqua.rters at 0830 hours and held his morning conferencJ at 0930 . At 1000 the GenerRl saw Colonel Horace B. Smith of the Public Rel~tions Section, War Department . General Clnrk lunched at his headquarters and at 1330 he left by car for II Corps Headquarters at 'ionghidoro , arriving there at 1500. 1 The General had sent his van up ahead and it was waiting for him when he arrived . The General conferred w."th General Keyes for half an hour and �at 1530 General Clark with General Keyes vis i ted the Legnano Gruppo headquarters wh .,re they were met by G ,neral Utili, who briefed them on the situation . General Clark w-i th General Utili and General Keyes then inspected Italian artillery positions of the Legnano Gruppo and General Cl ark spoke to several of the officers and men .. He also visited an infantry battalion in reserve and spoke to the battalion telling them of the magnificent contribution the Italian troops are making and how honored he was to have them under his command . Returning to II Headquarters General Clark stopped enroute at the headquarters of the Corps Engineers (19th Engineers) where he spoke to many of the of ficers and men , commending them on their fine work in support of the combat troops . General Clark with General Keyes arrived a.t II Corps Headqu:-1.rters at 1830 . General Keye s ent.,rtained General Clark for dinner and after dinner General Clark attended a briefing in General Keyes' War Room . The General retired early to his van for the night . * * * * FLORE CE-- APRIL 13, 1945--The G ,neral awoke at 0645 and received the news) of President Roosevelt • s death. The General had breakfast with General Keyes , members of his staff a.nd at 0745 attended the morning conference and briefing in the II Corps G- 3 War Room. At 0830 General Clark, with General Keyes , left the II Corps Headquart ers and drove to the command post of the 34th Division in the vicinity of Loiano where General Clark was met by General Bolt., and staff officers of the Division Headquarters . There the General de corated and promoted eight officers and enlisted men and spoke briefly to the assembled gathering, telling them of the plan of the coming operation and t he important part the 34th Di vision would play. With General Keyes and General Bolte General Clark then left the Division comnand post and drove to the battalion headqua.rt rs of the 133rd Infantry. The battalion was assembled , and G.neral Clark spoke briefly to them. He then visited the first battalion of the 168th Infantry where the battalion was also assembled and the General said a few words to them . General Bolte bade goodbye to General Clark at the battalion headqDPrt rs of the 168th, and Genera.I ClRrk drove with General ICyes to the 91st Division area where he was met by Gonerc 1 Livesay. The Gen -~ral spoke to several of t1e officers and men of the 361st and 363rd Infantry Regiments in passine , congra.tulating them on their fine work and t~11~ng them briefly of the coming operation and the important part they would play. The General then drove to the 536th FA Battalion comP1and post where he vms met by the Commanding Officer . The 536th FA Batt lion is a new 155 Ho,vitzer battalion which has ju~t arrived from the United States and has yet seen no action . The ttalion was assembled , anrl the Gener 1 greeted them, telling them how pleased hews to have this fine support for the infantry which had so long been lacking in this theater . The General told the battalion of the great opportunity th~Y would have to par ticipate inn great V'ictory which he was sure would come to them shortly. · The G,n.,rcl then visited with General Keyes the 916th FA Battalion where he inspected artillery pieces and tal)re d to many of the battery officers �D and men . The General then visited the 1st Batta.lion of the 36?nd Infantry in the vicinity of Loiano ,,rherA he spoke to the assembled bat.talion . General Clark e.nd Generals Keyes and Livesay then c1rove to the 757th Tank Battalion command post where the General inspected tank positions and talked to many of the officers and men .. En.route to the 91st Division command post for lunch G .. neral Clark stopped at the 11th Ba.ttery of the 54th Super Heavy Regiment(British) Pfhere he inspected the 8" artillery piece and spoke briefly to the Corunanding Officer and enlisted personn 1 The General expressed his r-ratitudc for the fine job these great suprorting weapons had done with the Fifth Army ano of the opportunity which would soon come whereby they would haven chance to participate in a great vic tory as the Eighth Army were hnvinr, at present to the east . At 1200 hours the General arrived at the 91st Division command post where he was entertained by General Livesay for lunch . At 1230 Generals Clark and Keyes left thA 91st Division command po,;t and drove to the command post of the 8[-i.th Division, four miles west of Loiano off Route 1165 where he Has m~t by General Kendall and members of the Division staff . The General decorated four officers and enlisted men at Division headqu.-.:i.rt ers . General Clark, vrith Genernl Ken<lR.11, then visited t .e 3rd Battalion of the 349th .Infantry '.'Jhere hA spoke briefly to the officers t=md men. He then visited the 377th FA Battalion - here he was r1et by Gem~ral Lewis , Division Artillery Comnander . The General inspected artillery rieces and observed fire missions . He also spoke to severnl of the officers and mon, tellin~ them of the magnificent support they have given to the infantry which made possible the successes they have ad Th Gen.,ral met General Gruenther's son, Lieutenant Donald Gruenther , who commands a battery in the 337th FA Battalion. The General then b:'lde goodbye to General Kendall and then drove to the command post of II Corps at Monghidoro . Just before leaving for Florence, the Genernl promoted Colonel Willems , Chief of Staff of II Gorps , to the grade' of Brigadier General . General Clark left II Corps command post at 11-i-30 by road, arriving at his commancl post in Florence at 1600 hours . ':;here the Army Group Commander conferr .,d with Generals Gruenther and Bram1 and left at 1730 for his villa. for the night . General Clark today issued the following statement upon the death of President Franliin Delano Roosevelt : nThe death of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt represents a tragic loss to the nation , and a personal loss to mo and to every soldier serving with 15th Army Group . ttThough the President has passed on, he has left to us n legacy of the finest and most soldierly qualities . As our Commander- in-Chief he charted us a course for battle . Vle ~rill continue unswervingly to devote ourselves to the fight for complete victory .. " * ( * FLORET\fCE-- AFRIL 14, 1945--Following his 0930 conference, General Clark saw �( the fol lowing correspondents: Miss He i tt , representing the Religious News Agency; Lt . Hill, of the Stars a,nd Stripes; and Rita Hume , of Inter national ':'Tews Service . At 1030 the General saw fib:" . Longhi , representing the Committee of Jational Lj beration for forthern Italy. The General spent the rest of the day in his office working on papers and conferring with various staff officers . * * * * FL0RENC~--APRIL 15 , 1945--The Gen ral arrived at 1is h ,adquarters at· 0830 and held his 0930 conference . At 1100 hours the GenerPl attended memorjal services or Fresldcnt Roosevelt held at his headquarters . The General read the follow:rng War Department Order a.t the service : ttThe following order of r.rhe Honorable Henry L . Stimson, Secretary of War , announces to t he .Army the death of Franklin Dele_no Roosevelt , President of the United \>tates: It is my duty as Secretary of Har to announce to the Army the death of Frankl in Delano Roosevelt , resident of the United St ates , which occurred at Warm Springs , Georgi , at 1635 hours , 12 April 1945 The Army is deeply grieved at the untimely death of our Comm nder in Chief. He prepared us to meet the savage onslaught of our enemies , and he led us through the bitterness of our early reversals . His unwavering courage in the face of overwhelming odds , his abiding faith in the final triump of democratic ideals , and his clear vision of the p:=iths to be followed 1·rere a source of constant inspiration.. He gave the Army unstintedly of hfa strengt h and wisdom, and his unremitting labors hastened his death Although he leaves us rlhile there is still much hard fighting ahead , the ultimate victory has bAen fa h ioned of his heart and spirit . Memorial services shall be held on the day of the funeral 15 April at all posts , camps an stations , war operations permit ting , at v1hich time this order i:d.11 be read . The former 1 ice I resic ent of the United States , Harry S . Truman has tal'·en the oath of of ice and assumed the duty of Pre sident in accordance vri ,h the provisions of the Constitution. lfThe 't,Jational Flag will be displayed Pt half staff at the Headquarters of all military commands an- vessels under the control of the War Department from 0800 hours loca.l time 13 April 1945 until sunset l?. May 1945 west longitude dates , war operations rermitting . The wearing of mourninf; ands , t . c draping of colors and standc .rds, and the firing of salutes will be dispensed with because of war condi ions . ttThe body of the late Commanderin Chief will be interred at Hyde Park., on 15 April 1945. n New . ork The following senior Allied officers were pres.,nt at the ceremony flanking General Clark . General Chidlaw , XII Air Force; Acfoliral :1orse, Flag Officer ; :Ve stern Italy; f,rigadier Floyd, Chit~f of Staff, Eighth Army; Mr . Orebaugh, the American Consul; General Utili, Italian General Commanding •lorence Area . �( ) �I ( After the services the Gonnral returned to hi office and rit 1200 the G nvral made a. recording :f'or vr-:i Day in his conference hut. After lunch the General returned to is villa for the afternoon and vening .. 0 * * FLORENCE--APRIL 16 1945--The General hold his 0930 confer :-nce and at 1000 hours General Cannon came to see General Clark A.t 1030 Lt .. Gen J. C H. Lee Corunanding General 0( 1 MZOViJZ, called on General Clark. General Clark briefed General Lee in his war room and entertained him at lunch. Immediately after lunch General Lee took off for a tour of the forward area, visiting_the Fifth Army command post onroute . 1 At 1230 hours General And _,rs , who is enroute to t,;ngla..YJ.d , arrived to sec General Clark . .After lunch Gfmt✓ral Anders left for Rome . General Clark saw Lt . Gen . Carlo Simone , Commanding General of the r ilitnry Territory of Florence . At 1630 the General left for his villa for the afternoon and evenJ.ng . * * * FLORENCE--AJRIL 17 1945- The G ,neral h~ld his conference ~nd at· 1115 hours drove to the lorcnce airport to meet General ~Tuin, v1ho arrived at 1145. · General Clark drove back to his headqm~rters ~ri th General Juin and before lune}, bri ,fed 'irn in his· war room .. At 1300 General Clark with G n,ra.l Juin and General Le Couteux and fi1a,jor Boillot, ADC to General Juin, flew by 1-5 to the Fifth Army cub strip at Traversa . General Clark was met by GenJrr'l Carl ton, Chief of Staff, Fl+"th Army. The part:-, then drove to the Fifth Army command rost vrhere G~neral Carleton briefed G nerals C n.rk and Juin on the current situation. G~n ,rals 018.rk, Juin and L Couteu..""{ th ,n drove by jeep to Headquart rs II Corps in •Tionghidoro , wh ,re they were met by G. . n . . ral Yeyes and r1embers of his staff G,ncral Keyes riefed G~neral Juin nnd G,neral Clark in his v.rar room, irunediately aft r which they drove to an observation post northwest of LoiFmo, where Gen .rP.l:=: Clark and Ju.in could observ, t ,rrain over which the newly started off ensi v vras taking place. J On the r .turn to I Corps E adquarters, Gen . . rn.ls Clark R.nd Juin m.:t Gfll\neral McHerney v;ho w s also touring the front. General Cl8J."k introduced General Juin to Genernl Hc arn,y, and, after f' short visit,, General Clf-lrkts party r~turned to the II Corps command post where Gen.ral Keyes entertained them forte and a drink. 11 At 1700 hours General Clark a+td Gen ral Juin l,ft th~ I Corp'-"' command post for Trav rsa, where they took off in L-5 1 s for Florence, arriving at lCOO. General Juin dined with General Clark at the command rost this evening nd after dinner playLd bridg until ~leven o 1 clock. Operations Instruction 46 was issued today and deals with the occupation of ~.rorthern Italy in the "".'r .nder or a ;, ,neral collapse of the enemy r ~si?ta.nce . J �33 FLORENCE--AfRIL 18, 1945--At 0900 the GeYJ.eral Arrived at his headqua rters and at 0930 h~ld his morning conference ., At 1015 hours Rex Ingram, of' Time r,ragazine; tr- •or· e of United !-'ress, l"tr- Palmer of Associat d re ss, and rir . ; 1owrer of the Chicr-tgo ! ews, were · riefed by th~ Gen .,ra.1 in his war room . At 1100 hours th, Gene ral made a recording for a broadcast for Victor,r Day in his conference hut . Th~~ Ge neral lunched at his headquarters .. At 1?00 hours a reception was h ... ld by Gt,neral Clark or General Juin in his conference hut wh r __, officers of the Fr nch Ei.ssion attached to Fifth Army and 15th P.:rmy Group were rrese nt, also Chiefs of Sections of 15th Army Group , .nd Genera l rrruscott and seve ral m ..mbers of his staff. Gfm~ral Juin decorated Genernl Truscott ii·rith t he Croix de Guerre rder of Commander, and also conf.,rred the Croix de Guerre on Colonels Ca.mardellP. ,, and }1ickey. After the reception, General Juin vent to the Hotel xcelsior, returning at 1930 for dinner At 1900 hours His Royal Hi~hness, Prince Unberto, with General Infante arrived General Clark hBd the Prince and General Infante as his guest s for the ni~ht . Gen •ral Cls.rk entertain _,d Prince Umberto, General Infante, G,neral Juin, Ge neral Hcl a.rn~y, General Chidlaw and Gener~l T.e Couteux for dinn r at his mess After djnn~r Ge neral ClR..rk played bridge with his guests . 1 General Clark today received the following cable from Gen . Twining, Commanding General of the 15th Air Force: nr deeply appreciate the splendid cooperation and aid given by all echelons of your co1runR.nd during the planning and execution of our carpet bombing attacks in advance of your assaulting divisions " The clear and distinct marking of the front lines and target area by ranels , tee mri.rkers, smoke pots and. antiaircraft fire , was of inestimable value to our bombing forces . The excellent planning, detailed t i mine and location of the visual aids by units of your command together with the superior manner in which all details were executed grea.tly simplified a difficult task for this air force . To all ranks I extend my sincere thanks on a job v-rell done tr * * * FLORE 1TCE--APRIL 19 1945--General Juin l~ft this morning at 0930 for Paris . At 1000 hours General Clark he ld his morning conference Gen ral McNarney was present at the conference . At 1045 General McNarney left for Caserta, and Gen,ral Clark spent tho remainder of the morning in his office . Th~ GenerHl went to his villa for lunch with General Brann a.nd after lunch played golf at the Ugolino Golf Club in Florence . �,) �FLORENC --APRIL 20, 1945- -Th General arrived at his headquerters at 0930 and saw Rex Ingram of Time Magazine again today. He also rromoted Lt . Col . Forter and Lt . Col . Brisach to the rank of full colonel in a surprise forms.tion at his headquarters The General lunched t his mess in the command post and after lunch went to his villa for the afternoon . At 1700 hours th General r..,turned to his headquarters to neet Hr . MacMillan, British r·~ in.ister to Italy·, and Mr . Stewart Brown in charge of public relations at Allied Commission, who accompanied Ar . MacMillan . This afternoon the Gen ral learned that the 10th Mountain Division crossed ov ,r Highway 119 west of Bologna . The General briefed Mr . Jbseph Harrison of the Christia.n SciencMonitor and 1\/lr . Howard Norton of th., Baltimore Sun in his war room in the afternoon . Rt 1900 hours the G,neral returned to his villa where he gave a dinn r celebrating the 28t h armi versary of his graduation from West Point Among those present were : General Gruenthf'!'!r, General Saltzman , Colonel Porter , General Sullivan, G neral Lewis , General Bradshaw, General Brann, G neral Howard and Lt . Col. Nygaard . * * * * FL RETC --APRIL 21, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters this morning in time for his 0930 conference and th~n spent the remainder of th, day in his of""fice conf . . rring on operational matters vith members of his staff . Today eL,ments of the Polish Corps and troops of the Fifth,,,/ Army captured Bologna . /I The Gemeral spent the evening at his villa . Gen r al Afoxander today issued the follov.ring s t atem nt with regard to the fall of Bologna: rThe capture of Bologna is a victory that belongs to every Allied fighting man - soldier , sailor and airman - in the Italian Theater . My warmest congratulations to the troop,;.) v.r hich have seized this vital military obJecti ve after a \"linter ' s campaign that hrrs presented oJ.most insup rable obstacles in terrain, weather and fanatical enemy resistance . Now let us keep driving forwa.r.-d until the last en my soldi~r has been driven from Italy. " 1 General Clark spoke as follows on the fall of Bologna: 111 rh 15th Army Group has today liberated Bologna from the Germans . The American 5th Army and the British Sth Army now stand inside the gate way to the Po plain, poised to destroy the G rmans who continu~ to enslave and exploit northern Italy. 11 rican Jritish, l\ew Zealanders, Indian Army, Polish, Brnzilian, South AfJewish , Italian and Am rican troops, single-minded in purpose , ;' �will drive forward to d stroy the enemy. He still may stt:md and f ght , but ologna repres nts to us the beginning of final victory in Italy. rt Bologna has a. sumed the aspect of a symbol of the campe.ign in which we hav~ been engag d and its fall d notes success in thr-it campaign However ,· our most important objective rema:i.ns th , d struction or capture of the ;nemy forces opposing us so that all Italy may be liberated and th end of the war hastened as much asp ssible . The overwhelming Allied air power and naval aid h lped our gallant ground troops in a manner -thnt merits our highest praise . " * * * * FLORE NC~ --APRIL 22, 19/4-5--The General riv d at his headquart rs at 0830 and held his conf;rerice at 09.30 At 1000 hours Brig. Gen Richnrd Lind- · say, Colon 1 Proctor and Colon,l Darby, th advanc party or the General Arnold entourage call.,d to pay their respects to General Clark . At 1030 Gen ral Clark with General Brann Brigadier Packard, and Colonel Grogan drove up R~ute #65 to Bologna, arriving at 1300 hours . They were met in the public park at Bologna by Generals Truscott , Ano.ers , K;yes, Bolte and Critt enberger ., Gen rnl Truscott briefed G..,nera.l Clark on th current situation , after which GJn~ral Clark, vith the senior officers, drove throup:h the city to the main square wher~ a guard of honor, consisting of Polish and American troops , was h_.ld- Thousands of che ring civi lJ.ans gr eted G ,neral Clark as h; entered the sqUr'tl' ; Th Polish be,nd layed Am~rican British and -olish national < nt ;ms . After th c~r .mony the General made a to of th city and then drove to the command post of the 34th Divi ion in the Jark in Bologna . T ere efore all senior commanders, General Clark decorat d General Bolte ·dth th. Silver Star e A er a sand·"Tich and a cup of hot · ouillion, General Glv.rk, with Gen ral Brann and Brigadier Packard, drove back to Florence, arriving nt · 1?30 hours . At 1930 th G_..n..,ral left his office or his villa for dinner and th ni ht . 0 * * FLORET E- APRIL 23 1945--At 0900 the Gen ral axriv d and had his conference at 0930 . A-t 10'30 G.,neral Clnrk b iefed the following radio com mentators : G H. Combs, I·IDS; qurTCY HOWE WQXR; Hm~,.rd Barnes , NBC; Joseph Harsch, Christian Science JTonitor . Today the G neral rec ived word that the 10th Mountain Division were the first to cross the Po, m king the CI ossing -= t S n B nedetto and establishing a good bridgehead ., / V • , I At 1545 G n.,ral HcTTarn~y nrrived,; 1 th General Gannon and conferred with General Clark for an hour after which the G neral return.,d to is villa for the night . General Clar oday sent the following radio am to his Army Com- manders. n15th A:rmy Group continues the attack to d stray th en.,my .. Eighth Army after crossing the Ri v"r Fo vlill push rapidly for a.rd to breach the ( 1/j 1 �( �Adige position and captur F adua. . :F'ift Army will continue the attack with its majn effort on Verona . A secondary ffort will b~ directed on th axis Bergamo K 6387 - Como E. 1902 to d ny th enemy escape routes to the north A.fter reaching et-.xona to b prepar d to turn east to croo s the River Adige north of Legnano and ssist the advanc of Bighth Army. Boundary. All Points inclusive to Fifth Ar1y . Ceneselli F. 9~06 F . 932091 - thence along Cave Bentivoglio to F . 8'70133 ... River at l? 870148 BR F . 51223 - Th ,nc alonS7, ,kola Lavigne to F .8402~3 - River Adige P-t F . 865295 . Ac mowl dge n ca 1 Later in the day General Clark followed the above messag..., dth t .e to Gen ral Truscott quoted beloVT. Ref~rence rnessag mlJ11ber 0-5430 dated 23 April IV Gorps with the n cessary troops t=i.ttach d (See rJ Cor JS r ln.n I1 HNIBAL - Plan I dated 31 Uarch) will not e detached from Fifth Army to t,xecute the occupation of .forthwest. Italy unt i l such time as th~1! forces required for this task are not need d by Fifth Army to accomplish its asgi ned missions If however operations p rmit it is desirable tha.t orces to be used by IV Corps in its occup tion of northwest Italy be used as far as possible in Fi th Army s secondary e fort in the directio 1 of Como . 11 1 * * L [RE°\\TCE- -APRIL 24 , 1945- At OW30 the Gcrn.,ral arrived a.t his headquert.crs 0930 confer nee . At 1000 hours Genera.l Clark saw Colonel · Bc.. hcet Turkman of thv Turkish Army (Director of li.litary Intelligence) and had h s with r · g~di Hirsch At 1145 G neral. of the Army Arnold with Brigadier General B~eb and Colon ,1 ~arquard, arriv ,d to see G n al Clark. The G ;n ral ri fed them in h s war room and ent.,rtaincd them for lunch . Gen ral Chio.law, Air Commodore Leese and Brigadier F ckard were also guests of General Clark fo lune . Aft r lunch the G..,n ral 1..,n · to his villa and return d to his headquarters again at 1600 where he conferred with Gcmerals Grucnth r, Brann and Rrigadi r Hirsch on th, curr nt operations . At 1830 hours G neral Clark, with G ,neral Grucnther, drove to General Ch id law' s ville..~ rhere a. dinn r was given for G nerci l Arnold . * FLOREHC - - APRIL 25 , 1945--The Gen ral a.rri ved at his headquarters at m~oo our • At 0900 the G n ral saw G neral 1Toce, G- J of .J\FHQ . At 0930 General of the Army Arnold arriv.d ,nd attended Gcnerc_l Clark's morning conference Gen~:r.al .roce was also rresent . At 1000 hours Ge 1err-tl Anders arriv d . G n ral Clark introduce G ,neral Anders to General A-rnold . At 10/j,0 G.,neralsArnold , Cl2rk, Gruent. ,,r , Chidlaw and several air fore,) staff officers left ~lor nee airport in a C- 45 for Bologna.. The party landed at the Bologna airport, the first transport plane �to land on the Bologna field sine· the capture of that city by the Allies . The party was met y Gen!,jral Truscott and G neral Darcey, Commanding General of the XXII Tactical Air Force , Air Vice Aarshal Foster of the Dese:rt Air Force , Air Commodore Leese ancl Colonel Holmg.i."'een, ArU Off'icer . Generals Clark and i.\.rnold , yrj th General rrruscott and staff officers , then toured the city of Bologna or fort~r- fi v minutes ·where they were grei,.,eted by cheering civilians . General Clark ·then drove General Arnold to the ol gna field whcr -J General Arnold and his party took off for Florence by C- 45 , and Generals CleJ~k ·and Gruenther flew in L- 51 s to IV orps in the vicinity of Hodena where thy were met by General Crittenberger who took Generals Clark and Grucnther to his command post l After a SA.ndwich· a.nd a cup of ou1llion at the IV Corps command post , Generals Clark, Gru ,nther c nd Critt ✓nb ,.rg .,r drove to the 10th tioun~aJ.11-.., Division command post in the vicinity of San Benedet-lS'o , on•..., rid e south of the Po where they were rne;t by General Hays and th., nevrl y-~.prointed Assis• tant Division Commqnder , Colonel Darby . G~neral Hays briefed Gen~ral Clark on th~ current situation, a t~r vrhic1 he took G ,.neral Clark and party to the bridge over th Po which had Just b en completed by 10th Mountain Division and rv Corps engineers . G ,nerB.l Clark in a jeep thJn drove across the pontoon treadway bridge over the Po . General Clark stopped enroute , commending many of the men on their magnificent accomplishments and hovr proud ho was of thorn . On reaching the other side of the Po the Gen ral drove along the river and inspected a second bridge which was just about to e completed . He congratruated th engineers on their fine achievement . The General th,.n drove back tote 10th Mountain Division where he bade goodbye to Gen ral Hays . He then drove back to the IV Corps cub strip. } ! Genere.ls Clark and Gru nther then flew to the II Corps cub strip in, th vicinity of Poggio Ruis co where th .,y were met by General Keyos . They drove to the II Corps command post where they .rere briefed by the Corps ommander on the current situation. General Clark remain d at the comr11c'1_nd ~j (i post for approximately half an hour and then took off in his 1 - 5 again with General Gruenther for Eighth ~rmy ·in the vicinity of Porto .Maggiore , whe e they were met at the cu strip by Gen ral M.c Creery. At Eighth Army ti" Headquart rs General rrcCreery conferred vd th Grmerals Clark and Gruenther in his ·rar room and had the Army Group Commander for tea . G . . neral McCr ery, with Generals Clark and Gruenther , th~m flew to 13 Corps Headquarters in the vicinity of li"1errara where they were met 11y General Harding . G~neral Harding briefed G n..,rals Cla-.rk and Gruenther in his war room,, and after a short visit General Clark took off by L- 5 with General Gruerrther for Florence arriving at his headquarters at 1830 hours . The Gen ral then went to his yilla for th night e * FLORJ1NC ➔ - AJRIL 26, 1945--Th * * G n~ral h ,ld his confer.enc * this morning at 0915 and o.t 091+0 drov., to th~ Florence field wh re a guard of honor vras held for General Arnold upon his departu1·e . G ,n .,ral Clro-k bafle g0odbye to Gc,nernl Arnold who is novr enrout.e to Bari anr th~n ack to the United States via South Arn.,rica . The G neral spent th ., r~mainder of the da.y workinr; on operational matt·rs in his o.c-fice . During the day the Gen,rrl . e �f ( saw at Frank of the no-lfer.seas News AgencY'' and June Frank his vnfe , of ll':f1his Mon-Lhtt and 11 The Omaha .lo . ld" George Grim . . of HThe I'1inneapolis Star" called d.th the Fran cs to be bri fed hy G .n ,r~ Clark rhe General dined with the Am.,ric,-n .consul , f'ir Or aug , and his wife at th ir villa in Florence this ev,ning 1 G ,neral Clark today s ... nt th~ followinF; cable to General D v .rs v ith r ,gard to th rench f orces op.-rn.ting on the Fr~nco-Ita.lian fronti~r: ttGrateful for a.ssi.:-;ta.nce r:;iven ,r Fr~nch forces under your commad on ranco-Ita.lian frontier Gonsid r tim has now ar1iv d when further advance by Fr .. nch troops can hav, no ::ippreciable effect on withdrnwal G .,:rnan troop~ from franco-I"balfrm front·i · r In v:uH of po,_)sibl., politicn:J_ r ,p rcussions, rcqu ,st that Fr ,nch troops b., h~.lt.,c on resent- lin, and he rri thdre.vm behinrl fronti .,r as soon a8 conditions permit 11 * * * * FL F.El\JC i --APl IL '?? , 1945- At oq45 th G n al ai~ri ved at his head luPrt rs fl.nd h~d his morn nr, conf ,r .,nee et 0930 . Today the G . . neral promot ✓d Col. Suth ,rlnnd to th grade of ·ull colon.,l~ He lso bri f~d the following corr ,spondents in his ·mr room: George Palm.,r , Associated } ss ; Aldo : orte:, , United r . . ss; JR.mes Coop r, London Daily Telegram; :Cmery I.,ierce, ...iondon H rald; Southworth Kelly Au~tralian :;ress ; John W. . llis , London Drily el ,gra.m; WilliP.m TJ . Robeson , Columbia Broadcastin~ ~y tem; Anton Lader , 1\Jational Broadcastinft, Corporation; FrPnk Telford , Columbia Bror-i,dcasting System; Rob .,rt Sha.yon , Colurnbia Jroad casting System G ,n ,ral Clark ha.d Gen . . r ls Moran, Brann and T:--.t as guests for lunch . After lunch t 1, G .,n..,ral 1e ft f'or th., villR · for tJ1e a t rnoon and evening . General Clark today recei vcd the f ollowinp, cable from eneral Alex,,.nder with reg:ird to future opern.tions of 15th Army Group in Italy I "L Vlhile th.., primP...ry obj ct of 15th Army Group still remains to prevent th .,nemy from ,stablishing himself on th,., Adig, - Alps Line , it is now desirabL to d ~ ,rmin, th., G ✓ n .,ral course of op rrit1ons subs quent to yours izur,, of the gen.r al areA. icenza - Padua - eronr-t Fhen this has berm ach ,ved, t1-Je ma:,.imum '"'ffort of which you are capB,ble should bed veloped towards . (A) Gaining control ovt.,r the 1•,hole Br nner of .tnnsbruck as the fin-'1.l objective . oute with the capture (B) S izing the port of Trieste n,s rapidly as possibl with a view to the e tabl:i.sh:n . . nt subseq 1 ... ntly of control ov .,r the Trieste Tarvisio - Villach rout into Austric: 11 2 . The occupntion o · ! orthwest anrl 1 ortheast Italy Hnd the ex u h . ing of · em/!3.lning ~nemy resistance in taly r~mrdn s condary to the abmre / �tasks Th escap of any consid . . rabl., n..,my forces from t orth est Ite.ly i l l in any case e pr .,vent .,d as soon f'.s you ar~ esta lish d on th Balzano - r~rano s,ctor of the Br.,nn r route . u3 It is of g eat importance that prompt advc tag be ta1~en of any opportunity that may aris, to seize Tri ste . This may well occur at any arly dnt • An amphibious lift for a fore in th~ order of one bri•· gade group/rct, can be r.18.d av,. ifabl, at Anconri at ive days notice Apr.i.rt f rom true taken in ,mbarh,. ion,_ time r quired to s~eer the fore ... into Tri ste will be int ~ ord,r of fourte n days Possible operrtions which you should be T' epar,d to carry ouv at sh rt notic are as under . D tail d naval phmninr; should don with F ALI. (A) Acceptance of su.rr1.,nder of G rmrm gar:cj son to an Alli d seaborn force b or Tri ste c~=m )e reRch d ov rlB.nd. . Gerr:i.~ ommand r may in last resort, pr fer this to su-r n .ering to Jugoslavs . ( ) Rapid r inforcement by nea of srne.11 force which may e abl, to occupy Tri st by lan<l in ad vane., r-md out of support of main. forces 'rhis mig t ·1ell occur in confus d situation likely to fol low a g n .. r 1 C'r .... rman surr.,nd r in this theater .. 4. In planning op,rations for th capture of rieste you should knoillf that it is my intention to limit the ar .a of VIC i'JZA GJULIA occupi~d by your fores to such as is n c ssary to me~t naval equ:irements , which includes occupation o Pola., and to ens-ure the ffectiv control ands curity of the LOC of the occu:rational forces to be sta)lish d subsequently in tria . This task 1ill e mr-i.c1 the r ponsibility o: cm Anglo American task ore of a corps of one U S. and on,., British Division . :F'urth ~r d tails will be furni h d you separAtely. 11 Au n5 In th; meantime, it will greatly facilitrte th---- a.rran~em nts i:·rhich muot be made at thi'"' headqun.rtcrs to g i ve th fullest possible support to your operations if you will, J (A) Giv, a provisional allocation of fore ,s to each of the tasks in para.graph on, and to th occupation.o-r No th"Test and Northeast Italy. (B) ,fomine.t~ th., corps headquarters for the Anglo-Am ric,m task force m"ntion din paragraph four . " * * FLORENC --APRIL 28 1945--Gen ,ral ClRrk had his regular conferenc., this morning at 0930 . The <Lneral Sf!Vl Bri ~adier Gen ... rAl Pleas Rogers, Commanding Gen ,ra.l of th, Seine Base Sectio in Fr- nee . G.~n c 1 Rog rs is an old fri .. nd of G neral Clarks . T L General spent the entire day in his office '!Orking on pap ,rs n.nd confe ring •rith members of his staff . H return d to t ,e villa for th a ternooJ1 and ev ,ning . �I • • �With refer nc- to G n ral Clark's cable of April 26 quoted in the diary not .. s o th, ame day, G n.,ral Devers sent th following cable to the Commc,nder of French fore s in Italy .. n In ccordance w:i th r 'lu" st of AFI·P1 and 15th Army Group, you will · halt your troop. on th pr s nt lin, and orgn.niz., defensiv lin • Pr ..pare to withdrA..'J' into Prance as th military situation p ,rmits . J~ HThei, C'rerman forcos in Italy ht.v be n compl· tely disorganized and ith- urt_ r action along the Alps s .,ctor will not appr~cir:ibly _;ffect dra ml of t , .Jn my force from tru: _t s ctor . "Your op~rations have been successful and th~ Commanding General of 15th krmy Group and SAG11ED have extend Jd t 1eir gra ,i tude for your as sist .nee t * * * FLOREnc· - -APRIL 29 1945-- h G... neral ad his r gular conferenc at 0930 thi'"' morning . Mr ~ Offic, Polit5 cal Adviser , AFHQ called to see the Gen ral to discuss Austrian affairs 1tr . Thomas also saw the G... n,ral t is morninr; and was brLfed y Jnm in his wa.r room Maj . G n . Henry, G- 1 of the War Depar m._.nt , and rig . G .. n . VIillard Irvine, Deputy G-3 of the War Depnrtm Jnt, with :/lr" Offie and J1r . Lowell Thomas irrere guests of G ,neral Clark or lune This morning we ·1 arn d that rrJUssolini had een shot last night p~rtisans at Lak , omo e Aft Jr lunch the G..ner 1 spent the afternoon by in \ his offic conferring w:ith members of 1is staff .. H, returned to his vil-. la for dinn rand th, cv__,ning . I * * * * LOR'8 11TG --APRIL 30, 1945--Th G ,n ,ral arrived at his command rost a t 0900 this r10rning and had his r gular 0930 conf r nc • At 1000 hours Maj ., Gen .. Osborn,, who had t e Informa.tion and E ucation Branch of th ;'18.r Departm ,n~ , called on G ,n .,ral Clar • Today G,..,n ... rr 1 Clark· moved his TAC H adquert rs to Bologna ., The Gen,ral remained in h:ts offic,, this afternoon nnd return..,d ·o th~ villa for the night . General Cl8rk today sent th ... following message to Gf}neral McCrecry: "l rigadicr Stayn..,r rill deliver to you t·10 messn.g s ·hich will give you som., background inforrM.tion which ma.y be of ast'.:!istanc , to you in the oecupati.on of ;)JEZIA GIULIA . n2 . AFHQ are forwarding a ·r equ st to Tito asking th-qt control of such of his fo rces as ar., in "'D~ZIA GI JLD\ '7h ,n contn.ct V1 ith your forces is made in thf-\t ar n b, pnsc,ed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito agr, s thJs, Ju~oslav forces will b passed to your comnand: �{ n r p. r.,,_ .-,._..._.,, . 6,) p. - ~ ~ -', ,;- (.,; ~ ( / �9\ ttJ . Your curl ent J'flis sion dir .,cts an a(lwmce on axis TRBVISO UDI ~ - 'rRIBSTE ., See O - 54 50 of 26 April. Wh n contact iq mad with Titos forces you ,~ill ~ot conduct any Op-"rrrtions in territory occupied by these forces which might precipitate nrmed clashes bet reen your orc~s and tho~·H, of Tito . If Tito ' s forces :1.r . not ,.,Tilling thr-i.t you advance :into territory thLy hold you rill halt ~ om' advrm ,c anf r port the situation to this headquarters )Y most rapid means ·or dec;i..sis>n . ~'0 * .Y.· * . ~ i~ ~~~ * J. ~ FLORE~f --HAY 1, 1945- Toc1ay is G n rnl Clark's birthday During th day Gen ral ClF.trk saw in his offic~ Co11.gressman l ~v .,rett M. Dirksen of Il inois who was A.ccompani~d by 'fJ.r John Shmir Young of the For,.,,ign :Sconomic Administration .. At 1700 hours a bj rthday party 1tras gi v .,n for GcnerRl Clark in his conf..., ence hut wher. thirty- five of his clos fri~nds and staff officers drank to hi health and vr" shed him a happy irthday A irt ~ay cake was pres-,nt .,d to him . y his mess personnel. This t:,v,ning Gen,ral Glark gave a small )irthday pa:rty at is villa with Gen.,ral .rru .,nther, G .,n..,ral Brann Colonel Porter and Ca .tain Berenson rr s_.,nt A tr ,m_,:ldous cake was present d to G ner2l Clar < by th ., mess sergeant · t the villa General Clark today dictated the following notes for inclusion in his diary. nwhat could 1?e more a :r:rropria.te than on my 40th birthday for the Alli d 15th Army Grou to reach t , clima of its t v nty-month cnm.· gn in Italy. n ne of th" ri-10 t coT11plet~ [-1.nd d .ci ,:,~ v., victories in m: lit~ry history he s h~en record d b;r these two armies in a . .,riod of a proximately thr e w eks . irApp· oximately lli.5,000 prison.,rs hav, been fa_l{en, anrl the Ligurion Army, con·nstin~ of two G... rman an . t'fo Itrilian di isions is hop,.,l ssly pinn ..,d in the rnurin area Tith all exits to the north bloc,cd . }L comm::m er of 1.,his army has b~tm cartur · d and is in my custody - A:irshal Graz~iani . His hi,~ f of s·' aff, G .,n~rnl J ems 1, surr nr~ered and ,:,igrL. d . lL'1condi tiona 1 surrender terms pr ,,.sented to him by Gener~.l Crj ttenher er .. . Up to this time th ., troops have ot acted uron th, surr~ndor t .,rms sign"'d y th , hi .f of StRff .. The oth r bm G~rman arm::.es, th 10th and H,th , he ve b .. n sm she d to bi ts The only r Plaining port of I tRly in '-':'1 .,my hanris is rt small mountainous ar ,a f--om the r ,nner Pass to the north~rn tip of L-"lke Gnrda . 0 f n- ealiz-ing thnt renc,.., n.,gotfotions B.r., 1.m,'t1r ,·my at various plr:i.ces and th..,t soon ther , '-1 ill be an ov rvrhelming announce _.nt throu) out th, world that unconditional surrender of all German armi s 1.qs been eff cted, I made the followin > statem ,nt yest ,,.rday: �11 1T 1 · oors of th 15th Army Group have so smri sh .,d the G~rman Rrmj_ s in Jtal:, thnt thev hF.iVe b en virtually ,1: m~_rn,ted as a militAry force . This c struction has ...11 c .,n accomplish d in th· offensiv, vr ich is no 2~ dA.ys old for the 8th Army, an 15 _dcys old for the 111ajor art of th , 5t 1- .Arny., PI1 •rcnt -five G.,rm'ln divisions some of the b st in the G ,rwm army hav been torn to pieces and c~.n no long).Jr effect:lvely resist our armi s . Thousands of v hicl s , tr<!!m ndous qmmti ti .,s of c.rms anr equirment, and ov~r l?O 000 prison ,rs have e .,n captured anc1 mnny mor~ are eing corralled 11 The military po·r.r Jr of G :cmruiy in Italy has nractj cally ceased , evc.n t ough scatter d- fighting IJPY continu as r .. mnants of the: Germrin armies are mopp d up cir 11 itr FSUf,d this statement rdvisedly, for I ,•ant ,d my troops anfi the world i.n ,,en-,ral to lrnow that no Hrmj sticc broug. t about the 90 1 lcte victory in taly. · T 1., ,nc: of Germ,.. n rm· er in Italy fas rought Bbout on the fi ,ld of battl,., by our handing him as decisive c: rcfeet as hes ev ,r be . . n rieted out to nn en . . rny grou of armies . urt is inter•~st1ng to note at this time when ~reat success has be . . n achieved on the field of battle wh-=,n Italy has be ..,n conquered by a march las ing w ,nty months rom south to nor h thn.t I nff'l rn"l confrontec wit delicate situations on oth my flanks . ey are rs follmrn : non th west the J tA.lians nr worried , anri on, of my rit-i_sh Li".'j son Q_ficers rr:_th a partisan cLtachmcnt in he west t 1 grap q that cxcite nent ls rif, ov,r the ,ntrance into Italy of French troops . I have a report that t he Fr,nch int end to occu py th..., Val D' Aosta. and hold a pla is cite . Our partisano are vrell armed and !Vill rr,sist . This b ing of a polit·ical nr::1.ture , I refrain,.,d from scndine; a radio direct to G . . n ,rnl Dev Jrs but instead t 1 .phonnd this information to Field i·Ic:.rshal ALxander !1.th the requ__,st that , take it up throug Ik J to se.., that no cuch move on th~ part of the French takes place ., I "This French si tua-tion is interesting ,)1:;Cause I requester' Al xander to hav the French Corps opposing the G .. rman divisions in the Maritime Alps attack in con.junction w~ th my spring offensiv .This caus~ :i :rol:i:.,ical repercussions by t 1e di lomats ,,,ho were r"luctant to have . th.., French com into Italy for f -tu· of Italian- Fr,..,nch d-istm~)8,nces . 1-:iemrnded th~t th, v com~ in a~d follow up th0 G ,rman divisions nho would b"'l fore, l to :mll cut of the 11.rritime Al ps as my armies crossed th, Po . T h ~ finall;r r ,fused by Eis__.nhow ,r on the rrround thot he could not sup ort such aIT10Ve loeis ically. I p ,rsonally discuss d this with th~ British Ambas ador Tr . ri:rcr iillan , in 1 ;r command post 2nd vri th Alexand~r a:nrl asked r1c11•1illrm to radio tho Prim~ l' j nj_ster , ·which h did .. Th, I-rime Minis ter concurred in my v:i ews thnt th , Fr~nc 1 shoul .follow up a G rml n vi thdrm 1 , come into Italy, and th-, French Corp~ , i t th,, rroper mom ,nt , pass to my command I di.:>cussed this vfith G~nercl Juin 1Jvm h .J v~sit~a m . HJ was heartily in accord and tolr:1 me that G ner ,.l D Gull was most anxious that t e ~ ·French troops e::i.in come unc r my comme.nd . This · ould result in t c Germ,m. Division~ in th , ]lfaritim, Alrs b i:nr; un.? le L �to !V'i'Lhrlraw on their own timJ sch ,dul ;. \ I a.rn quoting h::,low the l.Jtter I jus rec iv ,d from Juin i:rhich corrobor tes the 3tP.tem ,nt I make nbove: tt 'IIaving returned to Paris, I want to tell you vrhnt a moving memory I have of th~ rl~.ys spcn with you in Flor nee and to thPnk you of th ho""p5.tHlity yon show d m, . I va:1 profoundly touched, J 11 It was p?rticula.rly pleasr nt to find Jtnly in a moment enliv ,ncd ,o of yo111.. armies . Th atmosphere was thP.t of th-.- rnagnific ,nt nnd glorious days o·'"' la.st f'!ay an:, Jun,, w~th the same clairvoyant and ,n ,rg ,tic command~r ,..,.ho knov, s how to rr .,pare :md to win his batt 1 ,s . by the brilliant succ ss u· · am quite certain· that you ·r5 ll ma.rY t , la t oints anc1 I r --,joic.., beforehand . 'fobody de "rves it mor, than you who has tak n such a great part in t1e def..,at of our common .,n~rny. ttt You ~mow my n.esire, ·;hich is that of my governm nt, to s~c th, Fr ,nch troops pnrticipr :t~ in your victory. I would e ht"PrY ·if this wish was g:ranted nnd nt tho sar10 time I "'muld r )gr , t not to b e bli? to he d.,sirviat5d mys,lf to s~rve und"'r you again . u ~rhnnks ag in, my dear G .,n ral , ·,fill you pl ase tra.nsmi t my r gards to the frienrl s of th, mo.gnificent tef'm thP.t you ht1v.;, constituted around you 11.nd accept r y s ,ntim nts of tru, attachm .,nt Aft ,r J receiv ,d word that Gen r..- 1 ~is ...,nhow-:..r could not support c. Frenc mover, ,nt -to the ec st lof:sistically, I th ,n reluctantly sent the 1,.. following telegrnm: · VV'o/'J 11 ~ v,.. Hr Grat ,ful for nssist,P..nc.,, given by French forces und ,r your comrnnnd on Franco-Ite.lJ a.n fronti ,r . Consider t tm~ h[l.S nrnr arrived when further advance y French tr oops cnn have no prreciabl, Gffcct on wj thdrcwal Ge:r·man troops from Franco-Italir-1.n fronti .. r . In vLw of possiole political rep- rcu sions requ st that Fr .,nch troops b ., halted on rresent line and be wi thorEJ.-~rn ehind frontier as soon ns concVitions r ,rmi t . 1 nr,zy- worri ,s on my '"'"ast flnnk ar.,. ns f'oJ.lo•rs. The frovinc., of Ven zfa. Giulfr is a hot spot b ✓ t,•rr,en the Italians and Jugoshws . Al xandcr conf .,rrcd with Tito rec:.-ntly on this subj ct . No d cisive r0.sults cam,, of this discussion . Al, . xand _.r und ,rstood that Tito "Ould not oppose th, movem,nt of my troops into thi rrov5nc,, including th occupation of riMt P.nc Polri a11d oth ,r naVA 1 faciliti ·, s in t c I tr inn } ~ninsula . H~ assum ,d that 1I'ito '!Ould ~.lAcP- his troo s under my comrnrnd . I hnve 8~t up, unL er Piehth Arffly, a Bri tj sh Corps corrimnnd ,(°1 by G .:r1.✓rPl Harding ,;ri th a N.,w Z ,aJ.an<] di visfon of Fr .,y urg 1 s and th 91st [Jjvj sion under Livesay to uccup;v the port facilities of encz:.a Giulia. J have d.ir~cted th:1· under no circumstances if our troops are opros d by the ue;oslavs w com invo a.rm~,d conflict vi th th8m . I hav sent th~ following t , 7_ • , am to t0fl t, , ffect: ( ' 1. Brigadier tayner will deliver to you trro m ssag s which will give you fWme ackgroun<l information which may b of as$istance to you 11 ---l �in th~ occupation of VE JEZIA GIULIA 2. AF -Qare forwarding a. request to Tito asking t nt control of such of his forces as are in \n~:r:izIA GIULIA when contAct with your forces is made in that ar .;,a b, passed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito aP;.'"I'ees th.es~, tTuo;oslav forces -v: ill be p..-:1 ss Jd to your comm'" nd 11 " 3.. Your cnrr nt r.1ission dj rccts rm a.dvanc,, on axis 'L'REVISO TTDPlE - "PRI1 !:smE . Se O - 51+50 of 26 April . Nh'""n contact is made rdth Tjto t s fore . . s you ill not con.c1uct any op rr-ttions in t .,rritor:t occupied by thes forces which might pr ,cipitat armed clr.shes bet,1 ,en your fore s and t ose of Tito If "rito' s forces r.r, not y,·i lHng th, t you ndvance into t rritory they hold you ill hrlt your t1dvn'l'lc,, anrl. r 1,port the situation to this h ,adqUc-,,rters by most rap· d m ,n.ns for decision . 1 " 'lith r . . f ..,r ,nee to the situation at the Franco -Itnlian frontier Gvneral Devers ca )lod th 1rench Cor1r1J.ander too~y as follows• 11 t is necessc r;r a<"' a matter of urgency thPt complet, compliance be r;iven to th , provisions of ahove quot~n rn ,s age . That is,, :rou c P.s, of'fcmsi~.,, action at once in your s .,ctor 8nd r~tire to the li'ranco-ItPlien bord .,r n.s ra.pi ly as the militA.ry situ....~tion permits ., n (Ca 1, referred "L,o above _is q 10tf3d in di.!U' Y notes of 28 April 1945). G neral Clark today sent the following cable to G neral Ivrccreery: t1The follm•ring message y Fj J.d Marshc 1 Alexander to Mn.rsha.l Tito is furnished you for y ur information Refer nc is F 68316 oi' 1 ,h y.. 1 fH l . As my forces are no r1 nearing Venezia Giulia I Tish to inform They ar similar to tho ewe discussed at I int nd to: you of m immediate plans . ~1 ~ ... nde A. Secure port of Triest~ an~ th ing to Trieste ~ L of C th.rough Italy lead- B" S cur., L of C from Triest~ to Austria via Gorizia - Ta.rvisio . A you .. "no-r:t1 , these ar., n cessary for my furth r Austria against our common .,nemy dvance into " ' 2 . I also r,quire for my naval orces the use of the harbour ola. and anchorag~s on the Istrian coast · et Tl., n Pola and Tri ,ste and the L of_r, between these two ports . ( 1 ~ ' 3. Concurr ntly with operations 1ndicPt d c bove my fore s will continue operations again t the G~rman r'.rmed forces wh..,r,ver found until th .,J.r ul ima.te destruction is '- chiev d . Except to secure th obj ctives listed in Para On abov my troops will continu~ th ir op~rations until th ,y hav, linked with forces und r your corriF.tand . I have i sued instructions to my comnann rs that in - eas wh~r both our fore s nre op rating maximum care will b ta1" .,n to identify themselves �in thJ occupation of VENF::ZIA GIULJ.A n 2 . AFH() re .orwarding a. request to Tito asking thnt control of such of his forces as are in v1;:•1::JZIA GIULIA when contFLct d th your fore .. s is made in that ar . a h., passed to control of 15th Army Group . If Tito a ,i-·ees these tTuo:oslav forc~s Vi ill be pr, ss · d to ym.J!' coP1W'nd. 1 Your cnrrent mission d:lrccts nn advance on axis TREVISO Se O - 545 of ?6 April. NhJn contact is rriade with Tjto s forces you . ill not conr1uct any op rations in t rritor:r occupied by these forces which might pr~cipitat armed cl(\.shes bet r Jen your fore s and those of Tito If Tito's forces r-.r , not ,,,:i lling th, t you advance into t rri tor;v th ,y holn you will h, 1 t your advance anrl. r port the sit'U8tion to this h Atdquarters b;r most rapid men.ns for decision . ' n nt3. rmpJE - 'rRP~SrE . ~Tith r f Jr ,nee to the situation at the Franco-It::1lian frontier , G nernl Devers ca )led th, 1 rench Com ri.ander torlriy s follows: t is n .,cessar;r as a matter of urgency thPt compl"t., compliance bo giv n to th , provisions of a ov.., quot~n m ,s ge . That is, :rou c P.s~ off nsiv:.. action at once in your s .,ctor ~md retire to the li'ranco-ItP liPn horcfar as rapidly as the militRry situation permits. n (CabL referred to abov is quot~d in diary notes of 2g April 1945). 11 G neral Clark today sent the following cable to G neral J,f fcCreery: n he following message by FL,ld Marshal Alexand r to Marshal Tito is furnished you for y ur info mation . R ferenc is FX 68316 of 1 vlay., n 1 As my forces are nov1 nearing Venezia iulia I rish to inform you of my :immediate plans . They are similar to tho e we di cussed at ,1., .. n.ne . I int nd to: A Secure port of Trieste ing to Trieste v---· B. nrl th L of C th.rough Italy lead- Secure L of C froP'l Tri,ste to Austria via Gorizia - Tar- visio . As you l,.noTTI these arc necessary for my further advance into Austria against our contrnon .. nemy ft 2. J also r ,quire for my naval forces the use of th harbour Pola and anchoragM on th Istrian coast et-.,, n Pola and Tri ,ste and the L of_C betwc ·n these two ports . rt r 3. Concurr ntly with op rations indicAt d above my forces will continu operations against the German 8rmed forc.s wher~vvr found until th1'ir ultimate destruction is '-chievcd . Except to secure the objectives list-din Para On abov my troops will continuJ th ir operations ·until th ,y hav., linked with forces under your car.in.and . I h ve issu,d instructions to my comnanders that in areas wher both our fore s nre op rating maximum care ·rvill taJ,. .,n to identify th ,mselves �( and avoid at all costs ~ngagement due to rnj_stak ... n identity when they are about t,o link up. I urge t r-it you ic;suo similar instructions to our troops . t1 t 4 I preRum~ any of your forces which may be 'in the area. aff~cted · by my operations will come under my command, ~.s you su :>gested durj ng our rec nt discussion in elgrade and that you will now i ... su , orders to that e feet . u t 5. IJy Alli d Pilitary Government rill b .,come op rational in conformity 1• ith the progress of my military op /rations It ·1ill funcMon through such local authorities as ar found to be in eff~ctive control in the a!eas occupi d by my troops n 6. I would be .c.;ra· eful for any information on the progress of your op .,rations in V n . . zia Giulia and your intentions vu G neral D v,rs today sent th follo·ing m~ssag Fr nch forces on the Franco-Italian frontier: to the CoMmnnder of eference lX 13647 28 April 1945, this headquart rs, it L n,cessa y as a matt r of urgencv that compl t ., compliance be gi v, n to th rrovisions of above quot d m ssag., . T1at is thnt you cer-ise offensiv a ct·on at once in yam.~ sector and r,tire to the Franco-Italian border as rapidly as th1' m· litA..t'Y situa: ion p ,. mi ts " ___.. 11 * *___. * CiLORE:NCE--I.,l4.Yr 2)1945 -The G neral e..rriv ,d at his office at 0830 and had is regular morning confer ,nee at 0930 . This J11orning G~n ral ClP..rk was informed by AFHQ th t the G rma.n Command r-in-Chief, South,, st, G:en ral on i..,tingho.ff, had agreed to t ... rm of unconditional surrender in Italy. Day in Italy vras officially announc ,d this r-1.ft •rnoon at 1830 h'om·s 9v r t e radio The Gen ral spont the entir ., day in his offic, and din,d a.this mess a.t th coP1mand post this evening. .J General Clark today di tated the follovnng notes for inclusion in his diary. ttAll day we hrve wait .,d for ·rord f! om th · G.,rman emissari s who signed the "rms of surrend r a few d y ago. .ti iru:i lly this aft rnoon we int . . rcept ,d an<l picked up in the cl ar instructions sign .,d 1Jy G ,neral Wolf, the SS Commander, to various .,J.em . nts of his coP1rr1and notify. in~ th ,m th- t as o 140 hours ~ay ?nd an armist:i.ce rmuld be in being P.nd 0.t ivM ch tj m all ' troop ould lay dovm their arms . nr ha.v Ju t talk.,d ,ith Fi 1_ld Tn.rshal Alexanoer, an<l he told me thet at lRJ0 hours his new .. r .,Las"'s s .,nt h ,re prev~ ously hould be released; thRt he has receiv~d a message t1at Kesselring would like~is onor the surr nder . He also decided that leaflets rmnouncing th, surrend ,r ,,roul<l be dropped . My ·worry is that wh"n my m-,n henr of this e..11 caution wi ll be throV\Tn aside anrl_ casual tics may occur fr·om G__.rmans ho hav not received the ~ord . / �npr .,viously I have put out instructions to both arm'.l_ s attem t- ing to restra·n any undue h 1 -rai~ing ---------- 11It is a fittin'.> cl::.max to this hard ItHlian campa.ign thPt aft r a three-week smash offensive we h3ve so sm~sh_,d th, GermHn forces in Italy tJ~at they ar thJ first army grou: to surr ~nd r u o nditi_onally It is also intcrestin~ that as th~ G..,:rmans turn in thJir suits I have great worrLs .:'rom Yu~osl1wia . Tito indicates thf1t __ e l ill not 7elcom, our troops east of the Isonza niver . .A.s a Tnc'ltter of fact, they ar already east of that riv,r, and I have directed ~ighth Army to move on Trieste but under no conditions bring on a .ight '1th the Yugosfavs . In order that American troops may not he embroiled in such a nisast r , I ru.ve ~ ithhcld th, 91st Division from ,fcCr~ ry for th.., pr s ..,nt . his ciftJrnoon Freyb rg pa sed a ~quest to rie to bomb certain coast1 be tteries south of 'Trieste and h ,. not kno ~,ing 1h .,ther they 1ere mann d by Tito ' s fore ~s or GcrlTlf!n and also to make a strong aerial demonstration over Tri ste its ·lf. I h.ve refused both of these on th ground that it may be sue an incid.,nt which will precipitate us in hostilities in the Balkans I so notified Al xander by phone, of my r j,iection of Fr ,yberg'' s request. "In thew st my request to have French .fores w1.thqrawn has met no succes Dev rs in compliance uith my request, order d t em back to the frontier . I have just seen a radiogram that Devers s nt to Bis nhower quoting A. m~ssa.ge from th }"'rench Cm s Commander tha.t h"' would stop his off nsive in I aly but oulr not v,i thdraw his troops until told so by his gov1'rnm..:,nt This lends s om cre0enc to the belL th~t the French may have some t rritorial aspirations :m vlestern Italy rt I have arranged vd th Fifth Arny to bring the G .rman d leg tion my headquarters as soon as h y appear und r a flag of true at the front j ne . Wh .-n th y arri v h r , I , ill h?ve the two army command• rs and General r,hidlaw, and through my staff issue complete instructions to the --i',rman comrriandcr-in- chief in Italy. nFi 1 'rB.rshal Al xandcr ms most anxious to release his announcement at 1830 this evening ~ This gave ;I.ittl time to get mrd to the armi s . I nm- issuing an ord .,r of the day as follo~rs: 1 n t Iith a full and grateful heart I hail and congratulate you in this hour of complete victory over the German ~nemy and join with you in t 1anks to Alrrrighty God . nt you:rs ha.s been long , hard fight - the lon est in this w.r o any Alli~d troops fighting on the Contin~nt of Burope . You men of th Fi.th and Eighth Armies have brought that fight to a succ ssful conclusion by your r ,cent brilliant o·'fensiv op rRtions which shatt r d th, G.,rm::in forces oppo ing ' you Th jir <o 1rren6er was the in vite.ble course left to them, the;v had nothing more to fight vTith in Ita.ly. 11 You have demonstrated something n ~nd em2r abl~ in th annals �( of organized rmrfare : You hc1.v~ shown thr-it a hug, fight:i ng fore~ com- / posed of units from many countries with diverse fangua sand customs , inspired , as you have alMa.ys be n, r.rit a devotion to th caus of / freedom can become an eff ctive and hRrmonious fig 1ting team rt t Th s tearmork 1; ich ha ca:cri d us to victor:r has inclm1 ed in full measu , th , upporting arms which have worY ,d with us throughout the car11pPign T e services that hr-w suppl i d us have overcom unelievabl., obstacles a.nd have kept us constantly armed , quipp d , and fed Th , Ilk-'1.fnific nt support which vVv have ah ays had from the Allied air and rwval f orc~s in t is ,h .,a .,r ht'1 s •rr-i tt .,n a n w pc g in th history of coop rntive combat action. 11 1 0ur exult ation in this mom'"'nt is bl,nde with sorroN' as we p2.y tribute to th__. h_,roic Alli d oldi,rs who have fallen in bnttl in order thnt "this victory might b0 achi ve<l. The en ir world Till or,ver honor th ir memory tt tThe ':'tar i not ov "'r . Th G .rman military m~c ine hHs· been c ompl . t .. ly crush .. d by th~ spl ndi<i crunpaii:sns vag~d by you and your coll ,0.8,l s of th - Western a.nd Russian f'ronts . her , r r:iai ns th a,ll import ant task of inflicVng a similnr compLt c:efcat on our r r.iaining en my - Japan . 1!.iach on of us in th .. 15th Army Group raust continue vdthout pau...,e to ~ive the full :neasur of ffort to till1t task wher ,v r w~ may b~ calle upon to servo e 11 I ~.m intens ly proud of you all and of th honor w 1ich I 1P.ve had of conr:1anding such invincibl troops My thP..nks r;o to each of you for your ca.pabl , aggres i ve and loyal servic rhich hr-i.s produced this great victory n Men of th 15th Arny Group., I mo ·r you ,"Till fac, the task ahead wHh the same magnificent, g .. n rous .and indomita l, spirit you have sho ·rn in t is long ampaign Forward, to finri.l Victory. God bl ,ss you all . 11 whic Presiden Trrnnan tode.y s nt his congratulations to G·,n ,rt=il :read s follovs: lark 11 0:n th~ occasion of the final Jrilliant victory of thA Allied ArmLs in Italy in imposi g unconditiomd surr ,nder upon the ~nemy I wish to convey to ·t . , Ar1. rican fore .. s unr1er your command ancl to you p ,rsonally th appreciation and =>ratituc e of th Jr .sident end of the pe oph, of th Hnitcd Stat __. s . Ho prais fr adequate ":or t 1 heroic achit vements ~nr magni. ic nt courag~ of ev ry indi- irual under your command c1_1 Jrin~ this long an trying campai1n . Arn .,rica is r,rou of the ess ntial contribution mad, by your l\.r'1 ... rican Armies to t . final Allied victory in Italy ur thanks for your ~allant lead ., rship nnd the death lJcs valor of your men Tl Thi;; Army Group Comnander this ev,.,ning s nt t .e follovring radio t o Gen ... rals ~1ccr~ery and Trus ott: �"Enemy for c s under comman<l Commander-in-Chief Southwest have urrend ,red unconditionP.lly. Th territory east of t e Isonzo Riv .,r is no+; tm,1 r command Commander in-Chief 'loutlwest Allied forcc,s of JJ 15th Army Group vill cease ?irj ncr, forth \Tit except in th~ vent of / / a n ov r\, hostile act y th ,nerny. On receipt of this messag case B Op:,rations In'""truction ~ , Headri_uart ,rs 15th Army Group , dat..,d 1 r:ray is effe ctiv., 'I' nnyson will b put into or ,ration at once .. Atten tion is invit to th, fact thot c rtain German forITk"l_tions r-m~ -:nits will li<ely disr gard orders to surrender an(1 -rill continu to fight "in which ev nt n cessary a c vion will be ta rnn by AllLd troops o ac c omplish th 1r r1ission . u Wit 1 urt 1-r r · f rer~ce to t e ugoslt:v an situPtion, GmLral lerk sent 1e follm"'lr ing ca )le to G~n ral McCrc Jry. ttFollowing p rson.A.l message has been r ceiv ,d from General Tit o ·y Field Varshal Al xand .. Field TTars 1al Al .. :and ..r has not yet had the opportunUy to study th, po into r ised y Tito but this headquar t er s will e advised a s s oon a s decision ha s been taken M,a nwhile you will c onduct oper ations in s uch a. mann ·,r a s to avo i d armed con- · l i ct w~th Yugoslav forces . Lessag begins : ( I I n I have rec ived and careful ly consirler .,d th ., 5 points contn:i n~d in your telegram regard i ng the reln.tions and the areas of operations of th Allied Ar mies a.nd the Yur,oslav Army in Is rie. and the Slov . ne L1ttor 1 . Since our last rr1 ting and conv..,rsation th situati on hB.s c ang ,d so much in s o far as units o_f my 4th Army coop~rPting with Slovene units hav..., with great diffi.culty a.nd heavy losses brok.,n through the str no:th ned def __..naive lin, running from .rium to Trieste uh re str et f~_ghting is going on now . In addition nearly the whole of Is tria vfith th, exc_,ption of Pola. Rovjgno and s verril other °1.,o, -ns where stre t fighting ""s going on has been libernted our troops . In connection vJith the above I fish to give you tl,., following information In order to liberate Yu~oslavia am round up all enemy troops in Yugoslavia as quickly as possible I he: ve mad the -following plan ,•rhich is alr ady bing carried out ., fl~ 1 ':10 liborc_te I stria 'T'rieste a.no Monfalcon:.. ns far as the Isonzo J .iv .. r "nc to A.c:vt nee up th Isonzo towards tL_, Austrirm front ier . 11 t ? . In this conn ., ction th, n.r ,a of op .ration.::, of th tr oops under my command hR.s b en decided t~nt is th-- li ., I . onzo ~rom its mouth middles ( queri1'd) RozeP."o Gor-Lzia Tolmin~ o and Tarvisio (Tar :1ia) . tr 3 In accordanc with our pr ,v ~ ous agroeTt1ent I am prerEir d t ...... t y ou should use the ports of Mriest, ind Pola as -1ell a.s th ., Tf'ilvray lin Tr Lste - rrf'l_rviso for supplying your troops in Austria . 11 4 I vri11 ther ..,fore be .,rateful i f you will give orders to your tro ops t o n;et in contact ·with my troo s on t ~ , n.bove 1:1 .,nM on ,d l ine where fu~th~r details regnx·ding their coop~ra tion can be agreed on the spot . �99 th spot rr t 5. I agr ,e those of my units er ·partisans ·ri'th th..,m op ,rating o thew c;t of that 1-ine will come under your command n 6. I ag.t" .,e and thanl< you for ;rour sugg .,stion thrt th,, closest contact is n cessary 'v_) tween our and your troops as soon ris they m,et in order to coordj_nat~ thejr op~rP.tions agr:iinst the common enemy "7 In fl.11 the abov m__,,ntion ,cl .- reas of op r:itions of my troops our mili tnr;r and civil autJ- oritics will naturnlly ( qu ,ri...,d) continue to function .t 11 • 11 1 *" * * 3, 1945--The G ,n ~ral ar i v.,d c.t his head 1.1:~.rters at 0900 hours this morning and had his conf..,r,nce at oq30 . At 10 0 hours this _rriorninr, .1aj Gen . Gherriere of G.,n rrl Juin' s staff cnne to pr.y his respects to G.,n ,I'r' 1 Cl:::ir}r This morning General Cl2r r:iade r . . cording :or a broadcast in his confc,r . nr!e hut for the XII Air · 1 ore~ on groundair cooperation . FLOR.tmC -- T111AY r Th, Gen .,re 1 sp nt th, emtir , n.:t xnoon in his office workirig on papers anr1 conferring; 7ith Ins staff , r ,turning to his villH for th . . nigh·t., . , ( General Cla.r today repli d to tulations ·as follows : r ,:>ident 7ruma1' s cable of congrF.t- nyour messa.ge deeply appreciated . am furnj_shing a copy to every An ✓rican soldi r under my comrnand . We st.and ready to continue the fight against Japan" General Clark this a.fternoon dictated the following m~terial for his dic:ry: nrrh Frim l\:· nister in his announcement. of oux· victory bef or~ the Rous: of Commons , had th,, following to say: rr This surrender puts us into v _,ry close · touch w.i ,h the rosition of th . . U., ,,S a.rrnies in th,, north . Not only ·has a vast area of terri tory, vital jn its character, fall ,n into th~ hands of tl , Surrorne Comrianc1 ,r , Sir I arold Alexander , but the actual s1.11"_ ender irrhich has tn'k.:,n placJ , so far is comprising numb~rs , constituteR , I beli v , a record for the who .. ~ of this 1,frr , ::i.nrl it must be helpful to furthe-r events for whj c1. we have l ,en lookj_ng in This Army in Italy, Arriericnn and Brit-i sh cor,~nri.r1ded by our trusted gen,_,,rnl , nd having und ,r him Gen ,rri.l I~1ark Clark who is c n efficient and dar:i ng American soldier , hn s h2d a ffk":1..rvellous record since h y fiirst land ..,d in the P ninsula - the landin.r; at SaLrno and the r .,mendous fip;_ tin:, at Anzio rhcn vre trfoc1 c turning mov..,ment to L Rome . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, March 7 - May 2, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from March 7 - May 2, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1667 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/ca4516dc47de05d278ac6268e60705f3.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=FzUwsZ0IQeQF73hhj7z7MBrVe2SwrzenuK5ZU7Stp6xtTakrGJayYej-V1ZrKKoKKTaI6TCDw%7EcjyyvfKQCEY0pyuYH-G6cbCnkRrbld10UylGgk0M8%7ECNcEUkFuzlKUZb0e0Sh0RLB-ImR77V-bJecloZ7ebOeJa26y31ZJR8km6sWquqHbzZtSSahWk6HjuEYwu2Kx92keogxt2amYieJbpt5Vl9zO8ktFZUGYZ1v5KdzV-LGf%7EtTv43muKlrXZs%7EUL2ku0B7hzMSpyQ4wRIbLM7XyX7UGlGL%7E-4x6kQ4u1pM4hKP-lfzooH1R5FAB4QeKp3R67ZZzc3lhMLWp7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1d7810e34feff372a6fcac41a8d9e748 PDF Text Text THE CITADEL. ) ARCHIVES AND MUSEUM - NarE This is Volume IX of the \'far Diary of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark. Volume I, Covering period 28 June, 1942 to September 24, 1942; Voltune II, cov-ring period 25 Septem- ber 1942 to 5 January 1943; Volume III, covering period 6 January 1943 to 6 June 1943; and Volune IV, covering period 7 June 1943 to 29 August 1943, are held in safekeeping at the Army War College , Washington, D. C. Volune V, covering period August JO , 1943 to December 31, 1943; and Yolune 7I, covering period January 1, 1944 to March 31, 1944; Volwne 7II, covering period 1 April 1944 to 30 June 1944, and Volw:19 VIII , covering reriod l July 1944 to 31 December 1944 are being held in safekeeping in the manding General's safe. r L-7e11 Co□- ��7 1/.~j ✓ ~p-yb'. )' 9i" , IY" .J 9J. (, /2/,J µ ( SIBNA--JANUARY 1, 1945--The General flew to Siena this morning at ten o'clock and spent two hours at his office. At noon the General gave a reception and punch to meet all officers of the 15th Army Group Headquarters, approximately 700, at the 717 Club from twelve o'clock until two . The General spoke to the assembled officers , telling them how proud he was to have been chosen as Commander of 15th Army Group . The General , with General Gruenther , Brigadier Packard and Colonel Saltzman, stood in line and shook hands with all the officers of the Headquarters . After the reception the General returned to his vllla for lunch and rest . In the evening the General. dined at "A" Mess with Brigadier Packard . * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 2, 1945--T~e General drove from Siena to the new command post in Florence which is to open tomorrow at noon. After inspecting the command post the General drove to his villa, where he spent the afternoon. At 2000 hours General Clark met General McNarney at the AngloAmerican where they conferred for two hours . The General tben returned to his villa for the night . * * * FLORENCE-JANUARY 3, 191+5--The General spent the morning at his villa and arrived at the new command post at 1100 hours . He conferred with members of his staff and spent the rest 9f the day in his new office and wa:r room conferring with various staff officers and working on administrative papers . * * '* FLORENCE--JANUARY 4, 1945--The General spent the day at his command post in Florence conferring with membors of his staff and working on papers . * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 5, 1945--'roday was organization day of the Fifth Army, and General Clark sent General ~:ruscott a message of felicitations early in the morning. The General remained at his command post today and in the afternoon General Truscott called to see the Army Group ~Comrnander and conferred with him for about two hours . * * * FLORENCE-- JAIID'ARY 6, 1945- -Generals Clark and Gruenther left the command post by car shortly after seven o'clock, cross0d the Apennines and arrived at Forli a.t about 1030 hours., where they conferred with General McCreery, and Brigadier Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army. In company 2 1/ �3 with General McCreery, General Clark left Forli at about 1115 for Polish Corps Headquarters , arriving a little before bmlve o'clock. Genera.ls Clark and Gruenther were g-.l'."eoted by General Anders, Com- ) mantling Polish Corps , and were led immediately to the ceremony where they were to be invested with the Polish decoration of "Virtuti Militari11 . Three battalions of the Polish Corps were drawn up in the main square of the town on three sides of a hollovr square , with a band and colors also on parade (these colors now belonging to the 3rd Carpathian Division, were presented by Field Warshal Wavell to the Polish Brigade, then the only Polish combatant troops, who so successfully and gallantly held Tobruk in 1941). Generals Clark, Mccreery, Anders and Gruenther stood facing the parade while the National Anthems of America, Great Britain and Poland were played. General Clark, accompanied by the other Generals , inspected the troops on parade who , during all this while, remained at the ttpresentn. The eyes of every officer and rnan on parade were fixed on General Clark throughout the inspection. General Clark and General Gruenther were then led to a position in the center of the ~ n ~ square . The Colors were brought to a position immediately behind them. /J!v I General Anders made a speech to the two Generals in Polish 11.1.icti was translated by an interpreter, and he then pinned on their breasts the Medal of the Order of Virtuti JVIilitari . The Generals then went to a saluting base in a street a few hundred yards away where the troops on parade marched past . After the ceremony was over General Anders entertained General Clark, GenAral Gruenther , and the other assembled officers to luncheon in his mess General Clark pr-esented both General Anders an d Gc-meral McCreary with carbine s suitably inscribed . During the course of the luncheon General Anders made another ~hort speech. He pinned on the shirtsleeves of Gen; ral Clark, General Gruenther and General McCreary the insign1.a of the 2nd Polish Corps , the emblem of the City of Warsaw. He also presented General Clark with an album of photographs depicting the rece:r1t doings of t he Polish Corps and underlining its connection with t e Allied Armies in Italy. As an after thought he also gave to General Clark, General Gruenther , General McCre0ry an d Brigadier Floyd some medallions imprinted with vhe head of Mussolini , who was born and later also spent some of his dictatorial years in the neighborhood of Predappio where Headquarters Polish Corps now found itself. These medallions were picked up as "lootH by the 18th Polish Battalion, who were t he first troops to enter the town. After luncheon there was a short floor show of Polish national dances and similar entertainment . Generals Clark and Gruenther left the Headquarters by road at 1445 and drove back over the Apennines through a snowstorm, arriving at ·uhe command post at approximately six o'clock. �FLORENCE--JANUARY 7, 1945--General Clark s pent most of the day today working in h:ts office and conferr:i.ng with various of his staff officers. At six o' clock this evening GenerRl Clark ha.d the following guests in his conference hut: Capt . R. H. Bernays, Major H. G. StudhoJ.me, J . J . Lawson, Wing Commander A. w. H. James , Capt . F. J . Bellenger and Briga.di.er Partridge. All of t he above mentioned persons are members of Parliament who are touring the Italian front with the exception of Brigadier Partridge who is the conducting officer . General Clark oriented the group on the situa.tion in his war r oom and then en.tertained his guests at dinner. It i.s the intention of the party to visit British units of the Fifth Army tomorrow ·and the following day, after which they will tour the Eighth Army front . * * * FLORENCE- -JANUARY B, 1945- -The Army Group Commander spent the entire day today working on papers in his office . · In the late afternoon he went to his villa for a short while . * * * FLORENCE- -JAITTJARY 9, 1945--General Clark spent most of the day attending to administrative matters at his headquarters and in the afternoon walked to his villa with Colonel Sa.ltzmtm and rema:i.ned there most of the evening . * * * FLORENCE-- JAtmARY 10, 1945--General Clark wa.s at his headquarters today conferring wlth his staff officers a.n<l ·mrking on important papers. At mid-day the members of Parliament touring the Itd ian front stopped in to see General Clark following their t our of British units of the Fifth Army and prior to their trip to the Eighth Army sector . The remainder of the day the General spent at his villa. * * * FLORE 1fCE--JANUARY 11, 1945--At 1000 hours JVtr- . Matthews of the New York Times en.me to visit General Clark and spent just over half an hour with him i .n his office and in the war room. At 1130 General Clark wa.s photographed making a short introductory address for the film nBattle of Sa.n Pietro . This speech is quoted as follows: nrn 191+3 it was one of our strategic aims to draw as many German forces as possible away from the RussiR.n front and I rench coo stal area.s and to con- tain them on the Italfan penlnsula, while liberating a.s much of Italy as might be possible with the means at our nispos al . As the. bulk of our supplies was directed to England for the .forthcoming invasion, opera.tions in Ita.J.y had to be conducted on an extremely limited scA.le. Thus, it came about that during the winter months the number of Allied divisions in Italy was reduced . Yet, so determined wa s their effort that they succeeded in holding in Ita.ly a very large number of German divisions during the pre invasion period . San Pietro in the Fifth Army sector was the key to the Liri Valley. We knew it - the enemy knew it . We had to take it even though the immediate cost would be high . We took it - and the cost in rel:=:ition to �[ The General then recorded a speech to be broadcast to the Union of South Afr:ica in which he told something of the recent doings of the 6th -1£; South Afrfoan Division . The full text of this sreech is quoted below: tt Qne of the most ~atifying experiences of my Fifth Army command has been the opportunjty I have had to wor_ with General Poole and the fine troops of his Sixth South African Armored Division. 0 The South Africans are aggressive and brave , thoroup;hly wise in battle . Their mission has not been an easy one , nor has it been the sort of mission which produces sensational 8.dwrnces in ~hart periods of time . The Sixth South Africans have been opposing strong nemy force over a broad sector , in some of the most difficult mounta.inous terrnin in all Italy. At times, owing to the exceptionally heaYy storms we hAve had along the entire Fifth Army fr ont, communications h3.ve been difficult , and lines of .supply have been all but cut off . 0 Y uTheir s has been a fight ing role , fighting which has gone on day and vinight without rest or r espite . And i n addition t o a dHtermined and fana t i cal enemy, they have had to fight mountains and mud . This they have done both cheerfull y and well. We have asked a great deal of them , and they have given us bett er than we could have reasonably expected . ~ ttWhen the Sixth South Africans were assign~d to Fifth Army some Months ago , it was the first time in histor y tha t a South African division had served under an Amer i c an command . I have always consider ed the assignment a wiRe one , but its wisdom was brought home to me with spe c fa 1 clarity the other day hen I visi ted the South African command post . There I observed for myself the excellent morale of the men , their determination to kill Germa.ns and their inspiring fi~hting spirit . I was pa.rticul~rly impressed by the large number of battle decorations I SF.tw as I toured through the seotor , honors which I well kno,ir were earned the hard way. ~ nr saw Mt . Catarelto , Mt . Stanco and ~t . S.- lvaro - tremendous rough hill masses which the South Africans wrested rom the enemy in some of the toughest fighting of the entire Italian campaign . I saw the enemy positions, selected many months ago as ideal reinforcement for whAt the Germans looked upon as their impregnnble Gothic defenses . I saw the roads over whi'ch the South African Divj_sion was supplied, inundated at several points by the s mllen streams-- V'thich poured across them from the mo1mtains . And I sa.vv the men who overcame this combinatj_on of natura.l and man- made obstacles . n1t gives me a good deal of pleasure to report to you that the Fif'th Army looks upon its South African brothers in arms with pride in what they have accomplished and high hopes for the battles ahead . ~ c.., �"The enemy has learned to fea.r the cooperative 0ffort of the Alli=tl troops united under Fifth Army comma.nd . For he knows thP"t it is just this cooperative Allied effort that will drive the Germans out of Italy. '' At about 1215 General Robert E. Wood and General Frank ca.me to visit General Clark, accompanied by General Cannon, Commanding the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Force . The party stayed for about half ~m hour and then depa.rted . General :food strwed for luncheon rlth General Clark and Joined _his party at the Florence airfield aft erwards . General Clark spent a quiet afternoon and evening at his command post, vorking on important papers and conferrj_ng with various staff officers . * * * FLOREJCE--JA\TIJARY 12, 1945--General Clark interviewed Admiral Stone , Head of the Allied Commission in Italy, at 0930, together ~ith GenerP.1 Gruenther, Chfof of Sta.ff . Shortly before 1100 hours Gener 1 Clark left the command post, accompanied by Colonel Saltzman, Deputy Chief of Staff, . or the command post , Fifth Army, where he was Emtertained at luncheon by General Truscott, Commandin~ General, and General CPrleton, Chief of Staff , Fifth Army. I After luncheon General Clark left by Jt~ep wi th General Truscott, called briefly at the 34th Division command post and proceeded to a ceremony near Piamagio in the 34th Division area . Here there were drawn up three battalions in formation and various officers of the "3/j,th Division who were to be decorated . Chief Rmong these was 2nd Lieutenant E. H. Dervishian of the 135th Infantry Regiment ~ho had been awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. General Clark, together with General 'Pruscott, General Keyes, and General Bolte mounted the reviJwing stand . The band played ruff1es, flourishes and "To he GenerRlu, following which General Clark gave a short talk to the assembled troops and, in particular, to the individuals about to be decorated . he decore . . s were CA.lled forward singly, startin~ with 2nd Lieutemmt Dervishian and were decorated by G~nerRl Cl rk . De:rvishian took his phce on the reviewing stand immediately behind General ;lark; th~ others to the left Rnd reHr of the stand . After this the entire formn.tion was called to attention , an<l the unit citation of the 2nd Battalion of the J.IS?ith Inf'antry Regiment was read . General Clr-,rk then pinned the Dist ·nguj_shed Unit BA.dges on the Battalion Commander and officers of his staff and 8f'terwt=1.rds pinned cj tA.tion streamers on the guidons o _ the battalion. Thi?. ... ational Anth,3m was plRyed , Hnd the formA.tion was over. On his return, General Cl.qrk stopped of'f nt the II Corps conmand post where he conferred briefly with General Keyes, the Corps Commander . He returned by road to his headquarters, a.rriving shortly before ive o' clock . The Army Group CoP1mander .,ntertrrimd General Tate , Colonel D1 Orsa, Lt. Col. Lazar and Lt . Col . , ovotny for dinner t 1is evening. �7 ( Today the Army Group Chief of Stt=tff received a copy of the fallowing letter from Brig. Gen. Iume, Senior Civil Affajrs Officer of the Fifth Army Allied Military Government, to the Chief Commissioner of the Allied Corrrrnission, Admiral Stone: n1. The follow i ng report of public inform~tion on the subject of the food shortage in Italy is transmitted for inform~tion . "2 . The Fascist Republican Radio bro,:idcasting in Itnlhn at 2:00 P.M. on January sixth made the followinis statement: ' Allied Food Supnlies to Italv - The Anglo-Am~rican comedy about the amount of supplies to be sent to "occupiedtt Italy is being enriched with new elements . Roosevelt actually A.nnounced that a new program for the provisioning of Italy has heen approved and lRrge quantities of .oodstuffs will soon be flowing into the country. He did not , however, stat the exact weight of the promised deliveries but limited himself to declaring that the new· oonsignrnents will represent an increase in calories . The Fresident also added that the transportation problem vms still . illed wlth great and uns 1rmountable difficulties . Roosevelt, with this ge.me of dice, calories and tonna.ge, continues to promise , and the Italians wait .' ''3 . At ~: 00 P . M. on the same day \ j the same ra.dio made the following statement : ' BBC on Food Supplies to Italy - In its broadcast to Itali.Rns, the BBC yesterday said the following: nA cartoon in a satiric paper in Rome shows a person drinking coffee 1.n the act of soakinp, somathing which he do,s not hav in a cup of coffee ihich is not there . To someone who a sks him what he is doing, he replies: ' I am soaking the supplement of bread in a cup of Brazilia.n coffee '. CoMmenting on the meRning of the cart oon , the BBC asserts tha.t the Allied Governments, although the;r haw~ recogniz d the necessity for sending food stuffs to Italy, cannot do so because their tonnage :i.s used for other purposes . Th~ enemy radio thus concludes its broadcast : nuntil the time when the military operations vrill ease the task of the merchant marine , help cannot be given to the Italians . To take only a very small rart of the tonna.ge from war shipments, today, vould not only be a mistake , but a crimen .' t,4 . The BASIC N:RWS for 6 January 1945, published by the Psychological fvarfare Branch, contained the fo l lowing announcement: ' Food for Italians: Roosevelt Comment~ Washington, January 5 - President Roosevelt told a pr ess conference today that a new program for feeding Italy has be n agreed upon and that more food is going into that country . He said he could not estimate the increase in pounds but de- �( ; ( �( clared there were more calories in the new shipments . 'Presid nt Roosevelt said shipping is still a very great problem in fe~d·ng t e Italians . ' The President we.s told that some people believe th Italian armistice terms should be rrede public on the ground thRt militarv consider tions are no longer a factor for continued secrecy, but the President re plied that military people on the spot still consider this factor important . Some people in this country, he added, seem to know more than the military authorities in the BXe~. , tt5 ,. here continu .,s to be in th is area adverse comment from peop l ) in all walks of life as to the failure of the Allies to make good promises which the Italians accepted in good fa:i.th . " * * *. FLORENCE--JANUARY 13 , 1945-- At 0930 General Clark saw General Hume , head of the Fifth Army AMG, and spent the rest of the morning in his office . At 1130 he left by road with General Gruenther for Headquarters 13 Corps . General irkman, Corps Comme.nder; Brigadier Archibald , BGS; and Brigadier Roe , DA &-QMG, were to be decorated with the Legion of Merit . General Kirkman greeted GAneral Clark, and a simple ceremony took place immediately. About twenty-f1.ve staff officers were a.ss0mbled . General Clark mad a short sp _,,ech in which he praised the part played by B Corps in recent operations . ~he citations were read, and General Clark pinned on the decorations . Genera.l Kirkman received the Degree of Commander and the other two officers the Degree of Officer . Generals Clnrk and Gr 1..1enther remained for luncheon with General Kirkman . The Army Group Coll".mander and his Chief of Staff returned by road , arri vim~ back at the command post at about three o'clock and sr•e nt a quiet a_fternoon in the office . G--.-nera.l Clark had a small dinner pa.rty in the evening . * * FLORE · CE--JA WARY 14, 1945- -Today was Sunday, and the General rernai:ed a~ his villa all day Yi.th Colonel Saltzman , Deputy Chief of Staff, ha.ving im- 1 portant pap0rs sent up to him at intervals . * * * FLORE"TC:R --JMTTJA..'R.Y 15, 191+5--General Clark spent a buc-y morning in his office. At about 10'30 he as visited by ,.tr-. Orebaugh, U. S . Consul in Florence, who came to ray his respects to the Army Group Commander and remained A.bout half an hour . At 1330 hours H.R . H. Crown Prince Umberto , Lieutenant General of the �Realm, accompanied by Brigadier General Edgar Erskine Hume, G-5 of the Fifth Army, came to visit General Clark and was entertained by him for luncheon. Also present 1ere: General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Lt . Col. Porter . Prince Umberto left immediately after luncheon. At 1500 hours General Clark received General DeCouteulx, Commanding General of the French Troops in Italy, who had recently succeeded General Louchet . With General DeCouteulx was Captain Serge Fleury, French Liaison Officer . General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman were also present at the interview . At about 1530 General Clark saw GenBral Nicols, Chief Signal Officer on the British side at AFHQ who was accompanied by General Nalder, Chief Signal Officer of the 15th Army Group . After this General Clark received Monsignor Antonio Riberi, a titular archbishop from the Vatican. Accompanying him were Father Zeger, Padre Ryan, Fifth Army Chaplain, and General SulHva.n, Fifth Army Quartermaster . The rest of the day was uneventful. * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 16, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark sav General Edf!Tards , Chief of Staff to Genera.l Eaker, Commanding Mediterranean Air Forces . General Edwards rvas accompanied by Colonel Dick, AG, MAF . General Edwards is returning to the States r-ifter a long tour of duty overseas and came in to pay his respects to General Clark prior to his departure . ( From 1130 onwards, all the Commanding Generals of Fifth Army, down to Divisional Commanders , arrived a.t the comrrnnd post. They were al 1 greeted individually by General Clark . A group photograph was then taken of the assembled generals . Present were: G~,tteral Clark , General Gruenther, General Truscott , Genere.l Crittenberger, General Ke;yes, General Pritchard, General Bolte , General Coulter, General Kendall , General Livesay,. General Almond . At 1200 hours there ~as a colorful ceremony at ich H.R . H. Crown Prince Umberto of Savoy (Prince of Piedmont) , LieutenHnt GenerR.1 of the Realm, invested the above listed generals with Italian ,ecorations . Two platoons from the 101st vP Battalion were drawn up with a color gua.rd and a band . All th rl generals to be decorated, with t he exception of General Clark, stood in a line by order of seniority in front of the formation \ J , t' ~ • _ ~ ✓ ,· ~ st ~ ~&J>Vl ' .,,... ~ 6"() ~ ~ ; , \ ,, .Prince Umberto, upon his arrival, was rret Gener l ClPr . and was led to a point facing the pa.rs.de . Accompanying Prince Umberto were various high Italian officers and . also Brigadier General Hume, Fifth Army G-5, who acted as master of ceremonies throughout . The band played ruffles and flourishes, followed by the national anthems of Italy, Grea.t Britain and America. ff'he --Prince, accompanied by Generals Clark and Truscott, inspected tl1e f"'-rr"'a tion. v y~ Prince Umberto made a short speech, expressing the :he a.rtf elt tha.nks of the ~~ Italian nation for its delivera.nce from the Fascist and la zi yokes by All:i.ed arms . He then moved around in front of General Clark and invested him with 1".,. the sta.r a d sash of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St . Maurice and ' St . Lazarus . He then returned to his plac on General Clark's right. Gene/ ral Hume called up the oth r general officers individually to receive their decorations from the Prince . GenAral Truscott, General Crittenberger and CL . w~ �fO Keyes received the Knight Cross of the same order . The Divisional Commanders received the Officer ' s Cross of th0 order . General Gruenther was invested with the sash and star of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy. The band played ruffles and flourishes once more, as the Prince, accomp1mied by General Clark a,nd all the oth :-r generals, left the ceremony. The Prince entertained the decorated g.,nerals at luncheon at the Serristori Palace where he was staying during his visit to Florence . After luncheon General Cl8rk returned to the command post, and the remainder of the day was uneventful. * * * FLORE CE - JA :JUARY 17, 191.,5--Genoral Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther , left the command post by road shortly before ten o' clock and drove to Montecatini ~here the B8th Division was concentrated in a rest area . In the main square of the town a formation was dravm for a decoration ceremony. 2nd Lt . Charles W. Shea of the 150th Infantry was to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor and two officers and one enlisted man vere to receive the Distinguished Service Cross . In addition , the 2nd Battalion of the 350th Infantry and 3rd Battalion of the 351st Infantry were to receive unit citations . General Kendall , Commanding General of the RRth Division, met General Clark and led him to the reviewing sta.nd. Ruffles and flour:shes were played, followed by the National Anth m. Gemra.l Clark addressed the troops, telling them that the record Rchieved by the 88th Division in approximately one year of fighting in Italy was as f:i.ne as thrit of any Division in the American Army. tt . Shea was called forward and decorated by General Cfark with the Con- . gre s sional Medal of Honor, follo , ed by Major Irwin B. Jones , 350th Infantry; Captain John J . King, 349th Infantry; and T/Sgt . Manuel V. Mendoza of the 3'iJth Infantry, eA.ch of whom received the Distingnjshed Service Cross . The unit citations for the two battalions were then read . General Clark, General Truscott, General Kendall and Lieutenant Shea then proceeded along the line of the 2nd Batta.lion, 350th Infantry. Lieutenant Shea pinned the streamer on his O\m company guidon. The band played ruffles and flourishes, and the ceremony was over. General Kendall entertained General Clark , General Gruenther, General Truscott rand General Keyes at luncheon in his mess . General Clark returned to M .s command post in the early afternoon and conferred briefly with General Brann, Brigadier Packard and lA.ter General Gruenther. * * * FLOREN'CE- -JANUARY 18, 1945--A t 1200 hours General McCreer:r came to visit General Clark to discuss the tactical sitmtion . He remained for luncheon with General Clark, who also had Brigad·i er Pa.ck2rd a.s his luncheon guest . In the evening General Clark was entertained by the rrAn mess who were _I �giving a dinner in honor of Sir Ronald Adams , Adjutant General of the British Army. * * * FLOREICE--JANUARY 19, 1945--At 1215 General Truscott came to see General Clark and spent about half e.n hour with him in the war room. At 1245 Sir Ronald Adam visit d General Clark. He spent about ten minutes with him in his office and in the war room, and afterwards entertained at luncheon ·Sir Ronald Adam, GenerA.l Robertson, Brigadier McCleod; General 'J.1:ruscott, General Nalder, Gen~ral Hornby, General Gruenther, Brigadier Packard, Brigadier RichiP- and Colonel Saltzman. After a quiet afternoon General Clark entertained the following guests at dinner at his villa,: General Gruenther, General Brann, General Tate, Colonel D'Orsa, Lt. Col. Lazar and Colonel Saltzman . General Clark today dictated the following random notes for inclusion in his diary: \ ttYesterday I talked with General McCreery with r ega.rd to future plans. \ I was somewhat a.pprehensive w~th regard to this meeting, for I knew thAt his views were contrary to mine. He had proposed, in conference with General Gruenther and Brigadier Pacbird, that the ma.in effort be ma.de in the valley by Eighth Army, with Fifth Army taking most of the mountainous sector and more or less holdinp; instead of attacking. This, of course, would obviate the possibility of an 1 American punch'. He also felt thP.t all British units should be returned to Eighth Army. I heartily disagreed with this pla.n, for if there is one thing I am sure of in the next battle that is that the principal •carrying of the ball' will be done by the American infantry divisions, as they have always done in the pR t. plan. "At the conf ere nee in my map room a1 one i th Mccreery, he outlined his I listened carefully and then told him as follows: "' I have three courses open to me. The first is to move Ame ric an troops into the valley. This I have discarded because there is not room, because ✓ their movement there could not be concealed from the enemy, because it vould _r7~ preclude any attack in the mountains, and la~tly it would remove American ;:troops a great d:i.stance from the west coast of Italy ,where the Germans may ( execute a counter thrust in order to stop our offensive. / tttMy second alternative is to put all British units into the Po Valley, which would ohviate an Amerj_ca,n punch , for the great bulk of U. S . divisions would be on a wide front in the mountains carable only of limited effort. The fifth TT. S. infantry division would be required as a pos sible reserve to meet a.ny west coast enemy thrust. tt'My third plan, which I am 21.dopting, is to lea.ve Eighth Army in the Po, less two British divisions - the 6th South African and the ~th Indian - which Fifth Army now has. Require Eighth Army to take over Grande, using an Italian Group, in order that the five U.S. infantry divisions, which will be rested and at tull strength by the time of the attack , may be employed offensively �in depth to break through to Bologna west of Route #65 . 'l'o c lso have a British Corps , the 10th when it returns from Gr eece, conduct the activities of . the Bth Indian and 6th South African and Brazilian Divisions along Route #64 so as to facilitate the advance of the U. S. II Corps and protect its west flank, which will be more and more extended RS II Corps advances and to provide a possible reserve to rush to the west coast should a threat develop there .' nr explained th8.t the heavily def ended mountains intervening bet ween the present II Corps front and Bologna. are great hHndicaJJS, but we have fought in the mou..ntains in the past . his will tend to extend the enemy. We will then make the final wallop with U. S . divisions . Mccreery' s plA.n for employment of his Army in the Po Valley I concur in heartily. I have great faith in the use of Lake Cornacchio and the thrust by the Canadia.ns toward Ferrara . "Truscott is ln hearty accord with this plan . I will now communicate it to Alexander and issue a broad directive which will permit Army Comrna.nders more opportunity to study their relief operations in detail a.n<l adjust them to future operations . nI mtght a.dd that in moving an American Corps into the Fo Valley, which I seriously consid .,r , would require the ovement of AmAricRn supplies almost immediately over precipitous mountain rrn.ds , and these movements would be soon discovered . The enemy, who is opArating on interior lines , would mass his means to stop us in the Po . nin this coming battle I have a superiority in infantry of about l½ to 1. This is totally inade :ruate in this mountainous terrain . My artillery superiorit;t will be about 2 to 1 . Air a..."1.d tanks over• helming . Thst is why I must wait until suitable Yea.ther prevails so that these overwhe lming superiorities may be taken advantage of . 'J'he key to this situation is , as we have done :i.n the p-•rnt where our infantry superiority was meager, to make a series of feints - get the Boche off balance , . as we hr➔ ve done so many times and :vhen he has finally committed his reserir,es , strike the blow. This is what I propose to do . 0 1 * * * FLORENCE--,JAJUARY 20 , 1945--The General spent a quiet day at the villa. In the afternoon , with General Brann and Colonel Saltzman, the General hnd some target practice with his .45 . In the evening General Cl .rk dined at the Anglo- American Hotel at a. small dinni~r given by General Gruenther . He re turned to his villa directly after the dinner . 0 * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 21, 1945--At 0900 General Clark went to the concluding session of the e.rtillery exercises conducted under the auspices of the Eighth Army for o~ficers o both armies . GenBral Clark addressed the assembled officers, stressing the value of such exercises • ••• • nobody was ever too experienced to learn from other people ' s experiences , and these exercises provided excellent chance to ~et together with officers of other armR and other armies . General Clark th . n decorated Lt . c 1 th o • e Hon . John Ha.re, MBE, ) �13 with the Legion of 1erit in the De gree of Officer. Colonel Hare ~as for a long time in charge of the Army Ai r Support Co trol at Fifth Anny Headquarters . The General returned to his villa immediately , .f ter th formatio·0., where he spent the entire rest of the day and nisht. The Gen0ra.l had been bothered with a slight head cold today. J * * * FLORENCE--JAJUARY 22, 1945--The Gen~ral spent the early part of the morning at his villa . The General arrived at his headqu.Prters at eleven ot clock and conferred with Generals Brann And Tate. At 1230 Major General Th ron, Administrative Officer of South African Forces in Italy, called to see the General and r mained for lunch . Aft""r lunch the Genera.I returned to his ville. where he srent the afternoon. At 1800 hours General Clark attended a cocktail party gi'\Ten by Gen,ral Tate and remained until 1900 hours . The General entertained Generals Gruenther, Tate, Brann and Colonels D'Orsa ap.d Saltzma.n for dinner and cards nt his villa . * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 23, 1945--The General arrived from his villa. at the headquarters at ten o t clock. General foce, G- 3 of AFHQ, r-md General Cabbell, G-3 of MAF, arrived and conferred with General CJBrk in his war room . Directly aft r the conference Genera,l Clark, who still has a slight head cold, returned to his villa. for the day . Today Pal wa.s bred with a thoroughbred cocker spaniel. The General din.,d quietly with Colonel Saltzman and a few guests at his villa . * * * FLO. ., CE--JA mARY 24, 1945--The Genera.I still has a slietht head cold. ~njor Brandt, ear, nose and throat specialist at the 15th Evacuation Hospital, called to se0 him. The General arrived at hi headquarters at eleven o'clock this orning, at which time he was interviewed by l!r . Karaka of the Bombay Chronicle . At 1230 Major General CRmpbell, Ordwrnce Officer at the War D pRrtment; General Cof y, Ordnance Officer of AFHQ; Gen ,ra.l !Tiblo, Ordnance Of fie .. r of Fi .th Army; General Tate, G-4 of 15th Army Group; and Colonel Raaen, Executive Officer to General CRmpbell arrived for lunch. Before lunch Gen.,ral Clark brfofed GenerRl Campbell and party in his war room . General Hardinfl Rrrived at 24S and ,joined General Clark and party for lunch. After lunch G neral Clark returned to his villa where he spent the night . �FLORENCE--JA WARY 25, l<Jli-5--Th., General spent the morning at his villa, arrived at the headquarters at eleven o'clock, and General cNarney arrived rom Caserta at 14CO and conf rred with the General until 1530. General Clark then nmt to his villa for the night . This .. vening ha ent..,rtained Generals Gruenther, Tate, Brann, Colonel Dt Orsa and Colonel Lazar for dinner and cards. * * * FLORENCE--JAl\TUARY 26, 1945--General Clerk arrived :,,t his headquarters at eleven o' clock. Brigadier Genriral Hays, CommRndine; the 10th Mountain Division, arrived at noon and conferred with Gen11ral Clark, aftf?r which GenerA.ls Gl:lrk and Hays went to the conference hut -m ere Generals Gruenther, Brann, TRte and Colonel SaltzFJan 1 ere assembled. Gen9ral Clark A.nnonnced the promotion of G3neral Hays to j.~aj or General and al so the promotion of Colonel Saltzman to Brigadier General . GenGral Hays remained for lunch. 1 After lunch the Gen~ral returned to his villa for the evening after working a short while in his office . * * * FLORENCE-- JANUARY 27, 1945--The General sp . nt the enrly part of the morning at his YillA., arr~ving at his headquart rs at 1100 hours . Mr. Lodwick, Public Relations Advisor to General Arnold, call~d to s e General Clark . Also, Mr . Estes, Political Advisor, AFHQ, ca.me to SM the General. The Army Group Comma.nder lunched at the headquarters and aft r lunch returned to his villa for the afternoon and night . In the ev nlng the General enterta.1.ned a few friends for dinner and a movie at the villa . * * * FLORENCE- -.JANUARY 28, 1945- -Th.... G ,neral arrived at the headqua.rters at 1130 and remained for lunch . After lunch the G .,n ,ral returned to his villa until At 1730 Dr . Vasco da Cunha, who is th Minister to Italy from Brazil, ano Mr. Nabuco, Brazilian Ambassador to the Holy See, called to see General Clark. 'l'he G,.,neral dined at the headouP..rters and aft r dinner returned +.o hi~ villa for the night . 1700 . Op .,rA.tions Instruction #2 was issu d today and r ads as follows: ORGA_ U7,AT ION FOR DEFENSE - 15TH ARMY GROUP AREA "l. GS ,RAL .. This instruction sup9rsedes all form~r directives, orders, memoranda and instructions on th above subject issu,d by AAI or this Headnuart rs. "2. the following capabilities w:tthin the Mediterranean Theat r : �15 n 3. a. Effecting b. Effecting airborne lRndings. c. Effecting sabotage o . vital installations . d. Organizing civil disturbances . e. Effecting a break- through in force . R small-scale seaborne landing . RESPONSIBILI'EY FOR GRatnm DEFENSE . 15th Army Group as~1mes responsibility for : a . Ground defense in the Army areas in ITALY and that area, included in No . 1 District and that r~rt of Peninsula.r Base S .,ction, North of Rome Area Allj_..,d Command . b . Guarding and security of local area occupied by its oommand post and installations . c . Guarding naval shore installations w;thin its command where sufficient nav l p~rsonnel are not availA-ble . 0 tr 4. DEFINITION - GROU ·ID DEFENSES . a . Within the Army areas (i.e . , forward of the rear boundaries of the Amies engaged) the scope of ground defense is as presently prescribed by CG, 15th Army Group to CG , Fifth Army and GOC, Eighth Army. b . Within the present ar ..-a of No . 1 District and that part of PBS, 11Torth of Rome Area Allied Command, 1 Ground Defense' , will consist of e. defens a.gainst a possibl , enemy break-through and s Jaborne and airborne landings . "5 . RFBPONSIBILITY R DEFENSE AGAI1'ET CIVIL DISTURBANCES AND SABOTAGE . a . Within the Army ar ,as the scope of def .,nse ~.gainst sabotage and civil disturbances is as pr.,se ntly prescribed by CG, 15th Army Group to CG, Fifth Army nd r..nc, ~ i_a-hth .Army. 0 b. f\irective, Loca.1 Defense PlHns, Alli~d Force He11.d qu~rters, dated 6 Janu~ry 1g45, AG 370.6/005, defines the responsibility for the preservRtion of la and order anrl for the prevention of sabotage in re~r of Army a.reaR, and phices such responsib "_l ity in 8reP.s under Alli ,d MilitP.ry overnment control under the local Allied 1il itRry Gov ,rnm~nt . ' hen th~ locA.l All ;ed Military Gov,..,rnm ..,nt ne .,r!s additiona 1 assistA.nce th y are authorized "r,y the r-ihove dir ., ctive to appeal to the local District ' B~se SMtion) Area or sub-ar a comf'!ander. 6 . G0C, 1 DTQ'l' IC'T' AND AREA, ·rn11 PRTI-ARE PLAl\!S .L OR: 0 a. en, P~Nn SULAR BASE SEC'T1IQTIT, NOR'T'H OF ROMC General (;round defense of thei.r respectiv~-.:- sec t ors. �b . Gm~rdinO" and security of local area occmpi ,d by :its corimand post and i nsta.llAtfons . c . Guarding naval shore installations w;thin respective sectors, where suffj c1. ,nt nPval personnel fl.r ,.., not available . n7 . C0-0RDINATJ0fJ 0 DEFF,l'-TSE PLA ·1S. noc, 1 Distrj ct and CO, PBS, Jorth of name Arf:!,9 , r-1rA r.uthoriz d to contact directly, for the following purposes, thos _, 15th Army Group, T-faval :md Air units which may be gtn.tion d within the Dfatrict or Ba.se boundar 4 ~s: a. o Pr"'parat:fon :md submission of local def~nse plans . b . Integration o"' local rl"f .,ns District or Base . J plans with ov Jrt-=111 defcns plan · n8 . Bomm.A..R IES . Propos d def,.,nse bound Ari s 1,etw ,en , RVal, Air Pnd District (Base Section) locRlities ;:ind insfallations for th ._, guarding and security of local installHtions 1-Jill be su"r)mi tted to this Headquarters for agr .,ement by r~sponsibl, command _,rs . EL'iERGE t•JCY I\ T'T'IJORIZATIO J. In th- .,vent thAt resources under your commnnd nre inBde'l_uat deal wHh hostiL acts, the following actions ar.., authorized: nq. to a . In an imm·"'di nt ._, emerR; ... ncy, GOG, 1 District and CO, PBS, North of Rome Areit, mrtv d ... al r!irectly ?J"ith thos'"' 15th Army Group units which may be stA.tion ,d ¥i thin the District or Bas boundari , s 'l'his Headquarters will he notified immediately such Action is tnk.,n. e b . Und Jr all oth,.~r circumsbmces, requ_,sts for additional troop r ,Jinforc n ,nts will lie made to this HeadquP.rters. ~formal suprort will be furnished ½y Fifth Army to PBS, 11orth of Rome Area, f!nd by Wghth Army to 1 District . n 10. FIF'TP At E G:.r'l1f-IARMY SUPPORT . Fifth and Eighth Arrni s will bSJ prepR.red to move wj thin 24 hours aft,r bein~ alerted by this HeadquArt . . rs, 1 ROT or Jnf Boe Group, both motoriz..,d, to PBS , r-.Jorth of Rom~ . r ,P. , !'1.nd 1 istrict resp ,ctiv ly. n11. QR!:IDTD D'PiFE~rs-s J)INJ 0F 1 DTSTHicrr AND PBS , NORTH OF RCME AREA WILL MAK)~ FROVI .STO ,TS F0R THE Fr'LLf,JPrG: a . Coastal ~t~ol: - h, patrol syst m will be int ...,gra.t ... d with th..., ?QJd FL"'<:ed D .. f .,ns., Command, off- shore nPVRl patrol nnd air ratrol plans . Reserves: GOC, 1 Di trict and CO, PBS, Horth of RomP- Are~ , s rv.., of a.prroxirn.Htely battalion strenrth, motoriz d . will each c. rrraffic Control: Ground defense traffic control restrictions �required in event of a bona-fide al,,rt will not b, used in prActice aLrts. d . Sif!nai CoTJ1m1mica.tions: anc, 1 District and co, J"BS, forth o Rom Area, are r sponsjbl for th,, installr,tion rmd operation of District and Base Ground Def .,nse communications system . A lat ral, ' tie-in ' , between 1 District nnd PBS , North of Rome Area will be eff cted . e . Guarding of vital installations: Plan will r rovid,, for the i:1,uar<ling of th , following installritions And fA,cilities: (1) Depots And dumps. (2) .,aint~manc., faciliti s . ( '3) RailroA.d hridg s . (4) I iP-hwa.y bridges . ( 5) Power installA.tions . (6) Pumpi ng stations . (7) Gasoline pipe-lin -,s. (8) Ports and install~tions . f . Evacu~_tion of critic1-1l it ,Jms of supply: DP-fa~ l ,d plpns vill 0 . critical Hems of supply and installptjons . he following will he indicnted: (1) T.yp _.. supply and insta 11.A tion . (2) Tom1F'!ge ( est:imr,1ted) . (3) Number and type ships required in addition to avnilHble rail tonnage, (estimat d) . (4) Evacua tion priority list . be pr ,,pA.red for th~ ,,vacutition g. Demolitions. ( 1) G n.Jral Policy: Th_, mount of time necessary for the evacuatfon of critical items o+" supply ~nd instf:l.ll2tions cPnnot b estima.ted . Demnlition plnns ill be lexible ~nd must cov ,,r a.11 stocks and installRtfons which would be of us to th--- ,,n ,my Hnd which Cf-1.rmot be evacu9ted . (2) Implementation: Demolition plans will be implemented in three phas s: Phnse 1: Reconnaiss,mce ~md prepBration of detail d demolition pl.!:lns, in order of priority and co-ordinrted with t 1 eva cuation plan . PhP se ? : (a) Requisitioning Pnd storBge of ...,,xrlosives A.nd other deMolition suppli,s . (b) r lPcing men sures ('3) o.c- chPr~ .,s Pnd such other pre15..minr,-1ry as can b., tr-i.bm wi tl7 out mA.t ... rfa 1 darnA.ge to stocks or installations . ( c) Guarding of prep::i red chfl.rges Rgr-d nst sabotage . PhA,S,, 3: F:x..., cution of demolitions . Timing. (a) Thase l - Rt once . (b) Phas8 2 and 3 '"" ill be rut into action in one of the follm in~ cjrcumstances: }. On rec ipt of orders +"rom this HeRdqunrt ..,rs. 2 In th_.. event of res onsibility for ord'-'ring any pR.rticulRr demolHions b .,ing delegat .,d to 1 �Fifth or Eighth Armies, on r.,ceipt of orders from CG, Fi {·th Army or GOG, Eighth Army. ] . Demolit:ion Belts: a . Plans f'or th _. establishment of oemolition b,lts (destruction of roads, brjdges, culv rts, etc . ) d.,signed against a bret:1.kthrough from th., 1\Jorth wjll be co-ordinat d by PBS, ~orth of Rome AreR, Pnd 1 District 1ith Fifth Rnd Eir::hth Armies resy-ectiv Jly . ~. Demolition b lts designer against sea and airborn., l1mdL."'1P,s will be provided for at the di cret:ioE of GOG, 1 District A.nd CO, PBS , orth of Rom . . Ar ,a, . f;; Military and Jivil stocks R.nd instalbtions: In cas Js wherv ,.,vacwtion or whol ,sale destruction is impossibL, plans 'dll rrovide for the rJmoval or destruction of vital compon~nts, i.e . , shell- uz s, ess ,,ntinl rmd irr . . pla.c ... A.ble parts of machinery • .2 • Naval nnd Air Force stocks and installations: Demo Hion :rlA.ns will he coord1nnt ..d with those of the favy 1-1.nd Air Force units within their resp ctive areas . All J'OS9ible assistAnce will be giv . . n to th ~m in the ,x.,cution of th ~ir demolition plans • .§. Si'mnl communicR.tions: Plrms "lill be rr 0rn red , a: med Rt pl.8 cine t~lephone :md cRrrier termina l equipment inoper~tj v ,., for R minimum p -~ riod of one month by the r ,mow~.l of such components which c,:in b., removed nt the last possible momP-nt . Demolition of nignRl ~nstRll~tions and equipm ✓nt will h-~ carried out onlv on orders f'rom 15th Army Group. 1 of R h. Liaison: Initial liaison contacts "lill be made. In the event born=t-·· ide al(~rt , plrms will provide th::1t liaison officers can be sent by: (1) 1 Distr:i ct to 15th Army Group, _s4ghth Army, nnd PBS, t, orth of Rome Ar Al . (2) PBS, rrorth o Rome Area , to 15th Army Group, Fifth Army Hnd 1 District . i. Al rts: (1) Alert warnings will b~ tr,msmitted by telephone and radio ·n the clear i n the ev~nt of nny impending nisturhRnce or attn.ck. (2) The A. C. of S, G- 3 (Duty O.fficer), 1 ·5 th Army Group will be alert~d by telephone - telAphone numb r Filpot 3 (day or night). ,j. Practice Alerts: Practice a.l0rts will be conducted 7ith the schedule ArrangAd to permit n full cov rR.ge of the r~spective sectors one~ per month . �( u 12. 'T'RA I NING. 1 District and PBS, rrorth of Rome Area., will submj t monthly reports to this Feadquarters on typ -✓ nnd amount o training devoted to Ground Def,,nse plan subjects . n l '3 . INSPF. crrrnr-,rs . a . GOG, 1 District and CO, FBS, North of Rone AreA , ~rill set up, ' Inspection Teams ', to check traininf'. programs , rrRctic., alerts, and provisions of r8spectiv~ Ground D ..fense plans . b. r Jriodic inspections •;ill be r,ede hy this Headquerters . A,. Ground D fense plans will be snbrri.i tted to th is HendquH.rtcrs not l~_ter th,m 15 February. b. by l DetRiled ..,w:1 cu::-ition Pnd demolition plRns will be submitted 1qrch. tt General ClR.rk yesterdRy receiv d the following ra.dio from General Al . xand r: ----- RN. F15940 . "SACMED considers that the tim , has now arrived when you should complete your plAns for attacking and pursuing the enemy in the event of his withdrawjng from his present positions or weakening his present front to such an extent as to offer profitable opportunity for attacks by you at your present strength . Please forward earliest poss ible for i nformation of SACniED outline of your plan in such eventuality together with statement of notice in hours required by you to put plan into ffect . 0 nsACMED will decide in consultation with you when the right moment for launchinr:; any such attacks has arrived . " General Clark today replied to the above as follows: RN SGS92 . nReference your nessage Fl5940 please note paragraph 2 of my letter 24 January to Army Commanders . I h.~.ve a lready Fi lerted my Army Commanders to probability of an early attack with their present strengths . Eighth Army attack will not include ampM.bian operation if launched prior to 15 March . Oth . . . rwise plan remains genAral same as that contained in Janm~ry 24 letter . "Fifth Army will attack with main effort west of Highway #65. If operation is launched in Februar y, Fifth rmy will continue to hold Mt . Grande . ttpresent rest a.nd training schedules will not be interrupted at this t:i.me . Will require from seven to ten days to put into effect set piece attRck. Both armies will probably attack simultcneously. Will follow up enemy withdrawals wjthout delay. " �( FLORENCE--JANUARY 29 , 1945--General Clark, accompanied by GenerPl Brann, left Florence by road at 0715 to visit Eighth Army units . They reached 5 Corps Headquarters in Terra Del Sole at about 1000 hours . Here General Clark was met by Lieutenant General Mccreery and conferred with him as well as with the Corps Commander, Lieutenant General C. F . Keightley. Afterwards he partook of a cup of tea in the Corps Commander's mess , and he presented Lt . Col . Cornah with the Legion of Merit in the D gree of OfficJr . Colonel Cornah , now commanding an Indian Battalion, was previously GS0-1 (Ops) at 15th Army Group Headquarters . Leavin~ 5 Corps Headquarters just before 1100 hours, GenP-ral ClRrk drove to the Canadian sector . He was met at a cros sroP_ds by Lt . Gen . Foulkes, Commt1nding the 1st Canadian Corps , and Ma..j . Gen . Foster, Com\ manding the 1st Canadian Infantry Di vision . General Foster presented to General Clark the offic __..rs of the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade . The _G enerals then drove to the headquarters of the 3rd Canadia.n Infantry Brigade in Bagna Cavallo just over a mile from the Senio River . Here he met officers of the brigade . The Generals climbed a tower in the town which was in use as a.n OP . The party then drove to the 1st Canadian Infantry Division Headquarters where the General met officers of the Divisional Headquarters . The next stop was at the 9th British Armored Brigade Headquarters commanded by Brigadier R. B. B. Cooke, an old friend of General Clark from the days when 10 Corps was in Fifth Army. Brigadier Cooke was at that time BGS 10 Corps under Genera.1 ,1cCreery. At this headquarters General Clark met not only officers of the 9th Armored Brigade but also of the 2nd Canadian Infantr:v Brigade . The part:r then drove to Canadian Corps Headquarters where General Clark was entertained at luncheon by General Foulkes . Also at luncheon were senior officers of the corps staff and brigadier commanders from the 5th Canadian Armored Division, which at the time was out of the Bne and resting in a rear area. The 5th Cana.dian Armored Division Commander was not present . At this point Gen9ral Clark also met Captain WilliA.rn Leona.rd (an Am rican citizen servi ng in th , Ca.nadian Army) whose uncle was a classmate of Ge11eral Chirk at the United States Military Academy and who served with him in the 5th Division in the first World War . After luncheon GeneraJ. Clark went to the headquart,.,rs of the Cremona Gruppo . This gruppo was the fir st to be actiV8.ted and committed of a new series o.r Italian formations being equipped and tra1.ned by the Eighth Arr.ny. They were 8.t this time holding the extreme easternmost sector of the Allied ,, line in Italy. Ge~eral Clark met the Gruppo Comm~mder, General Primieri, ~ / e: and other officers of the headquarters ,=ind also o. ficers of the British y, 1, liaison unit attachqd to the Gruppo , headed by Lt . Col. Webb-Carter . i The party drove about two miles out of Rri.venna and saw troops of the Gruppo in training . After tM s the party drove to a. sma ll air strip in use by a,n artillery OP squadron . Gen -~ rPls Clark And Brann flew back to Florence in L- 5' s, arriving at the command post at about five o' clock . The General worked on papers in his office for a short ·while and then �went to his villa for dinner and the evening . * * * FLORENCE--JANUARY 30 , 1945- -The General arrived at his headquarters at a.b out 1100 hours . BrigadLr Floyd , Chief of Staff of the Eighth .Army, with Briga- d · er Packard, Army Group Deputy Chief of Staff, lunched -with the Army Group Corimander . After lunch the General returned to his villa and spent the remainder of the day and evening . * * * rGE--JA-ITJARY 31, 1945--Major Gen~ral Sousloparov and Major General Kislenko of the Allied Commission arrived at the headquarters to see General Clark . Genera.l Kislenko is to replace General Sousloparov as the Russian representative to the Allied Commission in Italy. FLORE * * 1* FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 1, 1945•-The General spent the morning in his office conferring with Genera.ls Cannon, Gruenther, Brann and Brigadier .Hirsch. 1320 the General left by road, accomps.nied by Brigadier Packard. At I The Army Group Commander drove to the Headquarters of the South African Eng:tneer Railway Construction Group which is in Prato. He met the commanding officer of the group, Colonel W. H. Evans, his second in command, and officers commanding some of the companies in the group . General Clark spoke briefly to the company, praising their work and achievements in the past. The Group was, in a sense, "nobody's baby" but that did not alter the fact that its work was known and appreciated. The General, accompanied by Colonel Evans, then inspected two of the tunnels on the Florence-Bologna Railway, on which the group was then working. Of the 80 kiloneters of railroe.d, some 45 were below ground, and there weie, in all, some 35 tunnels . Of particular interest was the main Apennine tunnel, whose near end at Vernio the General inspected. Here the Germa.n de·m olitions had caused the tunnel to be flooded, and it seemed almost more like an underg.roi.md river than a railway tunnel. General Clark left the Group and drove to Castiglione del Pepoli, arriving at about 1600. He was entertained at tea by General VI. H. Poole, Commander of the 6th South African Armored Division. Present were Generals Truscott, Keyes and Crittenberger. At 1700 took place a parade in honor of th~ 2nd anniversary of the forming of the division. Th.ts took the form of "The Sunset Ceremony". In the main square of the village there was drawn up a guard of honor and two bands. Facing them was a reviewing stand, flanked by the flags of the United States and Great Britain. In the center of the square on a rather taller flagpole there were four buglers. Gerera.1 Cla.rk took his place on the rostrum, flanked by Generals Truscott · and Poole. The parade was called to the "present" · and the General salute given. Each band then in turn played sti rring marching ttmes. The para.de was again called to attention. Retreat was sounded on the �bugles, and the three national flags were lowered while the national anthem of South Africa was played . The brass band then played "Abide With Me" as the sun was setting. Each band played a.gain. All the troops on parade then marched past General Clark, who took the salute. The pipe band then returned to the square, formed a circle and played Highland marches, reels, and strathspeys as the Generals and other officers left the ceremony. After this the assembled officers were the guests of the South Africa.ns in their club . General Clark cut the Division's birthday cake with a sword. A part of the brass ·band which had been playing during the ceremony vas present in the club~ They played regimental marches, including "Sarie Marais" . Just before General Clark left, the assembled company let themselves go with "For He's A Jolly Good Fellow". The General drove back to his headquarters , arriving shortly before 2000 hours . He immediately had dinner with the regulax members of his mess and played eards in the evening. ~ General Clark today sent the following cable to General McCreary: ~~> ~ RN SGSlOl. "There are increasing indications that addition-~l enemy forces may be in process of. withdrawal from Italy. Our enemy order of battle m~y no longer be accurate. I desire to emphasize again the extreme importance of capturing prisoners along .'your entire. '. arniyufront. You will take necessary action to secure ' prisoners from front of each of your divisions at least once every three days . Operations may take form of reconnaissance in force or set piece attack of battalion size if necessary. If additional ammunition required request should be made this headquarters without delay.rt General Clark also cabled Gemral Truscott as follows along the same lines: RN SGSlOO. "There are increasing indications that Additional enemy forces may be in process of withdrawal from Italy. Our enemy order of battle may no longer be accurate. I destre to emphe.size again the extreme importance of capturing prisoners along your entire army front. You will take necessary action to secure prisoners from front of each of your divi sions at least once every three days. Operations may take form of reconnaissance in force or set piece attack of battalion size if necessary. During past week usually reliable source.s have reported withdrawal German troops from 92nd Division front. Submit plans for early attack by 92nd Division in order to determine enemy situation on this front." * * * F.LORENCE--FEBRUARY 2, 1945-The General spent the morning in his office conferring with General Cannon, Brigadier Hirsch, General Brann and General Gruenther. At 11.30 General Brann, General Gruenther e.nd Colonel Oxx, Commanding Officer of the Peninsular Base Section, conferred with the General regarding Leghorn defenses. The General lunched at his headquarters, and after lunch returned to his villa for the afternoon and evening. �FLOREOOE--FEBRUARY 3, 1945--The General worked in his office all day today. In the afternoon the Army Group Commander held a conference with the chief members of his staff, including General Gruenther, General Brann, General Nalder, General Hornby, General Tate, and Brigadier Ritchie. After the conference the General had the members of his staff for tea in the conference hut. The General spent the evening playing cards with Gereral Gruenther, General Brann, General Tate and Colonels Saltzman and Lazar and remained at the command post tonight. * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 4, 1945--General Clark oonferred with Brigadier Hirsch, General Gruenther and General Brann. He lunched at the headquarters and at 1500 General Truscott came to confer with General Clark. At 1530 . General l~Craery joined General Truscott and General Clark and conferred for an hour. The General then retired to his villa for the remainder of the afternoon and evening. * ( * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY ~ 1945--The General arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours, and at 1100 hours decorated with the Legion of Merit Colonel Horn of the Signal Section, 15th Army Group, and Colonel Riepe of the G-3 Section. Lt. Col. Sutherland, former aide to Gemral Clark and later with the G-2 Section of Ninth Army, lunched with General Clark at noon today. After lunch the Army Group Commander retired to the villa for the remainder of the day. * * * FLORENCE-FEBRUARY 6, 1945--The General spent most of the day in his office conferring with members of his staff. In the afternoon Mr. Gowran of the Chicago Tribune called to see General Clark. After his interview with ~. Gowran, General Clark left the headquarters and went to his villa for the afternoon and evening. General Clark received the following letter from General McCreary today with regard to future operations= n 1. ---- \ GENERAL. In accordance with ~rour request I attach to this letter my outline plan for the offensive operations to be carried out by Eighth Army in the Spring. In a.ddition I wish to bring to your notice certain facts in respect of re-organization, equipment and weather, all of which have a material bearing on the date by which Eighth Army can attack to the greatest advantage and thereby exert maxi mum pressure on the enemy. �) "2. COMBAT EFFICIENCY OF EIGHTH ARMY APRIL - MAY 19tt.2. During the next two months four divisions under my command are due to re-organise nnd expand. The divisions are:56th (London) Division 2 NZ Division 3 Carpathian Division 5 Kresowa Division. At the present time all these divisions consist of only two infantry brigades. Under the re-organisation plan each division will absorb and train an additional i nfantry brigade. 6 British Armoured D:lvision is due to re-organise 1 Guards Brigade. The plan involves the inter-change of personnel with 24 Guards Brigade. 61 Infantry Brigade of 6 British Armoured Division is due to re• organise so as to include 1 KR.RC and the addition of a Support Company. Owing to commitments in the line it is not possible for the reorganisation of the Guards Brigades and 61 Infantry Brigade to commence until the end of February. It will not be possible for re-organisation and training to run simultaneously. The re-organisation itself will take up to a fortnight to complete before training can begin. On the assumption that it will ta1ce a division Rt least one month to train an additional infantry brigade then 6 British Armoured Division should be available for operations at full strength by the 15th April. 56 Division is to absorb 24 Guards Brigade under a re-organisat i on programme which will run concurrently with that of 6 Bri t i sh Armoured Division. This Division will therefore be available for operations by the same date. · 2 NZ Division commences re-organisation in early March and will be ready at full strength by 15April. I would point out that all the divisions in Eighth Anny have been in the line for long periods, this applies in particular to 6 British Armoured Division and 78 Division who have been in mountainous country for many weeks. It is absolutely necessary that divisions who have had no experience of fighting in the PO Valley, with its peculiar difficulties, should have time to train for this type of country which is ent:i.rely different from the terrain to which they have become a ccustomed. The specific operation to be undertaken is one that will require special and detailed training. The case of the two Polish divisions is"different in thnt the personnel in the new brigades are not trained soldiers, and although these new infantry brigades do already exist I consider thnt they will not be fit for o~fensive operations before 15th April. It is apparent from this programme that the offensive stren~th �of Eighth Army will be augmented by no less than four brigades after the middle of April . "3 . LVsT. ~ employment of a force of LVsT on my right flank is a major factor in my plan and one to which I attach great importance . On present information the full number of LVsT required for training in LAKE TRASIMP-NE a.rea vrill not be assembled in the training area before 25th March. As a result of a Sta.ff Conference held at my Headquarters and attended by senior representatives from A.F . H.Q. it became evident tha,t a period of not less than 18 days must be allowed between the time the ship arrives at the port and the LVefr arrive a.t LAKE TRASIMENE for training purposes . This period is accounted for by the fact that 10 days are required to service the vehicle and make certain modifications. The other 8 days are required to cover the unloading of the ships and movement by transporter from the coast to LAKE TRASIMENE . A smaller number will arrive a.t the training area before 25th March but no acceleration in the training programme will result. After careful examin~tion it is considered that at lea.st one month will be required between the time that the full number of training vehicles is availabl e at LAKE TRASIMENE and the date when an operation is po s sible. Of this period one week will be required for crew training, one week for Flotilla training, one week for combined training with the infantry who are to operate in the vehicles and one week to concentrate the personnel and take over operational vehicles . I have ta.ken steps to commence the training immedietely of one LVT TTnit formed out of RASC personnel, which unit should be ready for operations by about 25th Aprj_l . The second L'\rr Unit will be formed from the personnel of 27 L and one squadron <?f 121. These two regiments are a.t the present time in the ljne as infantry but will be relieved during the present month. Owing to the numbers of men that hs.ve to be trained and the late date of arr:i.val of the LVsT in ItA.ly this second unit will not be ready for operations unt:i.1 the f'irst week in May. Before this second unit can operate all training vehicles will have to be moved from LAKE TRASIMENE to the battle area and in addition have certain modifications made before they can be considered as operational vehicles . To give the operation every every way desirable for the operation plete Brigade Groups can be lifted in dice success by the employment of one chance of success I consider it in to take place at a time when two comthese vehicles rather than to prejuBrigade at a slightly earlier date . "4. WEATHER. All records po:i..nt to the fact that April is a rainy month . The rivers and streams fed from the Apennine watershed are still liable to flooding during this month. The enemy is fully aware of this and has therefore prepared The Eastern bank of the SENIO for demolition so as to take advantage of this fact . In A;ril the rate of evaporation from the soil is lower than in May, so that the ground will retain wet and mud for a longer period after rain . So that I can deploy my superiority in armour it is important that the offensive should be launched when the weather and the going are reasonably good . I hope it will be possible for me to employ a PRrachute Brigade in these operations . The successful employment of such a �( Brigade is dependent to a very large degree on favourable weather, which is another strong argument in favour of a later date rather than an earlier date . tt5 . AIR. Toview of the fact that the over- all striking power of my Army has been materially curtailed by recent decision?, it is more than ever important that maximum air support should be given a.t the commencement of my attack. In my view, for a mj_nirnum of two days, the total air effort in ITALY should be p11:lced at my disposal . I submit, therefore, that consideration should be given to the advisability of staggering the attacks of Fifth US Army and Eighth Army so that each in turn can derive maximum benefit from air support . If, as the Spring advances, time becomes more pressing then it might be advisable for Fifth US Army to attack before Eighth Army. "6. THE PLAN. My plan is based on the maximum concentration of force at the vital points of attack . As a result the hilly sectors of the Army front will be lightly held by the minimum number of troops and those troops in the main formations that are least suited for offenaive operations . This grouping will inevitable make the cover plan difficult but under the circumstances this will have to be accepted . I hold the view tha.t in early May tanks, and in particular those equipped with Platypus tracks, will be able to operate in the PO Valley. In addition to the pla.n attached to this letter I have instructed my Corps to be prepared to follow up the enemy should he a.t any time carry out a major withdrawal. In this event I propose to open up three main axes of advance:Route 16 Route LUGO-N!ASSA LOMBARDA-MEDICINA-BUDRIO Route 9n General McCreary' s Outline Plan of attack is as follows: INTENTION. Eighth Army will establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO with a view to rapid exploitation NORTH towards FERRARA in conjunction with operations of the 5 US Army Westwards towards OOLOGNA. "l. POSSIBLE GROUPING. 5 CORPS. 56 (London) Division. 78 Division 2 NZ Division 8 Indian Division 2 Armd Bde 9 Armd Bde (less 7 Hand 14/20 H). 21 Taruc Bde 2 Para Bde 2 Commando Bde Cremona Gruppo �9 .Armd Bde to include 4 H capBble of lifting two ba.tte.lions in ¥..ANGAROOS. ) 2 POLISH CORPS J Carpathian Division 5 Kresowa Division 2 Polish Armd Bde 7 Arrnd .Bde 43 Ghurka Bde Fruili Gruppo Jewish Bde. 7 H (KANGAROO lift for one battalion). 13 CORP2. 10 Indian Division (12 battalions). 2 HLI Lovats .Scouts One Gruppo 14/20 H. Army Reserve. 6 Brit Armd Div or one division shown as being under 5 Corps. n3. CORFS TASKS. CORPS will:a) Establish a bridgehead across the River SENIO between incl S POLITO 3640 and incl S SEVERO 3233. (b) Establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO to include MASSA LOMBARDA 2741. (c) Be prepared to exploit rapidly Northwards on the axis BASTIAARGENTA-FERRARA. {d) Mount an operation across the VALLE DI OOMA.CCHIO employing specia.l equipment with a view to seizing the ARGENI'A GAP. This latter operation not to be put into effect until a firm bridgehead across the River SANTERNO has been established. 2 POLISH CORPS will:Establish a bridgehead acros s the River SENIO between excl S SEVERO 3233 and incl FELISIO 3031. (b) Establish a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO to include MORDA O 2536, this bridgehead to link up with the bridgehead over the River SANTERNO established by 5CORPS. (c) Be prepared to exploit with mobile forces (i) On the axis MORDA.NO 2536 - FANTAZZA 1844 - MEDICINA 1245. ( ii) On the axis CASOLA CA.NINA 1536 - CASTEL S PIETRO 0837. Tasks (a) and (b) will be timed to synchronise with the operations of 5 Corps. "<af \ J\ �. 13 CORPS will:(a) Hold the Corps front and practise active deception. (b) As the operations of 2 POLISH CORPS outflank or cut off enemy troops opposing 13 CORPS make a general advance towards Route 9. (c) Be prepared to concentrate and come into Anny Reserve SOUTH of the APENMINES as soon as the enemy have been cleared up as far as the IEFI' Boundary of the Corps. "4. Preliminary Move. 2 POLISH CORPS will plan to take over as far NORTH as excl S SEVERO one month before D Day. "5. Alternative Grouping. If HQ 10 COP.:PS is available to Eighth Anny in April - 1/.8,Y it may be desirable to interpose HQ 10 CORPS between 5 CORPS and 13 CORPS so as to reduce the length of the front of 2 POLISH CORF'S. This will enable 2 POLISH CORPS to focus its whole attention on the sector of attack. tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 7, 1945--At 1000 hours this morning the Mahe.rajah of Dewas called to see General Clark. At 1030 Brigadier General Eberle and Brigadier Nicholson of the G-3 Section, AFHQ, who had just returned from a tour of the Fifth and Eighth Anny fronts, called to see the Army Group Commander. At noon General Mclarney arrived from Caserta, conferred with General Clark and remained for lunch. After lunch General Clark drove to the airport with General McNarney where he bade goodbye to the Theater CommRnder. Upon his return to the headquarters, the General saw Brigadier Hinde for a few minutes prior to his departure from the headquarters. The Brigadier was wj_th the G-4 Section of 15th Army Group Headquarters and is leaving for Belgium to take a new assignment. The General later in the afternoon departed for his villa. In the evening General Clark dined with Mr. and Mrs. Umberto Coletti returning early in the evening to his villa for the night. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 8, 1945--~he General spent the morning in his office conferring with members of his staff. After lunch he retired to his villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORET\JCE--FEBRUARY 9, 1945--General Clark spent today between his office and the villa and spent the ni~ht at the villa. �General Clark today replied to General McGreery•s letter of Februa~ 6th as follows: 1 "1. I have studied your letter dated 6 February, Subject, 'Operations' and the Outline Plan that accompanied it . I a.m well pleased with the scope of the plan and apprectate your cooperation in solving a difficult problem. "2. I am in accord with paragraph 1, 'Intentions', of your Outline Plan providing that the operation through the ARGENI'A GAP is feasible . However, any one of several factors may make it desirable for you t6 shift the direction of your main effort. For that reason I desire that after Eighth Army establishes a bridgehead over the River SANTERNO it be prepared to exploit North toward FERRARA or Northwest toward BUDRIO. "3. Your plan to hold 13 Corps front lightly is in accord with my thought. However, to hold the frontage indicated, including M. GRANDE, with the troops you have listed for 13 Corps aprears impossible . This of course is your responsibility, but I must insist that M. GRANDE be firmly held. The loss of this most critical feature would, as you are well aware, abort all of our carefully prepared plans for the offensive . Incidentally, your map shows that M. GRANDE is in the Fifth Army sector , but I am informed by my Chief of Staff that you understand clearl:v· that it is in the Eighth Army sector . I "4. I run aware of the advantages of postponing the attack untll May as envisioned in your letter . However, circumstances may require an allout 15th Army Group attack in April. I therefore desire that you complete plans for such an attack to be launched about 10 April. Since special equipment for an operation across the iTALLI di COMACCHIO will not be available by this date , and because it is believed the condition of the terrain in the ARGENI'A GAP will be unfavorable for large scale operation, it is desired that Eighth Anny plans for the early attack be based on a rapid exploitation m, towards BUDRIO after a bridgehead over the SANTERNO River has been established . "5. In paragraph 2 of my letter of 24 January, Subject: 'Future Operations', I stated that in the event of a major enemy withdrawal from Italy, 15th Army Group would attack as soon as possible . Such an attack continues to be a possibility, and, if ordered, will be executed following the same basic plan as the attack outlined in paragraph 3 above.n * * * FLORENCE-- FEBRUARY 10, 1945--At 1100 hours General Clark decorated and promoted the following officers of his headquarters at a small ceremony held in front of his office: Lt . Col. Walker, General Clark's personal pilot, and Master Sergeant Wilson, of the Chief of Staff Section, received the Legion of Merit, Master Sergeant Glotzbach, of the Adjutant General's Section, received the Bronze Star, and 2nd Lieutenants Porter and Bergman, of the Flight Section, were promoted to the rank of 1st Li eutenant . At 1130 hours Major General Duff, Quartermaster General of AFHQ, called with General Tate to see General Clark. �3D At 1230 General Foulkes, Comma.n ding General of the Canadian Corps, ca.me to confer with General Clark and remained for lunch. Just before lunch the Army Group Commander presented General Foulkes with the gift of a carbine. General Foulkes departed shortly after lunch . Following General Foulkes' departure, General Clark left the headquarters for his villa, and in the evening entertained Genera.ls Brann, Tate, Colonel Saltzman and Lt . Cols. Lazar and Ibold for dinner and poker . General Mccreery, today replied to General Clark's letter of yesterday as follows: \ n1. I am in receipt of your instruction of 9th February and have studied the points you raise in relation to my plan. "2. I fully realise that the main weight of the Eighth Army attack will have to be either Northwards towards FERRARA, or North,"Test towards BUDRIO. I submit that the right time to decide on which a.xis the main effort should be made is when the Eighth Anny have a firm bridgehead over the River SANTERNO. ''3. I note that in the event of an offensive before the special equipments arrive you desire the main effort of Eighth Army to be made Northwest towards BUDRIO. u4. I appreciate the importance of MmrrE GRANDE, and will ta.ke the necessary steps to ensure that this massif is securely held when it passes to my command." * * * FLORENCE-- FEBRUARY 11, 1945--The General spent the day between his office and the villa and spent the night at the villa . General Clark today wrote General Truscott as follows with regard to future operations: "l. I have studied your comments on plans for f uture operations and am pleas~d that you are in accord with the general plan as I outlined it to you at our conference on 4 February. "2. I agree that it is desirable to clear the area up to the general line PIANORO - PRADURO - M. MANTINO and to use that line as a ba,se for future operations. I believe that this area West of Highway 64 can be cleared by II Corps as part of the main attack and that it may be possible for the 10th Mountain Division to reach the general line M. PERO - M. MANTINO - VILLA D AIANO - M. BELVEDERE in time to be relieved by the BEF and moved to a reserve position before the main attack is launched . It is essential that operations West of Highway 64 be conducted without drawing strong enemy reserves to that area. If the general line PIANORO - \ �( �I 31 PRADURO - ~1ANTINO is reached a.s indicated above, it is certainly desirable to give careful consideration to a strong attack generally NW from the PRADURO area to strike the BOLOGNA defenses at their weakest point in preference to a continuation of the ·main attack on BOLOGNA between Highway 64 and 65. However, as I have explained to you previously, I cannot agree to a main attack generally NW a.long the high ground West of Highway 64. . . "3 . I note that you suggest that Eighth Army make an effort from M. GRANDE . I agree that an attack from M. GRANDE, if made in strength, might produce effective results, but th0 reduction in strength of E1.ghth Army, with which you are familiar, makes it impossible to concentrate sufficient forces in the main effort of that army and also attack from M. GRANDE in strength. "4. Present plans for Eighth Army's attack include the employment of special equipment for an operation across the VAILI di COMACCHIO. This equipment will not be available for operation before 1 May. Since an all out attack before that date is probable, I ha.ve instructed the GOC, Eighth Army to prepare plans for an attack about 10 April and about l May. You will also prepRre plans for full-scale attacks on these dates. n55. In paragraph 2 of my letter of 24 January, Subject: 1 Future Operations', I stated that in the event of a major enemy withdrawal / from Italy, 15th Army Group would attack as soon as possible. Such e.n attack continues to be a possibility, and, if ordered, will be executed following the same basic plan prepared for the later attack. " * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 12, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 0930. General of the Army, George C. Marshall, U.S . Army Chief of Sta.ff; General McNarney, Commanding General of MI'OUSA; and Colonel McCarthy, War Department Secretary General Sta.ff, arrived from Pisa by car at 1230. General Clark greeted Generals Marshall and McNarney a.nd a guard of honor was held for General Marshall with the following units represented: 1st Bn., 135th Infantry Regimen~, 34th Division; Division Special Troops, 92nd Infantry Division; Brazilian Composite Pla.toon, 1st Infantry Divisi'on, BEF;,.__,~ , t Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders; 3/8th Punjabs, 19th Indian Infantry Brigade, 8th Indian Division; 166th Newfoundland Field Regiment; Special Service Battalion, 6th South African Armored Division; 24th Guards Brigade, Welsh Guards; 2nd Battalion Inpiskillings, Irish; 1st Canadian Armored Brigade, 1st Canadian Corps; Defense Company, Headquarters 2nd Polish Corps; 26th Battal!on, 2nd New Zealand Division; 67th Regiment Legnano, Italian; Platoon of Italian partisans; Three .American nurses from 't>th Evacuation Hospital; Four WACS, Fifth Army; Four ARC girls from Florence contingent; Two ATS girls, 15th Army Group; One Indian nurse, 18th Indian General Hospital; South African, British and Canadian nurses from 107th S. A. General Hospital.~ After the guard of honor General ClPrk and General McNarney returned to General Clark's office with General Marshall, and General Clark oriented �( General Marshall on the Italian situation in his war room. At 1300 hours the Army Group Commander enterta.ined General Marshall at a buffet lunch in his hut. The following-guests were present: General -~ arshall, General McNarney, General Hull, Colonel McCarthy, General ~cCreery, General Keightley, General Foulkes, General Anders , General Cannon, Ai:r Commodore Leese, General Gruenther, General Saltzma.n, Colonel McMahon, Brigadier Hirsch, General Bra.nn, Gemral Ta.ta, Lt. Col. Ostler, General Hornby, General Coxwell-Rogers, Gereral Nalder , Colonel Grogan, Colonel a. C. Smith, Colonel Sanceau, Colonel Monfort, Colonel Negroni and Interpreter, Captain Savary. During the lunch General Marshall chatted with General Clark, General McCreery and General Anders. After lunch General Marshall s~oke briefly to the assembled officers, pointing out that the Italian campaign was the most perfect example of magnificent teamwork bet ~reen many different nationalities fighting together for one common cause. The General of the Army then gave a brief resume of the war on the eastern front, western front , the war in the Pacific and in the China-Burma area. After General MArshall's talk, General Clark and General i1arshall returned to General Clark's office where they put on warm clothing for a trip to Fifth Army. The party left the command post at 1515 in sedans. Arriving at a poiht on the Mount Altuzzo road where sedans could not pass, the party changed to jeeps, and Generals Clark and Marshall travelled together over the Mount Altuzzo road into Firenzuola and thence to the Fifth Army cormna.nd post. Upon their arrival at Fifth Army at 1730, they were met by General Truscott and his Chiefs of Sections. General Truscott entertained Generals P. arshall, Clark and . cNa.rney for dinner and the night. Operations Instruction #3 was issued today and reads as follows: "1. It is estimated that the German preparations for a withdrawal to the line of the ADIGE are now complete, and that the plan can be put into operation at short notice, if not already started. There are, however, no factual indications that the plan will be put into effect at any stated time. The enemy would prefer, other things being equal, to remain on his present line and retain control of the whole area of Northern ITALY at present in his hands for various reasons. He will withdraw, therefore, only because of other and more important considerations and in particular because of the need of detaching troops for other theatres. If and when the enemy decides to withdraw, he will execute the withdrawal from his present front only under pressure. The amount of resistance which he will offer will vary according to the extent to which he has already thinned his front. 2. The enemy can shorten his present line by withdrawing his left to the line VALLI DI CO MACCHIO - MEDIC INA - Mr. GRANDE, allowing him to release up to three to four divisions. If the enemy releqses more than this number it will probably involve a withdrawal to the line of the TICINO and PO and subsequently to his strongest prepared positions - the ADIGE or the AU'S lines. 0 "3. The enemy can be credited with three capabilities: �33 ( a. To assume the offensive. b. To remain on present positions , and when forced, to withdraw to successive positions. c. To withdraw voluntarily to a pos~tion behind the PO to enable him to release divisions for other the~1tres. "4. There is no firm evidence of any large-scale withdrawal although prepP..rations to withdraw from Western ITALY still continue. Based on pa.st performance it can be assumed the enemy will adopt the second of his capabilities, making us fight for any ground we desire. See G-2 15 Army Group Appreci ation No. 39, dated 5 Feb, attached at Appx 'A' for detailed analysis. "5. 15th Army Group is charged v:nth the mission of: a. b. c. Holding present positions in event of an enemy offensive. Containing the maximum number of enemy divisions in ITALY. Bringing the enemy to battle to destroy German forces in ITALY. d. Finally clearing ITALY of the enemy. "6. In line with the assigned r'li. ssion, 15th Army Group plan of operations will be staged in three phases: Phase I - Phase II - Capture and establishment of a bridgehead around IDLOGNA. Developing the PO River position. Cros sing the PO with the object of capturing VERONA and scaling the main outlet out of ITALY and developing the ADIGE river position. Phase ITT- It is operationally desirable that each phase follow the other without pause. For phase lines and bourrlary between Armies, see the map attached at Appx 'B'. "7. After BOLOGNA is captured and the bridgehead established, it is desired that the attack be continued to cross the PO and capture VERONA as soon as practicable . The main axis of 15th Army Group attack will be on a line BOLOGNA - VERONA . ng. It is considered th~.t a thrust by 15th Army Group directly Uorth on VERONA from BOLOGNA bridgehead would cause the enemy to withdraw from !ffl ITALY, thereby making large-scale operations in NW ITALY unnecessary. tt9. After operations outlined in paragraph 6 have been accomplished and if the situation at the time permits, it will be operationally desirable to seize bridgeheads over the ADIGE river and to capture PADUA a.nd VENICE without pause. If, however, the enemy elects to defend the ADIGE line in strength, it will probably be necessary to halt and regroup and to prepare for a formal river crossing . "10. The enemy may decide to withdraw from NW ITALY for the ree.sons �enumerated in paragraph 1 and/or because of a. collapse of German resistance, a decision to surrender, or, most likely, because our attack tOW"ard VERONA is threatening his major line of withdrawal . In the event he decided to withdraw from NW ITALY, he may follow one of -two procedures: a . To withdraw all organised resistance from NW ITALY to a line of the TICINO - PO or other prepared lines . Provided this withdrawal occurs prior to our taking BOLOGNA, it will be highly desirable to open the port of GENOA to send in administrative personnel, food-stuffs, AlvG representatives, etc. b . To withdraw from NW ITALY in conjunction with his withdrawal from his present position. In this event FIFTH ARMY is charged with the protection of 15th Army Group left flank . As our attack progresses toward VERONA, and when enemy resistance in NW ITALY has les.s encd to a degree permitting, IV US Corps, operating under 15th Army Group oontrol, will be detachBd from FIFI'H ARMY for operations in NW ITALY in conformance with policies and procedure prescribed by this HQ . IV US Corps will consist of British, Brazilian, Italian and US troops, commanded by M4jor General Willis D. Crittenberger . 1 "11. Administrative instructions for the occupation of NW ITALY will be issued separately. In general the occupation will be divided into two phases . Phase I will be the military occupation and the elimination of any remaining German or Fascist Italian formations in NW ITALY, and the establishment of law and order among the civilian population until the establishment of Allied Military Government can be accomplished . 15th Army Group will be responsible for this phase with o. 2 District under command . The operating agency for this phase will be IT Corps· Headquarters with the necessary attachments from No . 2 District . In Phase II, 15th Army Group will pass responsibility for the military administration of NW ITALY to No . 2 District and for Allied Military Government to the Allied Commission, both under command of AFHQ . 15th Army Group, after coordinating with No . 2 District, will report to AFHQ when Phase TI can be implemented . If the situation is such that it would be more convenient to hand over NW ITALY to No . 2 District in stages, 15th Army Group will recommend a program for the transfer of responsibilities. NW ITALY is defined as the area for which Headquarters No . 2 District ultimately will be responsible , viz: the Compartments of LIGURIA and PIEDlVIONTE, and the Provinces of VARESE, COMO, MILANO, PAVIA and PIACENZA. "12 . a . It is desired that plans be prepared by Armies covering operations outlined in Phases II and III of paragraph 6, viz: the development and crossing of the PO river position with the object of capturing VERO TA. Reference should be rm.de to letter, subject 1 Future Operations•, dated 24 Jan 45, ref No . 48/G-J(Ops) issued by this Headquarters. Flans will provide for early traininr, of personnel in river crossings, utilizing all expedients at our command. Details of the River PO and ADIGE crossing sites and terrain studies are being currently issued and will continue to be issued by this Headquarters. �35 b. IV Corps Headquarters will prepare plans to occupy the area Ii.berated in NW ITALY. For purposes of this plarming, IV Corps Headquarters is authorized to contact directly No. 2 District, AMG, 15th Army Group, and other necessary Headquarters. tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 13, 1945--General Clark, accompanied by General Marshall, General McNarney and General Truscott, left the Fifth Army command post at 0830, arriving at II Corps command post at 0900. There they were met by General Livesay, Acting Corps Commander, and II Corps staff officers . Also, General Coulter and staff officers from the 85th Division were present . After Generals Marshall, Clark and McNarney rad been introduced to the officers, General Marshall spoke briefly to the assembled group. At 0920 the party left for 34th Division command post where they were met by General Bolte and his staff, a.nd ste,ff officers of the 91st Division. General Marshall spoke briefly to the officers and men assembled, after which he presented three Distinguished Service Crosses. The Chief of Staff also pinned stars on Brigadier General Braun, Assistant Divisional Commander of the 34th Division. At 1100 hours Generals Marshall, McNarney, Clark and party drove to the command post of the ?nd Battalion of the 361st Infantry in the vicinity of Fiumetta. There General Marshall met the battalion commander and officers and men. The Chief of Staff spoke briefly to them. The party then inspected a battery of artillery where they talked briefly to the officers and men. Generals MArshall, McNarney and Cla.rk were entertained at lunch by Major General Kendall at the oommand post of the 88th Division. After lu..~ch a guard of honor was held, consisting of the 2nd Battalion of the 350th Infantry who recently had been awarded the Vfor Department citation. General Marshall presented the Distinguished Service Cross to a soldier jn a simple ceremony. General Marshall then spoke to the battalion, General Clark also spoke a few vmrds ,i to the assembled troops . Following this ceremony Generals Marshall, McNarney and Clark and Colonel McCarthy changed from jeeps to sedans and drove to Montecatini where they boarded General Clark's train. Generals Gruenther and Truscott arrived shortly thereafter, and the Generals all oonferred in the sitting room attached to General Marshall's bedroom aboard the train. At 1900 hours Generals Mascarenhas , Commanding General of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , General Zenobio , Division Commander, and General Cordeiro de Farias, Artillery Commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force , and Ntajor Walters arrived for dinner . After dinner General Marshall decorated Gemral Cordeiro with the Legion of Merit , Degree of Commander. The Brazilian Gernrals left the train at 2100 hours, and at 2130 the train left for Lucca . Generals Marshall, Clark, McNarney, Truscott and Gruenther talked until the train arrived at Lucca at 2300 hours and then retired for the night aboard the train . * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 14, 1945--The party left the train at Lucca at 0830 accompanied by General Crittenberger, who had come to the train to pick up �Generals Marshall, Clark and McNa.rney and Truscott. They drove in sedans to the command post of the IV Corps in Lucca. There they met IV Corps staff officers and also Major General Hays, Commanding General of the 10th Mountain Division, and Brigadier GenerAJ. Ruffner, Artillery Commander of the Division. General :Marshall spoke briefly to the assembled officers. After a short stay at the IV Corps oommand post the party drove to the command post of the 4th Tenk Battalion where they met General Pritchard and watched the battalion training as infantry. General Marshall spoke to several _groups of officers and men during their exercises. They then drove to the command post of the 1st Annored Division, and General Marshall spoke to the assembled members of the Division staff. At 1040 the party entered the 92nd Division area at Montramito where they were met by General Almond and changed from sedans into jeeps. The party then inspected a nru.le battalion, after which they drove to the 599th Field Artillery Battalion command post. Enroute the party stopped at a bath unit where they met Colonel Notestein, Commanding the 371st Infantry, and Generals Marshall, McNa.rney and Clark spoke to several of the officers and men of the 371st who were returning from the bath. At the 599th Field Artillery Battalion command post in the vicinity of Pietra Santa , General Marshall spoke briefly to the officers and men. The party then drove to the command post of the 3rd Battalion of the 370th Infantry where they were met by Colonel Sherman, the Commanding Officer. The party inspected defense positions and spoke to several of the officers and men, after which they drove to the 317th Engineer BattRlion where they stopped brieny and spoke to the battalion commander . General Marshall and party drove to a battery of the 600th Field Artillery Battalion where they observed artillery in action. General Marshall stopped and spoke to several of the officers and men. Enroute to the 92nd Division oommand post the party stopped briefly at the 758th Tank Battalion. At the 92nd Division command post in Viareggio, General Almond entertained Generals Marshall, McNarney, Clark, Truscott, Gruenther and Crittenberger for lunch . During lunch General Marshall ~ -oke briefly to the assembled staff officers. After lunch the party left the 92nd Division for Pisa. Enroute they visited the 32nd Field Hospital one kilometer south of Viareggio where General Marshall, General McNarney and General Clark spoke to many of the battle casualties . At 1415 the party arrived at the Pisa airport where they were greeted by Generals Cannon, Chidlaw, Webster and Meyer of the 12th Air Force. General Cannon introduced General M~rshall to several of his staff officers. The Army Chief of Staff , with General McNarney, left the Pisa airport in General McNarney1 s C-47 at 1430 hours . Gereral Cla.rk, with General Gruenther, returned to Headquarters 15th Army Group in L-51 s, arriving at 1530 hours . General Clark worked for two hours in his office on an accumulation of papers and then retired to his villa with General Saltzman for the night . �FLOOENCE--FEBRUARY 15, 1945--The General arrived at the command post at 1100 hours and held a conference with Generals Gruenther~ Saltzman, Brann and Lt. Col. Lazar to discuss the T/0 of 15th Pxmy Group. After the conference General Clark promoted Lt. Col. Lazar· and Lt. Col. Ostler to the grade of Colonel. At 1230 General Clar}-- entertained Colonels Pesek and McConnell of the G-3 Section, Colonel Sloan of the G-2 Section, Colonel Monfort of the G-5 Section and Lt. Col. Yarborough for lunch. After lunch the General returned to his villa for the night. * * * FLORENCE-FEBRUARY 16, 1945--The General arrived at the Headquarters at 0930 and at 1000 hours T\h.j . Gen. Beaumont-Nesbitt, Liaison Section AFHQ, who had just come from Polish Corps, came to confer with General C~,rk. At noon Lt. Gen. Arrlers, Polish Gorps Commander, came to see General Clark and conferred for an hour on the complex situation which has arisen with regards the Poles as a result of the Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin conference at .Yalta over which Gen. Anders wa,s extremely worried. At 1300 hours Admiral Morse, Flag Officer Western Ita,ly, and Captain Basant, Royal Navy Liaison Officer of 15th Army Group, came for lunch. General Clark entertained General Anders, General Beaumont-Nesbitt, Ad~ miral Morse and Captain Basant for lunch. After lunch General Clark returned to his villa for the afternoon am ~ / evening. ;<i- c.J"v ~~ General Almond today wrote the following letter to Gereral Truscott, with a copy to Army Group Headquarters, with regard to command and combat efficiency of the 366th Infantry: )\ (/ "l. On 28 November 1944 the 366th Infantry Regiment was 1:1~ttached to the 92d Infantry Division, then operating as an active division on the Fifth Army Front. Since that date the equipping, training, and combat employment of the 366th Infantry have received the constant attention of the Division Commander, his staff and certain individual officers from divisional units. The present low combat effectiveness of the 366th Infantry, from the standpoint of leadership of its off·cers and combat efficiency of the unit, indicate a factual report on the subject to the Army Commander. This report covers the period 28 November 1944 to date and includes some personal knowledge of the Division Commander concerning this regiment dating back to 1941 when the unit was training at Camp Devens, Massachusetts. The discussion herewith submitted is grouped under the following titles: a. b. c. d. Or€faniza.tion and E::1.rly Training Preparation for Combat Employment Command and Sta.ff Functioning Operations - Annex 'A' Annex 'B 1 Annex 'C 1 Annex 'D' n2. The undersigned has intimate knowledge of the early training progress of the 366th Infantry; i.e., from February 1941 to September 1941. (See Inclosi.n:-e No . 1). The training progress over that period , a,nd under ) ��, ,J qt~~?. ~µ>C ~ ,r;; ~ rr; . (Y / / /I ,, f' )f ~ tt , ~9~~~~ ~t9' t~/ ~ the imposed leadership of five Regular Army o.L ficers, ~ras mediocre and the performance of the regiment during VI Corps Maneuvers in Massachusetts, 1941, left much to be desired. Si nce arrival overseas, in March 1941~, this regiment has served in detachments throughout Southern Italy guarding airbase activities until 28 November 1944, when after closing in the Staging Area, became attached to the 92d Division. n.3. The 92d Division instituted immediate steps to i nsure the equipping and concentrated training of the units of the 3~th Infantry as they arrived in the PBS Area, LEGHORN. Command inspections were held, a training program prescribed, and completion of combat equipment speeded up. The Division Connnander addressed all officers and men of the regiment in the PBS Section emphasizing the importance of preparing the regiment for creditable performance of the regiment in action. All these efforts on the part of the 92d Division appeared to be gratefully received and effective performance was promised. However, from the beginning, it was apparent that the lack of responsibility and a thorough preparation for routine duties on the part of junior officers and the supervision on the part of higher of ficers of the regiment was of a low grade. (See Inclosure fo. 2). "4. The operations of the 3_66th Infantry, a.s an effective combat force, since commitment of the first units on 2 December 1944, have been characterized by poor leadership, irresponsib~~ity, lack of supervision and the abandonment of much equipment A.t crit~cal times by enlisted personnel. (See Inclosure No. 3 - Operations). 0 5. The command and staff f t .nctioning in this regiment is most ineffective. This condition has obtained ever since the Regimental Commander and his staff and Special Units were introduced into the chain of command to control the 366th Infantry battalions then operating on the coastal sector of the 92d Division, the quietest and most moderate climated portion of the front. It was at once evident that the Regimental Commander exercised little command control over his troops and his staff; that the Regimental Headquarters acted in a lethargic and nearly always in an ineffective manner. To correct these deficiencies the Division Commrrler and his staff have made ma.ny visits to 366th Infantry Headquarters to check activities, offer helpful advice and insure efficient rerformance on the part of the .Regimental Commander. Under this close supervision, the then Regimental Comman<ler - Colonel H. D. QUEEN, became ill with rheumatic pains and ha,s been evacuated, Lt. Col. ALONZO G. FERGUSON a.ssuming control as of 13 December 19Li/t. (See Inclosure No. 4). n6. Since assuming command Colonel FERGUSON and his staff have been highly cooperative but most usually incapable of accomplishing satisfactory results in a reasonable time. In the hope tb a.t this condition could be corrected and realizing that the best available officers of the regiment were then in command and staff positions, the Assistant Division Comma.nder and necessary staff officers from this headquarters were given instructions to practically stay with the unit to observe, to organize the headquarters, and to see personally that the staf f functioned properly and by supervision that it translated the commander's decisions into action. To date practically no progress is in evidence. (See paragraph?, below). �tt7. It was believed that constant a.nd unremitting supervision would bring improved operations provided the commander responded to the suggestions and directives in a manner forceful enough to obtain reasonable results. The undersigned has personally discussed, many times witp Colonel FERGUSON, the necessity for effective opArations and the removal of ineffective staff officers or commanders . Colonel FERGUSON has never recommended a single officer for removal, but on the other hand , has always found excuses justifying the failure of his subordinate to perform his assigned task . Such excuses have become intolerable and they lead to but one conclusion; that the commander of the 366th Infantry, Lt . Col. ALONZO G. FERGUSON, is incapable of commanding his regiment in an effective manner; so much so that the capabilities of the regiment to perform anything except routine duties on a quiet front , requj_ring no movement of command groups or wire installations are seriously questioned . The conclusion is also reached that a more capable colored officer should be procured to command this regiment, if such is the policy of the War Department or Theater Commander, or , if none is available, that H i;vhite officer and the required staff officers be assigned to the regiment . It is possible that the War Department may have established a policy requiring negro leadership throughout this regiment and the problem of replacement for officers might well be considered by higher headquarters . Further losses of field officers or company commanders in this regiment will eventually necessitate the assignment of white officers to maintain a minimum standard of combat effectiveness in order to derive any battlefield utility f'rom the regiment . ng . The following recommendations are submitted: a . That the Regimental Comme.nder be repla.ced by a more capable officer - colored, if War Department policy requires, if not - by a white colonel with an adequate staff. b . That the regiment be assembled in a training area under an improved leadership for traj_ning a.nd development . c . That a system of development and/or supply of competent officers and men be established . tt * * * FLORENCE- -FEBRUARY 17, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 1000 hours and conferred vdth Briga.dier Hirsch , General Brann and General Gruenther . At 1300 Maj . Gen. Nalder ca.me for lunch with General Clark . General Nalder is leaving the headquarters today for a new assignment as Chief Signal Officer, AFHQ . General Clark sent a :rre ssage to General Maran, who is now on leave in the United States, informing him that he is now Chief Signal Officer, 15th Army Group . At 1400 hours General Almond and General Truscott arrived and conferred with Genera.I Clark for an hour. I At 1700 hours the General returned to his villa where he dined quietly and spent the night . �FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 18, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa. In the afternoon the General played golf at the Florence Golf Club with General Saltzman. In the evening at 1700 hours the General entertained Generals Gruenther, Brann, Saltzman, Colonel Lazar, Lt. Col. Novo~ny and Lt. Col. Ibold for dinner and cards. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 19, 1945--The General arrived at his office at 1000 hours. At 1030 hours he received news that Lt. Col. Walker, General Clark's personal cub pilot, Lt. Col. Faust and Major Kerr, Transportation Officer of 15th Army Group Headquarters, had just been killed in a plane crash after ta.lcing off from the Florence field on their way home on temporary duty in the States . General Clark immediately drove to the scene of the accident. At 1130 hours Lt. Col. Palmer, G-5 Section Supply Branch on General Somervell's staff, called on General ClRrk with Colonel Monfort, G-5 of 15th Army Group. The General lunched at the command post, after which he returned to the villa for the afternoon and evening. * * * FLORENCE•-FEBRUARY 20, 1945--The General arrived at his headquarters at 0930. At 1030, with General Hornby, General Saltzman and General Brann drove to Castel Fiorentino to the American cemetery for the funeral of Lt. Col. We.lker, Lt . Col. Faust and Major Kerr who were killed :yesterday in a plane crash. The General returned to his headquarters at 1.330 for lunch. The General spent the afternoon in his office working on papers and conferring with members of his staff and at 1630 hours the following fiction writers visited General Clark's headquarters: Kay Boyle, Roger Burlinghame, Carl Carmer, Marquis Childs, Mary Cookman, Dorothy Ca.meron Disney, Toni Frissell, Beatrice Blackmer Gould, Ca.rel Hill, Joseph Niarshall, Nancy Wilson Ross, Harold Von Schmidt, Rex Stout, Stanley Young. These writers ere escorted by Lt. Col. Rorke of the War Department Public Reh.t ions Office, Maj. Holland of Hq. Army Air Forces, Major Thruelsen of MAAF Public ReJFtions , Ya.jar Hoyte Kline of MA.AF Public Relations and Capt. Francis Sanford of MA.AF Public Rela,tions. The General briefed the party in his war room, after which he taj_ned them i.n his conference hut for tea. General Cannon, General Brigadier Hirsch, General Saltzman, Gereral Sullivan, Colonel Gn:gan General Brann were also present at the tea. The pu-ty left at 1800 enterHornby, and hours. At 1830 General McNarney with General Nelson , Deputy Theater Commarrler, and Mr. Henry Taylor, of Scripps-Howard Newsps.pers, arrived at the headquarters and conferred for an hour before dinner with General Clark in his office and war room, after which the GeneraJ. entertained them for dinner at his mess. After dinner General Clark, with Generals McNa.rney, Nelson, Saltzman �4\ and Mr. Taylor talked for two hours in General Clark's conference hut. Generals McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor then returned to the Excelsior Hotel for the night. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 21, 1945--At 0730 hours Generals McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor arrived for breakfast with General Clark at his headquarters. At 0745 General Cannon arrived and joined them in the mess. At 0800 Generals Clark, McNarney, Ca.nnon, Nelson and Mr. Taylor drove in General Clark's Cadillac to the forward command post of IV Corps in Taviano where they were met by Colone 1 Nance, Deputy Chief of Staff of IV Corps, and General Truscott's aide. At Taviano the party changed into jeeps and drove to the IV Corps TAC Headquarters at Castelluccio where they were met by General Truscott, General Ori ttenberger and General Cra.ne. This headquarters also serves as an excellent OP. General Crittenberger pointed out to the party the hill. features over which the 10th Mountain Division and Brazilian Expeditionary Force have launched their attacks; namely, Mount Belvedere, which the 10th Mountain Division took yesterday, and Mount Torraccia, first phase objective of the 10th Mountain Division, and also Mount Castello, objective of the BEF. General Crittenberger explained to the assembled party the plan of attack. The party then drove to an observation post of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force where they were met by General Mascarenhas and members of his staff. General Masce.renhas explained the plan of attack which was to be undertaken within the next hour. General Clark and party then drove to the command post of the 10th Mountain Division where they were met by Gemral Hays who oriented the party on his current situation. General Clark expressed to General Hays his great satisfaction at the results of the f:irst combat test of the loth Mountain Division. After the orientation, General Hays took Genera.ls Clark, McNarney, Cannon, Nelson, Truscott and Mr. Taylor to an excellent observation post where the current battle to the we·st of Mount Belvedere could be observed. General Hays explained to the assembled officers how he had accomplished his mission and how he was to follow up his attack. General Hays entertained Generals Clark; McNarney, Cannon, Nelson, Truscott and ~. Taylor for lunch, after which they drove back to Florence. The Army Group Commander entertained Genera.ls McNarney, Nelson and Mr. Taylor for dinner this evening at his mess. The Army Group Commander today dictated the following memorandum ·::-7 General McNarney with regard to new artillery units destined for Fifth Army: "I am afraid if the present schedule of arrival of artillery units is maintained they will be too late for our forthcoming offensive. "Information from your headquarters indicates that one battalion of 8" Howitzers and one battalion of 155mm Guns have been moved to staging area in the United States preparatory for shirunent overseas. i O estimate �f { has been given of dates of shipment . However, the schedule indicates that two battalions of 8" Howitzers are due here in March. "Will you please follow this matter up . like as follows: I suggest a ca.ble something '" Understand at least one battalion 8" Howitzers and one battalion 155mm Guns earmarked for this theater have been moved to the staging area in the United States preparatory to movement overseas . In view of our urgent need for heavy artillery in coming operations, strongly recommend every effort be made to establish priority to i nsure arrival of these battalions by end of March . 1 tt * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 22, 1945-- At 0900 Lt . Gen. Doolittle of the Air Force called on General Clark with General Cannon and conferred with the Army Group Commander for half an hour . At 1000 hours General Clark decorated and promoted the following officers and enlisted men of his headquarters : Major H. W. Buchanan and Major M. C. Hoffman to Lt . Colonel , Captain E. M. Swift and Captain T. L. Eastmond to Major, the Legion of Merit to Lt . Col. R. C. Brisach and Captain F. W. A. Allen (British), and the Bronze Star to Staff Sergeant R. H. Hager . At 1100 hours the General attended a memorial service for Lt . Col. Walker , Lt . Col. Faust and Major Kerr of 15th Army Group Headquarters and Major Mallory of TAF . General Brann lunched with General Clark, after which they played golf . The General returned to his villa for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 23, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours , and at 1100 hours Lt. Col. Williams, 15th Army Group Historian, came to see General Clark. The General sp ent the greater part of the afternoon in his office conferring with General Gruenther who had just returned from Rome . At 1630 hours the General went to his villa . This evening General Cl::1rk had a few officers for dinner and poker . * * * FLORENCE--FI~BRUARY 24, 1945--The General errived at his headquarters at 1030 and conferred with General Gruenther, Brigadier Hirsch and General Brann. At 1230 Genere.l Cle..rk and General Gruenther had lunch with Mr . & Mrs . Rosso , former Italian ambassador to the United States at their villa. The General spent the afternoon at his villa, r eturning to his headquarters for di nner . He entertained Mr . & Mrs . Rosso and Mr. & Mrs . Umberto Coletti for dinner with General Gruenth er and General Saltsman at his mess . �43 FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 25, 1945--General Clark spent the day at his villa and in the afternoon played golf with General Brann. The Army Group Commander today sent the following "Eyes Only" cable to General McNarney: RN SGS 134. "Conversion of 366th Infantry to general service engineers should be started iithout delay. Do not know whether AllrOUSA staff knows of this change yet . I will instruct Five .Army to deal directly with ~ITOUSA concerning conversion as soon as I hear from you . " * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 26, 1945- -The General came to his office and worked on papers and conferred with members of his staff, returning to the villa in the afternoon . The following reply to General Cll!rk's cable to General McNarney of yesterday with regard to the 3~6th Infantry was received today: ' I RN F 33757. "Conversion of 366th Infantry Regiment reference SGS 134 is subject . War Department will be requested to issue necessary directives ~.s soon as you or Fifth Army advise exactly wha.t units ·are wanted . 1 Engineer General Service Regiment and 2 Engineer Separate Battalions or 3 Engineer Separate Battalions, an Engineer Group Headquarters and 26 Driver Augmentation Teams for Truck Companies are possible combinations. Either of above sets of units can be 90% equipped wj thin 30 days . Ml'OUSA will deal directly with Fifth Army as soon as you issue your instruct ions to them. n General Clark replied to General McNarney today a s follows: RN' SGS 135. "Desire you request War Department to issue necessary directives for conversion of 366th Infantry into one Engineer General Service Regiment and two Engineer Separate Battalions . Reference your message F33757. This has been coordinated rith Five Army. Suggest in future you deal directly with Five Army in this matter furnishing copies of communications to this headquarters. n * * * FLORENCE- -FEBRUARY 27, 1945--General Clark arrived at the headquarters at 0900 . At 0930 Major General Stayer, Surgeon General of ~ITOUSA; Brigadier General Ferreira, Surgeon General of the Brazilian Armed Forces; Brigadier General Uartin, Surgeon of Fifth Army; a.nd Colonel MarquesPorto, Stn'"geon of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, called on General Clark. At 1000 hours the Army Group Commander received the following Indian ,journalists: Joseph Pothan of the "Dawn" in Delhi, Kishore Nandi of the tr qava Bharat" in N'a gpur, s . H. Mahmud of the ttNawa-i-Waqttt in Lahore, V. K. Narasimhan of the "Hindun in Madras, F . W. Bustin of the "Civil and Military Gazetten in Lahore , Jaganath Deshnrukh of the nsakal" in Poona, Durga Das of the "Hindustan Times" in Delhi, H. R. Sti mson of ttThe Times of India.'' in Bombay, J . N. Sarkar of nAmrit a Bazar Patrika" �44 in Calcutta a.nd A. N. Sivaraman of "The Di.nama.ni n in Madras. General Clark briefed the journalists in his war room and answered many questions pertaining to the welfare of Indian troops fighting in Italy. At 1130 Colonel Gale, who hnd just been assigned to 15th Army Group Headquarters as Air Officer of the G- 4 Section, came to call on General Clark. General Brann came for lunch, and a.fter lunch General Brann, General Saltzman and General Clark played golf . The General returned to the villa for the evening. * * * FLORENCE--FEBRUARY 28, 1945- -General Clark, accompanied by General Gruenther and Brigadier Packard , left Florence by road at eight o'clock. He arrived at Forli. at approximately 101,.5 hours where he was met by Lt . General Charles Keightley, Acting Eighth Army Commander, and Brigadier Harry Floyd, Chief of Staff, Eighth Army. The party drove a short way along Route #9 to the headquarters of the 2nd New Zealand Division . Here G~meral Clark was met by Lt . Gen. Bernard Freyburg, Co:mrw.nding the Divi- ., sion, and was introduced to some thirty senior officers from the Division. , General Clark took a cup of tea with General Freyburg and the other officers and gave a short taTh on the current operations in Italy. The party then drove to the Headquarters of 56th (London) Division. Here General Clark was rret by Major General Whitfield, the Divisional Commander, and was introduced to some Division . He gave another short talk of Merit (Degree of Officer) on Major Rifles . Major Almond had earned this quarters in conjunction with aircraft of the oomma.nding officers from the and pinned the Medal of the Legion ~. c. Almond of the London Irish award for work at Allied Force Headreconnaissance and photography. General Clark lunched in General VJ1.1.itfJ eld' s mess and afterwards General Keightley took him to see an exhibition of captured enemy equipment in Forli. The exhibition consisted mainly of tanks, machine guns · and mines . One of the most interesting exhibits was the new Gerrm.n rocket, weighing about 100#, which had only recently come into use on the Italia.n front . General Clark was then taken to the Adolf Hitler Barracks where at this time were quartered the Irish Brigade of the 78th British Infantry Division. The Brigade Commander, Brigadier Scott, met General Clark at the entrance and showed him around the barracks . General Clark was particularly interested in the very fine canteen for other ranks of the Brigade . After this the party paid a visit to the "Dorchestern Club in Forli . This is a very large day leave center equipped with every imaginable luxury. General Clark saw several restaurants , reading rooms, writing rooms and watched for several minutes the pipe band of the Inniskillings who were heating ''Retreat" in the courtyard . Generals Clark and Gruenther drove to the Forli airport, boarded their C- 47 plane and flew back to Florence, arriving at the comm.and post �(LJ �/ 45 at approximately 1645 hours . villa ., * General Clark spent a quiet evening at his a,,(_~~ tv-0 * Ii * FLORENCE--MARCH 1 , 194§--Genera.l Clark arr ~ived at his office at 1030 hours and conferred with Generals Gruen th er , Brrmn and Brigadier Hirsch . The General lunched with General Brann and played golf in the afternoon, retiring to his villa to spend the night . * * * FLOREJ'iCE--lVIARCH 2 , 1945- -The General spent the morning in his office , and at 1245 hours Admira l Morse and Ca.pt:::iin Besant came for lunch. .After lunch the General went to his villa for too afternoon and evening. General Clark today dictated the f ollo tlng r andom notes for inclusion in his diary: ttPOLISH QUESTION--The announcement by tbe Big Three at the Ya.ltP ·coni'erence with rega.rd to Polish terr:i..torial sub- divisions after the war , as delineated by the Curzon Line, created a pa.nic in the Polish Corps , commanded by General Anders, in my 15th Army Group. General Anders has long been an outspoken opponent of this soluti on and , having been a prisoner of the Russians along wjth thousands of his men and most of them living east of the Curzon L:i..ne, the solution was entirely unacceptable . Anders' first vi olent reaction was to send a letter to the Commanding GenerPl of the Eight h Army requesting that his ~ c orps be relieved immediately from front line duty. He even intjmated that it would be better to accept the Polish Corps as prisoner s of war. fi He felt that under the circumstances he could not be responsible f or holdvsv"'\ I"' inf:; a sector with mixed emotions as prevailed among his :rren. Mccreery talked to him, and I sent for Anders. The g~st of my conversation was I) ✓ .9--(' "What are you going to do about it? If you turn in your suits now you 1 lost the respect of the Alli es, your only friends. Your men are going to follow the cue you indicate to them . If you become a defeatist and •• indj cate thr1 t all hopes are lost to your nien , you will have failed in 1 _,,, 1~ ~ your duty as their commander . n I told Anders that here was an opportunity for him to b 8 a great µitriot - forget himself and to require that his men ,, f / ' mai.nt,:dn the fighting strindards tbey are known to have . I told him that / . \t .9 in my opinion our President Roosevelt would not sit at the conference and , willinf?:ly turn the new Poland lo ck , stock aijP. barrel over to the BolshetiJ. u> ~ vists . I told him he was taking the most ~loomy attitude possible and ,, t~at i t could not possibly be as bad as he fore cast . The only thing for ~ him to do was sit tight, maintain the stA.ndard of his men at the highest } pos~ible level and await developments. In such a. case, the pitr:iotic attitude l'lhich he hR.d t aken a nd prevailed upon his men would be brought by met the attention of President Roosevelt and also to the Frime Mi nister ~ , /- 1/ I ( . �G , _ ~~~JJ6-'q ~ ~A~C I Before leaving me he promis ed that Ms men would maintain their defensive sector but that he had t.o go to England to discuss it w:i th his government . The questfon which worries me is: \!ill the Pole~ be able to take part in an import~nt role in the offen sive ba.ttle which I . am planning. There j_s some question that they wi ll. I have ta.lked this matter over with all concerned, including Eighth Army Commander and staff, but the real answer will be disclosed wren Anders returns for a conference with me . With the withdrRwals from 15th Army Group, it would be a serious blow if J could not count on the Poles for all- out offensive action. 15th ARMY GROUP A'T' ACK--My plans for tm attack of ooth armies have crystallized. Instructions have been given to the Army Commanders. I feel that with the situation rnaching critical proportions in both the east and west, 15th Ju-my Group must attack in April. The eA,rliest I can do that would be between the 10th and 15th - the delay being caused, by the arrival of LVTS and ne cessary reorg~_nization of Eighth Army units . Fifth Army will be rea.dy. Accord:!.ngly, I hive djrected that plans be made for an atta.cking using the 10t h of April as a target date . By tha.t time weather should be improved , ground conditions should be more favorable providing there are not more snows or heavy rains , ammunition situation satisfactory and replacements on hand for at least a two-months ' bat tle . My infantry superiority vdll be approximately 1 . 4 to 1 , hardly suff icient for a. breakthrough, particularly in the mountain terrrJin . However , I feel it imperative that the divisions I have under my control must be throvm into the battle as early as possible . By that time I feel that r,:erhaps four German Divisions ,; ill have been withdravm from Italy. Two have gone up to the present time. I do not believe he can remove more than two per month due to interference of his communicationr; by our air . If conditions Are favorable in mid- April and my infantry superiority has been increased by the withdrawals indjcated above an::1 with a little bit of luck, we may have a great victory south of the Po River . I run sure thP t Field Marshal Alexander, as well as General McCreary of the Righth Army and most of his commarrlers will ant to delay the attA.ck until May. I feel that it vould be a great error to deliberately plan the attack for May. Conditions ma.y demand that we wait that long, but certainly we must be ready by early April. I nny have quite a problem sell 1 ng this early attack to Field Marshal Alexander. I will have a staunch supporter, however, in General Marshall and will get Joe McNarney to apply pressure in his deputy capacity. " * * * FLOREN'CE--MA.RCH 3 , 1945-- 'roday is General Gruenther 1 s birthday. Doctor Poling, 'Sd.itor of Christian Herald, ew York , a Protestant minister, journalist and radio commentator who has been sent to this theater by Pres:ident Roosevelt and General Marshall, called to see General Clark with Colonel Ryan , Fifth Army Chaplain. At 1230 hours Lfo,ltenant General Morgan, newly- appointed Chief of Staff, AFHQ, with Major General Airey, G- 2 of AFHQ, came to see the Army Group Commander. After Generri 1 CJ.ark had oriented Generals ?forgan and Airey, he entertained them for lunch. Brigadiers Packard and Hirsch were alBo present for lunch . After lunch the General returned to his v j 11a for a.n hour, returning �41 at 1630, at which t5rne he gave a cocktail birthday party in honor of GenerAl Gruenther .. Sixty officers were pr e sent at the party. This evening General Clark ga.ve a. small dinner party for General Gruentber at his villa . * * * 4, 1945--The General spent the entire day at his villa . In the evenjng General Clark entertained Colonels Smith , Sutherland and Major Houston for dinner at the vill.a. FLORENCE--MA.RCH General Clark today sent the following cable to General Keightley: RN SGS146 . Please convey to General Prjmiera my congratuJRtions upon the successful recent offensive operation by the Cremona Group . clearing of the coastal area south of Po di Prj ma.ro, as well as the casualties infli cted upon the enemy a.nd the number of prisoners taken , fortifies the confidence in which these Italian troops are held as a result of earlier favorable act1.ons . I shall l ook forward to further ach:i evements of your group with keen acticipation . n * 0 * FLORENCE- -MARCH 5, 1945- -The Gereral arrived at the headquarters at 1000 hours nnd worked on papers and conferred with various ne mbers of his stp.ff untH 1100 hours , at ·w hich time he decora.ted CaptAin Bachhuber , Ms Radio Offj cer , with the Bronze Star and offered the Captain his best wishes, as today is his birthday. The General had a slight chest cold today. He returned to his villa after lunch and remtd ned there for the afternoon and evening . * * * FLORENCE--MA..B.CH 6, 1945--Air Marshal Slessor , Deputy Commander of Mediterranean Air Forces , called to see Generr-1 Cfark a.t 0930 this morning. The General spent the reim. ind er of the morning in his office working on important a.d1;1inistrative matters and conferring with variou s staff officers . In the afternoon the Army Group Comma.nder retired to Ms v:illa where he spent the night . * * * FLORENCE--MARCH 7, 1945--At 0930 hours this morning General Clark savr Brigadier Irwin who has just cone from India where he has been serving with the 14th P.rmy. The Brigadier has recently been appointed to command the Staff College at Quetta , India . At 1030 hours General Clark bP..de goodbye and presented a Bronze Star Medal to Colonel Warren, Graves Registration Officer of Fifth Army. Colow~l Warren is returning to the United States for a new assienrrent . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, January 1 - March 6, 1945 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from January 1 - March 6, 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1666 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/8916534a508899b302f4a06241c0e343.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=vus1UnvqLwT4xs29VHnrqj0eMGGHCRLPp4RNHUjBgnvV%7EtdnzqguJHIWluOi2jYQne2FQ36vGxfvQw29yOSuyGOdOcYayO5ljZ3D4QF6klnrqNCjEqiDqrCwzVU5AMoaZ82ZpZqUAFVwVmevTXugmXlJvigqvBjwDo5llqcJ5%7EFeLaMoXXoNgi0V3T4i4wTMvwhJy1PprRej425sbsNVmWEctICoYXnBx-bIr-sHbsYa59TyzIFlRqNdaNbhojk%7ESyxvU--x3KasiB8ksR5U1iRNA2%7EQFt44q%7E3T7eRXow6oXH9dmIJGHOdJN2lETj3xQR5lPCiupNgDPqSZupdLpQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a3ab2dee44044625ad8acedc52376edf PDF Text Text 56 General Clark's entire morning-- and it s·ta.rts with him in his office before with pa.per work. General Gruenther is away on a one- day trip so there are no conferences of great importance . By concentrating on nothing but cables , memorandums etc ., the General has his desk cleared by noon . In the after , noon he drives to Saidi.a with two old friends , Colonel Markoe and Major Nygaard . They spend the afternoon on the beach and, following supper at the Saidia villa, return to Onjda . 8 AM is filled -- Allied aircraft *bave been relentlessiy pounding Sicily , -1Sardinia and Italy , proper for the past month. The Wops ar e suffering acutely from a ,rar of nerves . Allied aircraft are shooting down four Axis planes to one in their highly success ful forays . Heavy raids are being made against Germany from bases in England . The Axis is taking a lo t of shoving around now. In the South Pacific, an offensive · against the Japanese has been started and it ia proceeding v1ell . For the first time since their defeat in Tunisia, the Axis struck back last night , sending a 100 bomber raid against Bizerte where invasion craft are making ready to sail . Effect of the raid is not known. The Germans l.aanched yesterday a big offensive on the Russian front . They took a solid beating fro~ the intrenched Russians . German losses in tanks and men were heavy . * * * OUJDA,JUL 8 , 1943-- Looking to the day when t he Fifth Army will enter an Y enemy country and have to institute military government, General Clark has a long conference tod ay with Brigadier General Holmes, head of the .Military Government section of Allied Force Headquarters . General Holmes, just promoted, is the colonel w went to No h Africa with General Clark las t O ho rt ctober on the secret mission . An organization Jmownas AM GOI', Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories, has been set up. General Holmes explains its workings to Generals Clark and Gruenther and Lieut . Col . Sutherland, head of the Fifth Army Liaison section. Ea.ch army that has t o deal with the government of occupies tertitories will have a military government staff that is completely army. If the head staff officer is Ame ican, his chief executive officer will be British, or vice versa . r An equal distribution will be made of all military government posts so the officers are half British, half American . Military policemen for instance will be either British or Americah but they will be rexpresenting BarH governments . The important thing about AMGOT that it is joint, with no national differences . This military is government section will be all ready , when an army moves into a new country, to assuming the government of that country . Policing , courts, sanitation, fiscal , etc . , will all be provided for before the occupation starts . General Holmes explaina the organization as it particularly involves an army such as the Fifth . A Military Government school has been set up in Africa as a branch of the United States Army Military Government school in Virginia . It is decided that Col . Sutherland will go to Algiers and the Military Government school to get further details of the Military Government proceedure so he can head it up when the F'ifth Army moves into an occupied country . It is a vast and complicated field and exceptionally important because proper applicati on of military government means that the army can fight with eyes ahead, not with apprehensive glances back over the shoulder to be pre pared for a stab in the back b~ a discontented or mal-disciplined enemy populati on . General Holmes, an old friend of General Clark's, is to remai n overnight in Oujda. Upon his arrival, he reviews and honor guard for the first time, then goes into conference . �51 General Clark spends the entire day at headquarters. He has conferences with Col . Beam concerning air problems, including the CommandingGeneral ' s victorious fight with the N rth African Airforce to retain use of his transpo r t plane which the NA.AFhad wanted to take away. General Gruenther also comes in for a number of short discussions on various questions, including BRIMSTONE planning . Colonel Brann , Fifth Army G-3, has gone to Algiers to discuss BRIMSTONB developments with the Fifth Army Liaison planning staff and officers at Allied Force Headquarters who are also working on BRIMSTOUE details . Col . Brann is due back late today . The :F 'ifth A my Commanderspends most of the afternoon working on papers as r he awaits the arrival of Major General Alvan c. Gillem, jr ., coDll'Jandinggeneral of the U.S. Army armored forces who is in N rth Africa on an inspection tour . 0 General Gillem has plane trouble and also makes an unscheduled langing at Fex so he arrive s l ate . General Clark goes to his villa . General Gil lem, after cl eaning up at the guest villa General Clark has had fixed up, goes to the Fifth Army Commanders villa where General Clark has Generals Gruenther, Gill am and Holmes ' for dinner . After his guests have gone, General Clark goes to his office at 9 PMand calls Colonel Brann and his executive officer , Lieut . Col . Wood in for a con, ference concerning the result of their trip to Algiers . The conference does not break up until 10:30 PM . * * ( * OUJDA-Sb.IDIA-OUJDA, JULY 9, 1943- -General Clark ' s day starts with an over the breakfast conference with Major General Gillem, chief of the U.S. Armored . 1 Forces. General Gillem is at the Fifth ~vmy u6dmmander s villa at 7:40 PM and the two generals chat over breakfast, discussing for the most part all aspects of the global war, particularly as they involve armored divisions . General Gillem yesterday inspected the First Armored Division which is part of General Clark's Fifth Army. At 8:20, General Clark takes General Gillem to his office and at 8:JO he escorts him into the cou-tyard where the Fifth Army honor guard is drawn up to pay the armored chief his honors . Afterward, General Gillem, accompanied by General Lewis, is taken to Oujda airport where he takes off for Oran in General Clark 1 s C-47. At 9:15, General Clark leaves for Saidia with.General Holmes. The two generals fly up in Piper Cubs. General Holmes, after having reports on the charms of Siadia from Mr. Murphy, has been most eager to visit the Fifth Army Recreation Center . General Clark returns to headquarters at 1:15 PM and after checking over urgent papers goes to his villa for lunch. He has Captain Gillespie, his Cub pilot, as his guest . The Fifth Army Commanderspends a varied afternoon . Six new second lieutenants, four of them out of the Fifth rmy Airborne Training Center, come in to be congratulated and have their pictures taken with General Clark . The Fifth Army Commanderalso confers with General Wilbur concerning two matters--1, improvement of Fifth .!~rmy training and to arrange for a trip that the general is to make to morrow to the Leadership and Battle Tr r..ining Center at Slissen . General Clark also spends part of the late afternoon in the War Roomwhore he, General Gruenther and Colonel Brann go over various planning phases of operation BRIMST . O NE Colonels Brann and SUllivan and Major Nygaard are the general at his villa. * * * 1 s dinne:r guests �( OUJDA-SLISSEN-SIDI ABBES-OUJDA-JULY 1943. BEL 10, The great news of the day is the commencement the combined Americanof British attack from bases or operation in North Af'rica against the Italian island of' Sicily. News in detail does not arrive, but we learn by the radio that the attack commenced 0300 hours. The General is awaiting informaat tion in detail as to the progress of this most important operation. At 0830 hours General Clark leaves his headquarters for the small field next to the Special Troops camp and takes off with captain Gillespie in the Oub plane for the Leadership and Battle Training Center near Slissen. Upon a.rriTal he is greeted by General Wilbur and Co~onel Loef' and shortly' there• after the General addresses the assembled officers and men, both instructors and students, of the Training Center. The General tells them that he is going to speak to them in a serious vein, and there is no question but that he means it, tor it is apparent from the tone of his voice. He promises his audience that they will soon be in combat, as are the men who are attacking Sicily this very morning. He tells them that much will be expected or them, pe.rticularly of the officers. ( Arter a brief' inspection, the General takes off again, and Captain Gil• lespie !"lies him to the airport at Sidi Bel Abbes where he is met by Colonel Colle, the Commanding Officer of the airfield; Colonel Vias, Commandant d 1Armes de Sidi Bel Abbas; Lieutenant Colonel Brisset, Executive Officer to Colonel Vias. Captain Byles and Lieutenant Chandler are also at the f'ield to greet the General, having flown directly from Les Ange.desin the C-61a Fairchild low-horsepower monoplane which has recently been assigned to the General's use. The General is rendered honors by- a small guard of French Aviators under the command Lieutenants Vanier and Vincent. Also at the f ield is Lieuteof ~ nant Colonel Dunbar, the Commanding Officer of the 64th station Hospital at (Al(~ ~ -- \..__ ~ Sidi Bel Abbas. The General is going to visit the hospital later in the day. ,t: a Fi:rth Army unit, and the General has before expressed his ""' desire to see it. • General Clark, Captains Byles and Gillespie and Lieutenant Chandler mount in French oars which have been 'trought to the airport by the French of'f'icers before mentioned and drive straight to the Reunion des Of'ficiers de la Legion Etrangere (Foreign Legion Of'f'icers' Mess) whe,.-e, with Lieutenant Colonel Dunbar, they are tendered a very delicious luncheon. This over, the party, still e-soorted by three motorey-cle MP's from a platoon or Companyc, 101st MPBn., whose headquarters are at Fifth JJ:rriy, proceeds through Sidi Bel Abbas to the garrison or the Foreign Legion. A guard of honor is drawn up just behind the great iron gate which forms the entrance to the barracks area. The guard salutes the General, who inspects it briefiy and then passes on to take the honors rendered by the Foreign Legion Band. This organiza• tion of 100 pieces is one of the most famous military bands in the world. It is extraordinary for North Af'rioa in that it can play not only the martial music which one hears played by native Moroccan and Algerian bands but, being made up of European soldiers who can read music, it can also play, and �53 does play beautifully, all kinds of classical selections. After rendering the star Spangled Banner and the Marseillaise, the band breaks into a cheerf'ul melody which it has learned f"romone or the be.nds of the 13th Field Artillery Brigade•-the first American military organization to be stationed in the vicinity of Sidi Bel Abbes. Following the American eus• tom, the Legionnaires play, sing and whistle the melody of this selection. In sudden contrast, and after a brief pause, the band plays the march or the legion. While this march is played, the leader of the be.nd proper and the leader or the attached bugle, fif'e and drum corps do an about face and stand at attention, looking directly toward the General, as their leader• ship is not needed by the musicians for this music so 1f8ll lmown to them. ( ( I At the conclusion of the march, the General is escorted to the battle monwnent of the legion--a large stone globe, upon which is engraved a map of the world and marked in gold upon the map the places where the French Foreign Legion bas fought since its inception 112 years ago. The stone ball rests upon a great flat granite slab, at each of the four corners of which stands the figure or a Legionnaire in uniforms appropriate to different epochs of the legion's existence. Leaving the monument, the General is led by a Legionnaire Sergeant interpreter, Rosenberg by name, to the museumof the legion. Here, in rooms lovingly ca.red for, the General sees countless souvenirs and mementos of past actions of the legion. We see enemy weapons in the form of muskets, rifles, swords, lmives, daggers, spears; in fact, eJ'18ry conceivable type of hand weapon used by European and Aboriginal enemies against which the legion has fought. Captm-ed battle flags are there, as are also several standards of the legion, heavy with the honors which are inscribed upon them. The walls are covered with pictm-es--both paintings and photographs, or of'f'icers who have distinguished themselves by their bravery or who have fallen in battle. , In one room the General picks out the photographs of two French offi• cers whomhe lmows--r..teneral Giraud, under whom,rarious regiments of the legion have served, and Colonel Girard, who is at the present time residing in Oujda as a retired officer of the legion. In one room we see a captured Nazi swastika flag and several Italian f'lags taken by the legion in the recent Tunisian campaign. Outside in the garden we see the tomb of an American--a native of San Francisco, who served for ten years in the legion, after which he returned to his native land. He stipulated in his will that he be cremated and his ashes carried to the garrison at Sidi Bel Abbes for burial. His wishes were carried out, and his tomb may be seen today in the garden in front of' the legion museum.Before leaving the garrison, honors were again rendered to the General by the band and by the guard. The General shook hands ri th his Sergeant guide who, by the way, has painted many beautiful portraits of typical le- gionnaires dressed in · costWttes appropriate to the times in which they served. The General also shook hands with the non-commissioned officer who acts as curator of the museum. He then mounted in his car, with the rest of his party, and proceeded to the 64th station Hospital which he inspected. Pass• ing through the various rooms, he speaks a word of encouragement to patients and expresses to Lieutenant Colonel Dunbar his admiration for the excellent appearance of the hospital. Saying goodbye to Colonel Dunbar at the gate or the hospital, General Clark, Captain Byles and the two pilots are driven out �54 to the airport by Colonel Vias, who has accompanied the General through his inspection tour or the hospital, and the General italces oft in the C-61 at about 14.30. As soon as he has left the ground, Captain Gillespie and Captain Byles take off' in the Cub. The Cub is a slower plane, but Captain Gillespie seems to know his way better, for the Cub beats the 0-61 to Oujda, and Captains Gillespie and Byles are at the headquarters to greet the General when he returns. Back in his office, the General confers with various officers of his staff' throughout the rest of the afternoon. He says goodbye to Lt. Col. Sutherland, Chief of the Liaison Section, who is going on a secret mission to Algiers. The General dines alone. * * * OUJDA•-JULY 1943--General Clark spends the first part of the morning 11, going aver papers in his office and conferring with the Chief ot sta:f:f'. At 1030 he flies to Sa.idia where be swims and bas lunch. Captain Gillespie, his pilot, is the only one with him. ( He returns to Headquarters at 1600, and at 1630 a guard of honor is held tor Rear Admiral Peters, Royal Navy. Generals Clark and Gruenther and Rear Admiral Peters confer in the General's office until 1730, when they adjourn to the map room for half an hour. Returning to General Clark's office, General Clark and Admiral Peters confer alone for a short time, after which General Clark goes to his villa and Admiral Peters is taken for a short tour of the town by Colonel Saltzman. Dinner is at 1900, and the General has as his guests Admiral Peters, General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman. * * * OU'JDA-•JULY 1943-•Admiral Peters leaves the Headquarters at 08.30, and 12, at 0900 a guard of .honor is held for Brigadier Generals Philip E. Brown and Howard McC. Snyder, AUS. Immediately following the guard of honor, a conference is held in the Commanding General's office, attended by the Generals afore-mentioned and General Gruenther, Colonel Eugene L. Miller, IGD, who has accompanied Generals Brown and Snyder, and Colonel Avery, the Chief of the IG Section, Fifth Army Headquarters. The principal topic of discussion was that of the distribution or manpoweras between SOS installations and combat units. An investigation bad been instigated by the War Department into this subject, and Generals Brown and Snyder and Colonel Miller are pursuing the investigation in this theater. It is the opinion of the Commanding General that the num• ber of men assigned to the service of supply units in this theater is not excessive, as compared to those assigned to comhlt units. However, the Commanding General feels that there are a good many individual cases, officers in particular, of excess personnel stationed at the Base Sections. 7 �55 General Clark lunches alone and works on papers in his office until 1430, when a guard of honor is held for General de Division Gourion, who commandsthe French Military Division of Oran. The General spends a few minutes chatting with General Gourion in his office. At 1530 hours the General holds a conference with Colonel Mickel• wa.ite, the Arrr(7 Judge Advocs.te. Inunediately thereafter, a conference takes place in the Genera.l's office, attended by Lt. Col. Dewey, NATOUSA, Theater Venereal Disease the Consultant; Colonel Martin, Fifth ArmySurgeon; Lt. Col. Bruce, his Exe• cutive; the Chief of Staff and the ConnnandingGeneral. Colonel Dewey presents a report on the venereal disease situation, considering the theater as a whole, and Colonel Martin reports upon the venereal disease situation within the Fifth Army area. General Clark expresses satisfaction upon both reports. At 1645 a guard of honor is held for Major General Gruenther, and the CommandingGeneral pins the Distinguished Service Medal upon his breast. The Medal has been awarded General Gruenther in connection with his activities in the Torch Operation. The citation reads as follows: "Major General Alfred M. Gruenther, Arnry of the United States. Far exceptionally meritorious service in a position of great responsibility. From the initial planning of the landings in North Africa tmtil his ap• pointment as Chief of Staff, Fifth Army, General Gruenther served as Deputy Chief of staff, Allied Force Headquarters. He displayed ability to cope with great masses or detail and preserved an unrurned cs.lm in the f'aee of' exceptional difficulties, lifting those associated with him above themselves. His unselfish devotion to duty was an inspiration to all his associates and contributed markedly to the success of' the Allied Force. Entered United States Military Acs.demyfrom Nebraska." Innnediately after the ceremony a cocktail party in General Gruenther 1 s honor is held at General Clark's villa. About twenty-five persons attend. General Clark dines with Colonel Saltzman. Two days have passed since the commencementof' the British-Canadian• Americs.n attack upon Sicily, and w few facts emerge as yet. Such facts as we do have come from radio sitreps. Syracuse was occupied by troops of the Eighth Army at 2100B hours, 10 July. Preliminary reports indicate that little damage had been done to installations in the city which will be required byus. The line held by the British and Canadians appears to run from Priolo on the north, southwestward through Cassible, Avola, Noto, Rossolini, Ispica and Pazzalo. Considerably less news comes through concerning the Seventh Army, although a report as of 1600B, 11 July, states that all beachheads have been firmly secm-ed by the Seventh and Eighth Armies and that good progress has been made. Italian morale is said to be low and civil population mainly friendly and cooperative. �OUJDA--JULY 1943--~ews of Sicily: 1.3, As of 1600B, 12 July, Sitreps state that good progress has been made on all fronts and enemy defence still appears to lack cohesion. More specifically, the Eighth Army holds a line from Priola on the north running southwest to include Floridia, Canoattini, Rossolini and Ispaca; thence running northwest to Ragusa, where the 1st Canadian Division effeoted a junction with the 45th American Division. The 45th has taken Vittoria and Comiso. The 1st American Division, after heavy fighting, is established in the Gela area and has also captured Ponte Olivo airfield and has proceeded north to a point two miles south of Nisoemi. The .3rd American Division holds Licata further west along the 80Uth coast and has penetrated as far north as Naro and Campobello. 2nd Armored Division and 18 R.T.C. are held in reserve five miles east of Gela. An advance CP, 82nd A.B. Division has been set up; the division itself is not mentioned. Unloading proceeding on all beaches but not as fast as de• sired because or heavy swell. Seventh Arrt.ryHq. is still at sea on board a U. s. warship. The General spent the greater part of the day working on papers in his office. General Wilson, the Commanding General or MBS,made a brief and unexpected visit at Headquarters just after lunch. In an informal ceremony in General Clark's office, General Clark had the pleasure of pinning the Legion of Merit ribbon on General Wilson's chest. General Wilson had recently been awarded the Legion of Merit for his outstanding work in organizing the Atlantic Base Section. At 2115 hours a torchlight parade in celebration of Bastille Eve, which had formed at CampRoze, marched down the road and stopped in front of General Clark's villa. General Clark was in front of his villa to greet the marchers. The band of the 4th Regiment of Moroccan Riflemen played the Star Spangled Banner, after which General Clark thanked Captain Morere, who was in charge of the parade, and the marchers moved on with torches burning and band playing. ( * * * OUJDA--JULY 1943•-General Cl.a participated in ceremony arranged by the 14, ,rk local French authorities to celebrate the anniversary or the fall of the Bastille. At 0920 hours he lef't his Headquarters, accompanied by General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman, General Beucler, the Commanding Officer of the Military Sub-Division of Oujda, and his Chief of Starr, Lt. Col. Herckel. Arriving at the Place Clemenceau, General Clark and the officers before named inspected French and American foot troops drawn up along the north side of the Avenue de France. Comingback to the reviewing stand, General Clark watched the march past of a Motorized French Infantry Regiment and Artillery Battalion. These units were completely equipped with American clothing and material. After the parade, the party went to the Hotel de Region where, as the guests of M. Bouyssi, aperitifs were taken. . ( J In the afternoon the General went to Saidia, taking with him a number of the officers of his Headquarters. .. �57 No war news or importance to report during the past 24 hours. It is, however, learned that as of 16o0 hours, 13 July, a total or 8,761 prisoners have been evacuated from the Seventh Army sector and that a total of 1,J6o casualties had been suffered up to 1000 hours, 12 July. * ( * * OUJDA--J'ULY 1943--The greater psrt of General Clark's day was taken up 15, in conferences with General Juin, the Commanding General of the French Expeditionary Corps. General Juin, with an aide and Colonel Cheriere, his G-3, arrived at the Oujda airport at mid morning, where the General was rendered honors by a Freneh guard. Coming to Fifth A:rnry Headquarters, honors were again rendered to the General, and he inmtediatelywent into conference with General Clark until lunoh time. Amongthe subjects under discussion were the Spanish Moroccan problem. An agreement was reached that the French divisions or the French Expeditionary Corps should be, and would be, taken into consideration in connection with any operations in• volving Spanish Morocco. It was submitted by General Clark that plans should be mde now. General Juin agreed, and his G-3 will immediately begin to mke the necessary plans. It was further agreed that there should be an exchange or liaison of:ficers between the Headquarters of the Fifth Amr:, and General Juin•s Headquarters, looking toward future operations. It was decided that in the future all movements or French troops into the Fifth Army area would be coordinated in advance between the French and this Headquarters. The training schedule ~, t.JmF ;;l f;.t JJ Ii J C I • for personnel of the French Expeditionary Corps at the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center was discussed. General Clark had as his guests for luncheon at his villa: General Juin, General Gruenther, General Kingman, General Beucler, Colonel Saltzman, Colonel Cheriere and Colonel Chevillon, the latter being the Chief or the French Liaison Mission at this Headquarters. Informl discussion was conducted for some time after lunch, and General Juin departed from the Headquarters at about 1500 hours. The 29th Airborne Replacement Battalion wa.s alerted this afternoon to move east immediately. It is anticipated that they will move in trucks, beginning tomorrow afternoon. Sicily: No news of importance. * * * OUJDA-•JULY 194.3-General Clark was in conference in the morning with 16, his Chief of Staff and with such members or his planning group on Operation BRIMSTONE were on duty at this headquarters. as It was brought out that the Sicilian operation is proceeding with a large measure of success and that the possibility at least exists (to what degree is not known) that Operation BRIMSTONE not be executed by Fifth Arrrry but be assigned to will a lesser force. Planning on BRIMSTO~lE continue. However, it is will necessary to connneneeimmediately to make an alternative plan for Operation GANGWAY. This plan must be ready for submission by 1 August. In general, the Operation GANGWAY for the landing of the Fifth Army at Naples at calls �such time as Allied Forces have fought their way northward from the toe of the Italian boot to and including that port . The landing would not be, therefore, as far as Fifth Army is concerned, an assault operation . The Gangwayplan is outlined in a letter, dated 16 July 1943, from AFHQ Comto manding General, Fifth Army as follows: , "l . Plans are being developed to exploit into the mainland of ITALY should the situation so permit . In the event of an allied landing in the Toe of ITALYand it becomes possible to capture NAPLFS an overland ad• by vance , it will be necessary immediately to reinforce Allied Forces through that port . In this case operation BRIMSTONE at present being planned by as you would not be put into effect, instead, Fifth Army with 6th Corps under , command, would be used to support Italian mainland operations through NAPLES. "2. This operation would be carried out under the commandof the 15th Group. However certain advance information is required by AFHQto fa cilitate movement planning. For this reason it is directed that you initiate planning which will enable you to .furnish this headquarters with the priori ties of desired movement into the NAPLESarea . This data should name units and include numbers of personnel , vehicles and stores by tonnages . Army "3. Planning indicated above should be based on the following assumptions: .!• ( That it will not be necessary to make a seaborne assault on the NAPLESarea . · R• That bulk loaded shipping will be employed. ,g. That on arrival in NAPLES Fifth Army must be prepared , under orders of 15th Army Group, to defend the port and airfields in that area and, if required , to undertake offensive operations . "4. It is directed that the data requested this headquarters by 1 August 1943." in paragraph 2 be furnished In the afternoon a broadcast was made by the President and Prime Minister Churchill to .the Italian people in which the proposition was made to them to throv.r out Mussolini and his government and to arrive at a separate peace with the United Nations . Sitrep reports do not indicate any material changes in the Sicilian pictin-e . The news is apparently being deliberately held back. 2nd Lieut . :Edwardw. Kennedy of the 29th Airborne Replacement Battalion received the Soldier ' s Medal from the hands' of the Commanding General, who, taking the initiative , awarded the medal to Kennedy without awaiting the action of his board. Lieut . Kennedy's bravery in going into a very heavy surf and undertow at Saidia on 11 July 1943 in an heroic but futile attempt to save the life of a drovming French soldier resulted in this award. The 29th Airborne Replacement Battalion left its area today for the east. �59 ( OUJDA--JULY 1943--The following cable message, attributed 17, Nogues, arrived this morning by way of Gibraltar: to General "To: CG, Fifth A:nny. Ileeler to French Liaison Off'icer Resident Lisbon who is under orders (ord tts?) from Second Bureau Algiers Nogues makes following statement for Strong: 1Have received call from British journalist who states Paris papers all allege I have expressed desire to return France and this is under advisement by French and German governments. I asked him to make formal denial and re~uest Algiers government to do likewise or authorize me to issue personal denial. I maintain adherence to Algiers government and will return France in wake of victorious Allied Armies. I request you inform Colonel Solborg for communication to his government that I had no dealings whatever with Vichy since November accord; that I will return France only to help chase the Boche away or af'ter he has cleared out.• (This message may interest General Clark)." It is not clear just how this message was sent. Probably it was directed by Nogues to the French Liaison Officer at Lisbon, who sent it on to Colonel Solborg. Passing through Gibraltar, it was picked up there as a matter of interest to General Clark and forwarded to his Headquarters. ( Lieut. Puaux, the son of the French High Commissioner of Morocco, and now assigned to the French Mission of Liaison at Fifth Arrrq Headquarters, brought back a message from his father for General Clark. With Major Ridgway Knight, Acting Chief of the Liaison Section, acting as interpreter, Lieut. Puaux told General Clark that his father regretted very much having already appointed M., Brunel to replace M. Bouyssi as Chief or the Region or Oujda. Certainly, he would not have appointed M. Brunel had he known about him then what he knows now. However, continued Lieut. Puau:x:, speaking for his father, he would prefer leaving him in office now that the appointment had actually been made. General Clark agreed to this but pointed out that should M. Brunel make a false move he, General Clark, would have no alternative but to request his removal from office. Lieut. Pua.me replied that his father quite understood that this must be so. General Clark then called into his office Colonel Chevillon, the Chief' or the French Mission or Liaison at this Headquarters, and with 'Major Ridgway Knight again acting as interpreter, explained clearly to Colonel Chevillon that he did not mean to act over his head in calling Lieut. Puau:x: to in confer with him privately. General Clark explained that there was an understanding between himself and the High Commissioner that certain matters of special political and non-military importance would be taken up between them through the intermediation of Lieut. Puaux. Colonel Chevillon stated that he quite understood the situation and that he was in no wa:y offended. The meeting ended, as it had been conducted, on a very friendly note. Other than the two interviews was or a routine nature. just described, General Clark's morning About the middle of the afternoon, the General flew to Saidia in the Cub. He spent the afternoon on the beach and took supper at his .villa with General Gruenther, Colonel Saltzman and Colonel John Haskell, Deputy Chief, Civil Affairs Section, War Department, who at the present time is on temporary duty at this theater. �The war ma.pof Sicily shows that the America.n-British-Ganadian attack upon the southeastern end of the island has thus far yielded results as follows: Beginning at a point about 5 miles south of Catania, the southeastern coastline has been occupied by our forces as far west as Marina. di Palma. We have penetrated inland to a line running from the above-mentioned point south of Catania, thence westward to include the tovms of Scordia, Millitelo, Caltagirone, Barrafranca, Riesi, Somma.tino, Cannica.tti and thence southward to the sea at Marina di Palma. The dividing line between the Seventh and Eighth Armies runs in a southeasterly direction from Caltagirone to a point just west of Pozzallo. Very little official news is coming in. Such as has come in states that progress continues to be good. * * * OUJDA-ORAN-AIN-EL-TURCK-OUJDA-•JULY 18, 1943--At the invitation of Admiral A.G. Kirk, U. s. Navy, Generals Clark and Gruenther flew to Oran today and lunched on board Admiral Kirk's ship, the U. s. s. Anoon. Admiral Kirk commanded Task Force 85 in support of the 45th Division in Operation HUSKY, and Generals Clark and Gruenther were much interested in discussing the operation with Admiral Kirk. It appears that Admiral Kirk may be called back to the United States. General Clark feels this to be a very foolish move and hopes that the Admiral will remain in this theater where his valuable ex.pa• rienee may be used in the next operation. ( In the afternoon, General Clark and General Gruenther went to General Wilson's villa at Ain el Turck where they had a swim and visited for a while with the Commanding General of the Mediterranean Base Section. General Clark and his Chief of Staff returned to Oujda from Oran in the late afternoon in the C-47. * * * OUJDA--JULY 1943--This was a routine day in the office for General Clark 19, with the exception of an honor guard in the afternoon for Warrant Officer Ewing and his ,17th Field Artillery Band, which has been playing for Headquarters Fifth Amr:, since shortly after its activation. The 17th Field Artillery, to which the band belongs, is a pa.rt of the 13th Field Artillery Brigade and is now engaged in the Sicilian operation. The regiment called for .the band for operational purposes, and the Commander-tn-Chief granted its request. It is with signal regret that General Clark and all other members of the Fifth ArmyHeadquarters see this band depart. It had taken part in numerous ceremonies and guards of honor and had always been a credit to the ArmyHeadquarters, not only i''rom the point of view of its playing ability but from the point of view of its appearance and discipline, both of which were excellent. Mr. Ewing reviewed the guard of honor with General Clark, and Colonel Bertholf , Adjutant General, then re~d a COtru\'lendation. The commendation was in the following words: "At the time of your departure from Headquarters Fifth A:rnr:,, I wish to commendyou and each individual member of your band for your excellent spirit of cooperation, your attitude of diligence and loyalty, your fine standard of �Col discipline, and your superior qualities of musicianship. Your service with this headquarters has provided a fine example of soldierly attributes, and has earned for yourself and your men the respect and gratitude of this command.," Orders were issued today moving the 36th Division, less two regimental combat teams previously moved from its present location vicinity of Rabat to vicinity of Arzew. * ( * * OUJDA-RES-EL-MA-BEKRIT--JULY 20, 1943-•'l'oday a memorandum was sent by the Chief of Staff to G-3, AFH, in reply to AFHQ memorandum for the Commanding General, Firth Amr:,, dated 13 July 1943, subject, "Responsibility for Am• phibious Training". The 13 July memorandum contained a proposed memorandum for the Chief of Staff, Allied Force, concerning this subject and a proposed directive to be sent by the Commander-in-Chief to the Commanding General, Fifth Army, if the memorandum approved . General Gruenther's memorandum is to G-3 of today's date states that General Clark has reviewed the proposed directive and agrees with it in principle. Certain minor changes are recommended with a view to clarification. If the directive, in its amended form, is issued, the Invasion Training Center will continue to function as it is now .functioning until such time as the Navy is able to assemble such personnel as will be necessary to conduct their part of: amphibious training. Such training will be training for those parts o.f an amphibious operation for which the Navy is itself directly responsible; such as landing assault and f oll ow-up troops on designated beaches, maintenance of communication from ship to shore and~ shore to ship from the moment the landing of: leading elements is effect , and other tasks of a similar nature. When the Navy is able to commencethis training, the mission of the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center will then be limited to training for those parts of an amphibious operation which are the direct responsibility of the land forces; such as providing facilities for unit training other than amphibious and coordination of their use, training or engineer shore and engineer combat personnel in removal of beach and under-water obstacles, and many other phases. Thus the struggle between General Clark and the Navy over the destinies of the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center appears to be swinging in favor of the General . l ) j I At 0800 ho~s the General took off in the C-47 for Ras-al-Ma. He was accompanied by Colonel King of the Air Office, the most enthusiastic fisherman of Headquarters Firth Amr:,. They proceeded in the ~ ckard from Ras-el-Ma to Azrou, which is about 50 miles south of Fez. Awaiting the General at ~ Az"'o " were Captain Byles with Chaney and a party of the General's enlisted personnel · in vehicles. Shortly thereafter General Dawley arrived in his car. The whole group then proceeded some 40 miles further south into the mountains to Bekrit where camp., was made, and Generals Clark and Dawley and Colonel King immediately commencedfishing in the mountain stream that ran close by the tents. General Dawley proved himself to be the master fisherman he is by catching a large mess of fine trout. Colonel King caught a few, but we regret to state that the Commanding General, Fifth Army, brought back an empty basket. The party �\ enjoyed fried fish, cooked by Sergeant Chaney, for dinner and slept out under the stars. A radio truck had accompanied the party, and the General received word from General Gruenther that orders had been received from AFHQ cease planning on Operation BRIM$"l'ONE. to * * * BEKRIT-fil:S-EL-MA-OUJDA- 21, 194.3--Rising early, General Clark made ..JULY another brief' attempt to better his luck of the night before but was without success. He and Colonel King and General Dawley then departed. The General drove to Res-el-Ma, stopping off at the Air Corps Rest Hotel at Ifrane for a short time to look it over . This is a large and comfortable resort hotel in the mountains south of Fez. About 70 Air Corps officers are resting up there at the present time. An officer stays on the average from 5 to 10 days, depending on his needs. Flying back to Otijda, the General got back to his Headquarters at about ]400 hours and spent the rest of the afternoon in catching up on routine work. * ( * * OUJDA--JULY 1943-•Important visitors at Firth Army Headquarters today 22, included Brigadier General William J . Donovan Director of Strategic Ser, vices, who is on his way back to the United States after taking part in 11 Operation HUSKY. General Donova landed on nn Day and remained until n D / 10. Brigadier General Elliott, the new Chief Engineer, AFHQ,also arrived at the Headquarters, his mission being to find out in what ways he can be most useful to Fifth Army. He is also interested in the possibility of developing an Engineer Replacement Training Center to be under Firth Army control. The third disti nguished guest was Brigadier General Wedemeyer, a member of General Yiarshall Is staff. General Wedemeyerhad been here bef oro on June 3oth on his way to Algiers, and he is now returning to the United States. General Clark had the three foregoing general officers and General Gruenther at his villa for dinner. At 1700 hours, in a ceremony in front ·of the Officers' Club at Camp Roze, the French Army camp in Oujda, General Clark, to his complete and utter surprise, was awarded the Legion of Honor Degree of Commander,his old friend General Beucler hanging the ribbon and medal around his neck. General Clark had been fooled by his Chief of Staff into going to the ceremony, thinking that he was merely to be present at the decoration of a French sergeant for bravery. The French sergeant was, however, a fictitious character created by General Gruenther and Colonel Saltzman, and after reviewing an American and French guard of honor, General Clark hi mself received the award of the Legion of Honor. The band which played at the cere m ony was the 142nd Infantry band just arrived at this headquarters to replace the 17th FA Band. ( With planning on Operation BRIMSTONE an end, and with Operation GANGat WAY the offi ng, a second possible operation is now i n the wind. No direcin tive has as yet been received on it, but it is believed that it will consist of a blow at the heel of the Italian peninsula made by the Fifth Army and would, therefore, consist of an actual assault operation and presents a more �exciting picture than Ope at i on GANGW which consists of a mere landing r A Y, .at NAPLES after the city has been ma.desecure by other troops . * * * OUJDA--JULY 1943-•News from the Sicilian front continues to be good. 23, Rapid progress has been made by the Seventh Army and the left fJAnk of , the Eighth A:rnry has also made substantial advance~ . The only front upon w hich the Allied Forces have been held up is just south of Catania, where German troops are putting up bitter resistance to th e advance of the Eighth Army. The northern coastline, on both sides o n.~ltr,.,.P. ~f ~ ity Palermo to as far as Termini on the east and Cast ellammare~ana the city of Palermo itself , are in the bands of the Seventh Army The Headquar. ters of the Provisional Corps which, with II Corps, makes up the Seventh A rmy, is located in Palermo itself . A small western tip of the isJAnd still remains in Italian hands , but it is expected that the Amerioons wil l soon have it , including the port city of Trapani . Additiona:l information reached this Headquarters today from Colonel \ Kammerer the head of our Planning Group who is now stationed in Algiers , , concerning Operation mJSKETwhich will be given to Fifth Arnry as an al, 1/ ternative plan to Operation GANGWAY. troop , list , dated 20 July , indi• A cates that Fifth Army will have VI Corps, made up of the 34th, 36th and 9th Infantry Divisions and the 1st Armored Division . In round numbers there would be a force or 1111 000 combat troops, 25, 000 service troops and 19,000 SOS troops , a grand total of 15&;000. A letter , dated 21 July , from Kanunerer to Brann gives as much advance dope on the operation as Kam• merer has been able to gather in Algiers. It will be a ship -to shore operation . Plans must be ready by August 15. The operation would take place on or before the first week in October . Weather conditions would , make it highly dangerous afterwards. The territory taken would be the 1 heel or Italy east of a line Taranto-Bari. Ka.nunererestimates that Opera- I tion MUSKET will be used if the Germans continue to put up strong resis' tance in Italy even after the conclusion of Operation HUSKY If, however, . German opposition should be weak after Operation HUSKY, then in all probability GANGWAY be used rather than MUSKET.The time element is most will important as far as MUSKET concerned . It will be practicable only if is Operation BUM.'RESS so successful • that Operation GOBLET is either is not necessary at all or, if necessary, can be carried out at _an advanced date and upon a reduced scale . I n other words, the Crotone area, and its air fields , must be available t o Allied Forces before MUSKET be successcan fully mounted. It may be possible to reach the Crotone area overland after Operation BUTTRESSor it may be possible to take the Crot one area very , soon after Operation BUTTRESS with small naval landing parties, thus enabling Fifth Army to carry out MUSKET the first week in October . The by first prime objective would be the city and port of Taranto. Gallipoli would be a second choice. General Clark entertained about 30 guests at his villa in tri_e JAte afternoon. The party was in honor of the cast of a Red Cross show called "As You Were", which is touring North Africa . In the evening the Connnanding General, with a number of his staff officers and General Beucler as his �guests, attended the performance, which was in the nature of a variety show. The big number in the show was a Truth and Consequences sketch much appreciated by the audience. General Clark received a telegram from General Ma.cFarlane, Chief of Gibraltar, stating how sorry he was that he was unable to come to Oujda at the conclusion of -his visit today with M. Puaux at Rabat. He mentions the fact that he had a very fine reception, not only from M. Pua.me, but from General Dawley and "the very fine Texas guard of honor". * * * OUJDA-•JULY 1943--At 0800 hours General Clark took off in the Cub 24, plane for the Leadership and Battle Training Center- at Slissen. He was accompanied by Brigadier General Elliott, who rode in a second Cub. Arrivi .ng at approximately 0900 hours, a program lasting until 1150 hours was put on for the two Generals . The program consisted of "crack and thumptt, infantry moving forward under artillery fire, terrain utilization and battle drill. General Clark was back at his headquarters at ap• proximately 1300 hours. ( A letter from General Clark to General Dawley was dispatched today dealing with the subject of the training being conducted in preparation for the next operation. The General outlined the purpose and methods of the Invasion Training Center, the Leadership and Battle Training Center and the training for "special operations". He stated that great emphasis will be placed on the hardening of troops not only at the LBTCbut also at ITC and during special operations training. Referring to physical hardening, General Clar k stated "I consider this of paramount importance." The General also referred specifically to the 34th Division, and he de• sires that General Dawley check with General Ryder as soon as the Division comes under VI Corps control to see to it that these troops are given refresher training on basic subjects, with particular emphasis on night patrolling, camouflage and cover, digging in under enemy fire, placing and removing mines and protection against air. Reviewing in his own mind the prospective operations which may be assigned to the Fifth Army, namely Operation GANGWAY Operation MUSKET, and the General is not completely satisfied in looking forward to either operation. He feels that Operation MUSKET will require the hardest kind of fighting, under conditions which are sure to be difficult and bloody and in which our troops would certainly be faced with heavy opposition from German troops known to be located in the MUSKET area. Beach fighting would result, of a violent type which American troops have not yet been called upon to face. As far as GANGWAY concerned, the General feels that after is arr val at NAPLES Fifth Army would be forced to remain stationary while the British troops,who had preceded them there in other operations,would continue the active fighting in the march northward upon ROME. Sizing the whole affair up as it now appears to him from information available, the General feels that either Operation GANGWAYOperation MUSKET prefer- or is able to remaining in the static condition in the present Fifth Army area. Of the two operations, General Clark would prefer being assigned MUSKET �because, uncertain and hazardous though it is, it would give him the opportunit y for the first time of putting his Anny into combat to gain the vi ctories and honors which he feels rightfully belong t o it. Referring to the first paragraph of today ' s diary, it should be mentioned that General Clark actually participated in two phases of the battle inoculation ; namely, the "crrack and thump" where he was under the close fire of enemy weapons which he sought to identify by the sound of the weapon and the sound of the bullet as it struck, and he 1!mS moved forward with a squad of ini'antry under actual art llery fire. A number of casualties have been incurred at the LBTC,particularly in connection with the artillery concentration . Fortunately, however, no casual ty took place while the Commanding General was taking part in this very hazardous exercise . * * * 0UJD A--JULY 25, 1943--General Clark received in his office today Lt. Col. Preclaire, who is sent to this Headquarters from French Headquarters at Algiers to replace Colonel Bonvalot. Colonel Bonvalot is taking a regiment. Lt. Col. Preclaire's duties at this Headquarters will be to head up the French Rearmament Section. ( General Clark replied today to a letter of General Eisenhower's of July 22. He thanks the Commander-in-Chief for his consideration in recommending Colonel Brann, Fifth A:nrry G-J, for Brigadier General . He states that he does not , at the present ti m desire Colonel Trimble Brovm as a e, Regimental Commander but states that he prefers to leave him at the Fifth Army Invasion Train ng Center . General Clark flFther states to the Commander-in-Ch ef that he is ready , at a moment s notice , to relieve himself of .1 present administrative requirements, such as the Training Centers, the reequipping and training of French units, the Replacement Depots and his relationships with the residency at Morocco. All of these duties could be turned over at once to NAT0USA sos. General Clark closes by saying or that he hopes that the Commanderin -Chief will be able to give him, at an early date, an indication of Fifth Army prospects. -News was Mussolini had the . actual as had appointed received resigned well as Marshal * over the British radio at 2300 hours that Premier , that King Victor Emmanuelis at the present time the theoretical head of the government and that he Bagdolio as his executive . * * 0UJDA-•JTJLY 1943-..r..reneral Spaulding, Chief of the Liaison Section , 26, AFHQ,arrived at the Headquarters this morning, was received by a guard of honor and had a brief interview with Gene al Clark. Besides his liaison duties, he is senior American member of the Joint Rearmament Commiss·on. He conferred with General Kingma , Head of the Fifth Army French Training n Section, and tomorrow they expect to make a trip west to review the French rearmament question. �Also received at the Headquarters was Rear Admiral John L. Hall , Jr. , avy, Command u. s. Amphibious Forces, Northwest frican Waters. ng He was accompanied by Captain M. L. Lewis, who will remain here as Naval Liaison Officer between General Clark and Admiral Hall, and Captains E. H. Von Heimberg and· W. C. Ansell. After a guard of honor for Admiral Hall , he and General Clark spent t he rest or the morning with certain oft eir staff officers in discussing n very general terms the division of the training responsibilities at the Invasion Training Center between the Navy and the Fifth A:rmy. The directive inally establishing the spheres of responsibility of the rmy and the i avy has not yet been issued in final form. It appears , however, that where the Navy will be responsible for the carrying out of a certain action in an amphibious operation, it will also be responsible for training for that action. Likewise, the rmy-1 s responsibility for training will depend upon its responsibility for the accomplishment of spec fie portions of an amphibious operation. General Clark is satisfied that he and Admiral Hall will be able to work very well together . The General has ·some doubt in his mind, hov,ever, concerning Vice Admiral H.K. Hewitt, Commanderof aval Forces , orthwest African Waters, and oes not feel nearly as happy about the possibility of cooperating with him" u. s. ( I The General sent two letters to General Giraud today, one of which thanked General Giraud for the Legion of Honor Degree of Commander which was conferred upon General Clark recentlyo The other letter expressed the desire or the Fifth Arrf.T',f Commanderto establish a French Training Center to 1 be staffed at the beginning by members of the Fifth A:rmy s Armored Force detachment, but as rapidly as possible to be staffed by trained French personnel who would thus take out of American hands the responsibility of training the French in the use and maintenance of American weapons. A directive was race ved today on Operation MUSKET.It is stated therein that Operation GANGWAY be impossible without reinforcements on may the ground and in the air on the mainland. MUSKET be necessary so hat may by taking the Italian heel, military facilities in the CALABRIA CROTONE and areas may be supplemented. The area to be taken will be that east of a line TARANTOBARI. The joint commanders for planning and execution will be the Commanding General, Fifth Army, a naval head nominated by the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean and an air head nominated y the A Commanderin-Chief Mediterranean. Planning for the operation will be under AFR . Execution will be under the 15th Army Group. Certain assumptions are ma.de as follows : That the target date will be 1 October; that ESS will have been successfully completed ; that the CROTONE will have been seized by area forces operating overland from CALABRIA by amphibious assault and that or adequate air ields are available to support Operation JUSKET. The forces available will be the Fifth Arrrry with .A:rmy troops; t e VI Corps, consisting of the 34th and 36th Infantry Divisions and the 1st u. s. Armored Division. Also available will be the 82nd Airborne Division and one follow-up division u. s. or French. The operation will be ship to shore. A broad outline will' be submitted, after full coordination with air and naval commanders, by 1 September . . News came to Colonel Brann from Colonel Kammerertoday of a third possible operation ; GANGWAY, course, eing the first possibility of and MUSKET the second. o directive is out, as yet, and no name for the operation was given by Colonel Kammerer It is understood , however, that it will call for . �an amphibious assault south of !iAPLES. of SA.LERNO the BAYOF SALERNO, in in the vicinity * * OUJDA--JULY 27, 1943--A meeting of certain staff officers was called for 0930 hours this morning . The meeting was first addressed by General Clark and then at greater length by the Chief of Staff . The substance of the information put before the meeting was as follows: ( The Fifth Army Planning Group v1ill continue to work on Operation rvWSKET That Operation, however, as well as Operation GANGWAY, make . now way, as far as priority is concerned, for a third operation, briefly mentioned in yesterday's notes, which has been given the name of Operation AVALANCHEThis operation has a target date of 7 September 1943 and . will be carried out in the vicinity of SALERNO~ south of NAPLES,on the bay of the same name. It was stated at this meeting that British X Corps will continue to plan on Operation BUTTRESS, which is one of the two British operations; GOBLET being the other, directed against the toe of the Italian boot . BUTTRESS an alternative is plan to AVALANCHE, it but is hoped that conditions will permit AVALANCHE be carried out, for it to is believed that a stranglehold on the Italian peninsula could be obtained more quickly and more easily through this operation than through the various operations which have already been scheduled, striking at the Italian toe and heel,and which would require a relatively laborious working northwards . If German-Italian resistance continues to be heavy after the completion of HUSKY, will probably be necessary to use BUTTRESS it and MUSKET With lesser resistance . on the part of the Axis, AVALANCHE will probably be the operation called for . If, however, Italy collapses completely, it is likely that the Fifth Army Headquarters, with one division, would be called upon to move at once into NAPLES make an unopposed to landing there and to take every possible advantage of the Italian collapse. General Gruenther, who had just returned last night from a visit to Sicily and an important conference in Tunis attended by General Eisenhower, Admiral Cunningham, General Alexander and other hj_gh ranking leaders, stated that troops assigned to Fifth Army for Operation AVALAN would CH E be the VI Corps ; made up of the 34th and 36th Infantry Divisions and the 1st .Armored Division ; the V Corps, British, made up of the 1st British Division ex HUSKY possibly a French Division to be available at a later or date, and the 82nd Airborne Division to be withdravm from Patton's control in Western Sicily where it is now guarding prisoners of war . It is contemplated that the landing will be made by three divisions with two divi sions in the follow-up. An air support command probably the XII, would , be assigned to support AVALANCHE . 10,000 tons of bombs are available to complete HUSKY AVALAN and C HE. At the present time it is thought that 6,000 tons would be alloc at ed t o HUSKY and 4,000 to AVALANCHE, it is but hoped that a larger proportion than this will be available for AVALANCHE. The 15th Army Group, under General .Alexander, now moving its headquarte r s to Syracuse, would be in control of the operation . In the meantime, planning will be carried on under AFHQ supervision . This means that when the operative stage commences, Alexander will control the Fifth and Seventh �United States Armies and the Eighth British Army. The Naval Task Force Commanderhas not yet been selected . Vice Admiral Hewitt has the power of appointing him. At the conclusion of the meeting , General Clark returned to his office and immediately set to viork clearing the decks for Operation AVALANCHE t he long distance telephone he obtained the assignment . On to t he Fifth Army of X Corps, Bri tish, for the operation . X Corps is made up of two inf'antry divisio ns and one armored division . The lieutenant general commanding this corps is coming to Oujda tomorrow in General Clark ' s plane to lunch with General Clark and to discuss pre liminary plans . The British V Corps will not be assigned to us as had been stated previously in the meeting . General Clark was compelled to immediately revise his training program . French units who were to come to Invasion Training Center have been put off . From the 2nd to the 16th of August , four American combat teams will be trained at the Invasion Training Center . Two American cor~ bat teams will be trained at the lea dership and Battle Training Center at the same time . The General is hoping against hope that time will permit him to switch the four combat teams to the Leadership and Battle Training Center and t e two combat teams t o the Invasion Training Center and will also permit him to give an armored combat team a brief schooling at both centers . Armor is slow moving, and if we are going to use it , it will take 34 days to move it . ( General Clark is going ·to have two Deputy Chiefs of Staff; one of them, General 0 1 Daniel , just come t o this headquarters and assigned to Fifth Army from the Si cilian operation where he was in control of the beaches landed on by t he 3rd Division, will coordinate the activities of Fifth Army G- 2 and G-3 . The other Deputy Chief of Staff, still undecided upon, will .coordinate G-1 and G- 4 . The 1st Tank Group is being moved to the Arzew region at once from Port Lyautey . General Hughes will come from Algiers on Thursday to discuss with General Clark the removal from Fifth Army responsibility of the Army' s extra - curricular activities, such as relations with the M oroccan resi dency, replacement depots and training centers which will no longer be needed by the Fifth Army after preparation for the pending operation is completed . General Dawley has been called tomorrow . by General Clark to confer with him The 1st Tank Destroyer Group General Clark hopes to have released from General Patton ' s control and to school them and use them for Army artillery . Naval Gunfire Liaison Detachments are to go to the Invasion Training Center at once and commencework with the naval officers with whomthey will have to coopera t e in the operation . General O' Daniel is to work closely with Colonel Brann , the Army G- 3, and give him all possible help and cooperation, particularly with regard to the maneuver scheme in the �BAYof SALERNO.General Clark contemplates that the beach landings of his three divisions will be supervised by Generals 0 1Daniel, Wolfe and Wilbur, respectively . In the latter part of the afternoon, General Cota, on his way back from a brief tour in Sicily to his work in London with Combined Operations, stopped in at the Headquarters and received a guard of honor along with General 0 1 Daniel . Accompanying General Cota are Colonel Hil lsinger and Major Jones . Another important afternoon arrival at the Headquarters was rt.a. Mark Watson of the Baltimore Sun, accompanied by Lt . Col . Charls Kerwood, Air Liaison Officer , Industrial Services Branch, Bureau of Public Relations , Vlar Department . Ilr. Watson is making a tour of this theater to observe conditions, and Colonel Kerwood is making a survey for his bureau and also a survey of communications for Public Relations work . General Cota, General 0 1Deniel, Colonel Hillsinger, r,1ajor Jones, llr . Watson and Colonel Kerwood are all spending the night in Oujda - Mr. Watson in General Clark's villa . General Clark is moving his Planning Group to Algiers tomorrow , and, of the rest of the headquarters, the greater p:i.rt, or all of it, will be moved to Mostaganem at the earliest possible date . The General entertained for dinner at his villa: General Cota , Mr. Watson , Colonel Sullivan, Colonel Markoe and Lt . Col. Nygaard. ( * * * 0 JDA--JULY 1943-tre 28., Watson, General .,ota an a small party went to the Invasion Training Center by plane early this morning and spent the day. General Cota departs early tomoITow morning or England . At 0900 hours General 0 1 Dan el gave a talk to members of the staff upon h s exper ences n Operation HUSKY General O' Dan el was in . charge of Joss Beach, upon which the 3rd Division landed and did an outstan ingly fine jo. One of the points he emphasized was the great good derived by the 3rd D vision in rehearsing the opera.ton just efore taking of on t e actual operation. He warned against landing wheeled vehicles on sand where they are una le to operate ; permitting too many personnel to congest the beaches while unloading operations are going on; to make sure that the . favy understands beach markings so that t can direct its ships and boats to the proper beaches. General 0 1 Daniel ighly praised the radio 193, by means of which he kept in "m. c with t . e Divisional Commandere He operated the 193 out of is jeep, which was his personal transportatjon. The codex code system was used. eg mental com at team commanders also kept in touch wi h the Divisional ommander y the use of these sets. Such ailures as were experienced by the 3rd D vision were not the result of lack of planning or training ut of personnel ailures. Certain of cers were relieved oft air dut es on t e spot during the unloading operat ons . Of icers on the beach must be aggressive, must act quickly an, above all things, �must keep things moving. General O' Daniel recommended the cu icle pontoon. Infantry-air liaison was poor. Te General eels that t e air is not properly iefed before it sets out on a mission and that he impossible is expected of it in the location of targets on t e spot . Our identification of aircraft was poor. He recommends that our air stay away frcl'1' t he beaches dur1.ng the unload ng process, or our men are sure to shoot at their own lanes. He remar ed that t took three days for -.,r corps headquarters to get together. Th s resulted from t e fact that they were not all on the same sh past ey should ave been. General 0 1Daniel ad all h s tanks ashore at the end of "D' day, and they were moving forward at dawn of D; 1. he waterproofing of vehicles was excellent. The 4.2 mortars are good. As the regimental combat t eams mo ved north they swept in wide enveloping actions. These enveloping movements, plus accurate artillery fire, resulted in the taking of tovms with a minimumof actual nfantry figh,ting. It is important to land on the aches with plenty of tanks, plenty of artillery, plenty of anti-tank guns. Having this initial striking power pays dividends l at er on. Plana must e made in case a landing is ma.de on the wrong beach. If troops actually are landed on the wrong beach, .they must, as quickly as possi le, work their tvay into the right area and start in from there . They should not just go ahead bl·nd. In lanning and training it is important to train troops in areas as nearly similar as possible to the areas they will actually be called upon to invade. ( The CommandingGeneral of X Corps (British), Lt. Gen • G. Horroqks , had lunch with General Clark today, having been flovm from lgiers in General Clark ' s C-47~ General Horrocks brought with m rigadier Cooke, B.G.S. , rigadier Godf'rey-Fausset, C.E. , rigadier G. C. Webb, D.A. , • •G.., and Major P ke, G-2 Operations .. The foregoing, together with Gene al Gruenther , Colonel rann, Colonel Saltzman and olonel Barker were luncheon guests of General Clark. rrajor General Erskine, Commandingthe 7th Armored Division ; .'ajor General Freeman-Attwood, Cornman.ng tp.e 46th Infantry Division ; and Major 1 General Graham Commandingthe 56th Infantry D vision were not able , to come, nor were Brigadier Siggers, C. C.R.A., or Colonel Suvivier, .s.o. As stated in yestar ay 1 s notes, the X Corps is slated to take part in Operation . VALANCHE under Fifth Army control. The British party, after a brief inspection of the map room and chat with t e American officers, o had lunch with them returned to Algiers . Within half an hour after their departure, at 1515, G eneral Dawley arrived from Rabat in another plane of General Clar · 1 s and, with is Chief Engineer, Colonel Thomas, ca.meinto Fifth Army Headquarters. While Colonel Tomas was conferring with General oran, Colonel .arkoe and Lt. Col. Smit, Signal Officer, G-1 and Headquarters Commandant res actively of Fifth Army, General Dawley was given a rapid inoculation into the recent operational planning which as een going on in t h s Head uarters . Going to the map room, General Clark briefly skimmed over Operations BRIMSTOUE, GANGWAY 1 SKETand then turned the disand , cuss on over to Colonel Brann, who elaborated in some detail on Operation AVALANCHE. pointed out to General Dawley that according to a He �1/ cable received from AFHQ the X Corps, Br· tish, is to e given the southern sector of the B of SALER beaches and the American troops AY -l> the northern sector . This s to enable t1e itish Corps to make a juncture at the earliest possi le moment ·nth British t r oops ho will have made scramble landings across th e STRAITSof m:SSINA and have worked their way northward. These scram le landings are not -to be confused with Operation UTTRESS. They are a mere diversionary effort, while Fifth .Armymakes the main 13ffort on the AY of SA LERNO. Making the attack for the British will be a division of three RCT's with an armored battalion in support. To their left lank and in the northern 1 half of the beaches of SALER an American division of three RCT s o, with an armored battalion in support will make the attack. As a floating reserve will be a regimental combat team and a combat command . Th s floating reserve may be changed to be ma.deup of General Harmon s ' 1st Armored D vision, less the armor used in support of the attacking RCT s. It is planned to use Rangers in the mountainous area in ack ' of the town of MIA and to dro a regimental combat team of paraLFI chutists, drawn either from the 82nd Airborne Division or the air orne division which elongs to orps, on the area between the mountains in back of A/tA and NAPLES LFI itself: The mission of Operation AVALANCHE is to capture the city of r:APLES, and in keeping with this mission , the / landing troops will sweep generally in a leftward or northward direo• tion after landing and cut through three avenues of approach through the mountains in the direction of the city of NAPLES. ( General Clark explained to General Dawley that a fifth plan is also in the offing, that of a very quick move into NAPLES itself , unopposed, by Fifth Army Head uarters plus an infantry division. Hardly had the General finished telling General Dawley of this fifth plan when Colonel Kammerer, calling from Algiers, stated that a modification of that plan was also in view wh ch would call for landing y the Headquarters and the division, but which would require the troops to fight. They would, as quickly as possible, be supported by other troops·to arrive n a sequence of convoys. General Clark then discussed riefly miscellaneous subjects with General Dawley. It was decided that two regimental combat teams from the 34th Division and two regimental combat teams from the 36th Division would be put into the ITC some time between the 2nd and 5th of August and would be left there to train intensively until time to load up for a dress rehearsal. Two other RCT s would e put through the LBT and ' C would pulled out of LBTCin time to be given a quick refresher at ITC be ore loading up. General Clark feels it useless to try to send the four RCT s who will be training at the ITC to the LBTC. General Clark ' also feels that General Harmon's Armored Division should commenceto move to the Invasion Training area at once since it takes such a long time to move armor . He realizes that this will be hard on General Harmon whose equipment conditions following upon the Tunisian campaign are still far from satisfactorye General Clark explained to General Dawley that although we are short of LCI1 s and LCT s at the Training Center, there are still a ' number of transports and LCVPs which, coupled with General 0 1Daniel ' s ' ( �great experience in this type of training, satisfactorily carried on. will enable training to be The target date for A ALANCHE been changed from the 7th to the V has 9th of September. At the end of the afternoon General Dawley and Colonel Thomas let and lew on to Oran. They will make a reconnaissance of the area into • which Corps troops are ~lready moving. It is planned that the 34th D vision will go to Ain el Turck, the 36th Division to Port aux Poules and VI Corps Headquarters to Relizane. General Dawley may recommend some c anges in this program after he has looked the area over. General Clark ~ined tonig tat iG villa with Mr Watson and then . drove up o Saidia or a short swim after a very hard and busy day. Tomorrow General Clark goes to Oran to greet the Secretary of War, Mr. Stimson, and to show him American troops in the 34th Division area. ( By 1st indorsement, dated 27 July 1943, General Clark replied to the Operation GANGWAY directive, date 16 July 1943 and uoted in full in this diary under date of 16 July . It is stated in the indorsement hat movement of troops will be by four convoys. The first convoy to contain one infantry division reinforced , plus miscellaneous troops ; the second convoy to contain one infantry division reinforced, plus miscellaneous troops ; the third convoy tp contain the 1st Armored Division, plus miscellaneous troops; the fourth convoy to contain t e 82nd Airborne D vision and remaining base section and army troops. The Headquarters Fifth Army and Headquarters VI Corps, less detachments, would go n the first convoy. The convoys would go at approximately ten day ntervals. An advance echelon o Fifth Army and VI Corps Headquarters would be flown to APLES about D - 3, in order to make preliminary arrangements . * * * JDA-LASENIA-MJSTAGANEM-~OISYAI. S-OU !A.--JULY 29, 1943--At 0800 LES General lark lew to La Senia with General 0 1Daniel, General oran, Lt. Col. Smith and Captain Lewis, USN. The purpose o the trip was originally to greet the Secretary of ar, Mr., Stimson, ut m-.Stimson changed plans at the last minute, and the inspection of troops which General Clark was to have taken h m on did not take place . General Clark was met at La Sen a by Generals Larkin, W lson and Lewis, he latter eing the Fifth Army Artillery Officer who had gone up to make arrangements. There was an honor guard, consisting of a and of the 41st Engineers , colored, and the 2nd Battalion of the 301st Ordnance Regiment, commandedby Lt. Col. Cabell. 0 General Clark drove to Mostaganem, where he looked over the headquarters area vrh ch will be us by Fifth Arrrry. The school building whic will house the head uarters s large and in fairly good repair. The General was pleased ,.,ith the set-up. dmira·l Hall will have a small star in he compound The General then drove to the airport at ois . Les ains, where the plane was wait ng for him, and he was back in Oujda n t me for lunch. �13 Several guards of honor were held during the course of the afternoon Major General Lahoulle, who is retiring as Chief of r France Maroc, was given a guard and paid his respec s to General Clark. Major General ornet, Inspector General, French Colonial Troops, who was passing through Oujda on duty, .was also given a guard of honor and chatted briefly with the General n his office . • runel, who is replacing M. Bouyssi as Chief of the egion of Oujda, was also given a guard o honor and paid his respects to General Clark. General idgway, commandingthe 82nd Airborne Div sion , arrived rom Sicily in the a ternoon and, after receiving a guard o honor, spent some time with eneral Clark and General Gruenther gong over uture operation plans. The 82nd Airborne Division is going to be used by General Clark in AVALA and probably also in the "rush" plan, yet unnamed., General CHE Ridgway dine irlth General lark and spen the night n Oujda. General R dgway expressed some concern to General Clark over the use of his troops in the coming operation. They were so badly scattered about in Operation HUSKY that General Ridgway wants to be sure that when they are used again they will be dropped at the right time and at the rights ot. He is perectly willing to go ahead if he is assured of this., * * 0 JDA-ALGIERS-0 -JD Y 30, 1943--General lark flew to Algiers today ands ent the whole day there returning late in the afternoon A number of important steps were taken, among which the ollowing s ould be cited: In Operation ALA.~ , Admiral Hewitt w 11 e in commando the two naval task forces, one of which supports the ·merican thrust, an one or which su orts the rit sh thrust. dmiral Hewitt will be right with General lark, an their eadquarters would be on t e • S. S. Ancon. dmiral onoway will also available if General Clark needs h m. Admiral Hewitt was very cooperative, and General lark was please with his conferencee f the "rush job" into APLES OR is to be used, General lark is satis ied we could loa at Oran in 7 days. The ships for th s operation have een named and are available . Am rals Hewitt and Hall would probably bo h go on the ttrush eal 0 ., ( It was agreed by General senhower that the 82nd irborne e pulled out from the Seventh rmy con rol and ass gned to i th Army. This , owever, must f rst cleared with eneral Alexander. A radio was sen yesterday y the Commander-in-Chief to General Alexander, stating that tis Division would be turned over to Fit Army provided General Alexan er ad no objec ion . In case the" ush deal" goes through, t e tonna~ mus e increase in order to 1 take care of General dgway s service stuff . General Clark lans to have t e ir orne Division fly in very shortly after t he arrival of the land troops and such service stuff would be needed to make the Airborne troops mobile after their parachute drop. General Max Taylor reports ( I to our Planning Group at Algiers tomoITow . General senhower approved putting the ritish on the right in O eration AVALAN HE. The ritish have a ew qualms on this subject, because they sense that the mer_cans on t e left may have been given the more important role �and vdll precede them in the a1Tival at APLES. General lark has assured them hat tis is not so and that the British, making a large and encircling movement, would be ready to move nto NAPLES f'rom the eastern side of the city at the same time the mericans came into it f'rom he south. In the meantime, the ritish would still e in a position to contact Eighth Army units moving up from the oe. ( In a conference at 1500 hours, presided over y General Clark an attended by high ranking American and ritish land, naval and air officers, a number of points ware raised. General Clark was assured that his minimum re uirements in landing craft for training and for later on in operation would made available o him at the earliest possible moment consi tent with F SKYOperation. General lark insisted that these minimumneeds be filled immediately. It is the same story on shore regiments. Patton has them now and needs them,as they are still landing supplies over the beaches at Sicily. We want four battalions, but General Clark settled for two battalions now and two later in time to load. erial hotographs show heavier defenses than were expected in SALERNO AY. General Clark looked at the photographs but is not overly disturbed . He says it all depends whether or not Italians or Germans are manning the defenses. General Clark told the meeting that the 36th an not the 34th Divis i on would be his lead-off Div:i .sion. He told the meeting that the cooperation between Fifth Army and avy personnel is complete with regard o both training and space needed for rmy and Navy urposes. Our air support would proba ly be the XII. General Clark was assured by Air Marshal Teddar 1 s representative that the air support would be good. Fighters will be ased on orth Sicily. The air support chief will ritish. There will be a number of British officers on General lark ' s staff. Ha wants them limited to eight or ten. There will pro a ly be some French follow-up troops- ..in all likelihood made up of General Ju n ' s Corps. General lark is going to get the 13th Field Artillery Brigade and some extra ritish stuff for his Armyartillery. He is also gong to have the Tank Destroyer Grou e To replace service units expec ed on UG 10 which is coming in too late for A ALANCHE, service units will be drawn from base sections. General lark has asked for two ranger battalions, or similar commandounits. General Clark was informed that 42, 000 American t roops can e lifted in the assault and that the British will have available shipping to lift their throe brjgades. The CommandingGeneral has asked for General Holmes to head up his military government* General Holmes and Lt . Col. Sutherland, ifth Army Liaison Officer who has been working with Holmes, are alert o the "rush plan" . They are getting 50 officers together. It is not certain yet that we will have Holmes. For the first few days at least, General Clark himself would be the Military Governor at LES. Later on, the head A,,t man, Lord Reynold,might be expected to take over . Our supply man got will be General Larkin , and he will also e responsi le for organizing the port of APLES General ·isenhower feels that as between AVALANCHE the . and "rush plan", AVALANCis the better bet, as the one which will actually take place . General Clark is planning to take the French Liaison ission of this Headquarters with him to 'iostaganem. They will proba ly come on a later convoy. Their dealings with t e Freno will e tactical, rather than political, and they will be a point of contact between Fifth A:rmy and Juin's Headquarters , which is going to be set up at Oran. �OUJDA•SAIDIA-OJJD --JULYJl, 1943-•General larks ent the morning in routine office work, and in the afternoon flew to Saidia with Captain G llespie for a swim~ he forward echelon of the Headquarters moved to Mostaganem today, it is planned that Capta i n Byles will take the greater portion of the General 's hosehold goods and office e uipment to Mostaganem tomorrow; Captain Houston to follow the next day with what remains of equi ment and personnel ., an * * * 0 JD - IDI -OUJD A•-AUGU 1, 1943-..r..reneral Clark spent the morning in winding up s office in preparation for its removal to l ostaganem. Captain Byles, with Sergeant Chaney and several of the General's bodyguards , left early tis morn ng, carrying most of the household goods and office urniture. hey arrived at ~ostaganem in the early evening and imnediately set about making ready the General 's villa and office . The villa to be occupied in /ostaganem byte Cor.rrnanding General was the one used by General Patton when the Head uarters of I Armored Corps were in this city 6 Similarly , the ift Army Headquarters are in the Ecole rormale , which is the same set of school buildings used y I Armored Corps ( In the afternoon General Clark entertained friends , including General Beucler and Colonel aidia . It was a farewell party at which the number of his good friends and loyal supporters tion in Oujda. Te Pasha of Oujda was also at ut t e General could not convince him that he in swimrting. * * a number of his French Poydenot, at his villa at eneral said goodbye o ~ among the French populaSaidia with the General , ought to join the others * 0 JDA-ALGIERS--AUG 2 , 1943-General ST Clark flew to Algiers th s morning and entered into a num er of important con erences in connection with planning for future operations . These conferences were continued throughout today and into the night and were taken up again the next morning. Reference is made to the entry in tomorrow ' s diary which will summarize the situation with regard tofutpre operations as it appeared at the conclusion of these conferences. * * * A GIERS-~OS GANEM--AUGUST1943-..As men ioned in yesterday ' s diary , t e 3, General continued his conferences in Alg ers today, g tting to .ostaganem at about 1700 ours. As a result o today ' s and yesterday es conferences, the situation, as far as future planning for operations s concerned, appears to be as follows: �eneral Eisen ov,er is aving difficulty in deciding whether to use Operation AVALA,CHE "scramble landings" at the toe of the cot or plus the combined formal Operations UTTRESS GOBLET. It is apparen to and General Clark tat Generals Alexander and ontgomery are running the show and that General Eisenhower is not making a move without t eir consent and approval . In fact, e is acce pt ng t e:ir decisions, rather than making them himself . Inasmuch as TRESSand GOBLET excluare sively a Br ish operation in w ich the Eighth Army anc the and r tish Corps will be used , it is obvious that Alexander and ontgomery are pulling for thise General Clark feels that RESSand GOBLET a.re not as tactically soun as AVALANCHE he eels that General Eisen1 and hower agrees with im on this point. The question remains as to whether General Eisenhower will nsist on AVALANCHE allow himself to be again or persuaded by the ritish to follow their wishes and make use of UT RESS and GOBLET It is interesting to note that General Horrocks, commanding British X Corps agrees with General Clark that Operation UT ESS s ould be a second choice and that vre should go ahead with AVALAHE. Fifth Operation MUSKET, designed to strike at the Italian rmy, s definitely ou of the icture . If Operat ons General Clark believes Operation A GW • RESS and GOLET are used, instead of AVALANCHE, that Fift Army's entry into Italy will be throug Referring to Operation VALANCHE more detail, it is planned that in British X Corps will load for Operation TRESS, the target date for which is the same as Operation AVALANCHE. This means that should Operation AVALA CHE used ins ead of Operation BUTTRESS, Brit sh X Corps would be used for AVALANCHE, loaded just as it was for BUTTRESS,, Almost all available 1 n ing craft have been taken by the British for the TESS Operation, and it was only after considerable haggling with British and American avy peo le that General Cla k was able toge~ enough craft to load one Amerjcan D vision for Operation ALAfCHE, this division and would ave no craft availahle or a floating reserve. As a result , Gener 1 Clark was com elled to change h s plans and to put ri ish Corson the nort in the y of Salerno and the erican D vision on the south. Th·s pleased General Horrocks very much, as it puts his troops nearer the ossi lity of a triurn hant entry into ales. General Clark warned General Horrocks entatively that he may take t e British floating reserve o ut in back of his merican Division. ( ( heel with the I The proposition was submitted to General Clark t nt the conbat troops of the one American Division which will e uned for Operation A ALACHE m st be loaded mmediately at izerte~ neral Clark refused to be stampeded into this pro osition which is obviously an arrangement for the convenience of everyone concerned except t e soldiers who would ave to make tr.e long move rom the Invasion raini~g enter area to the zerte area, load up and then land and f ght. General Clark took the position that he would move the combat troops of the division from their training area to zer e around t e 15t to e 17th of ugust. A further proposition with r gard to loa ing, which General Clark turne doffll, was that of General Larkin, who wanted to load his supplies a Algiers in tead of Oran. General �Clark nsisted on using Oran. General Clark still D vision for Operation A ALANCHE V ~ plans to use the 36th The operation which General Clark has described as t e 1tn1sh dealn, eing a move into fnples on seven days 1 notice, as now been given the for 1 name of Operation B CUD. his o eration calls for the move into T aples of the Fifth Army Headquarters and one division. This division to later reinforced by other convoys. General Clark plans to use t e u.s.s. Ancon, Admiral Hall's sh p, as his headquarters, tak ng key staff officers with him. He will mount two RC ' sin AK s and A fs, there t bei~g no LS s and LCI 1 s available to him. The rest of the division will T' go convoy loaded. y this means, General Clark assures himself that if, notwithstanding the colla se o Italy which is the premise u on which tis plan is ased, there should be opposition from Germans or otherwi eat Na les, he would be a le to send his two combat-loaded RCT s against Naples ' in a pincers movement, overcome whatever resistance there was and then follow up with the rest of the convoy-loaded division . ( ( General Clark has foreseen one other complication which might aris. Su ose~ that the 36th Division were on its wa.y to izerte to combat lend for Operation V ALANCHE.Suppose, further,, that while enroute, General lark is alerted for Operation BARRACUDA,, Operation A ALANCHE can• and V is celled e There would be no way for General lark to use the 36th Division for Operation BARRACUDA under such circumstances . He has , therefore, alerted the 34th Division to the possibility that they may be used under these circumstances , instead of the 36th Division, for Operation BARRACUDA. 82nd The Air orne Division is now assigned to Fift Army. In case ARRACUDA is called or,General Clark would fly them in to the aples area immediately after h s nfantry division lands. He would then have two American Divisions on shore. As soon after that as possible, e would bring in a division from r:itish Corps. During these two days of conferences at Algiers, the proposal was made to General lark y General Horrocks that the F:i ,h Amy attack north of Naples instead of n the ay of Salerno. The rit sh looked with avor upon this plan, because t e country north of Naples is open and flat and lends itself to the type of warfare wh ch General /tontgomery knows and understarx:ls. General Clark double-checked on t ~ proposition and ound, in the irst is place , tat the avy does not like it because the waters are less protected than in the ay of Salerno ., On speaking to thP- air peo le , he found that the Americans said t .at just as good air sup ort could be giv n north of aples as south of ite The j ish, on the ot er hand , stated that air could not support an operation to the north oft e city. General Clark then called on the Ar.ericans to give him a de inite estimate of the situation. Air ~arshal Teddar was calle on the telep one, and when he said that sup• ort could not be ,given north oft e city, he Americans immediately backed dovm This was an indication to ~eneral lark that our air people, as well . as our land and sea people , are very much un er it sh dom nation and controle After these check-ups on sea an air, General Clark and General Horrocks ha a conference, and wen General Clark pointed out to General Horrock the reac t ion of the air and naval heads , General Horrocks quickly agreed that it would not be practicable to make the attempt north o aples. �General Clark is assured tat he will have two Ranger battalions and two shore attalions for Operation AVALA CHE If .A..B.RA is used, General Clark t inks he will ge General UDA Julius Holmes to head up is AMGOT. f A ALACHE~s used, AMGOT will probably have a tish Chief. General Clark is of the opinion that t_ e Italian people will collapse and will compell their leaders to come to erms with the nited ations. He feels, therefore, that here is as rong probability th&t e will be called upon to mount Oreration ARRACUDA, he intends to and the first one in Naples Harbor. staff With·n the next few days, it is expected that about seven British officers will assigned to th s Head unrters. It is further expected that wit in a few days General Juin and his French xpeditionary Corps will e assigned to the Fifth Army. * * * ,OS GANEA--AUGUST 1943-•Last night was the first night the General 4, had spent at his Mostaganem villa . The villa itself, though ictorian and old fashioned, is comfo1 a le enough in its way. However, the commednoises from the street, which is a fairly busy one, chicken yar s on each side of the villa premises an miscellaneous small French and ra children who never seem to go to ed, kept he General awake for a large par of the night. Vlhat the solution will e is not knovm at present, but a place must e found where the CommandingGeneral can get he necessary rest. General Clarks ent the firs part of the morning on pa er work and then received Admiral Hall, whose Head uar ers are in the city an who will lay an important part in ,e future operations of th~ Fifth rmy. There has een a shirt in the G-1 and djutant General's Sections of he Headquarters . Colonel "ro-koe>G-1, as en given a new assignment. He is now Fifth Army's Liaison Officer at dmiral Hall's Headuarters. His place as G-1 has een taken by Colonel Bertholf, former djutan General. olonel er holf 1s place, in urn, has Pen taken y Colonel ~lville F. Grant, newly arrived at the Head ua.rters from his place as -1, BS~ Dur:ing the af ernoon a guard of honor was held t e first at t e Head uarters - for Ha or General laizo , Coruranding t e 9th Colon al Division (French), whose Headquarter are at Mostaganem. ccompanying im, and also receiving honors, was Colonel hauvin, Commanding the 1ilitary Subdivision of "ostaganem. Colcnel Chauvin is, therefore, a parallel to General eucler at Oujda. General Clark received both of these officers ·n s office after they had ins cted the guard of onor and wu somewhat displeased y the rather huffy at itude of Colonel hauvin. Colcnel C auvin appeared o e carr · ng a chip on h s shoul er, as far as the Americans are concerned and has not een giving L. Col. Smith, Headquar ers CoT'lll1andant, re proper cooperation in �securing offices ac and illets or F t Army Head uarters. Genera Clark smoothed him over a bit with o. few corn limentary remarks, ut if this does not work, he will try another method in order that proper coo eration from this officer can e o ained . Very probably due to the attitude of this single officer, fos aganem as en ver-J much·more difficult for us than was Oujda in t e early days . In the evening at his villa General Clark rece ved General Gray, who is Director General of lilitary Railways in this theater . General Gray informed General Clark tha.t he will e urn. le to furnish Fifth Army with a rail y operating battalion much needed for future operations unless one is formed in this t eater rovisionally from personnel with former railway experience. General Gray pointed out that while there are ample operating attalions in the States , he has en una le so far o get over here the attalions of this type thnt e needs . A tele hone call from General Clark to General Gruenther, who is novr at Algiers wo-.-king on plans for future operations, revealed that General Gruenther is now eing told th~t it is desired o keep the 82nd Airborne Division in Sicily unt 1 it is needed forte Fifth Army operaion. General Clark remarked that this is "like having a alf interest in a wif" and would never be acceptable to him~ He as een given the Division for his use, and e wants it completely under is control . ( General Clark wrote a letter today to the Chlef of Staff , llied Force Headquarters concern ng General Larkin. General Clark wants to ave a e inite commitment on the part o Allied Force Head uarters to give him General Larkin as a supply officer for future operations and to supervise the very difficult and the vitally important jo of organizing t e port of raples ., General Larkin did a. splend jo on TORCH,and General Clark knows and has great confidence in him. A ca le passing through tris Headquarters today indicctes the state of confusion which exists at Algiers concerning uture landing operations. Tho cable was fro!'l corn: and po:i.nted out the danger of putting AW American troops in ritish landing craft and British troops in American landing craft . For out of such an arrangenent, confusion would e sure to arise for lack of understanding on the part o crews of shore signals. He pointe out that rit "sh troops should load for RESSin ritish craft and Americans s ould load for A ALANCHE American craft. in * r~OSTAG.\llE·~--AU US 5, 1943 -General ( * * Clarlr went o,, oar Admiral Hall ' s lags i, e TT. s. s. Ancon h s morni.ng to co"lfer wi im concerning uture o eratJons. e General is i:!1teresto in ohtuining ere. t of any sor o make .e la n, ings wi • I ap ears t 1 LC 's, L3T's an o er at oats of ~ mo ern landing craft type are not going to be available for the Fifth Army ' s operation. he General lans to use 's a"11 K's an any other ··: e nf shi ~!hich can e made availa le and vrhich he , . avy hink:s can .e used dmiral Hall ·is thinldng e.long these lines r-.nd is coo ere.ting · 11 every vay wi h General larl:, in order t . o.t tr.e initiative for the o eration may not e lost simply through he lack of �1943 mo el landing craf. n the afternoon ,. Genernl Clark made c.n in::: ec ion ri y car. He dro~,e o he Head uar ers of the 36 h Infantry Division, whic s near t e each a shor distance east cf La.r,:acta. General Vlalker was no ere, Driving u Genera;L Olark converse on ram there ' o Port newly e::::ta.lished Headquarters General Dawley, who is on i.., Colonel Gi son . General Clark Wolfe, the CommandingGenero.l Head ua ers are also located General Clark is turni:rg riefly with olonel Kerr. aux Paules, eneral lark visited the of VI Corps, and, in the a sence of vray ack · rem lgier _ ,. talked with s also conferre rie ly vrith Genera of the Invasion Trnining entf.lr , whose at Por aux Foules. over is villa a For aux }oules or neral Dawley. he une of In talking wit hese officers oft e Cor sand 36th Division and with General 1,olfe , General lark pointed out that the Regimental on at Team frol'l" the 142nd Infantry, 36th Division, is to e withdra\m from L and be given its training on shi oarde One RCT f om the 36th Division is already on s i oard, and t e thir Tiill follow shor ly he 142nd RCT In thjs way the J6t Division , which will be . e assault division of I orps, is being given t e preference on ship raining overt e 34t Divis on. eturning from Port aux Poules, General Clark and Ca tain yles , who is with . im, stop ed t e car y the edge of the ::ma, an , removing t eir clo hes, took a short swim -rore driving a k to the villa for sup er e was received today that Co.tania as fallen o he rj ish t :is el that the small remaining ortion of Sicily which rAn,ains in Axis ands mus very soon fall to he Allies., 1TeTI"s igh rmy. * * ~OGT GANE?, --AUG , 1943- Today wu.s routine day, wi . th e}~ce ion of ~he ·visit o H ad uart 1·.., :in ~he af rnoon f"f General Ju _r,,_ h Chief o." the F,,. Cor s, , G nP.ral uin has l"lOV"d is Head uart rs o nran, and i is anti~ipat at V':.ry shor ly ·•.s cor-... mand will fall under t e control cf ~e Fifth -rmy H , :is juc , . ac 'lceen ns G neral Clark o II g ·t going", anr1 -it fa the r'U ul o or Gt"'. ert..l Clark and e hu. , or all, of G ,neral Ju · •1 vs , ill ake ar :i"l what ver o eration is ascigned to t e . rr. Jr. G General Ju.!n, General Gru nth.,,r, wit:. Colonel 3 ltz~i., :r-,, a l'.l. lol'lg con!' I ncA in hG OM""&.riding G nc:t'al f s l"'i'~ic , e wairi o ic of convf"rsa ,io cing t .~e r sent s a us of e ui rient of General Ju:in ' s command This con:manr i TNld u o the 2nd ~ r~orocca" ::'l'lfantr" Div:i si('n, undP-r General Dod , an the 4th 1ountain Inantry :Yv:ision, u•\dt,r G nf1ral r~urtin. Generally s eaki'1g, the t.,o division::i a-rP read for combat, oth a., o er:::onnel anc.1e ui men • s f'ar General 1l'an acting lark, as fot .r ,r, �~I 1 roo· organic o the Cor s are concerned , :bowever , here ar a. many weaknesses . For exam le , t e Corsi: short on ~rmori nnd even;_- it ad armor, it as not got the ersonnel o maintain i·. fodical,. Signals.,. Eng··...,e,e s and · ,iller re all somewhc.t sketchy • .. iat ,.,neral Ju· '1 ,as rlone i 3 to fill u j 3 org-o.. ic cor s roo s t...3 est re could .y "m,ing rom 1s divi~ions,. 1-lu this _. of cour;::;o, ho.s corres~onringly teakened he divis{on~ a~ is a far from satis acto urrr...11.gt1Ant~ II does ave, hm7ever 1 what e considers o an effec iv .,.i_ ing fo-L""ce.,. gh evel'.l thoug 1 it is not c ui ed o h,. com let~ ext/31", it should be His roo "' ave ad Bttle or no ro.in:hg n amhi or l -t., .,..ea.son .. e nels that thE"~ could not e uee, or a.n assault operation u 011 a beach. ThPy v10uld e excellent, however , as ollow-,r troops, and Generul Clark agreed tut this is the 1,ay e i.rou1 most li .e to uoo l m. 'T'_e ~.hole meeting vms conducte i1"l o. v 17 rien ly atmos 16re., T ere is o vioucly Ee gr..,c.t rconal lil-dng b"Jtweo'l'J.General Cla.rl a..,, Ge11eral Juin ~ G neral Clark is i'!"mly of tho o i"'li 011 at trese French unite, into w j h th u. S•. :1s curing arms and materiel 5 mus ,.. put nto the ight o.t t e earliest ossi le moment.,, and he is :rPady and will ng to use hem mself &. as g n the first a portun-rty. It was agreed e ween he wo Generals hat fort ,e time ei"'.lg,a lea.st, Colon.l Chevillon 1 s m-rssion would e the liaison etween Fi.fth rmy and. the French E edi iono.r Corps. General Juin is mn.ki"'.lgthe arrangements for this trough lgiers. GAnoral Clark mentioned to General Juin t e fact hat e \ ould like to have GAneral "1eucL3r as his Chief Ljaison Of~ic~~ . General Ju~~ agrPed that this was a possi le arrc.ngement ut could not give a d..fini-te answer on it or the ime elng. General Clark staten that as soon as tb"l Frenc troo s ca111e definitely under his control e '\'1ould pu Hsh an order to foster and E-nn01.u•age ha s jrit of -rrien shi which exi ted tYmen French arid morican troo s in World Vlar I. * * s r1as a day of -t.,tens13 mental ac ivity and ctrain for G~neral Clarke He journeyed to lgiers and conferred with General Eis~ o er , rigadier Sug ens G-3 of •H s rigadier Cooke of X Corps, itish , and Colonel ann, G-3, Fifth Arrny e The su ject of all t ese conversations was fu ure op ration;., ~ ·1 t..t -vill t e llied roops do .l at, in articula'l"., will G1'1nr:-ralCla.rJr anrl s Fjftr rey do? Gene ·al Clark s C'nt over ar. our witP t e c-··n-C t..·1d old him 1n posit ve terms and wi h intense feeling hov, ,,, ortL.nt he eels it is that an arly decision be made on future o erations~ G neral Clark ~tated that in s opinion O eration A AL!JJCIIE stra egically and V is actically much more sound than O ration BUT R, S and O era ion B ,.'Y'l'or:u. Oper tion YT0\7N, not referred to e ors iu th:is diary, . c a l0\7 across t e Stra·ts of ,essina. Generals Alexa.mer and ion gomery are ead set ,o do 1T :sss and YT i:rnwith 100% ritish troo s . Gen ral Clarl-- old Ge~~ral E senhowor he ~elt at this was a mistake and would result in an . nc -by•inch, long an costly o eration by which he ritish slowly work thei v1a.y northward. 0 ration AL HCHE is muc to be . r~f rre , s id General Clark , ecauoo it has the elsrnent of su rise anr strikes ar MOSTAGANEJ!!•ALGI"'.::R -!C:OST GANEM- .UGUST7 s 194.3--T �,. closer to he Italian ea.rt than do BUT ES8 and AYTm:rr. • as the It a . ed merit of using bot American and r:itish troo s .. Gene1..al Clark a preciates Ve if' icult osition hat General 'l!::isen}-lowe:r now inds hil"lself in, lt oug General .'..isenhower s C-in- 1 Generals lexander and J o!ltgoMery are i i nm~ iat ce u ~ies .s, as far as .. rmy o erations ey :have an enormous -rnfl·.1~nce, and t ey are dea 0t on BSS enoral lark ut u to Genera Eisenhower n compromise y which he conflict tween t ose who wan A OVIN- • "'SS T and those w o t ant V LAUCHE may e reconciled. Fu rie ly, t e comromi r:- is Let the r1tish go ahead wit t 1e OViNS O erations Hotrever, ol:i ack from .s operat o an< gat ~r in from whatever sources are availa le, enough shi ing to 1 ft a Fiftb Army a sault a t e ay of alerno~ Tis assault would ma e y combat roops picked om Co s, most •ro ably the 36 h Division, and would e follow~ u y ~neral Juin's Freno roo s 1hic General lark is ager to u3e. General Clark refers tot is com roMi e lan as "Pisspot 11 erfec ly willing, if higher aut or y acce ts is dea , to have i name officially ya mora ~o ~r title In this o eration , General Clark ould s~ek no more than o get a claw old a the ay of Salerno , ang on and work fa way as ra idly a he could to wards :r LES., He mig t very ell, at t e c-st,take LS., the worst, it would be o. s rong diversionary effort w ich would of material assistance to the :r· t sh roops working t eir way nort after rr I:SS., General E senriowor was una le o mahr any ecis on on the spot wit regard tot is pro osi ion. Te final decision is go_ng to avA to await t e successful conclusion of S ,Y. He stated i.'lk,elf to ow~ver, 100% e 1ind O eration A ALANCHE a.s re era le to YTo'. -BTJTTRESS. He · was most ent usi t c also a out General Clark's coMpromi e lan and int nds o make use of it u to e hilt in is conferences with le~ n er and 'iontgo!'lery wh ch will soon take place. rigadiers Coo rn and Sugden also expressed interest and enthusiasm n General Clark's id a.. GenPral Clark also conferred . with General Uax Taylor oft e 82nd·Air orne Div sion , who is no'."I' assigne to our lanning Grou. The General ntends to u:3e t e 82nd Air one D vision n whatever operation he s called upon to per om int e APLESarea . The 82nd s ready an willing to go, u i t s raining plans are eing compli nted y the act tat there is pressure on to -make them stay in Sicily rat er than come to Kairouan where they co ld rain iri co junction v,ith the roo Cei.rrier Command. General Cla k feels it mos important that the should be given the opportunity to train~ Indeed, Train1ng ':emoran um 11 1/ 3, AF , 2 ugus 1943, s ates v ry clearly: Realistic and thorough com ined train ng for air forces and air orne troops must provided or all appropriate units •• raining for s cific o erations must cover all de ails an con ingenc es, an culm4.nate in a rehearsal of t e operation with conditions approxiriia.ting as closely as possi le those of th actual o eration.'r ( T Operation ALANCHE used , General Clark will ro ably ave is with im as his AMGOT .· e 1 rigadier Gen :ral Holri-s , ass ste by L " C Col . Su e~land, Liaison Officer , F ft my. In any assault o rution unde aken y .e F ft. rmy, t e !J~GOTof icers oulcl e, at first, j �un er the control of the CoJ"lmanding General,. Fift Axmy, '"Tho would be m litary governor oft e terri ry occupie. s conditions came sta lized, this control over t e civil afft..irs ersonn,~l '.70ttld ass tote Chief C vil A fairs Of icer AMGOT.General lark is reassured to knmv t at e will ave immediate control over civil a-Pff..irs in l'llmt would surely be the ect c irst ays of a lan ng o ration. I General Clark can not huve Holmes, he is more tan satisfi-d to ave L. Col. Sut erland, whomhe knov,s and trust as an AMGOT Chief . ' General Clark, Colonel Saltzman olonel o.nn and Captain Byles ad lune n the villa of ,. Famin which ha jus t},e ay ~fore een assigned o e use or t e Cornman in General, Fift rmy. It is a erfectly c arming villa on t e he gh s of Algiers, e:'( u:_si ely furnished and most com orta le. General Clark is nstalling Colonel. rann to live in t 1e villa an ~ntends to use it during his visits . e~ore lunch, General lark made a ten-minute call on General Giraud at the Residency Palac. General Giraud was ta~en u 1ith the mdding of is son,, w ich toolr lace to ay, an r gr tted t at e could spen such a short time wit General Clark e He nvited General Clark to lunch next TTednesday, and General Clark acce ted the invitation with pleasure. T y ave many ma er s of mil.it inter st to scuss wit each other. * ( * MOS AGANEr.~-UGUST 1943--Ri sing at 0230 t is morning, General Clurk, 8, wit General G:ruenther , Colonel Saltznan and Captain yles, drove to a ,..ach training area just ue lt: of Por·!;-aux-roulE::S and witnessed a demonstration landing y .e ii RCT. Teo eration was fairly well conucte, alt oug, as General Clark remar e, it was made relatively e~s y reason of the act tat a lot oft e envy s uf, such as tanks , arillery and anti-aircraft rough i.n., T e Comrnandi g G~meral 1 vms not ke t his watch on t e each un il a:vm and t en ove ack o is villa for 1"f'akfa.st &'1'1r' office work for the rest of the morn.in. Taking a rief na a ter lune. , t e General hen came u to f' of'fice or El shor ~ ti.mo and, wit G neral Gruenther; Colonel Saltzman, a tain • les an is ne\"T aC'ti!lg ADC, 1st L • lar'ren Thrasher, wen out o t e each for a. S\"Tim c.n t en entertain"'.:d t .esc of icPrs for su ("I" his villa.. * * * MOST 11E UGUb'T 1943--T e ComTTln.nding G •-9 GenP.ral "' ent t e Morn:in n 1-i-is office and in he nfternoon, accol"IJ)anied y Lj eut nan Thranher srove to Por -aux-Foules where conf ert"ed with Generals Dawley and Wolf • He stated to Gon~ral Dawley t at n casP. he (Gen ro.1 Clark ecam - a casualty 1 e s eo ng to arrange 1t so that G oral Dawl?y ould ake-,hi.... lace as Command?;r t e F th Axrr:y, ev1'ri thougl i would b o:: ossi l, n.t certair oreign officArs; or xnmple, Gen ral Juln or General 1 orrocks migh e sen or to im. CoMing ack from Fort- auxoules, ,neral Clark and Lieut nant T rasher stopre of at t e beac for a u ck swir.i and ten came ome to dinner . �eneral La s croux t who is being retired as Cor.rrnn.nder of r'>orocca roes , called on Gener 1 Cla~k ris afternoon to pay hie respects , saying ~ od ye o General Clark and wishing him good lucl• General Lascroux ,/ esent .d e al mys sa picture of Clt ny of icer who t cause of age , is on the downhill ah , Saying iut s o e a een t o lea n 1orocca'l Corps ~ th, liberation of France , General Lasc:roux stated t .at such a ors was now actually in exi ence , ut under the command of another - enera l Juin . * * * IDS AGA,!E !--ORA· -- liO GANE?~-AUGUST 10, 1943-..f'..:eneral Clark at t ~nded the lU11cheon today a t 1e u.ar .. rs of the aval Commandc.nt , Port of ran , Comr-:a.nderYo.tes , in honor of Senators ..ews eI of prt:i.imJJRussell _, of G~orgia , n.n ler of Kentucky a,,"'ld ~ ade of ~ew orkg T ese sena• tor , Ti on other , S. nato Lodge or r: ssachus. t s who a preceded · el" eas ward , a.re on a tour of :ins ection arou11d t .e world . f'ter a d licious lune e on du:ring whicb , y tl eir obvious frien l~ness , Gf>neral Clark and Adm ro.l all impresse 11 on e vi siting senators i he feet tat in a+, least this one nsta~ce , t ere is ound to e activ, cooperat on ~t en he Army and t e T,avy n any utu:re opcro: ion •. T members of the lune, on _art wer tak n ya motorcycle escor to he Invasion Tratn rig Ce:riter at Al"zews v,here a s ri s of d monstratior, as ut on or t em uring h cour of t e afternoon . T is ,•n(.:lud d t e taking of a 11 ox, s reet ight ing n a villag , c.. ,mon~tration of Dukws including a ride ~n a Du . by th senator& themse l vesc , Proceeding on to ~os agan m~ t e senators arrived at e villa of the Comma.ndine General and ui ckly taking ath:ing su"its an towels wen down o e acr u tl~ Gener al lark for a swirr, return.ing again o t e villa or a rie reception to rm.ic lea ing A:rrrry and avy of ic~rs ·n vtcini y wer present. The se a.tors were en taken to Fifth nay Head ua.rt,,rs where t P.Yins ected a guar eld in t ~j onor in h co .ound s a.nd a,ft. wards sat dpwn to a v1,ry g~od dinner of in e offic.rs 1 mess. Senator ussell s ews er and Meade t urned to Oran wi h Gt."neral Wilson ., and Senator Chand l er returne General Clark V ville. , where es ent th rig t s It should e at Gen~ral Jun wa.s presP.nt a t,e dinner at the CP mess and e Gene al 1s lef , T . Russell e place of onor ~t * cho"i ('!n reo noted sat at is r g1t. * MOSTGA !.i,~-- LG:r::RS---MS'l' GAn'~U-•*AUGU3T 1943--GenersJ. 11, lark left 1·i ~ villa t is morn:ing efore Senc.tor C n.ndl er ad arisen and , drivjng ou to t e air ort at }Toisy los Bains , took of at 0915 or Al i rs . Senntor C andler was tnken out · o t e Hea~ uarters Comany area y General G:ruent er during t cours of tie morn g and me t. re soldiers from Ken ucky v1L.o n.d el"fneat ered in om neig orin un ts . He en )l"OC~ d y car., 1 iers rr· ·v1r,g a 1 iers , Gen,.,rc.l Clark 1",len imrnedic.tely o Fifth II ad uar ors where re alked ril"f l y with Colonel ra.nn . en Al ta n yles, who a accol"IJ;U"' e m rom r•o ta-ll.n .m.f and on Army Fortun 1... -' -,, tr �(' Colonel Dost t , a.cting as inter r ter, went wit General lark o th esid ncy or lunch wit Gerieral Giraud. G neral Clr...rl. u.r1~1v d at the Residenc ~t noon nn sent un hour int c or ice of neral Girau, discussing with Mr i:utur o ero.tion:J. ListAnirig n on th~ iscussio.., , rt, tkn rnl evinck , Ci~ of General G raud 1 s mil "tn.r; ca ine, an Captain yl s. Colonel Dosinte~ r A with 1 s usual inesse an skill. eneral Giraud startec ing lann"'d "n he wa of future o eralnr, ufter riefly re erTing o he ormc.nt RI -:::::rro o.nd r SKI: 1 then d scuss~d in con.:. e-tail, 0 rntio:n A AL TT an sto.te to G r :r.ul Gi.rau ii s s ron u thrust is ir,_,. n tely ..,re-Pr?:rale than a low a t 1e t<1 ,, ,,..:rnpla y Opert:..tio'1 1!:SS. General irau was if' com le~., c...c• cor wit Gener-al Clarl on e strateg~ c advantage of Moving against T.ArIES, rather t can a m ting o lo. oriou ly work north ,ard . rol"' t e sout ,io.rn Y• al an en m::ula ., General L.r,r e ,lo.ined how :r-it-i sh X Cor s, e used aga:· s t e ol'. ern c.lf of Y OP ::ALER.NO Co"'"J)sagajns t e sout ~rn section. c l,es io:,,i as to o•. •r ncL troo s , 1111·ra ned :!n used, and eneral Clark oin ed m1t to :irr t at e and G ne'ee o use t 1em in c. ll'.i.ter oonvoy as ollow u General Giraud i nf'orrne Gr:rn.ra l Clark 1at Gene:ral Juin rs troop:: would e made ll _ of J,e 2nd r:oroccan ~neral Dad¥ and t e 3rd lg~rian I•1fan,.. Divis O"" ~,, al De Tor, sa rt) ltis soM ..,ro a ly t. t. ,our. De 'ont::;a ,.. ' s Divis · on r ,lL. es 'artin rs '0·1nta Di · icn. nert:..l Gi.raud is lanning to 10ld e Monntai!'I · v:i don for 1se in tre i slan of Sc.r info. in i::.. q•1i ck o:i,.ra ion 1 s 1ould aly calla se . ./hen u.Sk y GJn ,..al lt.r 1ow · 1 if t e ~ountain 1~ miuld G• rau sai<l 1e woul-1 orize wit 1 c.ny Ti'r nc" at 1e could lay 1i s anc1s on in Frenc or s. e, l:i man o"' great sr-~rit c..n os~ i~ acti0'1 _,. · nd. ,e roes no . t u Cl.ins :::!uro e y a.tlJ lack of "'c..ncys is a s if · t ,:, 11 · f lot.: w:ill ~ r ac ion. Gs -ft~~~~~ • ( to osi+5v ,J,, • alin..'11 eni nsula. .. in uJ~, atl ~ t1c..n in ,, .....lii:..n "luinlo:rir omor m. t .... 'rl German3 will ~ ~ 1, t o ~orces a.,.,,~ ir ln.r .... thic t,ill no longt":r e nee dvancirig ,inter, and the l'OJ:l'es...; -i-r Italy Ifill -;: cu ..... y he a.rrival · t cf ... uch G~rnun r · c ,s ., .S11'T•r,ia- ondirgl: 1 -:if of i., . C 3 i;::; hi... ,ay n0 tl. o ,c:1.t1.dlunJ +.ween lL Fil'tl A r.-. d Flor n - o Mi,i.k~ y of lil•~ Fo. h e our~. lli s �al i.on · 1 of course s L.P!fa mor o.C'ut l:r ons iouc of 1e ,rc.n., o tation d::. ficvltie., '.vlich lie n the way c:' it., fr,m(!dic.te uccarn 1::....,mePt . are agc_,-r .:~cive i bough and ad,ion. '13ot men wer~ u:.ck and O.:> ,l."f, in t e:i.r s ,o.tementc o A1ch other Sit ing in front cf a T"lU. o::" Jouth ,l ' n Euro iu , J; uen ,ly i-o:t r,t~d to 5t ancl di:?scr· h_ f • ~th uicl:: ~i g r s·-rokes J o jec, o ViO't". o 1 are a.gTP"'d ,hut GPn ro.ls le,cander c.'id •k,ntgornery mu-:;t no+ re:"m:it Jed ,o cone ntrt:..te on th nT tzr.:JS lan at t e • 1vn::;eo A A• LA'' I1' . A: 1300 luncheon wc.s served ;,, luree ~"si 'ency din~rg room 1 end u: l/~30 1 G nur a l Clark left an o ,, ,ment ,.it G .n ro.l Smith a AFH 1.t Hea. ua:rter .. Corf":r:d ng wi irn ~~ ry riefl , h t en :ran 1.1 ~ta.irs to J.. rni ral r 1m111.ng mm' s un.r ;.; fo1 a uord. with irn, T 1c eis of. o h of th se . CO"'V·,rsatio--is was t nt 0 h of ir, ortan.t ndividualc f ..... vor ALANCHE strongly ., · r"',,. r nee o JM -sss an T , oth of them jn,,i1 u d hi.t an even mo1" (1o.ril"'g 1 ~1an s now undt"t-r coT'clder tion ; namely _. to stri. ,nth the Fifth rr,y at of a m LCS, 1 ~t :i enero.1 Clark t1 n re ,urn"! th y For ;u.ne He d uart ,rs , wher, conferre c.t ~irs, 1it1 Gene~o.1 n ~b~~t~ of e 82nd ir orne D vision , ~n • rc.l Dunne of t, 1e Troop arrier Comand 1 Cu tain Old5 , r. ::; Tu > '}rou.., Ca • to.in P ni""'Urs s r resen ~i g T, c1 r s and ot er of icers cor,c .rn ng t JC coor• a c':.inc..ion of n vyi lo.nc fore s and air orne orces or the at ack in A AL AN 11 11 ,.Y ~at eal of J.,fficulty is .:ng " erienc ~d :i."" ~electi,,g t.. II ,; ill e satis .:..ctory to t'v~ .Iavi:, ·J· :ir orne ,roo .., nnd ::, ~ La.,: • s ... esira le to lan c.ir orne ✓roo s · 1~ a v-c1.nceof shi •carrj Pd roops .. irorne roo·s are in need of ~oo~ljg , articularly if, c.s ic contem.lated , glid~rs o.r used . The navy is . 11 ,.,eer of a leus · wo hour~ of o.rkr, :::s "or tl· - fi,,al run -in, an A s 1 -carried roo ar. also in noed of suf le · ent a. kn"'s o e a'"Y. an make t:1 ir· lanr P . U e. i, o~e light ~:rriv s . nt ative corn rornse ,,c.c suegest d y General .. :...e. ify 'CTl11ci ould ut a 1 ..,_, ,io"l or the availa le air 0?'11£' roo s down on h lain 3out of TAI "" on ni 1-,t of -1. Other air troo n muld make arachnte drop !"?hind our lines on D 2 o J , and the res vould come in on D 7 . o 00.t for "D" de. 3flleot d s althongr· he nigh , of t 1e 10- l lt 1 of Se tt"'mber seem(; mo..,t ,...o itious ., n ral Clark;.:;, o.te t_at a rig1 on after S t mbe,..21st would also h::..ve o selec ,e . n can a delay in he o :Jeratio•1 is irn osed . He dir~c ed th navy and 11 e air eople to ge toget r 011 wo dates for nn day and o~ .., definite a lan where y .~ air roo -is could e UDe • 'e c ated to General R d~ - t c.t 1e '\'la& defin.i.tely coing to a e to use n.h orne troo .., "i.n .e o ~t:..tion. G nerul Clark is s .riously con:::.idering t·sir>.ff t e r:i ish bt i.r rne D vision for the iff cult m-Ts~ion of landi11.g on e lair sou LlS o.nr1 holdi"'g tho o nings t o acses so u. , t:. [. Unit d · ationa can v,ork ,...rr way tbrough "e assf'!s le.in . J 0 .. or ,imc A 1905 Gener-u.l l· k ook off for or l. la, di11.ner t.. th villa . l'oat·gl'...nerrs, returnin 0 ~oc agane!"l in J * rtOS G.All'E UGUS 12 ,, 19 3 ..Toda G ,nern l Cln:!::k ha an j~ ortant co~frronce T ;!•• T • ir orne Division , GP-newi r Genera l Ho .inson , who oomrian s the l s r.itisl ed y igadier Dow s e ral Hopl"inson arrive rom Kairouan y phne s accom n -T j and wo A merican officers , Col one l Gardner oft e · r Corps and '!a or Gi son the ilot General lark ad calle a conference y reason of th~ confusion 1 �\ vr ich now eYii:: s ccncerning the ues ion as to Y! et~or no air orne ·roops vrill used in Operation A ALA'CI •,, and , if ey are to 1 8ed, in just whc.t manner ., s otated in yer1terda rs di.ary s ere is a confBct between the air orne coMmand and e na as tote a: re riate 1tnrr day and I H11 011 T e air orne wants moonlie t .,.,glider or a arac ute operation > an ~art1cularly for the orrner ~ Te navJ , on t 1e other and , required total do;t•k'1ess for t e la run-in ~ e eaches . :Th.en General Clc.rk vm.s 1n lgiers 0'1 , e 11 1 General ~ , re resenting the air orne roo at Fjft rmy Fortune 5 an< Ca tain Clds , representin 1e na , we. e una le to reach an agreement on the mo::. ro itious date or t co eration l'or t1P-ir res ct·ve ser.v-iccs . General lark riefly outlined O era. ion ~rGHE o General !!o . insor s shoving -trn, in art5 cular , thE' area just .1 P. south a. a l:ittle o 're east of the qit y,,., f ._ ''..il.J'LES here he wants to dro or glide air orne \ 0/fClt,IAfl ,. • 0 t. oo s o old tne "' asse::: \'Th:ic lead sout w·ard to a BAYOF S LZPt~ • · s lain is Slli"'l."'01111ded t e sou 1 and east o;.,._, y mountains am~> ~'"t line on , .,e western ::,.ore, y · ,. 1:mV'Janti-aircraft defenses . Gr-meral Ho k nson ., like Genl'3ral Taylor , s ate t at tMs situation laces cir ornc troops n a ilomna . If t ey ma.~ean a roac om t e east , crossin tie eas ern moun in rim , ave to dro. own VO"C"J ast, discharge t eli' load a11d t 1en fly out lak on the coastline . If > on 'l.he ot er 10.ri. , 1ey a oac 1 y wa:,, of t P coastline an r"1•0 t elr lea , suf icient j s-tan.ce does not re!T'uin fort em o rise overt e eastern order e, mountain::;. I· ( t nt altoge ould secmj tberefore, ~r a art om t~P. ues ion of ark- ness a'1d moonl:ieht , wh.:ic so trouble::: t e air orne 130 le in relation o e navy ' s re uirernpnt,s, ere is f> c.dd:it:tonal serious ~ro )lem of o ing, or elidi , ,Air tr o "' into he mn 11 ,oc -e forr.19d y t:be seu and the mountains sou h of' r,'.FLES. the conclusion of the conference , althoueh e did not statf' jt tc General I'o .i-,con 1 GenPral Clt..rl was of -tiu:- o i:nJo:1 r..t e would not .,._,e f~ /;".. c..... • • ..... • , c. le to cmm u on air orne roo s o o en t e attack !l.n~ to old "mountain asses n t 1e way • e would ave liko · Fe. hu s e ill be u le o dro a com any of · arachu ists in one of t e .a ... ses. Perhu "" e l ill a le to use a ttulion ut tbe air nr near S L~nNO. This , ryaever> is a out all he ~ contem latin at the rresPnt mom8n as far us th~ o ening ut ack is concerned He is dri T' ing more u.n1 more to r<? oi nt o:" vie,,, of 1olding his air orne troo · :-:.a.., o. reserve o t "'OV/ in o tr.e itle vr en thPy mig e most needed o t irn t ,~ ide . GenPrtl Clark entertained o"' L I m,., a ee -toget o vorv~ as a team · n t 13 ~ fipirit of C-Pat o.ro t? (-'._,t of r ' t.nds.,, runong t e lm Jers l hi"' villa rirniral Hall and a n11m er 0f r,emcer ain SA"l.ior of ice s o'!: • s 0,111I:eu uarer art.y for Army urn, ?a of f'icer::: ., o are coi,, closely a. ron.c 1-tng future o erc.tion of t. e Fifth car i:.i.li y rPvails. 1. dmiral Hc.11 C..T\ Gener 1 Clark c.n t1Pir .,11;ri · of coopero.t· on ac ~en .,r1.sJ•d ~o\vn e anldng of icern of t 11-'>ir rf~..:.ective OOl"'Jffi...n ..,. a • '- s afr s to3et 1er with f' er t 1a rece,-·L.:.on was ovor , G"'w=•,..al Clark , General Le1,is ,. anrl Cu t::..in ylcs ad dinner at t e .... purtm nt o olonel Sul zmaJ1i Colonel • or !?I' a!lc' ol011el Sr-ritl • heJ live t ree long stories u ov~ e sidewulk .s nt he c-1~ is •.o ,'I· i r for t e · wi.n owe loo out. 0ri e c.y of .oi vaganem and �fte E.. cbn, rolloning dinner ) r,eneral Clr.i.rk 11 e members o::' t e party , exec Colonel r or er, wen ou o ,l1 PUC~ whc:rt"' they C"'joy0d a. i i.n e r. editorru.11ean • .n::: n. ~nut· ul ni e ,t,, &n t e 1 ~ g , o~ t ·e moon fY!ae the watP.r r,_l-nos t unJ uren as · ~ t c.. ime . e, gge..,tN' c.. s , in, o.rr1 .... * ,'C.:.T ,_I"'. :!E!.!-P.-Z1ULT- IC D-Ll .:.C:T-I.:...... i..:Sr --."..UGU.ST _. 1943-,.Gencrr:..l T!.G .. 13 Clark, o..ccol" a1 ··8c b2· Go w,rc.l , ilb,•r u':d ColonAl tu.Till t..r.d Ca tn.iri yles , oo"t: off h -!'o 1 Cub ~la.n• ~ c..; 0700 01•_::; t ··.::: 11' 1. b.nd 10,, o ·he v lmo cin:ity of' 'qer,ault s o the f'ar..t of fas a -aner _. here • PY lande(' on a oadray near t, .e village. Gr.rieral Cl~k ,.as rret tl 0 r 0 y General de ffontsa er , Co:n.andin General of -t c Jr 1 6erian Divi....,ion , c..nd dlive:t" · nto e vill8-L,e , ,,her , b. shor ..::..rr1e O"'H1.rd;:; Gr...,oral Gh·aud d."11l Gen .,..a Juin c.rr.iver-1. af , Today ..as t e las ay of a ,.1rf!A-do.y ma11e 1ver execute~ y . ro !'Pg:. r nt co· bat teams of the di,? 5 ,s5on . It assumec • c.; t e n lue 11 force ., luvi.,g lam 1f -1 f om t.1~ sf'.'a, 1 ~-i, ud"' a .ride a>1d enc · cli "lg mover,Pnt on ths tmn, 0f Renault s ~ms a out o a,·e it"' attack . The 11red" force .... n the otl-icr anJ., >' 1 w re in 1 ossession of , aml dP-r0 nd.:.ng, the own. Gene ·al Clc..rk c.r c Ca tail" ,.u. .., yle& > he la ,ter ac ,5. as :inter :tl3ter , drove in Generul ng A Tfontsa ert' & m +o a ill <'VArlooking . c->nault t herP advance elements of t e rt Jl•le 1 arr1y ,,e•~, mi tir> 5 ."or the a aC'l-. General ,,, r·o11tsa rt . u~ ~kly ou lin d he ci tur.:tion . Fe llow.:.'."lg 1-i::.s t e ar ·y vici ted, · t> turn, , e of G_ne• ral Ricl1ard, Cornanding he " :·1E- r arr.:y, ti.nd tL,.t of Colonel C a u-'5,_ Commanding J e "red" forces .. Gonern.l 1Jlar1: 1a3 1n1 JTf!s ed ,ri th r:P enthnsiasm an(, al -1r r eas of t e Fr enc officers ar, rnen a.nf 1--0.ricular · y liked thP vra G0 1eral de rtontsab r, went o.1out 11s he ... eemed o ave L. co,.,.plotP kl1u l•~:1 ge of -t e r.:aneuve:t iv all ts ..'ith General Clc..rk's c&r lead-iries c.. convoy of severa l ..,edanu~ ille . ::.th Frere. officers n.ncl mem."-l't'S of GePe al Clark's il'll1'1ediate ty , "e arted from R8nault and rov ~c~oss ,he mountains o Picard _. where a lune Pon ,as "'11rved under t.. -"ly tPr; set 1.1 near tbe <'3ach The os .,a.., olonel . ,a uis , "-'-ndthe lunc:1e:;on , a .., arranged hy hi~ regiment , the 7 h • T •• • 30( 0 j ' 0 rr,i,:ro1ehout the whole of t e mornfrJ i General G raud ad e'.:n cou1'to:.. o ard GPl"eral 'Jlark IIe ul\: _1nr the Ge11eral' s Cllr cede 1r ,, and at t•vo 0 • ds of oner lo 2 tre '\1 y ~.1 g v~n hi , l&ce of 1onor "le~ o t e troo o. J,.f ,er l·mc .eon was over ,, General r'irt..·10 "lo.de a short ' s eec .•, sayinr; w at a leusure it was o him to 1a.v8 these F1• ~c; troc:r-,J un er ,) f con"l'lanr, of Gcnr.rral Ckrk > ..: on C' :::.8.;' .r<ml • e the f:i ::;'" Alliec 0or-.:.nder 1tself t,.) 0 rike against the Fortress of Burop . ::laying ._::ood to i.::, ost~ .,. GC'ne• ye Clark drove to he a.:.r ort at La a~set and flew ack ram t ere to r"ostaganom to J ral S e"\ -i..n a at is offi.f"~ ,, Gene1·c.l 0lark ,..8turne tc i ·• & vll6 la, ..Lv""' i..., J_ iof of ..., c..ff who hn.d re 11.rned ,.....,o..,.. , lgi8I ..,~ ,..o •ght &ck he ""I-,Ort rat liehe! au :.br'i ,J • Al::;; er::: c.d s ill een nna -:il, ,o mr..ke u... -its min on the uestion of v, ut f·,+,ure o oration o cm loy . T"IO"'ting :::.to "3 t ~ l•S, , ·inTun··s, whi:-,re su,Jo.., 1ly , , i.0 Astion till c..nr' tr'-" lorg ::;us Jl"'"lSe of wcJ-1-- k:tl out 110.. ing uh.at the · ""! in the way ( f G.l'1 o era.lio'l :ill e ,, I t e cl-: ue.:;tion er L1e i;h ·,w ( ) 0 �r rt \ comrnand ,ill permit G-;n1::··~a1 l~'."-andHr and General fonte;oT11ery o ave their my and launc 1eir a u.ck o..gu-i"'ls 11"'· oe of I aly, or whetlt•r this lan will e a al"ld.O""vd in favor of .:ha.t a pca1·s to G<>n<>ral Clark to e t e more s rategic anr advantageous lan of a ,low int e ru :Lu area. GP-rcrul Gruen er s ated that t OJ ~re- talL.:.ng ceriou::ly of at ac-ldr-g of r-r Lt:S, ins ·ea of south of i ,. o a L, o r,a'.-::e U:'.>eof ai.1. orne roops , t .1.e errain nort of 1 AFLL0 eirig fpc,...,i 1° for ."1a'leUVE:➔r y t r--m . 'T'hc Col"'lmandinr;General rerrarkea, a... e ·,us o:ter. rer1ru.·l.b1.-n tl,e •as· ~ t at i i i z most unfortunate that no singl<> o~r ic~r :i ~ 1,lacecl -1n com!'Iand of o., o eration. T ere should r-- ::iome sirgle of icP 1ho could g1ve orders to coordina e c.omnanders ruv aasumin 6 t 1P. re::: on ...i iB ty imse lf , cor, el t 11Pm to settle tr Pi :r diffe encc., according to a uni t'ied r,:lan~ Go"lf~ral CJ.art., for ovam}li?, :is 1111a. le to COM el either tl1e c..ll' orne 0onrr,a11d or t ~ na ,o se le 011 a ar ~ cular time tt.n 0 1.tr or t ,e j nj ial assault in A 1_.!...,_·rc 1L. He should have t e power to do l 1 s . nor i General 11:.rt receive~ roM General Ho ldnoon a t"legrar he feasi il.:.ty of an afr orne a:';taclc south of N LES. reads us follo s: i n.g toda~ , concern,elq,ram ms Bave :investi&ated o.::.si il·ty of landin wit glider orne or paraorce , east or sout1.ea.,.,t of r>:-:,uv and ..,trongl: ; advi::.e E.i.gainst u "'1ak:ine tJ->e attem t6 11 forwarding roposal for croall air orne ore~ to assist X Cor s ... o,.rt east of 81... 1 anc for a ll.!'g"3r force to o crate north of f·TALES and or a .:"urt er force ,o ::, and y a ::.hort notice. ~ rAsentat i.ves v!lt1->•.rr.:.t ten 'I'."<-~or .., 1, ill i erce r o isy le ain s 1100 hours Su'l"\da ir 11 chute ( * .~o:., !iSf'•- UGUST14, 1943--General Clar 1. s l'cn t e morm ng at t e Heo.d ur..rAG t""rs, nnc1 in hE! afternnon,. ar.conpn:nied y Captc..in yles, rove in t 1e se an to General Ih.rley ' s Hea un.rto1•s at or -aux-Poules. Conferring wit. G"-neral Do.wlc "'or a :,01it an :ow...,. e then nr,,.P ac ·n the direc ,ion of ~os t..ganer a-rd, .::to ,ping off jus ea3t of 1a.r·c.c a, e left is car and,, '.Ya ing o the each, jnspect"'d the 131st FA Pa al.:ol:'\, comt':anded y Ltc Ccl. Green 1 wLicL was under[;,ojng tr1:,,ir,·ir,g in t f' loading or its ;I.05 Ho'.ritzers on Dukws. T 'e Gene al · s going o look jnto t e uoction of 1;,,.ether or ,1ot trese r:owitzerc ca.n f'ired ·roM. du,_•1::;.... t ey a1, roach t, e sLore . So ro.r a::;; is rno~m, tJ-ie s 1 t as nev""lr een made o c 0 tris . TTsjne time fire and &.. lo.. rajectorJs ,hese ... ould rove very effect"i.vl"l •1aa,1,oncagu.in.Jt de en ing cha e troo s, rol vided the di:. 1o ,, ill stand u to it. Gcr,Jral Clark , en vi.site ·, e Cor1rnand Pos of General ,1c.Ike:r> Co'T'mandl'l'lg 1e Jt;,, D"vis.;.on, and chat e witlim nr' variou::: rr rr:1Ars of ·s ..,tu:'f concer ng ' .el rog:rAss :i11 ra511-i,,g r:..n ·n .1:-rer..ratio"l -f'or loading. Tl f' Jf,tJ:i. D v lsion is a good outfi • I .., o:' ic -"rs arr-, 11001 a.rv' le .. rel-heb. ed &nr1, i:..s e.11i,,rnl Clark ro □o.r1'::ed 1 "T · e lr ::.egs are l.i.ke the .orse 's - rn~it. er too lon[, 11 or ~co shorts ju::t long e,ough o reach t e e,:"01md& .. ile 1n t e JGth Division area, General Clark a f"ne to un into L ,. Col$., Crawfor al"'r, Der olrle rr.r 1ad co¥rrun '.er at aBons ·~n t 1e lc.n ica an ....a.l::..o in s·:cily.. Th~:; uere ou or ass frorn t e :!o::, j tal Le, e they have ~ n recoV"'Y'ing rom \Vom~.s received in ,e ..;ij cilian 0., rntion. T e..,e men �1st D:iv~s:i:m o.".,.icers, ar( 3ign the ,o t :i to , 3"' l Divis ut G"'nerc.l Cln.rl 0"1s ,here t eir s go··ng co, at e. 1 e~ a~r ~wo 3,ec.l l"ience can he , +,i.lized e 11Jmost., The Gener .... ' r 1 'kc,,_ a 1 <' • look a'L co~~ ~~rio j,.,P~s ~o•n,1 e :;~ l o• • W'c. ·e rur'1.os tiat General ~ :, ac' j 1 ...,.; .icked ,, ~ :; cl-al' P. ..... 1 :... T 1,.,rc u.. ...... co11i-,le 1 ", ,1,,,i ;l'f'l 'L'-t.. s ...,o··nL _,r av r-,-. e:r-o.l f'oro.n e,...curE. or F"f h ..r1:1y- ec.rl.quar ,,-rs. L Clark t en visi ~G "r>'er·c.l Co~lesf I:eu.,1 1.1.art rr:. till ry <'leer o" t e ... /)th Div· .. ion. T '& t,.,..;•t.ill,:;;r ··::; ready ., al', 1 c g Colonel ,..: ... :,eek> r '19rr.l Co..le"' ,xec11 ,ive Cf'".:_c,.,,..t _r ~..,tr.;, o t c Sf''rious if icnltj .., · t '3 '.1ay Q,;,. l~..,_.:.. 1g w-till ..:i:· d11! ,:::, .•i.cl .. tl e :mr c::,e 1 ar. a.vall('.,_tlr • Ever~ ort i:; :0· 1r b e, · nade o secu:i~e dukw...:f'or u~ r:: land~.1 g tl- & civ··sio c.r ill. r o1. G r ..,·al ::, t r t Gr-merc.l Clark t e 'r ff' nee ,o swim o t e .my 1 ome• · I" •' is v.ill& ""rYr :::11,Jr , z ck" lr,g O- for a ..Ji-:J(;u...,T > 1.,, u le ,.1-: '~u.r,.·h r u., , ,I" ( 0'1. e • ::.11 11"' ..; .., • rreil q; .. ln.n tliat he c:n< b L ·•-}C..G0r "\:.l.C't~ I as a ""tratr.>g-' c rese1·v--, u~ 10UgP ouglrt in C air r • i..1 ,e the r"'c.,y,. n.·, tl e 5.31s ~ ~hore eei1nen ' s / .... a"1X.:.ou:::ly a a.:.1,iric t. ,,, \J icl. 0 ar- . ,.,.n release to F' "tT A''"!s .... ·, i.., 1· ::i cil:" to the O an a: 0a. . ri or 1er to • ~::.1•ut e. u.tions h · cl is 1 0; 1e to -';c.ke -pluc · o 26th of 1•g,1st > U,.., "'u ore ree · ,,... ·, ..r.0,·ltl c.rr.tve c.t (.,.u.. ".lot la.";er y' .c.n 20t • G "'~' t.::. GrP.ent or ecorrJJ"end:J tr ut :; o a.ree de.tr e one f,. \. ) t. o · .J �9( day fa,.. each ay af er the 22-t.1 · ha t10 :ho e egim nt c...CroL c.rrived . 'e , 1ief of 8 aff .a::. de u careful study of he , o::.~i ility of c.tta king nor t h of !..C a. r has tm•nnd this location dovm i I avo:"' of t .c or g:1nt..l AVi LA !;crr; lan to :::;rike at 3 ':: f10, The rea ... t"or t is is t e or, fc.ct t at oacL.es 1or 11 of ,Tl LES are ad f'or landing o J ra:i,io,,s . Gen ral Gru,;n· '3r recO'llilend->, ho,:e er , at c.n altPrnutiv0 lan b" .r'J w'"" for lar. ine no1 h of n LCS,. r r'l1"'Tal Clark ag:reqs und s··ate-s t iat s:Loul 1j ':J;j f.,O the n OF .., L ::-">T. e r, i z .. send some roo 1 to he s 15, nor o:: t o la11d there ,. oriorrov; i on o ecide w ether or not O ern ion ,ake 1laaA . T. re is ever; indicae selected , * G;. ·!Et~-A urru.:.T Corima.nrline encral f elv Ml C At ,.. tod .mn anxiou.:i to go o 1e Tiead 1.1.l.rter"', ,, , Colonel ruca 1.nsi3tc1 thc. t P emn.in n is villa , ' hich e d :ro·-1gho11t~- e- day . Ca , in yks )roug. ·. hiii1 n.perc. from tir,e c ine J ::,,.nd e o.cconipli shed a good eal of ,.erk roTTIh . s ed . t..n (cfs) The C 1. ( of Staff r->arly 5n t},e G, rn-- rig 1Jy r-lune for ~ l · i e:r-ss c.nd is ,..1 urn ~ H~ telc 1oned r.t nool"'l ..:., a ing 1 t at Operation ' :... N HE 1 1een r' ecided upon and t at 0 e;ratio'1 RTi',.:;s , ,11 le not of ::cially c eclarer~ dP-c.d 7as c~:rtn.:i.nlJ dormarJ.t ; T e s.rget date i~ t e ~t. or e temb0r ~ a very sort time Pr,ainG for co le ion of :r..... ining and lo ding ortant .J anc wl c.t rtay e azarc!ons ; o ~E.ro.r:- ion . Ggl"'leral Grven t er re urn rl to h vi lla nt 2 30 and i ~m~ ia,ely ~Art to General lark ' s room v,here , his supper 1aving ,een rou, t o h:1 on a tr ....., y he 1•econ11ted t e o.c ·' v:i ,°"e::; of t e day a.t Algie r "' t o Gengral CJ.c..rk, who · li a e'1o ,o 11 r, wi ,h cager a ,tem,ion . T e r~".l., im ,or-tan , ;o.; 11t, nc·::t to he c.c ·,ui.l aPcisior t o xe ute AV. .. L HCTIE is that of t , ava .:.abili l y or lan ·nJ craft , und t11: ... ,oin ha.s ot yet een cleared u , T"Uch to t"Le dissati .,fac •iori of Gr->'19ral la.rt . T G -rii...,h O1•p~ , ,.,} i <': ~ s nov1 :::. ,:.11 011 Hs nr RB.:3 loadi'1g schedule s h&.s an enormous a.rnou'1t of lan ing craf • T c mericn.n 3~, rivlsj ons on t ,e er!.,___ ,. 1&'10 , as norn~. :nvm you a .d t e n.ct that landin~ craf · .,hLh ,e ri 1..,h do avr, is American 1 1 , t 1e si ,nation is t.11 ,11i t rnorr-i ageravating ~ GPT1eral IJlark {s outrager~ y o.t"' o u.f"airs .:..nd i., go."Y\g to s· o:nrl tc ob ain so-, ·itish O1·JS lanr ing craft. :or thP J~ , 1 General t a t he I orroc :... E'E'ls a grr at rieal of o imi..,Tl' c.nr1 old Gen,,.,..ul Gr ,mt ie i ~1 .,!I. L..;S . 1e evenj ng of : / 2 ., General Ch..rl:.. ahcar i n j.3 r-ive or n w:,, c-rndtt:;.n :i!'l 1.•r1::,:.i..ons :il1 1ia effor· . G"'ner 1 CL....k ,jll 1·otect .:.:::" f/o,,,,o,k'J itl1 , crican ,:::,1•c.. mt~ n,ace... .;;t.X ~ 0 ( G .-.a:ral orroc s is s ill intending to 1 sc raracLntists on th<:. .3 LlR,.'0 �1 T .,. ot U~ G n • ..... norrock:: 1 1::i.rl• n ~v~ila l o Genarn.l Cl talit..t1.., urn co ~~ OJ.'v tt:f 1., ::..~-.::rtP.:l 1, 0 ,1 ..... le ~(' "•.trrrise · 1"'!!11.any 10~:. ·k ""'cls > t ' 0re or , ' s;.'1..., 1,u.:rat:roo ).., on the n.l · o -t &~. secnri 1g it f'(').._' •x.,s· 1'> morr nt . ,-. 1 vie.. f :, · s nev: · ntei:::.· · g.-."'~,., rP.nero.l i U (J.,/J( 1 as 1 v .tl.~ 0 1S n.ir or e l"'O('"pC . ~(Y"'l'.,\_..,.,..,• '1'-~ Ge119ro.l j s anxious f'or to t, ir, ,o arrive, or J/12 ..,:, o.s to mo1 He ma: r u. 1" r.. rang0mP.nt s , ·. He want_ .:; ....1·r 4 h -~o ,rot_c ••· ·d.., "lan to n .tr( 1Jc;.rcC: ,o c ri <::eno tlwv:.ird to,m.rr 1, ne t...,.t a't0 ,-. i' u.rmo ::..t u.Ck r..._1r ' &l::io go • ne ~ eood . ·S J J .•r tl1c. General pln.'1.::: a ,k i1 is off .:.cG r..nd bh" c.y c. ,.,r 5 ~: 11y pln'."'"' +o ..,• <'•• l:;• tu confer i I,h I}, nE;rc.l .a_xu.."'.. s1 i e:-:., 15 ,1 :. ,. ,y Grc, ., of 1e . er L r F if h Arm r • s ,, ra . ~ re hr..:. 1i:ts nir,' to .,.,,,:e ___ t.1:.c nns to o 1t...,ir nddi i.ono.l lanc:··r\,, ·• "or Arnerico.n roops ., t ..... t~he 1rescnt ::.:tuat:.o!l · s outrc.[,t.:.O".., t Ame:ricc.n people ,·1011:. 1 , ~ sl oc ced to r. P. cor if ,' ey 'me. ..a, ,o mace ~ cm Gcn•~l'al Dawley came to t 1, ..-..:_11c...,o C''"'"'f,r w:t G ~nerc.1 CL:..rl:. c.nd uide ,s 0t...J.itu.in i"'ea,1P h~ _,, It.,r v,:it.. 0:....~~uin yles ..hlle GY-1A· al f;lu.'t11{, 1 ad. .... u.l~ ec.t ,, 1· ..,t...:ir ..., "'...... y ...,_• 1·.::.l,011e '...o som of tie 1 ,.. c 1 m~, t mrn.,tl~r C 1i '.l · 1 e pro L. "S s 1l"eGentnr t,Q t 1G Cc,r "lend" e "'n<3)'c.l, ir.;. ,or ..... •ost of ,,l1ese p·() lcms 1}, "' a ..c, o~c. ·t13I",.-:.al na :ire u.-1''0 . ~,;t .......l L, r,t... o · .::.oln ,lon a:, e r r1:1::1!3nt mon 1t} 1 1•1t as ~ ~. si untion ' v ~ p:: GenP.1·l ,..L.• t .... .1. w::.11 1: r.. .L, ,o I'lc.',:p c'~c· sions r...r111 s:: ~ m down o · ::: su.1,n•dl1111t?. command,1 er., o.s rapir!l,,r a.s · hey 0;111 a ,sort t en . 0 ( "ST .tG1' 1. ~:E" A GTT~T J :r.-143Generc.l :l..r,c, • la~·L ,....., acl: ln the 0r--r1("\c oc.ay c.f'l.,e1· is :)rio.:' ; llt -~ ti.~ C .jr,c.nt the dn.y d"i::::cus,:iing Operation AVAL/.._; ...... i'th vt..r7· · ou~ n ',aff o:'"icer .... '}<>neral ho o. ~eti r lievod " om ..... :eignment Di vi.,. O:'1,s, ,.t +,o Firt· ...·my ancl .,'-'-r Ge1 ~rn.l Clark t.o1 day. Genu· ..... Cl:....k a,1 l • .., corr • ng 8,'Y'Q j a, ' rr viou::::ly ..,O' nc.l'r <"'"t Gonisr1....l ~ n on ,. , J Le""' er o:..·not Roosevelt :ould e a~r•r ti... le ,.,o J · !' r...s a. lia:L,c.,... rriy c.t L Leu.r\;_ t:u...::+,er3 . J ·• n s '" 1 ··1l no·t ._... "'- Cn ~ .USJ · UC J :.t s t.. u ""0 d 0 C..CCe '.., ,.. Jl '----'- Rno .;,OVC 1 " · "11 • , · v r> Gen"'-r&l 01<-l't- <. ...,: • it , '1onerr...l Ju · ·1 r,,"'Jc.r1~w·t' u.t I"'.. nerc.l Ro,,snvel "" ~rr rJ __.: ,..,.1 -'.,c. l.,ic., <'r-,r dr-lnk~YJe. ::::!:'•nt0rvier. '· ..., f' ru.l ,...L.rk mt., ·t ,,,. ... :;_ ·'TI 1'"'"t ,, uouli " ' i, 1 d1·i ,~:1 Z on hat ' _ ( :-ri:ii tt tl cnr o Go T"' -f·.'a no+, ( neral Clc.:rl. n-o'- t.. le 1, - ... octo..r ·"' ra,1 inz Ge"ler.... '5-~:• l, .., j_l:Jd,, 'j u.11 !'..... jc ,.,r Co 1 ~, 1hic' .u y_ c ~ "' ; _,.., n..... rollJ.,., -11 ·gna~r .. r•~ 1 ~ eral Ge"l ,~al 7utle Da..l..,J 5, roT" Jc. 1 Gomc..! 'i V t e �1.nfor n~tio a cop of a eornrrunlcu.tion 113 .... otr•s c. let er .('rol" fi'...,"'l"c...l Pc.rsb'-'-1::. ~".ml·rg wit1 t1e at · udE of 'lr :::old · ers A 10 "'l'lr o: i-.:"' t .:.scu::::::ion of th ( .. 5~c, > General m njoinAd 1 e 013w1r c.1 r -· e lAt' corn""la1Y"er::; o" tl f Jn:i ,e( S c.te::: r11yto ·,c.1.l.G :::uch s o c a.., ~-J' nee:'.oca.r~r to proviJ.~ J""1u::.~ clo:1.g t 1e~e 1 ·n __ ·fr, I:..,-i ' ~I'g 'l"ai io- ./'or th" H,tn, , confl c , - i cl lie3 ahea 1 of our "orM ....1 fore> ul ir .1t, Tic ory .. i.11 )8 ::..0h vec' ~ Ee call~ ,, 1 .,or t "' cc rnt:...'rt< t0 """' r ,..~ crci...r-:. e le.a1er .. ·r., ..it out ~1h c1 ..: · i:::: cr · -:· ci.lly fr' or ,an, ........ <'&n ~ .. -i )t t..~r.o• 1,l~i::: t ~ ~o' j your ro'll 11 Th·._; SU j-ct ir., a .... ,mdn.rnonvc.l 0.'1<" ,,~tal 0 ~ . -,_0fCflf..' f.,C oi.' .io.ckgrou·1ri 0.11.d j (;cta of~, .... I,rC'J.,nt \,u,,' .1, and t_ ol uc'e of :,he ·..- ~ v:i nu.al soldier to\,O.l'a t 10 ':., ,. u.'r\d '<A .,&r·' 1 n enm,y 1.ro·1i e . e 1 .,· ~ 11 on wl i~ 1 1 lis0i1cl • r1 , 1 "'rL.L.. t. r, f' • i11+ i • ~ c. )il · y &..~'r l1uilt . I, xu i..., e·:; 2-r t t' 1 u·'. -t gre:::.t r .:...j01"i o·" soltlie:rs f · g ,t ..~11 o--ily so long t-y t...s -. ey ·•co.liz.r- •i-t ( nece:::cit., r-f doin[:; GO 3J r'us 'I-, , oroue1ly ir.1 ...,,11". i7i'l.h ..... u •1-h es ·re to seek t,e enemy 011": i C'lo~_, ,it1 irn ard e:.· roy 1· m. O (l 11 ·artfoukrl: 1it / G .1-. rierict:...n sold:ier > t -ir, ut.a..1t , e Cc...!1 11ot 1 nJnn : or :7'u.n-L0c" but rw.;,1,- ,, '3Velo er el~ 1~rc..t<'ll:, ~n.refully c.. r' ·\n c. l1"o.:l...'1""'1,a.3ec on fac :.. 'f- ....t a.re col" elli ~. he :.Jier.:.cu.r.. ...,JcJ_-'l~ ... ' vn ah._.,., s AOn -i :::olc:Led to ron t 1e c. es o.n<' "C'c.:r::.. t · c 0J: ol 1or·l( • L • )Orty '...... s eir orefo. :1er., u•·1<~+ PY 1ave 1 · ~ rr' ('or so r .....y ::_0nf1 a+,ion::. ·•-n __;njoyir.ont o" the ('fr< C::' vi.C :ree orn::; ..... ,1 L.t ~• A ·"ul.1 -1-1 "o,-.. erantr-> • T · s necessary t,-, ,..•ng to t o·r c.t" .,,.,., ion cv' ."'_mwu..,ly 1 -~.+,c,l , ,.}·le co u· ·tio:ri::: o" ..,lc..ver' t' ... ,..ev-uil t 1 •tn -1-}, co·ntrio.., unde'r' A·-""., < yr·· •r.,: ion - 1Lere 11 -·,..,s0 i-o o t COP'~ 1 lE:'' 11ly ro ·"o"'m to , ,., ,~ _,· ' ~ c"' t eir 1"ulers r....r<_·f·r- 1 ,.., o t ei ~ ' 1 1 ..1 Jc,r y ::,,n, c.re su 1ject o ,'c ,orta t io11j ,.. orcocJ :=.t. ·0.,,, ,..'\~\centJ•._. ,io:1 c:...rn 'S or ac. b. 11 '.Ic a., ... ur, oursnlvi" ·h::.t t e :n,1vi1•,e,l :i crtie:::s '· - -' :..·ofncs • onal l :.;or ·,,1,.,:/.es o" OT' f'om, ·.,.:yr._. ,..ct cPfec .t P.~ t..!1 L ~t , ris fr"'nc'mn~ J s .... u · ct not. o.,..<'.'rim .. .l.r ,1 1 ... l!T t ~ ti .,, to t.i..v yon ,:,.,.,Ou O~.~ ')'1P1'1 chL.ru~ I '_ • _, '·s ~ CG.!l only n ' ,r~ tory, ~· C C1.,•l :v ,el ,E" r,; o n o o ,., .... '•tore 01 • /31 COfl'l"l~'' 'o· S ~ "" OL'.("i~f.'1"J l0 mor(> .("'t'(' ri' ~ t conl oir.ved 011t n T"- ti -0 ,.; ,.,'' t:!ir-J can \ 1ri r('c" l'A.:, 11 s + y L.ny ..,~,.. 'r'OUtin~ 11';."' r i' ,u ion of J r ~a :r..., +0 t ,.,· e,,, "n un i .... ,.;:ir.:.ne ,n::;.nner co,1- ,c "A · nformr....+ic" •"~ , nl.1 v·· c ·• ons t · at V cy t er-::..l· 4 #< c01•-.,1 y,. +.o hori · rd· ·};.s not only 'l•111t .;ei.+·,..,::_, .. .('10f'C~S "r...nr· ~..,, and lj eu ai + • 'h1, n ,y ~ ·0r1es {..Il 1 E .., "'e ,l c1efl 1-'l: • ave you G~Ve th1a ""at, er your care "ul 'Lhoug' anc a➔; en~n orn m ...s to / I"! eans v.Lic 1 you r re CJ"l ,loy · ng in t · rrc lo t I .. 1oul(l li 1rn ~o :,e :i"'l ormed of c.n:" i dic ...~ ~,.· c::c:-r er·~• e ne 1ods usnr . .f"l"'l �- ke1 ,(.. ' '1:...Ul'G t e l.l .... ai. any ir , - rr..1_ · n,o at 1• i. o<" . ,,~ (;..r-,, + ,.,. ,t.rc's ~ lett--r 1 or . or iS r:oranr ur. ) can 'L'10 ene,r •~• ff V .. -~; :{ ~~ 'CST 111..ll'EI'- Gr:.t'.., T'C' ..:i-.u>Jf;tT....:"'"' Jr'U... 1~, 1043. Lo::..sr• u •T • .3 .. L '1'T .. - •• /'l' r· , a:i, 07 0 tlr "... M()"•'"i'" c.,j j ournr•:,ed tc "I'm,.,,. L. .., C.-JC0!1 '""' ,..._n "sd fJ., 0t.. ~L.i 11 T:lew s, / air or· :..~l Clnrl~ !"'r,, u , ·o S:,.. 'acu ae . ··( ..., topped r : "' 1"'• ~ "1:· o.t 1.1..., r · ,:i c ',-~nc; up Cc ,lo, Gl ,.., -1:.,.,,,1•s 11-.3 I l y ' , ...,..... Ale./ l'. .;; o "J' , • Gi:>.,e, } . •orn , 1·a.l ~lv.1' loa.rneC "' c," p, . ua . ~ C o'·e l of ,r ~ . ).' J. ,Le., lu.G O ' ' lt.i''C ) t,lat s·1c~.... •·o:-roc:{s ~ , ' , Jr,rru..nd ' re, '1-'1oru:2.. rf ., C '' . Cs nc.s ..-.j l'~(.( l·~~t 1 , ,~· g -i~ ...'1 ..... ,:i · •13 r .... ,, <· ~i ;;.rr ·n. · · .. 'T'l ·' nj urie.., t..''• f 7jnve ,o ,.., q• ,to -:Jeverc. 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"'1 ~ ~ C(')l'll"' r "l"C m,.s ::?. eur1 i• · J ~C, Co enoral ClL..r 1 ~s ' '9 !1 , corLAm rtr ., .•,. i .,.: ,,. , (. r u · n~ -(., I l~'.'16.:) 7 T,,...,;a ",., .._ le ~ 1 L.n' cont-L h ;_, r 1" -r- Cyrcrnlsn 1 Vi ere he rm~ to s ec G~11tJ'.'ci.l 1.lexnn 1 ,_. i 8011 o runcing "v1e 15~1 ;\.,•,.y Grau . :ro.e·r ) J •, ..... ~ -V~ . .i.· -1 u "'·1 1.:.s ·.!~).'"' .:(.;~:rou.; of.., '"'1'\: • ~ 1 co-icr>,...· ne t .. ..... t!1e .... 'Jr'"le i.:..•ur.i.""' are 1 .... + .:... 0 1 :...1.y in .t-"c:1.t:'.. ;.. on ,,.'........,,. :;r.r{Z r' t.. GL.1'~~ ..,u')r-·ttcd hi ... )le, (' ... er1fr·1'°' t 1e ua~ '"'... ir " 0 1 ,.'(; 1-""'~~ ul U 1 : ....11 ivecl t 1 n r>nt ·, ...::. ..,t~c CC""lJlC"ldc.tion ..... o.: ..., .k"''-'-""'.;z "'cdcu."' . r:, <,,;:'t:..J..., •·,, a ~d D· 'R·' r ..., <>-.1) ,l o i-.v. • , , · · , luke t..rm on tl .i :u.. , ~.ro:co) \7Cl"'e ~~: .1:--' v.. ~ , u~ Ll 1 .1. 1·.v. ~ C :' u!.\ren 1e .... lnn . h., ..:.:i,.u.u z u.,..,d cr• \ ... "-.. .....Hro· ..., ·t ; 1cm::., 'T' ..:: ,1-v....... 'T'1 '..., J; l::t•·1l"'G.11:., . :or -+:Le use 0: 1,' 8 ~'1,;.__'1~li.i l '•. !.' 1 r, • V • ..... on .... lone ·l, (; ,re::..r ~Ul"nt"Ir,: '.l'.' 11( J. ·r: yr I c.nc~ G.. ,l.CUln.l'l.Y '-'-w<.l-.J.. ,... ' JC city of ,J;, TTA. '": ,<,,;-~l'ul. .l ~ tu.' .L '-' " c•j,.; .t ' o2 ;,i ,, t 1)(,v y ro·c.chut, a."'r' uli dJd ·p, 11:::i".lg \;ie Maximum ::..·.. ,n1n Ff, •· rer,c.i11 · ru ,1•00 1,.., .J. e _1>~, ai:l 111 '1rou_:l· - · n · ..,.·011 soc. a ' ..:'..11 """'" a '_1.., div&rc·To1w ., ·""o:c , +,o t 110 3out1 of he riv r . -' G·me:c 1 n · dc,r .... ...:.,,....J'r .:.n o .. .... J •cio" to t i on in .,111 01·L of his ef:or ,., "'' sion to ' ,l- ; t..:i.11 ef"ort sou, of ··.;.:::..,.;.., ..111 -l'f'\.,..!l' c. , lun o~ t:10 ..,,in -~fort :::..nd n.:.ll :... .f"",.;rcl u (',_, c;lnally • --t,-,ndA "f"'ll' 11::; i.l'l ·Lo J OF SA.i.....; ' L., .... _ns / in t "J 1"'u.1 1 0cc n -~ .1. -"'c,cE',.,,1 ,P-11. G !""31':....l •L .... ~ {,\,o ".l"' ic~r~ <- ,cc. 1}-'L.,1yi1 6 !;1.L:- ~ .1irr. r·ac l" b i•1 V, vl.llu. s r ~ ... Leo::;.;: it .-.·:, 1 •t. l ,.., .1. "0~_,·1ly c.... \ ::..:..L,\ ,.:.· 1 • G0"l ):!'al ..,J.:...._..{ C.'1, 1.-·, ~::.; pro<.:r "<Ld u.,. ~"",:ai.·c\, ·';o the Lu. ".:i.r:c;u J:)Ol' u.i.i. : ,.,... u:f, 1425 o·.u•,., -1-, .J ·'.001{ r, _ _ 'i"1 t... B-r' s ( scort'9d b:r , , ,. 4 ,,',,'0 p_-:,,.,_ r '"'j •"c,1• w· .,..,.,r1;_,C 1 Ul.':J:'JV111g O:G r;•,• i~ ... 1 C..1.C ·C•l:'' av 11 l~ " (" ' • r. ,. • • , ' • J c., ,.._u. .) '.). 1 1 J I"' )... -T J;;.J. ........... , There ·,y c-. •T•,:.,,.L'3l"n' 1.iz ,', "orm~:·l~ l"'r-.-.3rc.l C:!.n,..l:::: ::J,,T,, y l ' C1i: ' e: of ,. , -., C' ~ _.._ of ....: J J,a"" ,e, G-:i'1r .... .a. .:under . .... \,; r1 • 0 l l.u t... out un .1onr ·,~ CO"""E'1'..,U,l/"'l:1 .;~-~11 1r->n 1' ..... L m't zer u..'•· n 1· 'tg ·· ·,_, i. Lc..1..> l for o c:' -~.i.0n to ... '.i- j r. nerc.l Cl 'l.'k 'Lhon er te1 · ci into cor.:: .;' r ce c.lc ,.,'"' ,l ·h Gene:r:::..lJ,. ,m.rid 1· a.t lc,i"O 10111·aund con-':;i,..Pe'. j_,1 confer 'l'l~C ,..o ..... hom· ., He l 1 stn.toc' J a·';, :, e conclusion of t '~ c011£erer c., , +h1.:..:G ,..,,_;::c .nl "'..._ ~ ~r .u..., '..,.l 1 tho"'OU~ ly in a.ccor,, .:::.-:,1t: ·, i,Ln i:01· Oi:,v'".._1,ion.1i,lii.LA..'-:::: :s- ·n pa' """ C' l,_.,_: ~, J 1 0 �j11 a~mr or t·1 c...;1. 1; ~ rne ,1 n ., ~l .u. ,"' ,, "211: 1. ~r rn ..,_w "' ,Ct..."' .... d Generul _ l idg ........ u,.(,'t.(,. .Y ·1.J~r : ac' u. 1 roved Gen_rc.l L:• 1 .J v J T"'I.. ~ • - \ :....,· C '• Gcmr>I•a.l n er r J ro::ci l'J · rr er eJ:1tio.... of •1~......rt:I:, .., ..... ,1cl CCl'"l,ai11 .., )0 : •• I lu. • Z"""-'"-tc . Jrc1 Divini(,,. > • hie .... .1- ·, .J im ror ..;.;ci'.:.y ar;; tL ,1 ,o akc c.~u.ilrr..ft i,... ,L ,::.11 made a• ail bl o tru. 1i.. ;0.1.'1, j t.nd a fe.1 of is ...·i:..f-" o.r::.G11 rc.l "' ···.i...c t , Gf ,.,;J ,'.;r 1 D vLio1 ce1':; . ·11 ·~(' ort ·o Fi.ZtL 1 J Fortur1e fa, th3 li.;Ur f11t11·e ,o r Jcwiv v· rec..,ion:3 i:...., ,o .: o.1•-f t 1 _ Jru Divi:::ion mu 1" Cu.ll ' on ·o :L.,. J FiftT, i 1 : '.:.:ieutenn:n- Colonel Du.r : ,, of -t1.< Lu.n ers, ~ ny Fortune receive :n-"o .. f'lc.tion O' · of .c,, """ i-1 rt o o :....".lg('r "la• <,I.lions c,,:r,orc.tion. Ge 1eral Clar.:.: Genei'al Gir ( .t .., ul:.-:o r;oi...,G :.G.,ice 01 :f1 .:.rmer r:.::Ll1 G e aske 1"1 rk' Ss lia.i.,on _. llcd to answez· 11no 11~ ·n v:.c., o , l-,,-r>n ·ea,l:r,-.:3 .,he 111ili .... ,j1 ...1 ry xPv-':'._,i.011or 'os ,agnn rr t/ "o..,,, e ".'lem, t,. joy::: a. wit t, ,,, .t:l,,r G::"'J c ..... i::: CTonr· .,. •• ~::; ve y , • .k- ii,._,.:Lionas t..r c.'°' 000.t "'r .... tio nnn1;r.:..l Cla"l.. j Colonel 3ram1 '-'-nclCi:.. •tr..:1-r- ~lc..., ..,r-- ,.., th~ nicl.t c..; li'ail' n : ·•ch i:.,, L: t...JY..,,nco 1elo1" c .....1 C'f ""r• • .. cily .-. I -t::; loc, 0d c ) -.,t / l igl,t "lea.r Genorn.l .i;. lnxt...nde! ' ::: Hea,d uu.r "'rw ..... > l .. :r:i 1 i::: H, ' ½.... 1J ...... :.....''L _. C'O r:, ,.,ic· ,..; mer ly of t nt~ . field,, 4 * Tt: ' r:-..: ,i.LG!E .s-•nsTAG 'J::"'rr * L0 a.Ying Ci 1 <>li t..·1· urt ~l , t.in .rle a.rr:.vel c.t ...,1 Ac, ·tnc. "lP·,r to 'n::.so., P,ln~n e , A-ri•ri f; ;..ur:i..... l'; , 194 I" L" C- '/", .} th 1 '"'irnl .... /' c ,,.,_ il::. .,J., of I" re: • • ft :· ., For tune "vu. ,e ..... .(>t_,,.r ,oor ·•n ""' :::ierie.., o" -r- 0 to o: t 1 r...,, GPne:rc.l Cl~.:r1c +1~,,_r, ,.,.,,. .J.he s 0u": rcncP::: cone r •· l, o \_,;, c• 0 �(, tion :... 1,un er of h'::, :.· n.ff o ficers .dth ., II l·mrnor tl :....tt. o wounc.1roceivc(' 1~~ Gon0rn.l Horrock.., had '3n made I u.1 a.i.1• ~ru..." m..... · '16 gun , 'I'! 0 1110 , t..· 1 [;0'1v t .rough \ ·"' •.}dy and had J ch e .... c hi-l: i 1g any ~r,: t ... ar s , 1.,.1 · t no, ::... ca , l 1,-0t..r... that E "'"'O"': •.; .•.:.11 r> lt.1: ~ u r ;roe or ''\y,r ~1<"' tL., . .. _o· , ,:i.., : ·1,;lc..f'!l-'t1en · '."lill )•~ 1.... ''lot 1 th:,_, ..{Ur .;tion of Gen r..... ..le--t..n2cr .:no • 1 ....,3 ye , .. ii 1en l'.i<:: ~0rc...l GL.r:: as,,.cr ln.s. nizht , e me nm:. le to eive u re l.r.1- ......: ri0 m ..,,.,r>" to 1.t ,ms E...Vt:.:'1r.. lo o ay,. ic , nfor u1a. ,e t 1a Lor,·ocL ...u'll noL l-;( ::... lo o serve ,. ll.S ") :.md coT"lm ..... nded t'·"' .. _•·~i:Jl "Co call ·1e ,va, acro.:i::; Li. ~ti. l:...ndTuni;:.;ic. . 0 Enemy jn,, 0 11.:bcnc0 hut. r-c-~1 c->ceivcd to 1e nffpc·, Lat ·. c S Lu...'!O i:..r0u. ·::; no'V'r occn ied \/ [., unt ~ .7000 G r11un r 001.Js s m:...inly ""lr../'A u of V1e 1·tT ranzer D:!vi..,.:on , a ..oll 1 no ..n o.nd :'::.r..,-1; li'1e l"'r"'man ont fi • T, is :'ur •.nr :.J: 1 ,ho.t Ge:.·mc.n a · r orne oz p m··~o. 'lortL o:' •T I ·,.... , .:~;c1-- -is 6 oi'1~ o n t·"', ·-c-, of y the ~2n,i A '1' o:-rn viv·.,•o. \1L.e h ·n• t ..;...;eGerman trorp.., o.ve arrive: i~ :, _,... ·mal com'.,. 0:' evmit.:: t:L' no : · t 1cr t\cy c."re leal'no< 1 cf 01 r 1-,.:.'o cl u:L ,0.0:. le not kno,'11.1 11u :in o.n ,o.:, evrmt it a en.rs ao t 01l£P t, Mcric>.... c..r,rJ"3rj ,i..,h roo s 1:..rr ...,o ne to re .. ri · cei'lo o r o.::.i .io 1 in O 0ra.tio·1 .A A • ' 1 '; IE" i A 1805 Gen,..ral Gl..i.rk a. rrrt1J.l'11i +,o roisy 1 s ain5 ""le 1"an ing Ge ·v1ral an •i:::i aide e · ore go.'..ng o ed , Cll. tt. .i'1 ..,. Jlu::. J.:oo off from r~L.iDO"l n 1unC , "'i-.er su J1.-..J:r t' e villa s l ~ Comat t,. , r...; ~' i.... S".'rim·• 1 the • r!iterr::mean, f.l:''?~...:,,, 1 1043 .. e~ oral ".ilt. ,~ cl: cve 1,o e'Yler.:..1J .....le , r s {ot..d 2v . 1 Generc.l ... ·il• £., '."1( ....' 0: <} -i ~o- ~-l •1._: ·~ri ·· n pe "c, .•r.P1 .! G , "t...l ~;n.lL.,,, r... • :. 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".r~e, _ Lie 1te11c.. ,-' .1.. 1-,., ~ .. ::11··r"'...'Jr-· ,~n'! li. e~-· '' c, Nlt'Y .I Cr)"'lfl1a"1(' 'i"1: "'" ·•o::rock ....1 ;..., ( 1. d ,i ',' o'"' a.:.::.•orn~ ' "'ar ... J; ..... mr"""i'}~n ..... ~~, ( 1''.•..J . "cr;r,.,n.~·J uy ..... 1 P ~1 n ,.,L.,;l C .,J ~ ..t · r, ~ oak c.ny , . ~ :'~ u: ;, '1-'1.... ro.: ,g ...... ...... ~ n1uLc 1U'1.C 1 I" ..,U:."'y. } 'U-,,.-..>- V ~,. l -1-; ~, .:'.)"'- t..,..."{ ... ,,,.. ~· ,, h .'.'1 r: Qlif"'L,. j ,,.. ,,..,,.,..,u , GL... .... .... . - ,... ' u } .,. ,l,I,~ ~ 1 1-'-'b 'V , f) o:::- .. . ...io ~ el: .,, r,·1or ., -..1!'1J.. T 'l - ~ """ JI:,-✓-' ... l) • V 11 r o·" ,, r .... "_" {} 1 , l•1di:, .... . " "' 0 """"" 1TYJ·•a v··· ~ r.1a,1~ , ., u."11 ..J·L~ t "' • • • -~ .. J. J"l.. l, , ,..J..,, , '·. , ..]"" ~r '.:rf!"I _ _, '- ""u.u ; " .L CL '..,a .. o ·",om fo:.. l J. l ! • r .i~ ''' J .,u 1-. 101-. "':, ... ~..,~'.!.. '-u ~Ct. " ...>~· .r.,f\"'1.., ► S •.,! '"" v- ,y G,,...,ral ..., , -1-' m zf'll".I I• ... , 1'-'-'10• ~-• 1y~ ,, . ,oo.:.:c 0 ~ , 0 .i. -· v..- �{bl ll>STAGAIRM-•A'001JST 1943•-General Clark spent the morning 1n hia of• _26, f'ioe working . on papers and oont'CTing with ftrioaa ot his start on the tuture operation. · In the latter put of the morning he conterred with Brigadier .General lloSban7, who is Deput7 Conmamer or the 15th Jn,- Group's .lllJ0'1', aening 1n that oapaoit7 under Lord Rennel of Rod. General •oSherrJ' pat betore Oenen1 Clark the plan tor the ooordination or AJ011' personnel.~a J 277HI pauomNt aarri.oes,and tunotiona with ntth 1N7 Readquartara 1Jl Operation AVALAlDIE. A •cstion •de up or AIO)T pers<>nnel, beaded b.r Colonel Rae, w1l.1 be amped to l"itth Aflq and . will be Wider the oontrol or the .ConmandingGeneral during tm initial or m.lltar,- pbuea or the operatien while the territor,- in question ta being sabjagated. The aecstion will be considered as muaha aecstion.or t.he l'if'th knq Headquarters as, tor amlJ)l.e, the Qmrtemaater Secstion or the Chemical Warfare Seotion. Lt. Col. Sutherland, l'itth .lray' 1 a Lia180ll Ot• tiaer, will act as the go-between between this aection am the Comnanding General and CMet or statt. Whenthe attbjupt1on or the territor,- bu been oompleted and the llilltar,- phaae or t.he operation ia finished, the personnel or the AIIIOT Notion will Nftrt to the oontrol ot the 15th Anq Group, but it 111olaar that until that ti• oonea General Clarlc holds•• oompl.ete oontrol anr civil aftaira •tters as he does ewer ld.11• ••ben '817 operations. l In the afternoon it as General Clark's plan to eee acnwal ot t.he prhcipal mall.er units outside or the 36th D1Tia1an whioh are going to be a part ot the uault oOJffl)J'. Due to the tac,t that the G-.3 ottioer frOll the 36th D1Tision who was a~ General Clark u guide diet not knolr the loation ot the units to which he had been aaaigned to take the General, the whole ot the afternoon •• asted. General Clark, ao• OOllpl!ded b,- General Graenther, Colonel Salt nan and Captain Byles, took a late afternoon 8ria at the beach am then returned to General Clal"k 1 s Till.a tor aupper together. * * * ll>STAGllEM-Ailf TUROX•!l>STAGAN.811•-AUGtJST EL 'rl, 1943-General Clark apent the JIC>r'D1ng his ottice working on Operation AVALAlfCHE. about 1200 1n At General Ridgway, Coaandmg the 82nd Airborne Di'Yiaion, arriTed at the Headquarters and oonterred with the General in the ott:l.oe and at'terwarda at lunch at General Clark' a rllla. The subject or the discussion was the objection or General l>mm, ot the Troop Carrier Collll8nd, to the airborne phase or Operation AVALANCHE. General Dunn, who bad prm.ousl.7 aaquiesoed to the plan, mw tabs the J)Ollition that the re•suppl.7 problema •• it illpraotioable to oarry the plan oat. After oonterring with Genaral Ridgthe Comanding General prepared an 1ndorsement 1n repl.7to the basi~ comun1oat1on. The indorsememt set. out 1n unequi..-ooallanguage the C-IIIIDdiDg Oeneral.'• opinion upon this iaportant qaestion. •7, •1. I haw discussed this •tter with General R1dpa7 toda7 and I concur with his riewa as upresaed 1n the baa1Q oorrnunioation. •2. The uae or the 82nd Airborne D1Tia1on Task P'croe 1a an eH91ltial part of Operation AVALUCHB. The general plan tor its aployment has been OOYered b7 me in oonf'erenoes w1 the Oomander•in-Chiet, th General Alexander, �(D3 ( Tedder and Lieutenant General Spaats. It has been rq deunderstanding that all or theae OOlllll8Men haw appl"OT9d the ot Ail" llarahal finite llisaion or this task toroe, am that thq oonsider that it baa area• ■onabl• ohance or mooeN. »ming IIODl9 these aonterencu the Comor . •nding General or the Troop Carrier Comand, Brigadier General Dmm, •• present. this •3. PositiTe and praotioable arrangements tor the ~suppl,- or toroe IIUSt be •de without dela:,. Until I •• informed b;y General Ridpa:, toda:,, I •s not aware or the existence to in paragraph 3, basie oommtmioation. ot the doubta referred I urgentl:, request that the renpply phase tor the a!l'borne be aompletad 11ned1ately, and that :,ou issue the neoeesa?7 instructions to immre their aeoution. • 4. operation •s. It the remppl7 1a to be •de b;y a!l'oratt other than transport planes, it is important;that the Comanding General, 82nd Airborne Dirl• sion ba advised without dela:,, and that NpNsantat1Tes fJ'om ~ head• quarters oonf'er with hiJI oonoerning the lll0d1t1eat1ons which 1IU8t be •d• on the bombers.• ( · At 134S General Clark and Captain B;rles took ott in Cub planes from llostapnem and t'1n to QeDel"al Wilaon'a field at Ain el Turck where thq wre aet b)' •jor Morgan in one ot General Wilson's aedana. •jar llorpn took the a.oera1 and his aide to General Wilson•• .linel hrok Till&, where the 7 a1ted tor a tw m.nutq so as not to arrl:n too ear~ tar the appo1ntaent whiah General Clark bad at 1500 with General Ju1n at his R•dquartera. A tw minutes before the hour tor the appointmen\, · •3m> Morgan toot General Clark and Captain B7les down the rca.4 .to .TrGlff11l.4t and brought th• up to General J'uin' a Beadqaartera at preoisel:, 1500 hours. General Jllin and aGftral or his start, including General Rooae'Y9lt, l'itth Ara:7' liaison otf"ioer, ._.. - at the entrance or the Headquarters to • greet the Colllmandin, General. Aftc- reviewing a pard or honor, General Clark, with Captain B7lee acsting as illterpreter, spent about 40 minutes in talldng with General Juin and two ot his start ll!lllbera. General Juin •s, ot oourae, curious to lmow when General Clark plans to use his Prenah troops. General Clark'. answer to this question WU that he would UN them at the earliest possible acnent that transportation taoilities, which are extl'9118l:,lild.ted, would pel'lllt. He eat.hates that Frenoh troops will be brought into Ital.7 80M tilie bn■eeA D,145 and J}/60. Re asked General Juin whether the FNnch would be read:, by this tia, and General Jmn replied that the)' woal.4 det1aitel7 be ready- b)' D,l4s. The tint troops that J11in ia going to send will be 2nd lloroooan Dini! on. In the •an• the, at General Clark'• invitation, he is going to aand De llontaabert's 3rd Algerian DiTiaion through the hftsion Training Center, whioh will be kept running after the departtre or the l'itth !I'll}" b., the C-in-C. B7 ooincidenoe General Juin asked General Clark whether the General planned to eend an •Order or The Da,- to bis French Troops. General Juin nplained that nob an •Ol'dei- or the Da1"would aillpl:, be a letter t'l"olll the Conmanding General in whiab he states his pleasure :ln baring the Prenob troops under his co.and. General Clark replied that be had written such a letter that TflfT morning, and he woold ... to it that it•• proaptl:, deliftl"ed to Dody''• C, �- Qeneral J111n. The letter in question reads as tollows: •1 want to let ,uu am the ... bers or ,our Expeditionary- Corpe bow bow deepl.J'I and the personnel ot the Pitth Arrq appre«late .tbe honor or ban.ng French troope assigned as a part or the Pitth Arq. •• ot the filth A:ffq are acquainted with the gl.or1olls llilltuT history- ot tha henah knq and with the pr-esent deterail'll tion or the lPNnGh aoldier to win a n.ctory which will tONYer restcn to 10'1 -,.ar belcmtd Franoe. I want to yu11 that w of the Firth Arr, are equally deterained to bring about this n.ct.ory am look tcrward with ben antioipation to the prlTJ.lep or being aasooi&ted with the French lxpeditiOD81"7 Corpe in aaoomplisbing that lliaaion. assure •I a SUN 1Vll bow bow int.rested rq ·ataf't and I an in the rapid re-equipping and · training ot ~ 00111U.nd,so that yo11 and ,.our oftioen and 119D •Y -.rob by the side ot British and American troops in the battle . to liberate Europe. . We shall do enrything we oan to facilitate your-~t1.,. "I wald appreoiate brought ( to the attention ~ banng the oontenta or this letter or the 11811l'bers .J'O'll" ooJIIB!ld.• ot At the oonol.1111ion tbl oont ot .... , General Clark, Ids aide and lfajor llorgan wnt tor a abort ma on General Wilson' a beach and then the toraer ho returned to -lo9'apDa11 b7 plane, U'l"in.ng be.ck in the ottioe at about 1800. The Oomandi.Dg Oenaral worked until arhr 1900 hours and then retlll"D8d to his rllla tor supper. Be Ntired early beaauae he plans to rise at OlJO toaorrow morning to attend Operation COWPURCHER 1a the rehear•l which landing exercise tcr elements or the auault OOlffl)J" in Operation AV.ALdCHE. A letter was dispatohed by General Clark today to General Mo0Ner7, the Carwanding General or British .X Corps. This letter reads as tollow111 •t want to let 1"11 and the pereonnel or 1"J11%' 10th Corps lmolr how deeply I, and allot llJ' AMrioan psrso11D9l, appreo:late the honor ot banng British troops assigned to the Fifth Anq. •I au aenre you tbat the Aaerican VI Corps and the other l"itth Arwr organisations teel that it rill be a distinct prinlege to be asaooiated in oombat with a battle-prt>ftn organisation IIUGh the loth Corpa. All aa or the ~ Aaarioan .. bera or rq oomaand are acquainted with the nploita ?th ArllONd D1T.la1on, 46th and 56th Dins1ons which aontribated notably to the Tunisian rle\ory'. or "I also want 10ll to know that I do mt look upon this l"inb Ar,q aa but rather as an Anglo-American team with bat one thought or cooperation to the end that our assigned aission ma7 be sucoess• tully aOGOmplillhed. an Aaerican organisation •t would appreciate yr,ar banng the contents or this letter brought to the attention of the membersor ,-our eonnand at an appropriate time." �Jl>S!'AGAHEM-AUGUST 28, 1943-Riaing at 0130 this morning, General Clark, aecompanied b)' General Gruenther and Captain :Byles, lett the villa at 8200 and droft to the road jDotion ot the lll!lin highway to Ol"an with the rc,ed lNding to Pcrt-e.uz-Poul•s, where the:, mat General J"1n, General Wilson, aome or their statta and Lt. Col. o•lkhundra. With the latter acting aa guide, the part:, then proceeded to beaches in the rlcinit:, ~ ( •aber• st. L•, where Operation COWPUNCHER, which was a dress rehearsal tor Opera• tion AVALAN<JIE, oomenced with the arrival ot the tirst assault n,w at 0300. The attack was •d• b7 the Ulat and 142nd RCT•s, •ch attacking with two battalions abreast. The 143rd llCT was held in resem at the dis• poaal. or the Dirla1onal C011Mnder. General Clark spent N'ftral hours rlait• ing different sectors or the beam and observed 11&n:, aiatakea on the p,.rt or both Anq and la.'91' personnel. 1faul personnel, in 801D8 cases, did not understand the signal lights which were Jr()Tided to guide them to part1• eular beaches. Aa a result of this, fthielea became llired down as they were unleaded and took the tiae ~ angl.edoura to pall them Ollt. There were 0011• aiderable delays in the &m1111 11111ater :ct· waTea, although the t:lrat two wafts arriftd on eohedule. Jrti.llery, tanks and ~1 .. b'aratt either were not la-ought 1n at all or arriwd too late. The big British LST•a with bridges that pi-ojeot from openings 1n the 1'olrs N9ll to be blpraetical and du1tn had to be unloaded from th• wer the aides. The pl'ojecting lridge1 wre not long enough. 'l'heee am other will be -brought oat at a critique which will take plaoe tomorrow in the YI Ccrps area. General Clark nttirned to hi• Till& tor a late 'treuf'aat and then went dire~ to his ot• tice, where he spent the rest ot the mcrning. weakne•• ( General •a back 1n Headqmrters again in the afternoon, about 1730, when he went out to the beach, taking General Pence and Colonel SUlli'ftn ont with hill. Rettll"lling to the Till.a tor dinner, Colonel Brann joilled the pert:,, am General Clark apent the nening talldng with theN oolleagl1N and old friends. The 0--.nding working until General Pence will be in charge ot SOSat the Port or lfaplee. Be n.s F.astern Bue Section. He is working in eloae collaboration with Colonel Tate, Pitth Ar,q G-4, who has recently' re• placed Colonel stuart Vincent because ot the illness ot the latter. to1"119rl7 Ccanancling General ot the * * * ' ll>STAGOD-.lUGUSI' 29, 1943-General Clark spent the mrning in hie office. Arter lunch he drow :to Port-an-Paules where he att.ended the critique ot Operation OOWPUNCHER. critique took place in a groYe or trees at the The aonthern edge of the Tillar. and was p;-esided ~ b:, Lt. Col. O'llatnmdra. $J,Nbra, 1n addition to L • Col. O'llalmndra, wre General Dawle:,, General Walker, Admiral Hall and General Clark. A mmber of faults were 1:rougbt out in addition ·to those 11e11tioned in ,-sterdq•• d1ar:, ent1"7. Chief aong these •• the criticism that in some cases Army personnel had been held aboard landing craft tor aa long as six hours bef'ore being debarked. It was also obse"8d that soldiers in nWl9rous instances became lost from their units, that soldiers were seen sleeping at various spots atter crossing the beach line, that •DJ'were seen in Cll!lNless and inattentiYe attitudes demonstrating that the:, considered the ll!lneu11'er as or no partioular importance, that anti• aircratt gun positions had been poorly' selected and that as a result the �lOCo guns nre silhouetted, torming excellent targets for the .enemy'. Colonel General Dawley and General Walker pounded hard on these and other taulta which were obaarftd. Adairal Hall }lad Tery littl.19 to aa7. General Clark was scnewhat put Gilt by what appeared to be either a lack of knowledge or what had taken place .during the aaneuvar on the .part or the Adlliral or else what was perhaps a mere lack or eoergy-, drive and initiati'Ye ;on his part. The General was courtesy itself' toward the Ad• lliral. HoweTGr,he could not help throwing him a tw questions which he telt the Admiral should haw been able to answer. Untortm,atel7, the Adairal unable to 'ilnner them and doubtleea 8111"tered someembarrass• 1N11t before the ueting as a rerut. It ia the hope or Genetrd Cl.ark. that this •7 energise the Admiral and his subordinates into 90M oar• rectin action 1n the fn days that remain. Adniral Hall aalled for eome apeoitic criticism. Arter the meeting was over, General Clark in• formed hint that General Lange would prepare a maorandum or his observa• tions, and the 118110randum be suhllitted to Admiral Hall tomorrOllf. will General Lange bad himself' .been hpt in a landing cratt for six hours be• tore being debarked. O'llahnndra, was At the conolusion or the critique, General Clark rode back to his ottica, where he spent the remainder et the afternoon in working on AVA• LlNCHE plans. Major General Luaaa, representing the0-1a-C, U'ri?ed at the Head• quarters this afternoon, in ar-der to aaaist the Fifth Arrq in &ll7 ft7 he oan in -.king its final prepe.rations. He is staying at General C~k•a TU.la. .. General Clark is •quite disturbed about the ap~t lack or energy on the part or the NaTal high oommamers this operation. tor Both Ad• ll1ral Hewitt and Admiral Hall are Tff'Y slow mcm..ng. It 1s true that the:, haw aucoesstul.17 completed two amphibious operations. AVALANCHE, however, will be more difficult than either ot these and against atU'.f'er opposition. General Clark .would be 1111Gb happier in his own mind it the• naru otf'i• cera were JiOre aggressift in their attitude. For e:mmple, after the cri• tique toda7, General Clark, Adairal Hall and Oaaodore Jones, or the Bri• tiah l'la'f'7, were talking together. Coanodore Jones ia in charge ot the 3 British LST's assigned to the )6th Mnsion at Oran. Adm1ral.Hall oam• plained that he bad 110t7et receiftd aDY"written order assigning Jones and his ahips to hill. General Cl.ark raurlced that Co111110dore was there Jones read:, and willing to go, that be had his ·ships with hill, that, ' in f'aot, the7 were alread,- partially loaded and that it •de little difference whether an order in writing bad been reeeived or not. General Clark .f'elt that this attitude on the part ot AdlliralHall is typioal of the attitude or the llayY towards the whole operation. Instead or being aggressift l•ders, the7 haw to be either coddled or nudged along. General Clark .f'eels that the American Na"7 generall;r baa shown a less aggressive, bard• hitting attitude than the Br1\1ah laV7• The Br1t18h Navy always appears read,- to go ahead and slug it out with aD7bod7, although it •ans the loss or men and sh1pa. OUr lfaV7, aa rar aa General Clark's experience shows, appears to hang back and be umrlll:lng to oonmdt itself' on 8!l3' venture whioh llight not turn out to look well on the reoord. �General Clark's address to the officers at the erltique was an inspiring one. He stated that the taults that bad been lrought Ol1t 1n CfflfPtnfCHER would be correoted and that otfiOffS JllJSt not reel cmtrl.y disoouraged by the tact that they- bad •de so manyerrors. It was fortunate, indeed, that the Iii.stakes were Jade then so that they- oould be eorNoted. General Clark went on to say- that he had known Oenan.l lfallmr and the higher ranking ottioera or the D1ns1on tor DIUY' ,-rs and bad tollowed the career or the 36th Mn.• closely since its induction. Be thinka there are no tiner troops anywhere in the world than those ot the 36th Diriaion, and he bas implleit oon• tidenoe in their abilit,- to earry oat the asdpd ldssion. Be bade th• good luck and godapeed am stated that the next time he would see tmmwould be upon Italian soil. The audienoe was olm.011a]y 1.ntensel7 110ved by the apeeah, and it is oertain that the enthwd.aSJI ot the ottioers who heard Gene• ral Clark will be passed on to other M11bers or the oc,aand. The contrast Ntwen the slow IIO'rlng, slow-thinld.Dg Adairal. and the quick, decisin, energetic Arrq Connander who tollowed each·other on the rostrum could not but haft struck torcibl.7 8'ftey<>nepresent. •1= 1( ""' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, July 8 - August 29, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from July 8 to August 29, 1943. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1567 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/39779/archive/files/e482df942d63a24ff1007233ff02d473.pdf?Expires=1782345600&Signature=is%7EUf-8T0KP-3JlX2%7EVoQY-6KBfw7kXjAOaw01kAmrVHZA0w057jQEe-Y88fLLoZ5C%7Exjz0O8F-ikhsPPv3rTuScAs-5urDmo7b2zUBI56xU3q%7EpP-0Aghmy7EdPAzl%7EZSQGJQOTaHZ6zGUMatZqyqZ9IwZPg42urLqRctWR5YKACAfUnLR1jNV-4TAVuTsmcCstF1Tb4EVNH-yzmYTya8ya4qfuyKNFNhdDi7WoiPk9S1c14DO%7EGWt5BYTuaUAIH2NFCtkA-JaSA7clAIOaoOri0IkACAx-W81aN1RbLpF0Qkv-Ie6ObutHOLEIkTiGCjZI0fo3LB7rIcsj7J8wWw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fa763bab43a4f9723637675f055cefc4 PDF Text Text NOI'E This is volume four of the War Diary of Lieutenant Generd Mark W Clark . . The first volume, covering the period June 28 to September 24, 191+2, has been deposited, in care of Brigadier General Floyd Parks, at the Army War College , Washington, D.C. The second volume , covering the period September 25, 1942, to January 6, 1943, is in the possession of General Clark . The third volume, running from January 6 to June 6, 1943, is also in the possession of General Clark . ( ,.:5 0 - �J OUJDA, Jl!.NE7, 194.3--There are two outstanding developments today. One-the appointment ot a special planning board to be headed by Colonel Kamlerer-ia of' direct and urgent importance to the Fifth Arfif1'. The second--the resignation ot General Nogues as Governor-General of' French Morocco-is of vital interest to General Clark since Nogues bas been the head French official in a greater pa.rt or the Fifth ArJJf'Jarea. · \ General Clark has a large conference in his office this morning. Te 15 officers be indicates in general terms what lies ahead tor the Fifth Army and how planning is to begin imniediately on operation BRIMSTONE. sketches to these Re officers the background leading up to the decision to have the Fifth Army pl.an for and be prepared to execute operations against Sardinia. Colonel Kammerer, the present Fitth A.l'llJ' G-3, is mo.de h.ead ot the BRIMSTONE planning group. He is to be relieved as G•.3 and put exclusiTely on BRIMSTONE. Colonel :Brann, who is now f'i,ing here from London, will be the new G-3. Kanlerer will be given a special planning st&tf and a special set of pl.arming rooms. A "war room" is to be establisted in -the baeeaent under the G-3 section. Attending this morning's conference are General Gruenther, Colonel SaltDlan. and Major Porter from the Chief of Staff's and Secreta.r;r's Of£ice; Majo1•King and Colonel Howard of G-2; Colonel Kammerer, Lieut. Col. Woodand .Major Dresser from G•J; Colonel Vincent and J/42.jorEberhardt ot G•4; Colonel Paxton and Major Finberg or the Engineers; General Moran, Major Earle and Captain Brown or the Signal Section. The Filth Army Commanderpounds 1lard on the necessit;r tor absolute secrecy in planning the operation. He points out that during the planning in London or the North African operation that he "sent home in disgrace" a tew officers who were careless with their tongues and with the manner in which they handled secret doCU11ents. "We have received a directive," General Clark tells the conference, · "calling upon us to plan operation BRIMSTONE. It crone in today. We may never have to execute this plan but the planning must not be indifferent. We cannot tf4ke a defeatist attitude toward preparing for it and I'll bust SJ\YOne find taldng such an atI titude. You can't go into ~ operation without planning for it with complete thoroughness. This is true of' operations that are put into effect AND it is true of operations that have never gone into effect. There can be no laksidaisical planningl BRIMSTONE now our first priority and I am setting up a planning com• is m.ttee with Colonel Kammererin charge. This headquarters is engaged in many activities-training, dealing with the French, equipping the French, handling arf'airs in the area-and this keeps the Headquarters General and Special Staffs in-volved in other types ot work. I am there.tore setting up this special group tor planning and Colonel Brann will take over the G• 3 section. The heads of' most or the sections will be ex-officio 11embersor the planning board." The BRIMSTONE group is to move tomorrow into the otfice now occupied by the French Liaison mission. Later its roon will be expanded to talce in other offic es uatil almost the entire southwest corner ot the echool buidlings will be taken 1 over by Colonel K81lIIlerers group. "Whether or not we execute BRIMSTONE depends a gre~t deal," General Clark continues, "on the success of' the comieg invasion of .$ _ 1EJ.+1, it is successful, ·Ir one of two operations will come ott. Our invasion or ~ f'ollov,ed by a move on Corsica or a landing directly on the toe and heel of Italy. Our priJDarT task is planning BRD'!STONE. British Headquarters in Cairo ' will do the planning tor an invasion ot the Italian mainland. �3 ({,..,?<-I"~ ' [ ' ., will ~~:~r~~ t, ~~1$ t ! ~:~ "Our planning enough equipment to train with. Wewill lack invasion era.rt, service units and a lot of other vital elements. We will have to reconstitute the 82nd Airborne Division so we can use it and that is why' I 8.11 nowhaving an Airborne Replacement Center set up near Oujda airport. Troops t'rom there will be used to re-build the 82nd so we can use it . " Foll.owing the conference, General Clark immediately sets the Headquarters Commandant to work to make room for the Kammerer group. Special :re,sses are to be issued to those to DIIII with complete knowledge of BRIMSTONE they have access to so the planning and "war" rooms. General Clark also handles other 110re routine matters during the hot day. Colonel Mickelwaite comes in regardizig courts martial cases. other general and special staff section heads file in and out of the general's office. The resignation of General Nogues results from French pressure, principa.117 from deGaulle. Nogues "collaboration" with Vichy prior to the Allied landings last November make his removal, in the eyes of some French leaders, mandatory-. Nogues, a professional soldier, is to be replaced by a civilian, M. Pu.awt, a deGaullist. This is Nogues1 .farewell message to tbe Moroccan population: "My dear friends: "I bid you m;rfarewell with peace in my heart. The main task or the mission, which France has entrusted mein Morocco, has been ful.£illed. "The Protectorate, when I took it in hands, was in an uneasy, unbalanced state. Order and prosperit7 have been a permanent equipping effort which has been pursued despite all of the difficulties created by the war, guarantees this country a brilliant economic future. "The Axis menace, which laid heavily upon N rth Africa, has disappeared. The 0 integrity of the Moroccan territ,ory remains assured. In the middle of continuous and contradictory currents of events I held no other ambitions than to kee» my eye firmly f'md on the end to be acheived: 'Saving France and Morocco from enemy hands.' "Mymission is accomplished at the moment, the unity of our forces is regained, the n the horizon lights up, and I would be happy, if my leaving, in facilitating such an indispen~sable agreement, will contribute to speed up the task of our delivery. "The most pa1n'f'\11 sacrifice which I was forced to make to the country, was in 1940, when I had to accept an armistice against which I had recommended the utmost resistan9e. "A responsbile military chief in north Africa, who has always shown his valor and his honesty, I bari the imperative duty to conserve our integrity, and prevent involvement in an adventure with no hope of success, because we l acked enough strength to resist a German invasion, and because no help from certain directions, could be asm1red to us. "All this and the repeated interventi ons have not been in vain. Our African countries were spared from occupation, and conserved an army to resist aggression. This pledt e of honor, to maintain the integrity of our territory, was the maste rpiec e of our politic act' nrHstanoe, ag-a.inst the Axis in Horth Africa. Highly lived up to, it permitted us,~ by day, to ,oppose the most alarming intentions of the mermans,to establish bases in Morocco. "Bound together with unhappy France, the Protectorate, during two years observed a .state of mourning, and helped to alleviate the sufferings of the Metropole; it maintained, and secretly enlarged, ~n elite army. �Uovember 8 1 1942, we had to keep our word. We have done so with grief. In acting this wa:y-,we avoided the German intervention. Disciplined to sacrifices, even to the sacrifice of thought, our troops, full of enthusiasm, in one group, rejoined the battle on the side of the Allief, against the commonenemy. They participated effectively, and glor!lmusly, in the victory in Tunisia. "My conscience feels that I have done my duty. With confidence, I await the judgment of liberated F~ance. Morocco has already done so. Destiny today looks brighter; my heart is hope.t'ul of close V!lc ·tory, and .feels highly attached to Morrocco, and holds also an af.fectionate regard .for all those who have helped menin 11 0n my task. "I salute the flags, and the colors, of all troops of the African army, regular and irregular, whom I had the honor to have successfully under my command. They fought glorlhously in France. Through their heroic conduct in Tunisia, they have re-given us the military pride so close to our hearts, and to those of the Moroccans. As . their highest reward, they are actually receiving American war equipment whi~h will permit them to take an even much more important part in the liberation of France. "I could never say enough about the complete help which has been given me with unlimited self devotion .from the civilian, and military administrations alike. Through their splendid tr11stworthiness they contributed towards the high morale of the native population~ "I couldn't but priase the services of our well founded administration in Morocco, unanimously envied by the outside world. "I think with affections o.f the French population, who works hard to acheive results, who has never stopped to batter, and to deJ.ielop the agricultur al, the commerieal and the industrial resources, whose enterprising spirit has well.understood to stimulate the eeonomic life of the country with workers whose professional capacities have served as best examples, and have been of advice to the many different types of craftsmanship. "Nevertheless, my Moroccan .frierids--and the ones from the most humble fellah (native farmer) or craftamn, up to his Majesty the Sultan, who always assured me his friendship and his conf'idence--kho have given me the most touching cooperati on. All the maghzens, the natige chiefs and the native officials, the students, most evolutionized from our own schools, and the professors .from the musulman universities, etc .., have shown an understanding and devotion, which I will never forget. "It ia dur:L~ my ~ in Morocco, while applying in the spirit of the Protectorate, for the prosperity of the country, the politique of my venerated master Marshal Lyautey, that I lived~ most beautif'ul, and most fruitful years, of my life. I have always considered Morocco my second fatherland. I laave Morocco in my heart. "Today it remains the outstanding duty of all--and I demand it urgently, in particular .from all those Frenchmen, and Moroccans, who are devoted to me--to help m;y- uccessor, s the new reppesentative or France, in Morocco, with all their strength. Under his authority, they shall unite all their thoughts, and all their actions, towards the war efforts of our two countries. "Men come and go1 France and Morocco live on! General Clark works steadily at his office throughout the hot afternoon, has dinner alone at his villa and spends the evening reading and brousing around the house. * * �5 OUJDA,JUNE 8, 194.3--Clearing the decks tor action on operation BRI STONE, M General Clark calls General Smith, Chier of Staff or AFHQ,today and asks that the I ArmoredCorps and attached units be pulled out of the Fifth Arm;rtroop list. Thia Corpe has been attached to Fitth Army despite the fa.et it is preparing to invade Sicily and ha.s no connection, except on paper, with the Fifth Army. The Fifth Al"IQ' Comaander wants to strip the station lists only to those troops that are available to him. General Clark has his three aides-Captains Houston and Byles and Lieutenant Beardwood••into his of'fice this morning to explain plans tor the invasion of Sardinia and to orient them on all matters pertaining thereto, principally the need for meticulous security. He explains the setup much as he did yesterday to the lammerer group. He goes into problems or the coming Sicilian invasion and tells how its success will go along way toward whether or not the Fifth Army will execute BRIMSTONE. The Sicilian operation is headed b~ General Alexander with General Patton commanding the American forces and General Montgomery the British forces. "The Combined Chiets of staff have been unable to name one man as a commanderof all ground•airnaval forces," General Clark says. ''History will haunt their lives for not making a decision of this character. You ~l: m:, words." Despite the fact BRIMSTONE now the first priorit7, General Clark must still is keep his eyes on possible developments that might affect BACKBONE.Along this line, he writes the following letter to General Giraud: "MyDear General: As ;you know, as Commanding General, Fifth Arsrry,I 8.11 charged with preserving against aggression the integrity 0£ French M0 rocco and of Algeria west of a northsouth line through Orleansville. I have alread;r concluded arrangements with the Resident-General or Morocco whereb7, in the event of hostilities, all French troops in Morocco, less the 2nd Armoredd, 2nd Moroccan Intantry, and the 4th Molllltain (formerl;r crd Moroccan Infantry) Divisions, will pass to the commandof the Commanding General, Fifth ArrrtiJ, on D-day. . "It is requested that 7ou accede to silllilar arrangements for the foregoing excepted divisions, together with the lat Armored Division and all other French troops west of a north-south line through Orleansville. It is further requested that you agree to direct correspohdence, in connection with planning prior to P~, by this headquarters with any appropriate headquarters subordinate to yours. Cordially Yours, (s) Mark W. Clark, Lieutenant General, U.S.A., Commanding." Throughout the da:r, General Clark has several conferences with Chief of Sta.ff concerning peysical arrangements for the BRIMSTONE planning staff. The French liaison office has been cleared • and the Kamllerer group has moved in. General Clark also confers wi·th General Ridgway of the 82nd Airborne. Ridgway has maey matters he wants to discuss so General Clark has him f'or lunch at his villa so the two generals can talk over use of the 82nd Airborne and how it will be re-built up following the Sicilian invasion so it can be used against Sardinia. Prime Minister Churchill, now bac~ ' 'in ...England after ··. .. '"~. . , his trip to Washington. and �Africa., "To General Clark personal and secret from Prime Minister ••• I am very sorry that the arrangements form:, return from Algiers mat.leit impossible for me to have lunch with you. I had looked forward greatly- to seeing you again, and I hope that it will not be long before I do so. :eest wishes." At 5:30 FM, General Clark goes to his villa and soon General Gruenther and Captaina Houston and Lieutenant Beardwood show up for a ping pong match in which the Fifth Ana:, Commander's two a.ides whip the CommandingGeneral and his Chief of Sta.ff. For dinner, General Clark has Colonel Vincent, his G-4, and Lieut. Col. Bruce ot the Medical Section. * * * OUJDA,JUNE 9, 194.3-•TwoBRIMSTONE conferences are held today as the planning group gets down to work and General Clark widens the size of the group brought into confidence on the Bif'th An11"'s new directive. In the earl~ JDOrning, General Clark has all his section chiefs--with the exception of those who a.re already informed on BRIMSTONE--into his office: Colonel Boatner, Army Engineer; Col. Sull:lzan, Army Quartermaster; Col. Robinson, AntiAircraft Officer; Col. Martin, ArmySurgeon; Col. Barker, Chemical Officer; Col. Nible, Ordnance Officer; Col. Beam, Air Officer, and Col. Markoe, G-1. After explaining the directive, General Clark continues: "There is a damn good chance that we will execute it. The best possible plans must be developed. There can be no looking back over our shoulder for the possibility of other tasks. This is our first priority and I don't want to hear any gripes that it can't be done or might not be done. The tentative date is somewhere between September 15 and October 1. Although you people won't be directly connected with the planning, some of the people in your sections will be right in the middle or it. Each of you must submit as soon as possible an estimate of your minimumtro op requirements and kindred matters. All of you will be more-or-lese honorary members or the planning group. In approaching this thing we must work from the basis that we will have too few troops and not enough time to plan. We must work, work, work. I want all of you to keep the directive constantly on your minds so you can develop new ideas, present theories that might occur to you. I want each section to subnit to me a report on what it will want in con.~ection with the operation. Lack of things won't stop me. -I'll improvise. I'll have mock-ups made for the missing training craft. 11Above all, I want your ideas. I want you to be thinking day and night. I want you to bring me your ideas, no matter how fantastic they may seem. Two ideas have already occured to me. Invasion boats make certain noises that can't be muf• fled. I 1m toying with the idea of having one or a few landing craft cruise off the north shore or Sardinia with records plqing onamplifiers the sounds that landing craft make. It would be one :form of diversion that might be worth trying. The second idea is using the little toy crickets that children use. These could be used, particularly by parat-roopers, to communicate with each other. It would be an excellent method of getting a com~ or a battalion together in the dark to1lowing a jap. These ar~' examples of the idea.B that I am talking about." The tirst major BRDiSTONE conference is hel d today as Colonel Paxton of the Engineers gives office r s who know about plans for Sardina a terrain appreciation. Paxton has been studying Sardinian publ i co.tions in --England., Algiers and Oujda. �E He gives these facts about Sardinia . It is the second-le.rgest island in the Mediterranean. Its greatest length i s 66 miles; greatest width 80 miles. It contains 9, 000 S(luar e l!liles of territory. It is separated frol)J French-0\med Cousica by only a 7 1/2 mile strait . It's cl osest point is 125 miles from the Italian mainl ande Bizerte is only 100 miles away so it is closer to us than it is to the Itali ans. The western section of the island is hilly and cultivated with a few fairly wide valleys. The eastern half is mountainous and di ff5 .cul t to traverse. The bulk of the 975, 000 people living on Sardinia are in the western half of the island. The highest point on the island is two peaks, both 5, 500 feet high. The principal ports and the four major airfields are in the western half. A distinct terrain feature is the valley extending northwestward from Ca.gliari ., the :i.aland ' e: principal city and harbor on the south coast . The valley is 60 miles long, extending to the west coast, and 10 to 15 miles wide. It is principally farm country and all types of forces could move there. It contains four airdromes: two usable by heavy bombers, one by medirnn bombers and the other by pursuit craft. Another strange terrain feature is a lengthy 1, 000 foot high escarpment running ENE through the center of the island. There are only two passes through this strange formati .on and through them pass the highways and railways . It will present a. tough tactical feature . The northern part of the island is filled with ravines, gullies and washes and the roads in that section are very winding . The road net in the south, west and north is fairly good. In the east it is poor . The key to north and south mo'\"0roent the escarpment . The be s t road is a 25 foot wi de highway is running from Ce.gliari through the wide valley to Oristano., the port at the other end .. No where is the valley over 100 feet above sea level hence it is a flat , straight road. It connects the two best ports on the island. The principal eastwest highway runs from Bosa 011 the west coast to Orosei on the east. Thi.s road is fairly good and straight halfw~ across the island, then, in the eastern half, becomes steeply grD.ded and twisting . The key to the escarpment and the main city i n the center of the island is Macomer The island has one standard guage railroad . that ru.'lB from Caglairi northward to the north coast , t hen turn s east to Aranci, near the northeast tip of Sar dinia . The are other railroads of varying narrow guages. They are mostly in the mountainous regions. The railroads, because of the terrain, have many tunnels and bridges where rail traffic could be effec ti vely sabotaged . There a.re two la .rge dam 011 the island and they supply most of the .hydroa electric power. Cne, south of the escarpment , near Macomer, backs up the largest aritifical lake in Europe. By busting the dam, the entire southern section could be paralyzed . Our bombers have already caused extensive damage to the dam. Crosscountry movement is feasible in the southwest, west and north coastal regions . Roads in the east are canalized and smart defense could cause great delay and losses . The winters are mild and rainy , the summers dry . The average ra i nfall is 25 inches with the heav-lest rains, in the mountainous interio1· going as high as 50 inches. There is snow on the high mountains from October through April . The water supply is scarce in summer. The west and north coasts have the heaviest swells but l andings would not be di fficult because of the absence of heavy ti des in the Mediterranean. The best landing bea ches are in the south and southeast sections . The beaches have a gradient of 1/40 and 1/ 60, excellent f'or the approach of landing craft to the beaches . At present the Italians reportedly have two reg.., u1ar divisions on the island: one a cca; artillery - field artillery t outfit and the oth er presumably infantry . G- 2 r eports show the Itali a ns could build their Sard in4.an force up to fot.n' infantry divisions and two coastal divisions . ~~ ~ ie~f.t~~ ' >f:t; .~: ~~;}~~ !;\~ ~ .- · :·~:~~~.· · ~-~;~ _, , z · : 8""Ui'f'-!J 7, ·JBs ;: 't\Q.~~r:y, 't '.lr. ;'.J '\ -~1''k ~ ' S1) ~' '6 ;n: .~ J: ~-~· · ~4 f".'l':C:<~ ~,. t.?J· ,~ ~~l;'- -~ {'". ~ ,-\J:,. �( Arter Col. Paxton has finished his lecture, General Clark makes a few remarks, stressing the need for absolute security on what the Fifth b.rmy is now working on. Ge11eral Clark greets another new group of officers recently arrived at Fifth Following his established custom, he gives them a short talk welcoming them, congratulating them on being assigned to Fifth Army. He tells them that "we are headed for combat" and advises them to devote themselves to perfecting themselves for the day when they do go into battle. He stresses the need for alertness. Army.~ During the afternoon, the General flies to Saidia in his Piper Cub. In an accompanying Cub is Colonel King of the Air Section. The general goes out for a short ride in his boat, then returns to Oujda, arriving at 6 PM. He pilots the little 6ub all the way back, taking it off and le.ndihg , it. The general has distributed to all members of the Fifth Army today a memorandUll on military discipline. Its~, in part: "The 11aintenance of the highest standards of military discipline is necessary in order to build and maintain an capable of successfully accomplishing the arduous missions that lie before the Fifth Army. I accordingly expect all ranks to demonstrate at all times the most rigorous compliance with the requirements of discipline, cleanliness and smartness, and to act promptly and with appropriate severity on all breaches or military discipline by others. The standards of the Fifth Arrrty in these matters depends on the personnel itself', and neither the officers nor the enlisted men of the Ji'ilih Army should be satisfied, aey more than I will be, with any but the k highest disciplinary standards. They are the foundation upon which battle effic- · illncy and victory are based." The general then outlines regulations relating to saluting, military bearing and ·neatness and billets. ~ In the e,rening, the general has one of his aides, for dinner. Lieutenant Beard,mod, at his villa * * * OUJDA, JUIIB 10, 1943-..A.nimmediate and urgent matter is tossed in General Clark's lap today and he devotes most of the day to organizing for a vital tour of inspection that :idlKBritish Secretary ot State for War Grigg will make in the Oran-A.rzew•La Senia area. Word of the Secretaries trip to Africa is "' eceirid r at 8 AMand by 9 General Clark has Colonel Lewis on hie wa:y to the Oran area to make preparations for the visit which will take place June 14. The General qevotes the entire morning to organizing the tour that will last six hours. He decides what troops will be reviewed, where Secretary Grigg will be taken, what the program will be. After conferring with General Gruenther, it is decided what troops will be alerted. General Ridgway is called in from 82nd Airborne Division headquarters so tho possibility of a mass paratroop Jump can be canvassed. Grigg is coming to North Af'riea to look over tr.oops that are atout to push o:tf in the Sicilian in-.asion. General Clark plans on flying to La Senia tomorrm, to go over the ground where Grigg will be taken. Just before noon, General Clark has his public relations officer, Colonel Clark, in to make preparations for covering and photographing the trip of the high Jill British official. The Fifth Army's new G-3, Colonel Donald Brann, arrives at Headquarters at noon. He is met at the airport by Colonel Kammerer, ~ho will head the new planning group and the officer that Co, ~,.._ to replace. Colonel Brann baa ·"''" · �l lunch with General Clark at · the C.G's Villa. During the meal, General Clark explains the entire plans and training set-up, orienting Brann on the problems that will face him. E &1,U!l; L"'""";;l.,,,. J ,1,,im;k~"" '~C.~,~~ ~;i;i.~~ ;,": r.i,~ .:'t .,,. • ~~~t~~t!l!J! ✓ : General Clark works steadily at his office throughout a hot and long afternoon. New ideas are woven into preparations for Secretary Grigg 1 s visit. At IJ PM the Firth Army Commander gets a break froo paper work as four newly-commissioned second lieutenants come to the general's office to be congratulated and have their pictures taken with the Anrr:r Comril8.Ilder. During the day, General Clark sends the following cable in reply to Prime Minister Churchill's message: "Greatly appreciated your thoughtful message. It was a great disappointment to entire Firth Army personnel that you were unable to pey- us visit and review our troops. Visit by you would have been tremendous impetus to us. We hope for a visit at some future date. Best wishes." General Clark receives today a report on Lieut. Col. Sutherland's audience yesterday with General Nogues. The report, in part)(, says: "He (General Nogues) said that be bad been much impressed by the ceremonies at Headquarters Firth Ar1n7on the occasion or the visit of General Orgaz. He said that he had been greatly impressed by tho perfection or the reception and especially by the fine organization of the parachute demonstration which he knew had produced a strong impression on the Spanish. I said that we all had admired the way he had gone through the cermemonies despite the injury to his leg ••• General Nogues then · began to talk quite f'reely about the history or his relations with Genere.1 Clark. He said he thought General Clark was one of the few people who understood the situation thoroughly at the time of the negotiations immediately a:fber the American landing, and said that he doubted that the situation had been understood by our publicists in the United States. He said that he knew that General Clark has an run the risk of criticism because or the arrangements made with the French at that time, but felt that a peaceful working arrangement in French North Africa until the enemy could be cleared out of Thnisia was a primary necessity. Nowthat we have won in Tunisia, he was satisfied to step down, and he felt that history would do him justice for havi:pg co?15ributed to that end. In June 1940 he had wanted to continue resisting the Germans, but felt that had he done so a German occupation of North Africa would have resulted. He said that he felt that the Americans would have a less easy relationship with the Algiers government than they had had with the preceding one ~nd that the French governmental functions would tend to be much more centralized in Algiers than they had been prior to the Giraud-<leGaulle accord. The English, he thought, were working for a · larger measure of oontrol in North Africa, and McMillan was outplaying Murphy• ••• General Nogues said that he felt that he needed a rest for a while, but when he had recuperated a little he would be glad to serve France in any capacity whatever ••• General Nogues said that he hoped that when France was reconquered he could meet General Clark in Paris where they could taast a well-won victory." A.rter a day ot highly concentrated work, the Firth Army Commandergoes to •t 6 FM, plays a few games of ping-pong with Lieutenant Beardwood, has dinner alone at the villa and spends the evening reading. his villa * * * �lO OUJDA,JUNEll, 1943--With such a short time in which to make preparations for the impending visit of British Secretary of State for War Grigg, General Clark spends the entire morning eoncentrating on the Brit,ishera tour. Colonel Lewis is making preliminary plans at Oran and Arzew. He reports to the General twice by telephone during the day-o Inst4ad of fiying up today to look over the route and go over plans on the ground, the general decides to wait until Sunday when ha will fly up and go through a complete "dry run" of the entire tour from its start at La Senia airport to its finish there six hours later. \( Already some Fifth Army ~rsonnel, in addition to Colonel Lewis, has gone up to the area where Grigg will review American and British troops and inspect training facilities where units :participati..Ylg in the Sicilia,n invasion have had their final preparation. · Regarding the Sicilian operation, the island of Pantelleria, Italian possession in the Sicilian Straits between Sicily and Tunisia, surrenders today to the Allies after terrific bombardment from the sea and air! The key island has been under almost constant attack since May 29. This neutralizes a vital spot on the pathway toward Sicily. Major military point about Pantelleria is a subterranean airport which the Allies sea and air forces have been hammering for over two weeks. Thus, Italy loses another possession and the Allies arc ever closer to her home soil. The only non-Grigg conference or the general's this morning is with Col. Fifth Army Judge Advocate General, who comes in to discuss several courts martial cases. Mickelwaite, C With preparations for the Monday review going smoothly, with the BRIMSTONE force getting down to essential on their planning task, General Clark takes off shortly before noon for Chaney-and the Fif'th Army Leadership and Battle Training Center9 The Fifth Arl'J\Y Commander has planned to visit this new and highly improtant Center earlier in the week but had to postpone a scheduled visit yesterday because of his directive from AFOO make all plans and preparations for the to Grigg visit. Arriving at the school, General Clark lunches with the school staff then goes out to watch the students--officers of company grade and non-commissioned officer--go through their first indoct r ination to fire problem. He watches a platoon go forward with ita own machine guns firing JO inches ofer their crawling bodies and with 81 and (:/j mmmortars lobbing shells over their heads. The General is pleased with the discipline and the way the problem is con• ducted. However he is 11horrified 11 that the British instructor is indoctrinating the American troops with British., not American, technique. The assault by the platoon is conducted along entirely British lines. General Clark tells General Wilbur, his director of training, that this must stop i:rm: 1 edia.tely and that 11 we must teach our own doctrines. 11 "It is too late," continues the general, "to s:bart learning new tricks; particularly when we have mastered our own old tricks yet. We can take all valuable teachings of British doctrines and ·insert them with ours. But this must be done by incorporation. We can't confuse our troops by teaching them British methods this late in the game." The Fifth Army Commander, after loold.ng over the Center and its training facilities, declares that this new school II is progressing nicely and much has been done in a short time." He is particul~ pleased with the discipline. The troops that the general see _ ......,... ...._~w,ii,1- the school's first class. ,,__ ~ Se �( After watching tho proo em for two hours and questioning the students and instructors, General Clark flies back to Fifth Army Headquarters in his Piper Cub and arrives back at his office at 4:55 PM During his absence, Brig. Gen. . James L. Frink, deputy Quartermaster General of the U.S. Amy, has arrived. He is met by Colonel Sullivan, Fifth Army Quartermaster . Frink inspects Q.M. units in the Oujda area . Back at his office, General Clark works until 5:45 PM clear • ing up pa.per work and checking over once again with Geneml Gruenther the pro gress of preparations for British Secretary of War Brigg ' s visit. He then goes to his villa and has as his dinner guests General.3 Gruenther and Frink and Colonel Sullivan. The quartet discusses supply problems, particularly as they relate to the Fifth Army• The Army's Deputy Chief of Starr, Colonel Saltzman, has returned from a quick trip to Fez where he conferred with His Ma esty, the Sultan of Morooco, j concerning the Moslem official's late June visit to Oujda . The plans for the visit are shaping up well and Saltzman returns with a report that all is proceeding satisfactorily . * * * 0UJDA:..sl1.IDIA-OUJDA, JUNE 12 , 194.3--General Clark works on three pbmblems during the morning. First priority is the pending visit of the British official, listed in ·the directi~ as the British Secretary of State for War but believed to be a much higher-ranking person. Two more officers leave for Oran this morning to make further preparatfons for the vi sit: Lt. Col. Smith, headquarters commandant, 11howill be in charge of transportation, and Lt. Col. Broaddus, Provost Marshal, who will handle pol:tcing and guards. The general sews up details of tho visit and lays plans to lea ve here at 8:45 tomorrow morning so he can make a "dry run 1t of the ceremony. The second big matter taken up by the General is BRIMSTONE planning. Word bas come that the Fifth Army plann .ng group might have to move to Algiers to be closer to A.F .H.Q. Gene~l Clark says he ,vill 11stl"'ongly" oppose such a plan. General Gru.enther calls Algiers and enters a vigorous protest to such a move. The second development in line with BRIN~TONE the receipt of a directive to is the Bri ·tish calling on them to plan for the inv-c1.sionof the toe and heel of Italy in the early fall. This is the companion project to the Sardinia.n invasion which has been · set up for piAnning and possible execution by General Clark's Fifth Army. The thifd thing tha.t occupies the general ' s morning is making plans to be certain that training at the Leadership and Battle Trainj_ng Center is alorig American,, not :British, lines. To be sure of his ground, the General pores over training manuals. Je al~o seea about improving the ration at the school. After world.ng on the three above matters and other papers that come through his office, General Clark lunches at his villa and then leaves at 12:45 PMfor Saidia by automobile. He is accompanied by Major Roberts and Lieutenant Beardwood~ At Saidia., General Clark checks on improvements made through the change of command and confers with Lieut. Col. Keeley, the new commandant of the Fifth Arrrry Recreation Center. Following thl.s, he goes for a swim with Lieutenant Beardwood and Col. Gale, iir Section officer who is spending a few days at the Recreation Center. At 5:15, the Fifth Army Commanderreturns . t9 Ou da and goes directly to his villa . Aft er �✓ dining alone, General Clark has four visitors: Colonel Saltzman and three diplomats from Spanish Morocco: Mr. Elbrick, second secretary of the U.S. Legation at Tangiers; Mr. Flexer, , who is going to talce up a new post at Melilla; and Mr. Clopet, of Tangiers and an expert on petroleum. The talk revolves around the new post that Flexer is ta.kingo General Clark brings Flexer up to date on his relations with High Commissioner and General Orgaz. · If you don't think an army conu.nander has to deal with all types of problems, look at the following letter that has been received from the womanwho runs most of the brothels in the OUjda district: "Dear General: Veneratad, glorious and distinguished one, let benediction and grace be upon you, greetings: I have the honor to request you to accord me, out of your high consideration, the authorization of B.M.C. (Bordel Milite.ire de campagne, i.e., accompaeying brothel for troops on campaign), whether in Oujda or Ta.faralt. My conduct is eood, never convicted, and I have always been correct toward my chiefs and conformed to the law. Please Accept, General, the homage of my most profound respect. Your Obedient Servant, (s) Saddiki Fatma.. P.3. The patroness Saidia of Tafaralt has been sentenced se:veral times, and I never have." Repl~ng for the general, Col. Sutherland of the Liaison Section answers in 11 words: "It has been decided that the authorization sought cannot be granted.'' * * * OUJD-ORA A N-OUJDA, JUNE1.3, 1943--General Clark makes a irary run 11 today of the entire route over which the distinguished British guest will pass tomorrow. The Fifth AI'r!ly Commanderleaves for Oran in his C-47 at 8:45 AM.Arriving there 45 minutes later, he begins the "dry runn from La Senia airport where the British official will arrive tomorrow morning. Proceeding at the speed that the convoy will follo\V tomorrow., the General goes over the entire area.. All troops who will participate and that can be in position today are lined up as they will be when the actual inspection oomes.. The general even has his lunch under a. grove of trees where the English dignitary will lunch tomorrow. The route +eads from Oran to Arzew, St. Cloud and the area. surrotmding the Invasion Training Center,. Colonel Lewis, who has been working night and day on the program, accompanies General Clark. Details of the route will be given in tomorrow's diary when the actual event is covered. Arter going over the entire route and satisfying himself that all is ' in readiness for the inspection and review; General Clark gets back in his C-47 and returns to Oujda, returning to his office at J:40 PM. The weather is extremely hot. At his office, General Clark imrnediately goes i nto conference with General &ruenther to explain how the 11dry run" went and to pave the way for small refine• ments. Colonel Howard is brought in to alert three Counter Intelligence Corps officers who will go to Oran tomorrow in connection with the special visit. During his absence, General Clark has received-the following message from �\3 radi~liift~}~b~ 7? t;; 18:l! ~ .S General Patton. The ~ t~~~1 quest that the I Armored Corps be detached from the Fifth Army because of its impending use in the Sicilian inva.sion •. This is the ro.dio: "Having learned with deep regret th.at higher headquarters has removed the I Armored Corps from Commandof the Fifth Army, I wish to express you my sincere thanks and the deepest appreciation on the part of the entire Corps for the helpful, kind, and efficient guidance you have given us in the pa.st." Generf\l Clork answers General Patton as follows: "Deeply appreciate message • •• • I reciprocate your regret that I Armaed Corps has been removed from my command and desire to express my appreication and admiration of the splendid and cooperative manner in which you and your organization ha.ve· operated since the formation of the Fifth Army. The keen interest and best wishes of the Fi.fth Army will go with you in all future undertakings and it is my hope that we will be associated again at an early date. 11 ( Colonel Howard, Fifth Army G•2, has received an interesting ttsummary of information 11 on an investig~tion made of Caid Mansouri of Berkane, the area just north of Oujda. In part, the report states: "Recently, hO\Yever, Mansouri was much impressed by au American beau geste towards the Arabic population, and has related the circumstance privately to some of his European acquaintance · , al though s he has not told the story widely among the Arabs. The story, as told my Mansouri, runs as follows: 'When General Clark invited the Pasha of Oujda to dinner, the Pasha was unable to use his own car, due to the lack of gasoline. When General Clark learned of this, without any request being made upon him, he put a regular supply of gasoline at the disposal of the Pasha every month. At another time, when the Pasha was invitod to dine with General Clark, the Pasha received a telegram stating that his wife was dead in Marrakech. He wrote a note to General Clark, stating that he was sorry that he was unable to come to dinner since he had re• ceived news that his wife had died. A major from General Clark's staff arrived soon after at the Pasha's house, stating, 'General Clark is very sorry to hear of the death of your wife. He knows that you wish to go to Marrakech and he has put an airplane at your disposal. When would you like to leave~• The Pasha decided that he would go at four o'clock. Exactly at four o'clock, not a minute before or after, but exactly at four, an automobile arrived before the house of the Pasha. The major took the Pasha to the airfield, where a cgreat transport plane was waiting, its motors turning, ready to depart . The Pasha mounted the plane and they left inuned• iately • •• 1 Mansouri continued, •That was a wonderful thing for the Americans to do. Can you imagine the French arranging aJVthir..g like that? ' According to the report, this incident bas made a profound inf l uence on the Mansouri, changing the attitude which he previously held. Thia attitude, originating from Mansouri, will have a great effect upon all those to whomhe tells the story, because of his enthusiasm." Press reports have come in from Spanish Morocco concerning General Orgaz' visit to General Clark. This is the only mention made of troops in the story. "Immediately, Lieutenant General Orgaz, Gene1·al Clark and the French Resident General Nogues reviewed in Oujda the forces of a French unit which paraded in dress uniform •• " General Clark makes this note: "Clever the way thfJ' ommitted die. play of force by the Fifth U.S. Army. Probably afraid Axis reaction." The Italian island of Lempedusa, south of Pantalleria has fallen and all Mussolini has left now is the Italian mainland, Sardinia and Sicily . His "empire" is tottering. �Colonels Sal t zman and Sutherland are completing arrangements for the coming visit of the Sultan . Tentative plans call for the Fi:rth Army to stage a military demonstration for his Sultanic Majesty at 5:JO PMon June 25th. General Clark writes the Sultan two letters today, telling him how anxious he is to have the Sultan visit Fifth Army headquarters and inviting him to tea at the Comanding General's villa m on June 24. Genera .l Clark Fifth has Colonels Army Co:rruna.nder to leave is Sullivan and Markoe at his villa for dinner . The early tomorrow for Oran and the big review . * * * OUJDAORANANDARZEW AREA-OUJDA, JUNE 14, 1943- --General Clark is host today to Hia Majesty King George VI, King of Britain , Defender of the Faith and Emperor , of India ! The king ·is the "special planned . visitor" for whomthe review and inspection · has been General Olar k, accompanied by British Lieutenant Col. Broke and Captain By:les, leaves Fifth Army Headquarters at 8 :00 AMand the party takes off from Oujda airport in the Fifth Arrrry Commander's C- 47 at 8:25 . Arriving at La Senia airport, Oran, at 1015, Algerian time, General Clark reviews a guard of honor made up of the second battalion of the 47th Infantry . The General then double - checks with Col. Lewis, Lt . Col. Smith and Major Jackson all arrangements for the review and inspection that the King will make. By 11 AM, several other general officers have arrived at the airport: Patton, Bradley, Eddy, Larkin, Keyes and Wileon . Shortly after 11 AM a four -motored York boml::er, escorted by fighter planes, , circles over the field . Landing, the York bomber stops in front of the honor guard and King George, wearing a suntan shade army uniform, steps out of the plane. General Clark, who has not seen the King since he was summoned to Buckingham palace last tall, steps up to greet his Majesty. The King is accompanied by Sir Jrunea Griggs, British Secretary of State for War; Colonel Kavanagh, equerry to the King; Group Captain Fielden of the Royal Air Force, and Colonel Calthorpe, a meml::erof Sir James' ate.ff . General Clark conducts the King in front of the honor guard and the King and the Fifth Anny commander take the salute as the band plays "God Save The King." His Majesty and General Clark then troop the line. The King looks the troops over closely. As soon as the guard had been inspected, The King and General Clark get in the Fifth Army Commanders Packard and, preceded by Geneaal Clark ' s personal ' motorcycle escort which is perfectj:y groomed and wearing white helm. ts with the e Fifth Army ins i gnia on them, leave La Senia to start the inspection of a number of . United States Army units located in the Oran-Arzew region. Just before le,ving Oran, the King places a wreat~ on the grave of an American soldier who was killed in the November 8 landing at Oran and who was buried in the American cemetery, a short distance north of La Senia . Leaving the cemetery and proceeding toward Arcole, the convoy passes the 376th Engineers (colored) . The troops are standing at attention alongside the road. The convoy passes slowly through while General Clark expl ains to King George the fun- T �,c,., . .. ,~ ~~ l"il'!~ ~.ki(~~~t!?.lfn,~iif(ffl!.'!f ( ~4.;t'.j'tlQt'S':<'!\, \;;)f't-flSl'P :*; \il,C:t'::X i'.?:l?;~~ '/;i\~W 'I'" -{;~;;i :!j ctions of this particular outfit. The procession of cars is quite long. After the spearhead of white-helmeted motorcycle riders comes the car bearing King George and General Clark. This lead ~ar is followed by a commandcar that is to be used at points along the route as anx open vehicle from which the King and the General will inspect troops. This is followed by a commandcar containj_ ng Counter Intelligence Cmrps officers, a weapons carrier containing newspapermen and photographers, General Patton I s oar in which ride the I Armored Corps Commander, Sir James and Captain Byles ; a car containing Generals Bradley and Wilson and Colonel Kavanagh; another automobile with General F.ddy and Colonel Calthorpe; a car with General Larkin and Lieut. Col. Broke. Other card with lesser officials, plus a Jeep with a . 50 caliber machine gun mounted on it, rounds out the long procession . Between Arcole and St. Cloud, the column passes the 753rd Tank Battalion which is lined up beside its medj_um tanks and the 645th T~ Destroyer Battalion. Both of these outfits are drawn up with their tanks and self - propelled guns along the road. Troops stand rigidly at attention as the column passes. General Clark and the King get into the commandcar and ride along the line of men and equipment in the car that has its top down. Another commandcar, with General ·Patton and Sir James Griggs follov1s behind. Near St. Leonie, the convoy turns off to the left and , after driving down a narrow, dusty country road, halts in a shady grove of trees . Luncheon is to be served here. The comy reaches the spot nine Ill'lhnutesbehind schedule due to the King's interest in the tank unit. Tables that will seat four persons each have been laid beneath the trees . General Clark, as host, has the King, Sir JJ ames and General Patton at his table . The lunch is served in G.I . mess kits and the main course is beef stew . The King expresses interest in the mess kit and the general presents him with one. Then Sir James, who has already spilled a little stew on his suit, asks for a mess kit . Ae with the King, General Clark instructs a mess orderly to get a kit cleaned up and ready for Sir James. When it is delivered, Sir James puts it on his lap . After a short while, General Clark decides he should look into the kit to see if the utensils are enclosed . He opens it-and finds it Ml or a large, fresh serving l The beef stew is again on the verge of running out on Sir James• already mussed trousers . At exactly 12:48 PM, the scheduled time, the convoy pulls out of the luncheon grove and proceeds to the Arzew-St. Lew;u area. Here, the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center puts on two impressive demonstrations while the King watches with acute interest . The convoy pulls up on the road running parallel to Arzew beach and everyone dismounts to watch the landing of DUWKSt11 and a half ton U.S. ( ·0 ••-,w■■ilUMu•ep■11.dmi1uari&1ipiiii~lirallfldUICIIIIJlBi_.aM11buimp_._ ..-: trucks designed for amphibious landings; they are a somewhat larger edition of the U.S. amphibious jeeps). The large trucks, loaded with infantry, which can nose their way down the ramps of landing barges and into the sea, approach the shore, ground their wheels and churn up onto the beach. The infantrymen then charge across the beach and the dunes in a simulat ed attack. They charge right up to the King' s party. It is an exciting show. Proceeding toward Port-aux-Paules, the party again leaves its vehicles and watches a company of intantry demonstrate an attack on a mock-up village and go thr ough st reet fighting tactics. Live ·ammunition is used and the demonstration is highly realistic with detonations and firing. Troops race up the streets with fire going over t heir heads and within inches of t heir hips as they hug the walls. �I I ET The King is deeply impressed, particularly with the discipline of the troops. The party then inspects two battalions of the 67th Armored Regiment, the 82nd Reconnaissance Batta1ion. These out.fits are drawn up alongside the road with the i r materiel and the tr oops a.re sta."lding at attenti on bes ia e their equipment . Next, the third b:i.ttru.ion of the 18th Infantry is passed and the King gets a close look at a regiment that saw rigorous service on both the south and north sectors of the Tunisian front. Proceeding hack toward Oran, the 41st Armored Infantry and the 70th Tank Bat~ i ion (light). Just short of Oran, the party stops at a large field where the .39'th Infantry Combat Team, part of the 9th Division, is drawn up ready for review . The King and General Clark drive in front and behind the lined up troops, veterans of the Tunisian campaign. Then, the combat tE-,am passes in review, both on .foot and in vehicles. Returning to La Senia, the honor guard again salutes the King. Just befo r e he reboards his plane, the band again plays 11God Save The King. " Already the .fighter plane escort is circling around overhead and as soon as the King ' s big plare is off the ground , they fall in around it. Before boarding the plane, the King shakes hands with General Clark and thanks him for a splendid demonstration . The long and involved program has run on a clockwork schedule . The King ' s enthusiasm has attested to its success. As soon as the King is away, General Clark re - boards his C- 47 and with several of his officers returns to Oujda. The transport lands at Angade .field at 3: 22 PMMoroccan time. There a~e other developments of interest today. Oujda has its first air raid al ert in months shortly after midnight . For the f'irst time, the slit trenches arotmd headquarters aro put to use. Nothing happens but later word comes th.at 21 Italian paratroops j Utlped at Aiu Temouchent, between Oran and Oujda . Twenty have been captured. From the equipment they carried , the purpose of th tiir jump was to demolish either planes or communications. Fi.fth Army Headquarters also marks today American Flag Day and United Nations Day. Colonel Sullivan , the Army Quartermaster , makes the speech of the day to the assembled Fifth Army officers. General Clark returns to his office to clear up urgent paper work in what is left of a ver.r busy day . He must also prepare for the arrivial here tomorrow for a three or four day vis i t of General Eisenhower, the Commander in-Chief . General Clark plans to talte Gener~l "Ike" to several Fifth Army Tra i ning Centers . The pro gram also calls for the C-in-C to have a chance to relax. * * * OUJDA - FRITISSA-SAIDIAOUJDA,JUliE 15, 1943- -The Aliied Commander in-Chief, General Eisenhovier, arrives at Oujda airport in his Flying Fortress at 8:35 AM today to be greeted by his fr i end of long-standing, General Clark. General Eisen hower is accompanied only by his naval aide, CoMmanderButcher , and his orderly, Sergeant Mc Keough. Behind fluttering flags, a motorcycle escort and a huge fourstarred plate, General Clark brings his guest to Fifth Anny Headquarters. The route is well -li ned with military police. r . At headquarters, the honor guard is out in fti.11 force. Generals Eisenhower and Clark, flanked by General Gruenther and CommanderButcher, sal ute as the band plays four f lourishes. Them, General Eisenhower j_ nspects the honor guard. Following this, Generals Clark and Eisenhower hold a long _conference in the Fi f th Army �,/ Com.118.Ilder's office. It ·covers a multitude of matters of a secret nature. General Clark has laid out an active program for the C-in - c. First on the schedule is a trip to the Fifth Army Engineer Training Center. After dri v-lng back to the airport , Generals Clark and Eisenhower, accompanied by Com ander Butcher, Col. Clark r.1 and two press association reporters, take off at 10 Arll. for the school at Fritissa . Forty minutes later, General Clark's 6•47 puts down on a runway that has been constructed at the school. After meeting Col. Wyatt, the school's commandant, Generals Clark and Ei senhower go out into the training areas in a com and car to · m watch students clearing a minefield. General Eisenhower , commenting that the mine was one of the most feared weapons on the Tunisian front, watches the work closely as students carefully dig up live mines and neutralize or disarm them. From General Clark and Col . Wyatt he gets a. report on hmv training is pr oceeding , · the _ wnber of students that have already gone through the school . General Eisenn ho-;ver is pleased with the course and with the disciplining andphyai cal hardening that the school is giving. At 11:5 7, the C-47 truces off for Oujda, landing there at 12:42. General Clark i mmediately takes his guest to his vil la for lunch . At 2:00 Thl, the two Generals , accompanied by CommanderButcher and Sergeat McKeogh, leave by car for Saidia . Upon arr i val at the villa, the party changes into swimming tuunks and Generals Eisenhower and Clark and CommanderButcher and Lieutenant Beardwood go swimming in front of the general's villa . General Eisenhower, taking his first swim since service in the Philippines, enjoys himself tremendously . When he comes out he sunbathes for an hour . During all this time, even in the water, Generals Clark and Eisenhower are more or less conducting business about army matters. Following the swim, General Clark takes General Eisenhower to his villa for re freshments. They sit on the porch in the breeze for an hour ,u still talking over army matters. At 5:10 PM, the party starts driving back to Oujda. General Clark has Generals Eisenhower and Gruenther and CoramanderButcher as his dinner guests . Afterward, the foursome plays br i dge with General Clark and CommanderButcher · trimming the C- in-C and General Clark ' s Chief of Staff . General Eisenhower remains overnight as General Clark ' s guest. Tomorrow, the C-in -C will visit the Leadership and Battle School at Chanzy. He will also go to headquarters of the 82nd Airborne Division and watch a paratroop jump. * * * 0UJDA_ANGADE-CHANZY - 0UJDA, JUNE 16 , 1943 •- The Allied Commanderin-Chief continues today his inspect of Fifth Army T1 •aining Centers and troops in the Ou a jd region . General Clark takea General Eisenhower out to Angade field, 10 miles out of Oujda, at 8:45 AMto witness a paratroop jump and so the C- in-C can address field grade officers of the 82nd Airborne Division. Arriv-lng at 82nd Division headquarters , Generals Eisenhower and Clark are met by General Ridgway. An honor guard is drawn up and General "Ike" inspects it . He then makes a short speech over a public address system to the division officers of the rank of major and higher. He welcomes them to North Africa, then . tells them that he is not sa t isfied with discipline in the theater. He declares that he noted yesterday while drj .ving past the 82nd Area that soldiers were slip ehod in their military courtesy, in their saluting, in their bearing, in their soldierlinoss. He then tells them that terrific tasks lie ahead and concludes: "We can do it ! We will do it!! And we v,ill meet in the streets of Berlin and talk about it U 111 �EtT{fflf~~Wi~A'~~ftllf@'r After looking over the 82nd area, General Eisenhower is taken by General Clark to a flat field near Oujda airport where he watches a battalion of field artillery make a mass parachute jump. Some of the jumpers land within ten feet of the Conmander- in-Chief . The artillerymen's six-part pa.ck howitzers are dropped in DIBequiµ.nent chutes and the paratroopers quickly assemblp them ready for firing. General Eisenhower is impressed by the precision of the jump. Follov,ing the paratroop jump , Generals Eisenhower and Clark and Commander Butcher go to Angade field, the big army airport at Ou .jda, and take off in three Piper cillb planes for Chanzy and the Fifth Army Leadership and Battle , Training Center . The three planes arrive there an hour later and General Clark, assisted by Colonel Loef, commander of the school, conducts General Eisenhower on a tour of the newst Fifth Army School. Genera.I Eisenhower then goes _ out to watch officers and enlisted men getting battle inoculation. Live ammunition is being fired over the heads of the students . Actual battle conditions are being simulated and the students go through the i r exercises with machine gun bullets whining over their prone bodies and with hand gl'enades and demolitions being thrown quite close to them. General Eisenhower declares this is just the type of training that a man must have t o he can go into battle without the i.nitial shbok , the first jarring effect of battle sounds . The party lunches at the school, sees another exercise, then flies back to Oujda in the Cubs, arriving at 2 : 25 PM . While General Eisenhower rests up at the Fifth Army Cornmander I s villa, Gen. Clark goes to his office and whittles away on papers that continue to pile in . An interesting letter has been received .f'rom General Nogues, the retired Governor General of Morocco. It says, in part : "The multiple questions posed by the connections between the American and Frencif Arnies ought to be controlled in a spirit of cordiality , understanding and confidence. The American Army has never ceased to give proof of this spirit. I am happy to receive word .f'rom the General Commanding the Fifth~ American Army that the representatives of the French Army with the Fifth Amy, and in particular , Col . Poydenot , their chief, lmow how, themselves , · to demonstrate like sentiments . Whether it be a question of satisfying reciprocal demands, of putting :Jdmi:xon their feet new French units, of organizing courses, of the delivering and collecting of materiel, Americans and French have worked in an atmosphere of warm.sympathy which has had the happiest results. The existence of such a close cooperation is particularly comforting, and its permanence will give more and more to the Allied Armies the cohesion which will make of them an invincible force • •• " Two interesting cables have come in . One concerns the last interview of a Mr. M~er, American vice eonsul at Rabat, with Nogues. The repor t s says, in part: 11Nogues e:>..-pressed adm5 .ration for the Americans and said he was pl eased that his la et day as Resident General had been spent at Oujda with General Clark. He spoke with admiration of the military demonstration; said that American troops had shown marked i1nprovement in the la.st six months and especially mentioned the splendid coordination of the officers . " The second is a digest of Mr. Childs' repo1·t to the State Department on General Orgaz ' visit to General Clark: "He tells of the journey to the frontier and the many courtesies extended by the Spaniar ds . On the way to the frontier, Genernl Orgaz told Mr. Childs, tha.t he adr.lired Admired Abraham Lincoln. Childs says of Orgaz after the return to Spanish Mor9cco: 'General Orgaz expressed his lively appreciation of the courtesies extended him by Gener al Clark and he was obviously very deeply impressed not only with the friendliness of the reception but with the impressive character of tho review, particularly the skill uisplayed by the parachute troops and by the perfeet organization with which the recepti on of �r l°J him was conducted. The remarkable smoothness with which the details of the reception of General Orgaz were executed excited the admirat:ion of every member of his party . 11 General Clark also checks over a number of things wi th General Gruenther . Organization of the BRIMSTONE planning force is going forward in good shape . Already, a staff of some 20 officers and enlisted men is working exclusttely on the Fifth A~ planning o Arrangements are also being made for the coming visit of the Sultan with the G 3 section planning a large demonstration. - In late afternoon , General Clark goes to his villa and soon the bridge game that was going last night is underway again . At 7 FM, Generals Eisenhower and Clark go to General Gruenther 1 s villa for dinner . * * * OUJDA-ORAN-ARZEWMOSTAGENl!,""'M-NOUVION - OUJDA, JUNE 17 , 194.3- "Any soldier who goes through Fifth Army trnining is going to be much better prepared to meet the initial shocks of actual battle. The training that I have seen is comprehensive, thorough and efficient . I have found the leadership to be excellent." This is the comment of General Eisenhower, the Allied Commander-in-Chief, as he completes today a thre e-day tour of Fifth Army Training Centers. The C-in-C 1 s quotation fo1· the press comes at a:the end of a day that is jam-~cked wit h action. ( Genera l Eisenhower, winding up his visit to General Clark at Oujda, departs the Generaltis villa at 7 : 30 AM General Clark is taking the C-in-G today on a . tour of w1its in the Oran area. The party is made up of Generals Clark and Eisenhower, _ CommanderButcher, CoL Clark, Mr. Whitehead of the Associated Press, and Lieut. Beardwood. General Eisenhower ' s Flying Fortress t.11.kesoff from Oujda a.t 7: 58 AMand lo.nds at La Senia. airport, Oran, 34 minutes later . Generals Larkin and Wilson are at the airport to meet the C-in-C and the Fifth Army Commander. area. A motor carav-c1.n pulls out immediat ely for a tour of service units in the Oran First, the generals are taken to ordnam~e repair shops. These cover square blocl'"..sand the most impressive thing is the plentitude of material. Generals Eisenhower and Clark go through .the various shops where men are making repairs and assembling new vehicles . Following the tour of shops and warehouses, the gener als go to the big General Hospital in Oran and General Eisenhower heads the party in a fast tour of the institution. He chats with patients, talks with doctors and nurse s . The party then goes down to the port of Oran which is cramr~ed with ships unloading supplies. The docks are covered with all kinds of materiel. The port has not dockside warehouses and the unloaded goods ar e moved out of the port region within 24 hourso From the port, the party proceeds to Canastel and the First Replacement Training Depot ., Here, General Eisenhower and General Clark drive through the encampment area. In the training areas, troops are taking calisthenics and close order drill • .A guard of honor is lined up in front of the he~dquarters of the commandant, Col . Christenberry . Generals Clark and Eisenhower troop the line then confer with Christenberry for 15 minutel3 before the convoy pulls out. Expressing a desire to see how the training is being conducted, General Eisenhower is ta..lcen to the drill field. Here he watches the men taking calisthenics wi~h rifles and talks to · the officers who �· '~-1,s~~~lt ( ~~-!T traini..llg officers and men just arrived from the States and who have not, as yet, been assigned to any particular unit .. The training is extremely rigorous, designed to toughen and discipline ·the men for battle. . From the training depot at Canastel, the party drives to Arzew and goes aboard a DUWK. this amphibious truck, General Clark shows General Eisenhower the harbor. In It is glutted with freighters and huge landing craft .. General 0 1 Daniel, who has joined the group., explains to General Eisenhower how the DUV!KS wort. The DUWK goes by huge tank landing craft that are capable of carrying €IJ light tanks. Their ramps are down and their interiors lighted s o the C-in--C can get an idea of their tremendous size. After making two trips around the harbor, the -DUWKgoes out through the harbor entrance, cruises half a mile and then e_sily goes a.shore, going from a a sea to land role. The party's ca.rs have been driven to this spot and the group climbs out of the DUVTK into the automobiles. Just to give the DUWK and ride a nautical touch, the aides whistle to "pipe" the Commander-in-Chief over the side. Continuing down the Arzew coast, General Eisenhowor is taken past the Firth Army Inv-a.sion Tra j_ ning Center comnando course area. Here troops with full packs and bayonet are climbing ropes, hurdling obstacles, getting bayonet practice. At another point, groups of four men each a.re doing exercises ·with logs six inches in diameter and eight feet long. The exercise includes tossing the log into the air and catching it. A beach landing, with live anmunition, is next staged for the C-in-c. I Arriving at General 0 1Daniel 1 s villa at Port-aux-Foules, the party has lunch. Here the group is joined by Generals Patton and Keyes of the I Armored Corps. After eating a cold buffet lunch, the party, with Patton and Kayes added and Larkin and Wilson returning to Oran, begins driving east along the coast. Troops are lined up along the road. They include tank uni ts with their vehicles, inf ant,ry• men who are tanned and tough and veterans of the Tunisian campaign, armored reconnaissance outfits, medical units. General Eisenhower rides in an open commandcar and he stands up to look the troops over more closely. All these units are to embark soon for the Sicilian invasion. Turning . off the highway into the sand dunes beside the beach, General Eisenhower witnesses a stirring show during which troops assaul·t an "enemy" machine gun emplacement. Riflemen and machinegunners lying right at the group's feet, pour heavy fire into the sandbagged emplacement on a high sand dune . Then, a man with a flame thrower goes right into the fringe of the fire and sprays the emplacement with searing fire. He is followed by a sapper who sets a charge and blows the emplacement up. The exercise is very realistic with hundreds of rounds of live ammunition being fired. Driving east again, the party passes through more troops lined up on the south of the road. Then another Fifth ArmyInvasion Training Center .show is staged. General Eisenhower sees the street fighting demonstration that has brought such praise before from the French generals and from King George. While troops pour live fire down the street and through the suildings, troops race from house to house, mopping up the "@nomy" demolishing buildings. ~ometimes the fire passes within and four inches of the street fighters' hips. General Eisenhower watches intently. Proceeding toward I Armored Corps Reinforced headquarters at Mostagenem, General EisenhOlver passes by more troops--infantcymen, a.mores units, ordnance outfits. At Mostagenem, Generals Eisenhower and Clark go to General Patton's headquarters for a conference. The I Armored Corps commanderreviews plans for the Sicilian invasion and takes the generals into his war room where the entire situation is explained. Troops are now being taken to points of embarkation for the pushoff for the assault on the big island just off Italy's toe. . side B !.li ~-. •'''fk,~~ ~ - < · . . .-,.,.. -· ,.. • . ,. ',., -•. ' .. ·• . ' ' . •. . ·· .• ,t .•. ' ,..,• ' ~~ .... , ,,;.f, ~;., ,. ' - t j �When the party emerges from the ma.proom, a band is in the headquarters courtyard. After honors are played, Generals Clark, Patton and Keyes stand before a platoon of combat ordnance troops while General Eisenhower inspects them. The party then reenters ita vehicles and starts ' the drive to Nouvion, the arnwairfield about 20 miles south of Mostagenem. During the first seven miles, the party again passes long lines of troops standing at attention along the west · fringe or the road. Arriving at Nouvion, General Eisenhower bids goodbye to the group. He expresses to General Clark his appreciation for the three-day tour and complimenta h.un on the excellence of Fifth Army training. General Clark's C-47 has flown to Nouvion during the afternoqn and as soon as General Eisenj!ower has boarded his Flying Fortress, the Fifth Army Commandergets into his transport and at 4:03 PM takes off for Oujda. An hour later the C-47 lands at Angade field and General Clark goes into headquarters. He confers with General Gruenther concerning devel• opne11ts of the day at Fifth Army Headquarters and then, at 6 PM, goes to his villa . During the past five days, General Clark has been constantly on the move. A great deal of work has piled up in his office and he hopes to have time during the next few days to clear this out of the way. He has Major Nygaard for dinner. * * * OUJDA-SAIDIA-OU,JDA, JUN'B 1 1943-•Working away at top speed during the 18 morning to clear up some of the work that has piled up during the past five days, General Clark spends his entire morning on paper work. In the afternoon he drives to Saidia and spends the afternoon on the beach. Looking back over the past five days, General Clark reviews today a few interesting incidents that arose during the visits of King George VI and General Eisenhower. Of greatest importance was a conversation between the Allied Comm ander-inChief and the Fifth Army Commander. General Eisenhower, near the conclusion of bis tour, expressed his pleasure to General Clark at the excellence of the Fifth Ar;ry schools. He said he wanted personnel from Allied Force Headquarters and other units to get the benefit of the typeof training General Clark was giving men of his own Fifth Army. General Eisenhower then said he had had several discussions with General Marshall concerning the future of the Fifth Army Commader. General Clark is n looked upon as one of the best training experts in the United States Amy--at the top of the list with General McNair. Before coming overi~eas a year ago, this was General Clark ' s prime job and he has mastered it. General Eisenhower reports he has turned down requests for General Clark's services because of his need for him in the North African theate:.,-:-.The C-in-C reports that General Marshall has sounded him {the Allied Commander) out concerning the possibility of moving General Clark back to Washington to head up the Army Ground Forces. General Eisenhower reports that he has asked that General Clark he kept in his overseas th eater. General Clark, who has been unhappy at the absence of any combat command during the past six months, asks that if racticable in the future he would like �to be consulted ,; \ about any requests for his services. The future conduct of the war, and in directly the Fifth Army' s status, is dependent on the outcome of the pending invasion of Sicily . Success probably will mean execution of the Sardinian invasion °b'J th Fifth Army., Failure might mean movement of the great bulk of troops in North Africa to the United Kingdom so preparations can go forward for a mighty cross-chann .el assault. The day that General Clark spent inspecting troops with the King of England was not featured by any conversat io nal highlight. The general found the King rather quiet. In his conversations, the King stressed the need for the closest pos sible friendship between the British and Americanso General Clark tells his Majesty that some British battle doctrines are being included, where practicable, in the training of American units. One of the King 1 s first questions of the general upon greeting him was: "Did you ever find your pants?" This, of course, alluded to the general ' s secret trj_p to Africa last October. During the trip in the morning, the King asked the we eating at?" His Majesty looked somewhat alarmed when that luncheon would be served in the open. Upon arrival spot, the King began to look anxiously around. 11Where, 11 at last, 11can I pump water?" Genera l Clark pointed to a King walked i nto it . general "what hotel are the general told him at the shady luncheon he asked General Clark screen ed l atrine and the The King was annoyed somewhat during the meal by fli es . General Clark had already taken cure of' this probubHi ty. He had a large negro stand be.hind the King swinging a tov,el. The mess kit episode has already been recorded. The King got a great deal of plea sure out of this G. I. gift . Another episode that the Pifth Army Commander reealled with a chuckle Wf¼S whem, while a picture was being ta ken after lunch, the King, the general ancii the inspection party lines up on a dirt road to be photogra hed . The General stood on the ltinc ' s left. The Kinrr, noting that the tall Americun general was standing on a hump while he, George VI, was sta..--iding in a · sliaht declevity. "VJould you trade places with l!le,11 asked his Majesty. 11You' re so tall that I 1d like to stand on the hump. You can take the rut •11The genet'a moved over on the King I s right. During the afternoon, the sun and heat became too mucit for the monarch and that instead of riding in an open command car that the rest of the tour be made from a closed sedan . he requested , One matter that is still causing s om concern is a move by AFHQto have the e BRIMSTONE planning sta~f moved to Algiers . General Clark opposes this since it would take his planning group 300 miles away from him. General Clark receives todD.y a request from General Curles, head of the V!ar Department I s Bure.au of Public Relations, a request that General Clark authorize use of his picturo in a War Bond advertisement that is to eppea.r in the Saturday Evening Post. The Fifth Army Commander cables back that he has no objection providing Genera, Marshall approves . General Clark spends the afternoon at Saidia with Col . Bruce, Major )fygaa.rd and Captain Hous& ~upon re t urning to 0ujda, he has Bruce and Nygaard at his villa for dinner. �OUJDA,JUNE19, 1943--The success of General Clark ' s two meetings with General Orgaz, High Commissioner of i panish Morocco, is demonstrated today as the Fifth Amy Co1::imander receives the following letter. Note particularly the next ·t;o last pa.ragrt1ph. My dear General: 11It would be inexcusable for me to delay fo1· one moment addressing this letter to you, which seeks to describe the profound impression I received on the occasion of my viait to the Headquarters of tho Fifth U.S. Army. 11I was impressed first of all by the grncious reception that I received from you; next, by the military program, in which to a review of troops perfect in presentation, uniformity and discipline, was added an exercise very difficult of performance, yet successfully executed with absolute precision, an evident proof of painstaking training, of thorough nnd far-sighted planning and of sure and magnificent w xecution. I congratulate you, General, on commandihg those troops, of which you muy and should be proud . 11Yet is is good to remember during these m onths, General, thos other moments which were honored by your visit at Tauima, when our reception was also like yours, kind, intimate and trustful. "Ana as you, Genere. .l, in your expressive and gracious letter of the 3rd of April referred to the belief that these kind and courteous communications signify a bond of culture bet11een Spaniards and Americans, I shall add for my part, that this purpose of tightening those bonds between countries that scarcely know each other prompted also the a.den, modest in regard to myself, but important as regards the purpose, of coming to Oujda to live among you for a few unforget,table hours . "In our intervi ~w I told you of the excellent impression that your troops and your staff made upon me. Today I reiterate it. 111.et us remember in the future, across the vieissitudes of life, this moment of cordial f'riendship, in which, distant from the storm, we shake hands wit h the comradeship of soldiers and of men who recognize both their o,m selves and the duties which their countries impoae upon them, and still find in their hearts the cordial foundation of a friendship. 11I beg you to convey to your Gem~rals, officers and troops the affectionate salute of the General and friend of yours, (s) Luis Orgaz. 11 11 ( Determined to make his army the best disciplined army possible and deter~ mined to prepare his troops for battle by having them rigidly disciplined, General Clark addresses the following letter today to Ma or General Dawley, VI Corps comj mander. Copies go to Generals Walker (J6th Di~rision), Harmon (First Armored Division) and Tobin (Anti-aircraft commander). "Dear General nawley: "During the past sever0:l months the subject of the development of a high degree of military discipline has repeatedly been stressed by the Commander-in-Chief and by me. Although some progress has been made in this respect, the results are still far from satisfactory. All commanders must, without delay, take further effective action to secure a mai~kedimprovement. "As I travel arou.."ld observing Fifth A rmy troops, I find that saluting, uniformity and smartness of dress, conduct of individuals, alertness, and personal tidiness are not up to the Fi:f'th Army standard, namely the highest standards that can be achieved by first -c lass American soldiers under vigorous leadership. Moreover, scarcely a day goes by that I do not receive at least one report of a clash between drunken ~~~~-~-Sl,f ->.:ilffl!.!:~~b, ;,,,~~"Al!J~..C-~ ,T I �l... meric an soldiers ( \ ., ~~-~~ ~ . and French or Arab civilians. "It is impossible for me to overemphasize the importqnce of thorough discipline which is demonstrated by instinctive and soldierly conduct. Proper military deportment is the evidence not only of the unit which has the discipline essential for successful combat, but it is also the indicati on of a team which has pride in itself and in its leaders, The organization that has this sort of discipline and team consciousness is the one that can advance that impossible last mile , or which can holdx its position for a while longer after the odds against it are irrestibile. "Several instances have been rpport ed where troops recently returned from action on the Tunisian front have given evidence of a state of discipline which is almost a disgrace. Such a condition is difficult for me to understand. Troops which have been in combat should have learned by experience that, in order to be successful on the field of battle, a unit must be thoroughly disciplined. Commanders must take special measures to impress upon such organizations the need for them to set a sterli ng example of how well--disciplined, battle-proven troops are expected to conduct themselves. "I am convinced that the chief reason for our failure to obtain a satisfactory standard of military discipline is found in the wea.lmess of our officer leadership. Thal!e is a reluctance on the party of many officers--especlally juni or officers-to corredt enlisted personnel who fail to render the prescribed military courtesies or who in other ways bring discredit upon the uniform. I know that is is embarrassing to make corrections on city streets. I realize it keenly, because I am forded to stop soldier~ almost every day for their failure to salute, or for their slovenly appearance. But it is only by energetically following up on the orders issued in this respect that we are going to secure the radical improvement which is so necessary. I desire that you take immediate steps to impress upon all officers of your commandthat one of the important obligations of their office is the correction of violations of military discipline wherever encountered. Many officers do not know how to correct a soldier properly; they should be in• ,structed. If they la ek the moral courage to meet this responsibility, they should cease to be officers, and I shall energetically support a:n::,recommendation b:r you to have such officers reduced in grade or removed fro m the rolls. n0ur standar of military conduct in the Fifth Army will be exactly what we make it. You and I will not be satisfied with anythihg short of perfection. I am confident that I shall be able to count on your complete cooperation in reaching this goal. 11 Sincer r,ly, (s) Mark W. Clark, Lie ute nant General, USA , 11 Commanding. General Clark moves with great speed today to ~ctify a condition whereb,J paratroops at the RepleBement Training Center receive pay. Some of the men have not, because of transfers and movement, received any pg.yin some months. The General has Lt . Col. Billingslea of the paratroopers in and within half an hour the Finance Department has begun to draw up vouchers. Another special caller is Colonel Mickalwaite, Fifth Army Judge Advocate General. He brings in several general courts ma.rtllal cases for the general to act upon. The Fifth Army Commanderspends his entire day in the office. return to his villa for dinner until after 6 PM. * He does not �as OUJDA-SAIDIAJUNE20, 1943-- The most important matters that come bdBore , the Fifth Army Commandertoday are summedup in a letter which he writes General Eisenhower. Once a.gain, General Clark is fighting an old fight--his conviction that invasion training should be handled by the army, not the navy. Parts of the letter follow: Dear Ike : 11 Some of my planning people have just returned from a two--day visit to your headquarters, where they accumulated information which will be valuable to us in our planning effort. In a conversation which Colonel Brann had with General Wolfe, the latter indicated that there was on foot a move to have the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center taken over by the Navy. Such a move may not be imminent, and I may be unduly alarmed , but because I feel so keenly on this subject, I am taking the liberty of expressing my brief views to you. ttAs you kno,v, I have always felt since United Kingdom days, that the training of the troops i n these invasion operations should be a military matter. I have always felt and adhered to the principle that the Navy is responsible for the training of their boat crews, both in handling the craft and in navigation . But after all, the real test of the operation comes after the troops have landed on the beach, from the shore line to their first objective, and that is where the Army comes in. If the Navy does take over the Invasion Training Center, I run sure they will probably have to take over all the Army personnel now on duty there in order to do the job . 11 There is no use going into a long argument as to the advantages and disadvantages of this question, but no one can deny that the Fifth Arny Invasion Training Cente r has performed its task in a satisfactory man.~er. I selfishly have hoped that when my opportunity for an operation comes involving the invasion of a hostile shore, that I would have available to me this in~sion training center to train my task forces as I see fit, and in preparation of their particular jobs . So, I will consider it entirely inppportune at the present moment of planning to make any change. Our relations with the Navy have been grand. The thing is working as you have seen for yourself, and I hope that if such a change is seriously considered that I may have the opportunity for further discussion with you •• •" 11 ( ti General Clark also writes a letter to General Eisenhower and enclosing a copy of the letter from Orgaz. "Attached hereto," writes General Clnrk, "is a copy of a letter I have just received from General Orgaz. I know you will be interested in seeing it. It is rather significant of his changing attitude, about which I haire already spoken to you. I am preparj_ng some data with regard to th e Spanish situation and will send it to you. I think we ar0 missing a bet if we do not explore the possibilities of making them our real friends, but the data must be prepared very carefully, in order that we do not over-state our case. 11 1 The A~ Conunander s morning at the office includes a long conference with General Gt1ienther and Colonel Brann concerning the possibility t~t the BRIMSTONE planning force will be moved t o Algiers . It is going to be opposed vigorously. General Clark has requested that AFHQsend a. liaison group to Oujda to work with ti1e planners here. Word is expected from AF soon., 1. secret war room, EQ lo cat ed in a asement nnd well guarded, has been set up at Headquarters. Detialed maps of Sardinia are being posted and all information put on them concerning the disposition of Italian troops. The planning staff is working night and day to perfect the invasion plans. '· �With his desk cleared of paper wo:i:·k and with all scheduled conferences out of the way, General Clark leaves headquarters at 3 PM by Piper Cub for Siadia. General Gruenther is alreudy at the Recreation Center and General Clark j oins him. fter spending an afternoon on the beach, General Clark returns at 6:45 to Oujda. He has a number of off icers a.t his villa for e. buffet supper which tho officers arrange themselves since the general has given his orderlies the afternoon off . * ➔ * OUJDA, JUNE 21., 19L~J--The BRH!STOIE planning foi·ce is ·to remain at Fifth Army Headquarters! let ter from Ma or General Smith, Chief of Staff of AFlf~, j arrives this morni rig and it is agreed that the plannj _ staff will remain here. ng A small liaison group will be se 11,~ rom Fifth Army to ~.FHQso the closest possible contact can be kept with the ~-c'~i nander-inBChief and with air officials who will have to integrate the a.ir aide of the operation. General Clurk has a long conf r~rence this morni --ig with General Gruenther and Colonel Brann concerning the entire planni::ig setup. Another development of the day is that a request is made for th ;g loan of General 0 1 Daniel so he can assist · · u11.-,, ... . in actual landing operations of the .tl!liilllillilllliil•liili General Clark gives his okay for his amphibious expert to take part in the operation. ,n°2· · · The Fifth Aney-Commander s day is filled with paper work and conferences. ' He does no·t leave headquarters during the day o One of his coni'erences is with Colonel Solberg, a member of the military attache ' s staff at the U.S. Embassy in Madrid. Solberg reports on conditions in Spain and Portugal . Spa.in is determined to maintain neutrality . General Gruenther and Colonel :aoward, the G-2, s it in on the conference . Plans a.re shaping up well for the coming visit of the Sultan of Moroc<!o. , The Sultan will be entertained at Fifth Army hea dquarters with a tea 011 June 24. The following afternoon, General Clark is staging a military demonstration for the Moslem leader . In the la.t,e afternoon, General Clark goes on a trip through the Oujda Medina with General Gruenther and Major Porter. During the tour of the narrow, winding, dusty and smelly streets of the native quarter , General Clo.rk runs into Si Mohamed Zernama, a loc al Arab leader who the General has befriended. The Arab invit4s the party to his home. It is one of the most beautiful the Geneaal has ever seen. The usUlll Arab ritual of mint tea (always three glasses, no more, no less) and pastries is followed. General Clark then returns to his headquarters and works on papers until 6 o'clock when he goes to bis villa and plays ping pong with one of his aides., Captain Houston. General Clark has dinner alone and then goes for a drive in the evening with Lt . Col. Bruce. * * * .' OUJDA,JUNE 22, 1943--After two long conferences with Genera+ Gruenther and Colonel Brann, General Clark decides t oday to send a ~:1,. -officr.>r BltIMSTONE staff' to Algiers to work with naval and air authorities concerning th~ operation and to act as a gearing group between th~ Fifth Army end Allied Force headquarters. ~T �~df~~~~~T Thi s is t he directiv~ to General Clo.rk concerning BRIM STONE and liaison work with AFHQ. "Reference the directive f orwarded to you on 10 June 1943, instructing you to prepare plans for Operation BRIM N the Comnander-in-Chief has decided STO E, that you will be resp onsibl e for makine contact with the Staffs of Cornmander-inChief Mediterrane an and Air Col"lr nander-in-Chief, Mediterranean. These staffs will be located at Algiers, where limited accommodati~ wil l be alloted to your lleadm quarters for liai son purp oses . As you are to retain your present responsibilit:l.es i n Northwest •J,.frica , and as it is conside r ed that much of yotJr detailed planning can be carried out i n your own area, it is anticipated that only a planning staff will have to moye to t~lgiers • . •" General Clark decides to send the following officers: Colonel Kammerer, of G-3; Major I!i"berhard, G-4; Major I~arl., Signal Corps; Major Finb<?rg, Engineers, and Captain Merk, G-2 , They will comprise the liaison sect i on for the planni ng eroup. Colonel Brann will have charge of planni ng at this e:qd. In requestltrlg AFHQto set a.sido office space, a Firt h Army mernor ndum n asks that four offices oo set aside, uone of t hflse offic e s to be the Army Corunnda er1s office . " During the mornigg, General Clark agrees to go to Rabat tomorrow to meet M. Pu.aux, the new Governor General of French Mon,cco and General Nogues• successor. Puaux is having his first formal luncheon since assuming office and he is most desirous that the Fifth Army Commander attend. Despite preparation that are being made for the Sultan's visit, General Clark accepts the invitation. Throughout the day, General Clark works inhis office. The prime task is getthe BRIMSTO planning setup straightened NE out. Already the two special offices set up tor the staff are humming with activity. Armed guards stand outside of both of them and no one can enter without a special :i;:ass that has been issued only to those on the "Alpha" list. During the afternoon, General Clark has another conference with Colonel Mickelwaite, his J.A. Court Martial cases are running heavy and there a.re macy decisions for the Array Commanderto review. Later, Colonel Sullivan brings in Captain Gallagher, cor: ander of Company H or the 22nd Quarterm: master Regiment (colored). The previous company in Oujda has been returned to Casablanca. Discipline matters arc still bothering the general. Today promotions come in for signature on several officers in two Tank Destroyer Battalions in the Tlemcen area. General Clark refuses to sign them until the discipline of troops · in the battalions improves. An officers ability to . maintain discipline has to be certified to when a promotion is made and the general has decided to use this paragraph to further tighten up discipline among units under his control. ting ( Going to his villa at 5:45 PM, General Clark has an early dinner with Colonels Brann and Saltzmap. The three officers then drive up to Saidia, have a swim and return to Oujda a{ter dark. Three plane crashes occur in the Oujda region today. C-47s, identical t o the General 1 e. personal plane, crash at Oujda airport and near Marnia. The later plane is towing a gli der. The third plane crashes at 'l'urenne. The type is as yet unlmwn . • Only immediate possib l e cause for the crashes is ground fog this morning. Gener al Clark is gre atly disturbed by the crashes which take 15 or 16 lives. * * * �I OUJDA-RA.BAT-OUJDA, 2.3, 1943-...A quick trip to Rabat to meet the new ·Jill&: Resident General ot French M orocco--M. Puaux--and a hurried flight home to clean up urgent matters and them witness tho arrival in Oujda of His Majesty, the Sul tan of Morocco, makes this a jammed day for the Fifth Array Commander. After working on papers and conferring with General Gruenther from 8 AMto 9:.30, Genera;t Clark, accompanied only by Captain Byles, drives out to Oujda air• port and takes off at 10:15 for Rabat. Arriving at the airfield there at 12:15, the Fifth Army Commanderia met by Generals Dawley, Lascroux and Lahoule; Col. Duval, chief of M. Puaux military cab i net, and Major Knight. The general reviews an honor guard composed of one American Infantry company, one French compan;y, and one American Reconnaissance company• After the general has inspected the troops, the rec onnaissance company leads General Clark's convoy to the residency where M. Puaux: is waiting to receive the American commander. Pu.aux is a slight'.cy' built man with a slight limp. !Je is friendly and quick moving. He speaks English quite well and he tells Gener al Clark that he has a cousin who is a citizen of " the United States. Befor e entering the Residency, General Clark inspects an honor guard composed of Moroccan troops. Aperitifs are servad in the Residency garden and General Clark meets M. Meyrier, M. Puaux second-in-command. The American party has no,1 been swollen by the addition of General Walker, commanding general of the J6th Division; Brig. General Allen of the 1st Armored Division; Colonels Gibson and Galloway of the VI Corps; Lieut. Col. Swett of Fifth Army G-2, and M ajor Gardner, of the Fifth Army liaison of fice. Peior to lunch, GeneI'l\l Clark and Puaux stroll in 'the garden discussing matters of mutual interest. The Fifth Army Commanderspends several minutes alone with the new Resident Gene~l. At 1 PJda delicious lunch is served. At 2:05 PM, after bidding PuatL"'C goodbye and telling him how anxious he is to have the Resident Ge~eral visit him at Oujda tomorrow, General Clark drives to the airport with the reconnai ssance company leading the way. At the airfield, General Clark confers aione with General Dawley for ten minutes before boarding his plane and taking off for Oujda at 2:.30 PM. He is accompanied on the trip back by Major Knight and Captain Byles and two French officers, Major Aubrey and Lieut. Souchon, military aide and interpret er, respectively, to M. Pua:ux. The general's C-47 lands at Oujda at 4:35 PM. General Clark's reaction to Noguee' succ4ssor as Resident General ia satisfactory. Puaux:. The new official, G~neral Clark says, "seems strong for the Americans and he has promised to play ball 100 percent. He has quite a job to ,impress himself upon the natives since the natives were quite strong for Nogues. Puaux is not well known and a tough job lies ahead of him. He knows Beucler (the French general commanding the Oujda subdivision) and likes him. Says he is a fine soldier. This is the first pr44se I have heard of Beucler from aey high-ranking Frenchmen. Puau x was with him in Syria. 11 Incidentally, Ylord is received today that Nogues is living near Lisbon. He has gone to a neutral country so he won't Hembarrass his successor. 11 Upon his return to headquarters, General Clark immediately goes into confere:gce concerning the status of plans ·for the Sultan's arrival and two-day stay in Oujda. All is buttoned up. General Clark has an extremely busy schedule for the coming two days. He also has a conference with General Ridgrdy who is pulling out of Oujda tomorrow for Tunis where he will assembled his 82nd Airborne Division for their part in the very nt HU operation. General Clark bids SKY ~i,' ·~~~~~~~.li'.,;, ~~~:t~~~'t-t , J"'~,l'i.Uii ,\Jt,.,, �his old-friend and classmate goodbye then, late following personal letter to General Ridgway: in the evening, dictates the Dear Matt: "I did n~t have the opportunity this afternoon when you were here to tell you how deeply interested I am in your forthcoming assignment. You must know, after all these years, how I feel tov,ards you. Ther e is no one in our Army for whom I have more respect and admiration. My short contact with your Division has proven to _me thH leadership qualities which I have known for many years that you possess. "The night before last, when I found it difficult to compose myself alone here at my house, I took my car and drove alone towards your division area. I was hailed by four of your men, and I picked them up and gave them a lift to your camp area. They were full of enthusiasm for you and told me how you, after ten minutes instruction at Fort Benning, had jumped from an airplane, indicating to them that you would do anything which they were called upon to do. They have a great admiration for you, and I am sure will go to great lengths to do whatever you direct. "I have not been at liberty to fully tell you of the difficulties which have confronted me in my present assignment, but now that I do have a mission, I am delighted to know that there is the probability that you and your comnand will be associated with me. Nothing will give me greater pleasure. "I wish you and your commandthe best of luck and may God Bless You in your new adventure, · "As Ever (s) Vlayne 11 . General Ridgway is accompanied to General Clark's office by Major General Swing, an airborne division commander here from· the United States to observe the coming operation. Several F'ifth Army officers are also going along on the invasion as observers. General Clark receives late today a letter from General Giraud in answer • to the Fifth Army Commander's letter of earlier this month. Writes General Giraud, in part : " ••• You asked me that French troops stationed west of Oraeansville be placed completej:y' under your commandon "D" day, in case of aggressi on a~!nst French Morocco or the Department of Oran. "It is not possible to grant you my accord, insofar as the 2nd Mooccan r Infantry Division, the 4th Mountain Division, and the lat Armored Division are concerned. "These great organizations, whose establishment upon a complete military tooting is being rapidly pursued, and whose stationing is going to be changed very soon, must be considered, from now on, as general reserves at the disposition of the High Cor.unand.One is unable to foresee the theater of operations in which these organizations will be called upon to serve and which will be determined by agreement between the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces and the French Commander-in-Chief. "For the eventual defense of Morocco and of the Department of Oran, it is only necessary to mention territorial troops and until further notice those organization8 which, although being a pa~t of the French Expeditionary Corps, are experiencing delays in their organization such that their use in other the@:ters can not be contemplated tor the time being. This is the case, for example, of the 2nd Armored Dlfrvision and of the elements of the 1st Mo roccoa Infantry Division and the 2nd Algerian IDnfantry Division.-·«,:'-,,;'·",'.•,.)- . have just come l::ack from Tunis. which - �itm , dls'i. ·• r.~Jr.'.:~ -,.4. • "\• , ~Jfr:.1::J ~~~~ i~\i' ~ ~-Ai:~l!r~~rs£ T ,'1d.tt ,~~ ~ {~,. ~~~ "I shall arrange to have sent to you, should it be necess ary, a copy of the orderswhich should be issued to the CommandingGenenal, Moroccan troops. (s) H. Giraud." Rather that se e the Sultan's arrival from the ground, General Clark climbs into his Piper Cub and witnesses the Sultan's arrival at the Oujda railroad stat ,ion and his drive to the Pasha's palace from the air. The streets are cramm ed with Arabs, French and American soldiers. The Sultan rides in a white phaeton automobile with the top dO\m. After seeing the arrival from the air, Genera 1 Clark lands at the small airport near the headquarters camp ground. A softball game is in progress and after watching it a few moments, he joins the game, playing first gase much to the amazement of the troops. Returning to his villa after playing an inning, the general has supper with Captain J.E.P. Hutton of the Royal Navy, who has been at headquarters today in connection with BRIMSTONE planning, and Col. Brann. General Gruenthe_ joins the r group for coffee on the porch of the General's villa. * * * OUJDA,JUNE 24, 1943.:-His Majesty the Sultan of Morocco visits Fif'th Army Headquarters and is the guest of General Clark today to climax a day filled with activity. Today also mark:s the first anniversary of General Clark• s arriwl in the United Kingdom on oyerseas duty. ( The Fifth Army Commanderis in his office before 8 AM. His first caller is Colonel Ho henthal, U.S. military at tache in Si:e,in who is on his way back to the United States to r eport to the War Department . Hohenthal report s on the Spanish military situation; says that the country wants only to remain neutral although the people are more and more convinced of the Allies eventual triumph. As for the Spanish army, it is woefully weak on modern anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons and it is counting on this equipment from the United States should the country be invaded by the Axis. General Clark then explains to Hohentbal his ideas concerning talks with Spa.in on a military plane . He cites his letter from Orgaz as a fi.mcrum for this topic. Hohenthal thinks that Spanish officials "would go so far as to talk with us." General Clark declares "we should build up steps to ease our way in with these people." The Fifth Army Commanderis having a hard time selling his idea of greater cooperation with the Spanish but he says that General Eisenhower has now said ''when the t~ is right we can approach Spa.in." Hohentha.l says he is sure Ambassador Hays, the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, would approve such a move and give it all his be.eking. Regarding any move now to court Spa.in, General Clark declares: "It would be bad if we supplied them at present with any of the equipment they need. It is always possible that we can get a bloody nose somewhere and the temperature of the Spanish toward us would cool." General Clark waats to approach Spa.in in a ;ipltdatic-military way. Hohenthal says he agrees with the "whole idean and that he will approach the matter when he confers with government officials in Washington. "If we have done any good sitting here, i.f o~ grooming of General Orgaz has done any good, if we have impressed anyone in any way, we want to cash in on itl" Gene~l Clark says he is going to write General Eisenhower and make a detailed requested that the approach to Spa.in ideas 11 be sent back to the War Department. "Spa.i.>t, says the Fifth A:rnry Commander, "has been moving in our direction for months. We might be able to do something.n Say:s �31 Hohenthal: " ''You can count o1t Ambassador Hays. He has got some ideas and he will do everything possible to promote this thing . " At 9:15, Resident G-enera.1Puaux of French Morocco arrives and General Clark joins him in inspecting an honor guard. Puau.::carrived here last night so he could be prpsent for the Sultanic ceremonies . Following review of the honor guard, Pua.we a.nd his rstaff go into General Clark's office for a brief courtesy call on the Fifth Army Commander There isix no discussion of purely military matters. Pu.aux . is merely repaying the call that General Clark made on him yesterday in Rabat. After sandwiching a little work in on cables and reports, General Clark goes to the Palace of the Pasha for an audience vlith the Sultan . Driving into the Medina between rows of native troops that form an honor guard, the General is finally ushered int? the Sultan's presence. "I am pleased," the Fifth Anny Commandertells the Sultan, "that the Fifth Army can join in the celfbration of your visit here . We are glad that the Sultan ca.meto Ou.jda while the ifth Army was here so we could participate in a small way in your visit . " Speaking through lis interpreter, the Sultan replies that this time General Clark is the one to receive me as his guest . He and his splendid Army have been here in Oujda a long time and it is fitting The general then says that yesterday ( that the general should be my host . 11 he had the privilege of going to Rabat and meeting the new French Resident General . He adds that M. Puaux repaid that call this morning . Hoping to aid Puaux heavy task of getting the faith of the native a, Gener al Clark says: 11! am looking fowward to collaborating with 14. Puawc who has showed to .me his intent •h as that of you and me. n desire for an Allied victory--an intent as strong "Franco-American friendship," replies the Sultan very diplomatically, "did not grow up today or yesterday. It is a thing of long-standing . Combined FrancoAmerican-Moroccan friendship will form an irrestible force . " The Fifth ArmyCommanderthen turns to the question of re-armament or troops in North Africa . "His Majesty knows," the general says, "that the Fifth Army is rearming good French units, many of which include Moroccans with combat experience • Our interest in rearming these troops is largely selfish because are loold.ng forward to them aidi11g in the def~t of the Axis . We hope to marckhside by side with the rearmed Moroccan troops. 11 · we "We are looking forward just as impatiently as you are, 11 replies the 'Sultan . We saw what our poorl y armed troops could do when they fought in the victorious battle of Tunisia. They had inadequate equipment . They will perform even more worthily with the equipment you are supplying . They have a glorious fighting past and they know they ar e now fighting for their country . " 11 ( Thinking of the Sultan's pending visit to Fifth Army headquarters this afternoon, the Fifth Army Commandersays: " 11We are looking extremely forward to your visit to my headquarters when you can meet my etaff . 11 The Sultan replies that he is eager to see the headquarters . He thanks General Clark for giving him an opportunity to visit his headquarters 11 where you are preparing for the work you are going to do . n �( ( The Sultan interview at an end, General Clark goes with Col. Brann on a demonstrati on the Fifth Anny will stage to m orrow in honor of the Sultan. General Clark seexthe planned Jlli.litary show from start to finish . Because of the pending operation, it is impossible to have a parachute jump but General Clark has had his G- 3 secti on arr ange a show involvin g a lot of assault work and tiring. llclry runn or the military After another brief, session ot work in his office, General Clark goes to a diffa at the Pasha of otijda 1s home. The general declares it is "a diffa to end all diffas l '' A heavy and length;r meal is served with course after course. The general does not get back to his office until 3 PM Working zwciily for an hour . on urgent matters that are pililig up, General Clark then goes down and inspects preparations for the huge tea party that is going to be given in the Sultan's honor in the Headquarters Officers' Mess. After looking this over and satisfying himself that all will be in readiness, he returns to his office to confer with Robert Murphy, the American minister to North Africa. Murphy has come do\m to take part in the reception for the Sultan. He discusses vari ous political matters with General Clark . Biggest news is that a few days ago DeGaulle, disgruntled at the way the Frenc h Committee of National Liberation is operatil1g, threatened to turn in his suit. He was dissuaded but the Giraud-DeGadle "marriag e" hasn't resulted in any honeymoon. Before the arrival af the Sultan at headquarters, General Clark goes to his quarters and freshens up . Back in the headquarters quadrangle, the Fifth Arrrry staff has lined up informally to witness the arrival of the Sultan. With flags fluttering and white helmets shining in the hot sun, the honor guard is drawn up . Upon the arrival of tm Sultan, G ener al Clark joins him and together they go out in front of the honor guard . Four ruffles and flourishes are played and then the band plays the national anthems of Morocco, France and the United States . The courtyard is full of the Sultan ' s closest followers . All are dressed in flowing robes . It is a colorful sight . Mingled amoug them ar e high ranking American officers. From reviowing the honor guard, the Sultan and the General cross the court yard to a blue Packard sedan . The general presents it to the Sultan. He then presents t he Sultan's oldest son with a Leica camera. The Sultan is profuse in his thanks . Officers lfhO are attending the tea have lined up near the mess hall and , afier walldng through an almost solid cordon of Jlli.litary policemen who are at present arms, General Clark and the Sultan get to the head qf the queue or officers. Colonel Saltzman introduces each one to His Majesty . Entering the decorated mess hall , all the gowned AralJs who a.re to make mint tea shout as the Sultan comes through the door. The other Arabs -- Pashas, Caids, Sheriffs and other of f icials -crowd in behi nd . Although aides make a valiant attempt to divert part of the Arab officials into an over - flow room. But the Arabs won't b, budged . They just want to stand and look at their leader who is seated at the other end or the room behind a table with General Clark and other French, American and Arab leaders . They will not approach within 20 feet of the Sultan, hence a huge , shoving mass crowds the back of the room. The Arab tea makers go to work and soon the room is filled with the smell of mint. Beautiful. urns are lined up along the wall . High- caste Arabs begin serving the tea and cookies . Then comes ice cream and cake. The ice cream is indeed a treat and s omethi ng new to the Arabs and some of them eat it so fa & that the cold t hurts their mouths . The Sultan is enjoying himself tremendously . He drinks the customary three glasses or mint tea , has two dishes of ice cream and seems not the least bit eager to leave . He sits and cha.ts with General Clark and Mr. Murph;r �33 , ,'·,• i~~lM, ii ~ l~•~i;i f '" t~~ . e ,,)~ './ , ~~~ while the crowd mills around the room. Most of the Arabs seem content just to sit and look at their Sultan. Finally, after an hour and ten minutes at the tea, the Sultan rises, the crowd in the room furls back like it was being plowed and the General and the Sultan leave the room. Most of the Arabs trail along. General Clark takes the Sul tan out through the yard of t he CommandingGeneral I s villa to his waiting car. The general bids the Mo slem leader goodbye until tomorrow and then goes into his villa. He has Mr. Murphy and Major General)( Dawley, who has flown to Oujda from Rabat for the Sultan's visit, as his guests. Murphy, who has heard legends of Saidia, remarks to the general that he would like to see it. So, General Clark orders that food be packed. General Dawley will have dinner with General Gruenther. At 7:30 m, General Clark, Mr. Murphy and Lieut. Beardwood leave for Saidia. They arrive just before ~rk and take a swim just as the sun sets. They then have a cold dinner in the General's Saidia villa and return to Oujda, arriving at ll:45 PM. * * * OUJDA,JUNE 25, 194.3--The Sultan of Morocco is woven inextricably into the Fifth Army Commander's day today as he stages an impressive military demonstration for His Majesty and as he becomes apprehensive least the .friendship of the Americans and Arabs become too strong and cause difficulties for the French colonial government. ( The latter is a serious problem and it is a situation that must be circUlll• vented at all costs. The general, ever since the Sultan's arrival, has been somewhat appre hensive about the obrlous preference of the Arabs for the Americans and of the uneasy and partly jealous feeling of the French, particularly French civil officials. This morning, Goneral Clark has two rather powerful Arab leaders visit him--the Caid of Rehamna, whomthe Genera1 and his staff visited near Marrakech last March, and the Pacha of Oujda., the local leader. They request an interview and come to the general's office in their flowing robes. The general is on guard, wondering what prompt5 the visit. The Pacha says that the Caid merely wants to pay his respects to the Fifth Array Commanderand renew the acquaintance that was started when the Caid was host to General at his tribal "diffa. 11 After ten minutes of polite complirnents to each other, the Caid tells of the Arabs high regards for the Americans. This gives General Clark an opportunity to press home the idea that "we are only sojourners here; we will be passing to other areas to fight the war, then we will be going home but perhaps some of us will return here as tourists.'' The Caid looks frankly at the General and says: "We would like to have you stay. 11 It looks as though there will have to be a retrenchment of policy and less wooing of the Arabs. The general has a busy morning with several other conferences of a staff nature and then a farewell conference with the three remaining mem mrs of the Mexican mission. The Mexicans are to return soon to the United State3. Three of them remained behind following the return of General Alamillo to Vlashington. They thank General Clark for the many courtesies extended to them by the Fifth Army. He presents them with a carbine that they are to take to General Alamillo. At noon, General Clark goes to the edge of the Medina to wat di the Sultan ,, parade by on his way to the Grand Mosque to pray. The General, accompanied by General Gruenther, eol. Saltzman and his three aides, goes to the Rex Theater and stands on a balcony overlooking the street. Preceded by a native band, them the various Pachas and &lids, the Sultan . comes by riding a beautiful sorrel ~. ~. ' ,• •, ·. ' . �Equals Briti sh MOST SECRET hor se . Beside him trots a follower with a long - poled umbrella . It is held so the Sultan is protected from the sun. Behind him come his son, mounted on a. chestnut a mare . Native troops stand alongside the curbs at present arms . As the Sultan passes, the Arab people shout enthusiastically . Amongthe officials riding in the Sultan's entourage is the Pa.cha. of Oujda. While all the other Arab officials have the long barreled anci ent weapons, the Pacha of Oujda carries the short, neat American car bine that General Clark presented to him! One of the most colorful characters of the entourage is the dark - skiined gent who trots just ahead of the Sultan swinging a long white towel to shoo the flies away from his Majesty . Following a late luncheon , General ~lark returns to his office, makes certain that all is in readiness for the military demonstration in the Sultan's honor and then he goes to the Fifth Army War room. There , Colonel Brann , the new G- 3, makes a one hour review to Generals Clark and Gruenther of what is being done on BRIM stone planning. He reviews defenses of the BRI 'STONE N area and gives the Fifth Arnzy- ommandera concentrated view of what his force is likely to face . C At 5 PM, General Clark drives to the Pacha's headquarters to pick up the Sultan, his son, and Si Ma;i r meri, the Sultan's official interpreter and minister of foreign affairs. From the front of the general's Packard fly the flags of the United States and Morocco. Accompanied by seven motorc~cles, the General drives to the review field, about seven miles south of town. The road is five inches deep in powdered dust . A wind is blowing and the dust is disagreeable . Arriving at the area where the demonstration is to take place, General Clark and the Sultan get out of their sedan while Arabs , French and Americans , clustered beside the review stand, applaud. Vlalking over rugs laid in the dust, General Clark and his guest go to the bunting be-decked review stand from the top of which the Moroccan, French and American flags stand almost straight ou·t, flapping in a strong wind. The three national anthems are played and the demonstration starts . Lying to the east of the reviewing stand is a large natural bowl. Cement blocka t o represent emplacements have been set up. The Sultan has no more than seated himself when P- 38 and P- 39 fighter planes come zooming over the stand at a low altitude to strafe the area with trace r ammunition . One of the pilots makes a direct hit on one of the cement emplacements with a cannon shell and disinteg rates it . The Arabs chattered loudly and gutturally among themselves . As soon as the planes have completed their mission, two planes come across and lay a smokescreen . Then, machine guns, rifles and anti - tank guns open up from the hills behind and at the sides of the reviewing stand . The air is filled with tracers and the hills almost rock with sound . The demonstration involves an infantry bat talion in attack . Flame throwers are used on dummypillboxes that comprise the "enemy's " first line of defense . Infantrymen advance with machine gun and anti tank fire going over their heads . Then come the tanks -- a battalion of them in attack . They swirl up almost hidden in the dust . They go onto the firing line and beginx pumping 75 mmshells into the emplacementsl There is a .small cement building in the area and the guns reduce it to rubble . After firing several rounds, the tanks move fon,ard and shell the area while mortar shells fall . The ta.nk8 circle around the objective and get behind hills and then the infantry moves in with bayonets for the cleanup . The assault demonstration lasts an hour and it is extremely impressive . The general ' s car is driven up and the Sultan and the general drive away toward town where the general takes the Sultan to the Pacha.' s palace . The rest of the party gropes home through clouds of grey dust . �( After having dinner & at his villa, General Clark goes to a housewarming for a new Red Cross service club that has been established in the Ouji a railroad yards. It will serve troops passing through by train . About 20 people attend the housewarming. At 10:15, the General returns to his villa . * * * OUJDA-S AIDIA- OUJDA,JUNE26, 1943-•Working to allay any fears the French might have concerning relationships with the Arabs, General Clark calls in M. Husson today for a frank talk . Husson is the civil controller and second - in commandin the Oujda region . This is the highlight conference of the day . The General leaves headquarters at 8:20 this morning to take the Sultan and his party to Oujda airport . The Sultan luLs requested transportation by plane to Fez and the General has set up a Flying Fortress and two transports to move the Arab party . The Sultan has ne-v:er ridden in a plane be.fore and although he tries to maintain royal dignity, it is obvious that he is thrilled . A huge delegation of Americans and Frenchmen are at the airport to bid the Sultan goodbye. General Clark.adroitly moves the Arab and French leaders together as much as possible . The Sultan is to ride in the Flying Fortress and he takes the bombadier 1 s eeat , in the paastic glass nose of the plane . The other Arabs tumble noisily into the general ' s two C- 47s . The Sultan and his party, most o:f whomhave never been in an airplane , take off for Fez and the General receives word an hour and a half later that they have landed safely . The visit of the Sultan is at an and . Returning to his of f ice , General Clark invites M. Husson to a conference . The young Frenchmen goes into meeting alone with the general. The Fifth Army Commander impresses upon Husson that the Americans have no designs, that they are merely here in a transient capacity and that they will be moving on. In no way, do they want to impede or interfere with the French relationships with the Arabs . The gener al wants to make sure that there is no misunderstanding of this . The Amer icans, he says, are merely being friendly in their American way to both the French and the Arabs . The French must understand this and not look for any ulterior motive . There is, the general assures the French official, no ulterior motive, no desire to wean the Arabs away. Husson aays he understands and that he is pleased that the general has been so frank and honest about the 8 itua.tion. Following a late lunch, the General flies to Said:i.a in his Piper Cub. While there, he has his aide, ID aptain Byles, over to the villa of General Beucler to have him explain that he has spoken to Husson regarding the problem uppermost in his mind and that there is no need for the Oujda district military commander to bring the matter up with Husson. General Clark had discu~sed with General Beucler eailier his apprehensions concerning the Arab-American -French r elati onship and Bea cler said he would discuss the matter with Husson. It is no longer necessary. Says Beucler to Byles: 11Generf!l Clark is a military man, not a politician . These politicians are always looking for a political motive in everything. I have the same trouble." Gener al Clark remains at Saidia for supper . He has Col. K~eley, Captains Byles and Gillespie as his guests. After dark, he returns to Oujda by automobile . * * * ····.• · :' ~ �( OUJDIL-SAIDIA-OUJDA, 27, 1943--General Clark re-concentrates JUNE his attentions today on planning for operation BRI STO M NE. Because of the heavy influx of important visitors during the past two weeks, the General has had to devote most of his time to preparations demonstrations and receptions for the King o:f England, General Eisenhower and the Sultan of M orocco. He can return now to a more normal existence. Ona of his conf'erences of a busy morning is with Colonel Bra.mi. Planning of BRilVJST is going satisfactorily. ON E Of particular interest today is General Clark's rejection of a plan whereby the planning staff would have communicated directly with all units on the Fifth Army troop list concerning the operation. These units included outfits that will be participating in operation HUSKY General Clark and vetoes the plan because it is so obvious that these particular units will be too engaged in current problems to worry about ' the next operations and communications will be difficult during the early stages of HUSKY A request is also made for five . British officers of the V Corps to work as a liaison group with the Fifth Army planning staff so that supply problems can be coordinated. A planning time table is also laid out today. It calls for the divisions to start their detailed planning of their objectives on D minus 62. The time table then runs through the various periods to eta.rt loading craft, etc. The BRIJ\!iSTOUE force would sail four days prior to D dey. It calls for a final rehearsal of landing operations to start on D minus 16• . During the manning, the General clears up most of his pa.per work. By 2 PM on this hot Sunday he has his desk cleared up sp Re takes off for Saidia in his Piper . Cub. Colonel Saltzman, Lt. Col. Bruce and Lieut. Beardwood have 1µTeady gone up to the General's villa. He joins them on the beach. Later, the party is augmented by Major Porter and Captain Houston. Following a cold lruffet supper, the group sits around on the porch singing old songs, including many of the GeneraPs West Point faTOrites. After it has cooled off, the general and his party drive back to Oujda. * * * OUJD, JUNE 28 , 1943--The cha.in of commandfor Operation BRU A !iSTONE outis lined today in a secret communication from Allied Force Headquarters. Heading the hierarchy is the Combined Chiefs of Staff who work through the United States War Department and the British War Office. Next comes Allied Force Headquarters. Directly responsible to AF'H which is in turn responsible to the Combined Chiefs Q of Staff is the Fifth American Al!lllYcommandedby General Cla~k. Under the Fifth Army will be the VI Corps (American) and the V Corps (British). The VI Corps will be composed of the 45th Division, following its use in HUSKY, and the 34th and 36th Divisions, currently training under the Firth Anny. The 34th has had extensive battle experience in Tunisia. The 36th, a Texas National Guard division, is relatively fresh over from the United States. The V British Corps will be made up of the 1st and 4th divisions and one other British division, as yet unnamed but which is part of the HUSKY force. In addition to the two corps, General Clark has two other divisions that will be directly under Fifth Anny Commandfor operation BIUMSTONE--the 82nd Airborne Division, which is participating in HUSKY, and the 1st Armored Division which fought so v1ell on the Tunisian front. This is the commandsetup and it makes General Clark the battlefront commander with eight di vision ma.king up his Army. �~~.~~~t~~~- ( Colonel C.havillon, 'successor to Colonel Poydenot as head of the French mission to the Fifth Army, reports in today and General Clark has a short conference with him. The Fifth ArmyCommanderwelcomes the French officer and explains to him the mechanisms whereby French units are being equipped and trained for combat duty with American weapons. Another call of this busy day is Lt . Col. Eastman , commander of a Tank Destroyer outfj_t that has been having disciplinary troubles . General Clark explains the discipline aims of the Fifth 11:rmy . The Fifth Army Commanderalso spends a good part of the day working on problems involving BRIM STONE He confers with Colonel Brann in the War Room, then . returns to his office and pores over maps of the BH.II l"f .STONE area for more than an hour . The BRH!STO planning group is expanding and working far into each night . N E to make preparations for the operation . The general also spends a good part of the day taking care of correspondence that has built up during the recent 11show11 period . General Harmon, commanding gener al of the 1st 11:rmored Division, has written a three - page letter outlining the difficulties in imposing strict discipline on a unit that has just returned .from months on the battleline . The letter shows General Clark's understanding and his t~ct in dealing with a subordinate commander. Parts of the letter follow : ( "Dear ,Etmie;r ; "Your letter of the 25th of June has been received and is appreciated. I am glad to get your views on the difficult job which I know, and Ike knows, faces us all -- the raising of the discipline of the American Army in N0 rth Africa . 11 am glad you appreciated ! that my letter was one to all Commanders and was in no way dir ected personally a t you. M3J:)J' units which have done well at the front have come back in this area . We had had a little difficulty, and where we did have it we handled it in what we hoped was a tolerant and understandable manner. nr t? nt>te what you sey aoout the discipline of the 2nd Armored Division . I have always felt that t~t was one of the best disciplined units I have ever seen . I saw the 1st Armored Division in Ireland, in England and all over Africa, and it always impressed me as having good discipline. I am sure if there has been a temporary depreciation in that discipline as a result of its long and arduous experiences at the front you will promptly bring it back to the desired level. "I hope you do not think that we here fail to appreciate the human nature involved in the necessary relaxation by a unit returning after long service at the front . I appreciate it, know they will relax, want them to relax , want them to have fun and do not intend to resist such natui"§,t inclinations exyept where they reach a disproportionate extent. 11 As I said in my letter to you, it shoul d be the battle proven units that appreciate the great necessity for discipline, and I am sure that is the case in your command. "I note what you say about a natui·al resentment of some of these soldiers who have been in combat being bossed around by troops which have not been in combat. There is where leaf1.ership comes in and where the com anders concerned should exm plain to thes e m the fao:t. that the great majority of the troops her e have not en been as fortunate as you have- - that this is merely the beginning of a war and that before it is over, all troops will have their opportunity. In my opinion, there will be little such resentment when troops are properly cor.unanded . · 111 note what you say about the American soldier can be led but not driven. That's axiomatic and understood here. That's where you come in again, and is the attribute by which real commanders finally rise to the top. �. .... ' :lit: t~~ti;~iii,~ on , "I know the proposition which confronts yo~ ,t;aining and equipment, and you can rest assured that I have done, and am doing, all I can to better your situation. I have talked with Ike, who has just spent throe days with me, and he is likewise trying to help . Of course, everyone now has their eye on another ball , and when that period of strain has relaxed perhaps we can help you more ••• 11 Before long I will call Daw·ley and Walker in here for a confer.ence and pro bably you at the same time, for there is certain information which should be com municated to you in the near future . QAgain, thanks for your letter. I am always glad to get suggestions and help from my friends and know you can do a lot along that line •• •As ev:er, (s) W ayne . " ( General Gruenther is General Clark's * * dinner guest in the evening. * OUJDA,JUNE 29, 1943--Ganeral Clark inspects the Fifth Arrrry Airborne Training Center today, spending two and a half morni r;g hours in the field watching troops of the 29th Parachute Replacement battalion going through gruelling training that will fit them for battle. He spends the rest of the day worldng on paper s and radiograms and correspondence, including letters to General Eisenhower . ( ' After working at his desk for an hour, General Clark leaves headquarters at 9 AMfor the A.JI.re, which is located by Oujda airport . He is accompanied by Col. Beam and Captain Houston . Arriving at the training center, the Fifth Army Commander tours the area with Lt . Col . Houghton, commander of the replacement bat talion . He inspects quarters and the mess halls, then goes to the training area. From the fuselages of useless planes, the troops are making mock jumps in which they go through the pr ocess of hoolp.ng up their chute~, checking their equip ment then plunging out of the open door into a straw pit . At other points, men are jwnpil1g down eight feet from wooden platforms and practicing forward rolls upon lighting . This is designed to break their fall . General Clark then watches the pcl.I'atroopors sweating their way over a tough obstacle course. Other men are doing close order drill . Next, the general goes to hangars near the airfield where men are learning how to pa.ck personnel and equipment parachutes properly . The general inspects the work closely . He then goes to an area where the students are learning how to use enemy weapons . This is pa.rt of the vast amount of German and Italian ~quipment that was captured in Tunisia . With his inspection of the Airborne Tra:µiing Center complete, General Clark returns to headquarters, arriv ing back in his office at 11:20 AM . • One of the interesting papers of the day calls for movement of the Fifth .,. Army Headquarters to Mostagenem about July 25. It also proposed that the Fifth Army corps move into the HAlizane - Port - aux- Poules area . General Clark agrees that the corps ~ight be moved but he points out that movement of the Fifth Army to Mostagenem would be a tip - off to the enemy since the I Armored Corps (reinfor ced), Ylhich was the HUSKY American group, used the same area . The W.U IAC has just vacated the area, moving up to a ship in Algiers harbor from where it will push off on the HUSKY operation . The paper concerning future movements of the Fifth Army proposes that shortly before Operation BRIMSTONE to s tart, that is the headquarters move to the Bizerte - Mateur region in Tunisia . It is General Clark ' s idea that the Fifth Army can remain in Oujda until time for the movement to Tunisia just prior to start of the operation . The plan call s for the advance echelon of the Fifth Army to move by air -- just as it did on the commandpost problem to Marrakech last March- -when the BRI .STONE N oper qtion starts . �39 General Clark writes two letters today to General Eisenhower. One deals with the visit of the Sul tan of Morocco and says , in part : " ••• The Sul tan was very · appreciative of the gift, (the Packard sedan) and a ppeared to have been very much pleased by the military demonstration and by the various event.a during his visit which had been arranged by the local French and M ussulman of f icials . The demonstration which we conducted was hel d at a combat range area several miles from town and consisted of a combined attac k by strafing planes, tanks, infantry and flame throwers . The program was wel l coordinated and vras executed in a manner which provided an impressive display of fire power . It had been indicated to me that the Sultan would like to r eturn to l!,es b:/ airplane with the principal offic ials of his court, and I was unable to arrange for him to do so . He apparently was very much interested and pleased by this ending to his trip, and the affair as a whole appears to have been a great success . 11 The s econd letter to General Eisenhower concerns the death of a lieutenant at the Fifth Army Engineer Training Center . The lieutenant , a student, was killed by a stray bullet during th e final night exercise during which a mine field is cleared under live fire at just over head level . Says the Fifth Army Commander•e letter to General Eisenhower: t•Attached is a report I have just received on one of our officers who was killed at our Mine Training Center . Having just been there, I knew you would be interested . This is regreted, but in making our train ing m at our various centers realistic, we are bound to have such accidents . We will keep them at a minimum, but in my opinion it is only through such training that we will produce the kind of soldiers which you want to go, into battle . 11 ( This is the letter that General Clark has received from General Eisenhower as the result of the Commander in - Chief ' s visit to Fifth Army Headquarters and Training Centers: "Dear Wayne: During my recent visit to the Fifth Army I was thoroughly impressed with the smartness, discipline and efficiency of the men and their officers, and the variety of activities I was privileged to witness . "I wish you would convey to General Wilbur, General 0 1Daniol , Colonel Loef and Lt . Colonel Wyatt my appreciation of the several evidences I saw of their soldier - like proficiency . "The contribution the Fifth Army under your direction is ma.king to the war ef f ort can scarcely be over - stated. The practic al and realistic training which you are giving men, non- coms and officers add greatly to general efficiency and our power to attack. Keep up the good work . 11Cordially, ( s) Dwight D. Eisenhower . 11 General Clark hemains at the office until 6 PM, then goes~ to his villa , plays ping - pong before taking his bath , then spends the rest of the even i ng at his villa . * * * �OU JDA, JUNE30, 1943--Wi th an eye to the time when the Fifth Arrrrywill execute operation BRIMST O NE, one organization that is participating in the imminent HUSKY invasion is earmarked by AFHQ today for use in the Fifth Army's mission . The outfit in an Engineer Amphibious brigade that is part of Force 141 in the HUSKYoperation . This brigadle is to return to the Fifth Army just as soon as is feasible following completion of its present mission . Fifteen new officers are brought into General Clark ' s office this morning to meet the Fifth Ar-my Commanderand hear his customary speech of greeting and advice. Officer personnel of Fifth Army Headquarters has changed materia l ly since the arm;y s birth . Various officers have gone to other posts. Some are on loan for ' Operation HUSKY will return when that mission, in its primary aspects, is and over . General Clark has stuck to his resolve not to let his headquarters get too large; to keep it under the table of organization strength . , In mid-morning, General Clark goes out to tlie headquarters company area to inspect the negro quartermaster truck company that has arrived recently to replace the old company that has been returned to its parent regiment in Casablanca. The Army Comman inspects the colored area closely . It is housed in pyramidal der tents and has moved in smoothly . Discipline is not up to the general ' s standards and he takes steps to see that the men are fully instructed as to what is expected of them. \ An interesting r adio is reeeived in the afternoon from the U.S . M ilitary Attache in Tangiers . He states that the Spanish are excited about reports that an allied invasion of Spain is planned; that troops will land in the Gulfo de Rosas, then cross over into France . This, the Spanish claim, would be timed with an invasion of Spanish Morocco. They claim it would take 14 days for the Allies to take Spanish Morocco and that in the meantime Germany would move her troops into Spain . This is the evaluation put on the report . The Germans probably sowed it since they want to keep Spain in an excited state . Adding credence is the movement through the Straits of Gibraltar of huge convoys; the massing of invasion barges and combat loaded shi ps all along the north coast of French N rth Africa in preplration for HUSKY; the sailing of the advance units 0 of these invasion ships . General Clark spends most of the ai'ternoon with Brigadier General Wedemeyer, General Wedemeyer is in North Africa on a quick tour that is timed with the start of IDJSKYGeneral Clark is closeted . for an hour and a half with Generals Gruenther and Wedemeyer During this time . the two Fifth Army generals get an over -all picture of the global war. Wedemeyer leaves several documents with General Clark and he spends the late afternoon po:wring over them. It 18 a hot and muggy day with a real sirocco wind sweeping in from the south. The air is extremely hot. In late afternoon, the first rain in weeks falls. But very briefly. a member of General Marshall ' s staff. The general has decided he will go to Rabat and Casablanca for big Fourth of July celebrations that are going to be held there. He will leave here early the morning of the 4th, participate with the Sultan and M Puaux in ceremonies . at Rabat . He will then fly to Casablanca for late afternoon cere m onies th H . re Killing two birds with one stone, General Clark will remain overnight in Casa, inspect the Replacement Training Center the followi ng morning, fly to Rabat and inspect the 1st Armored and 36th Divisions. This will give him an opportim.ity to impart orally BRIMSTON 1 plans to Generals Dawley, of the VI Corps; Harmon ~ and Walker . �YI In order that discussions of the afternoon can be continued at his villa on a more informal basis, General Clark has Generals Gruenther and Wedemeyer in for dinner . They spend the evening talking over the military situatj_on, guaging the chances of Operation HUSKY and speculating concerning what success or failure will mean, particularly to the Fifth Army. * * * OUJDA-SAIDIA - OUJDA,JULY ; 1, 194.3 A conf'erence with a r'rench general con-cerning movement into the Oujda area of a French division for training, a German "paratroop ale :b 11 and attendance at a "One Year Overseas" anniversary t dinner mark the Fifth ArmyCommander s day. ' The French general who calls on General Clark is General Dody, cor.unanding the Meknes division . His division is going to move into the area north and east of Oujda for training and he discusses the matter vrlth General Clark . The Fifth Army commander agrees to the French placing approximately ,300 French troops in Oujda. They will be medical and supply units. The paratroop episode turns out to be nothing but a 11scare . 11 Reports cone in that a Ge1mtanparatrooper is in the Municipal Park . The first three officers to receive the news go to the park heavily armed. Meanwhile, an MP company is started on the search . Nothing is found at the park but a short while later the 1 MP s regularly stationed at the outskirts of the native quarter phone in that they have chased but lost a fleeing man dressed in Arab clothing but obviously a European . Climax of the story is that the "para.trooper" is an Algerian Fi~enchmen who has escaped from the local jail . Oujda, however, gets a sample of troops on the alert as trucks with armed men scour the streets and the countryside . Enemy paratrooper s have been doing some damage. A bomb was found under a rail road track three miles outside Oujda . One train has been der ailed between Oran and Ou.jda. Several ci vilians were killed but none of the military personnel aboard was even injured . Captured paratroopers had declared that a fairly large group of paratroopers was to jump in Algeria and Morocco on either the night of June 29 or JO. Troops all over North Africa have been aler;ted and guards have been increase d around Fifth Anny headquarters . At 1 PM, Gene~l Clark goes to a di£fa gi ven in his honor by a local Arab that he has befriended , M Zamoma Six headquarters officers accompany hin1 to . . the dii'fa which is the traditional Arab feast . The meal lasts almost two hours and when it is concluded , the guests are stuffed . General Clark talces Colonel Saltzman ijnd three French people to Saidia in his car . The party has a swim, sits around and chats and then returns to Oujda . Sixty - three officers in headquarters are entitled to go to the Anniversary dinner . Most of them were with General Clark when he commandedthe II Corps back in England . A major ity sailed from the States on the same day- July 1, 1942. They meet to commemorate a yea:r of over::.eas duty and the party, since all those attending are friends of lon g- standing, is strictly informal . When the meal is concluding, General Clark cuts the birthday cake on which there is one large candle . Ila.tar, he makes a speech that is nothing but a chat with old friends . He recalls how he assembled many of his officers . He reminisces about days in England. He concludes with a toast to "Our Commander in - Chief, the President" and calls upon his officers for sterling service in the fight that lies ahead . The officers applaud the 11old man" so long that he has to hold up his hand to stop the clapping . The program includes a "Message from the Old Man. n It follows : �; "To me, this Anniversary dinner is like a class reunion . Most of us are old friends who have worked together, fought together and shared priceless experiences together . 11 The II Corps days remain as pleasant memories. I know how often you must reminisce -- because J. reminisce the same way-- a 1:Dutthe Castle and the Moat and other spots where we worked and lived gogether. "Now we are part of a new army-- an army rorn on foreign soil , but an army bound together by American ideals, a commonpurpose and strengthened by old friend ships and a spirit of team play that has been developed during the past year and that you, as the nucleus of the team, have transmitted to those who came to the Fifth Army from other units . This group gathered here tonight has an Hesprit de corps .• If you didn 1 t have, you wouldn't be assembling to celebrate, as old buddies , the anniversary of a year overseas . "When I came here with so many of my old II Corps men with me, I rather feared we might have a ' special clique' attitude . My fears were unfounded . You have gathered unto you new offi cers and men and a 100 percent "One For All and All For The Fi.rth Army" attitude prevails . This has delighted me. Like having a half - interest in a wife, a hal.f - inte;r;est in your organization is unbearable . We have no half - interests here . We are the Fifth Army and we are proud of this new organization that we have seen~ow from a mere idea i nbo a lusty son of war who will get his chance in battle and prove himself . "I know that all of you tonight must have in the back of your minds vague plans for another celebration . Our celebration of victory . That day of victory is comingl The Fi.rth Army is, I am certain, going to play a large part in bringing about that victory . I am counting heavily on each and every one of you to do your part. The contributions you make will play a large park in how soon we will gather again to celebrate our Victory dinner! 11 Mark W Clark . Lieutenant General, U. S. Army 11 Commanding General Clark receives today a copy of the memorandumMr• .Murphy sent the Secretary of State in Washington as a result of the visit of the Sultan to Oujda. "At the invitation of Lieutenant General Mark W Clark, I proceeded to Oujda, . French Morocco, on June 24th, for the purpose of participating in the ceremonies organized incident to the visit to that place of the Sultan of Morocco," Murphy wrote Secretary HUll. 11 During the course of this visit the Sultan was the guest of General Clark at a reception and a military demonstration offered by American forces . General Clark also presented the Sultan with an automobile as a token of American esteem and pro vided him with a squadron of airplanes for his return to Rabat. 11 The ceremonies, which were att ended by French of f icials and Moroccan pachas and caids from the principal points in Morocco, were marked by a great cordiality - and good will. They left little doubt regarding the present enthusiasm shown by the Arab pop~tion for the American military forces in French Morocco and great credit is due to the skill and tact displayed by General Clark in the conduct of his relations with the Moroccans . 11• •• There is no doubt in my mind that, as a result of the friendly treatment given by the American military authorities to the Moroccan Arabs, we may count on their friendship . At the same time there is also little doubt of their growing ho:µ3 that the United States may intervene in their behalf to relieve them from the French Protectorate. The American military authorities, of course, are interested in attaining their objective, namely, the wholehearted cooperation of the Arab population during the coming critical months, for purely military reasons. It is a sit - �uation which calls for considerable tact to awid a campaign on the part of the Arabs for our support in obtaining a political adjustment at some future date . I do not believe that the Cherifian authorities hope for such an adjustment prior to the termination of' hostilities, but it is appar ent that they are constructing a plam looking to that ultimate result. "I have been careful to avoid several suggest io ns emanating fro m Rabat for a "confidential" discussion with the Sultan, as I feel that this is a matter in which the Department would desire the greatest prudence exercised. " • •• • It seems to me that the new administrati on under Resident General Puam:: augurs well for future Franco-American relations in French Morocco. 11 * * * OUJDA-OR.AN-AIN EL TOURCK-ANDAL O ES-AIN TEM US OUCHENT - LOURMEL-OUJD A, JULY2, 1,43--General Clark makes today an inspection of Anti - Aircr aft Artillery units in the Oran area and · i.sits t2e British Battle Training Sckool at Los Andalouses . T ( Tlle Fiftk Army Commander, accompanied by Colonel Robinson, 1''ifth Army Anti- , Aircraft Officer, and one aide, Captain Houston, leaves Fifth Army Headquarters at 7:30 AMand goes to Oujda airport where the C.G's C-47 takes off' at 7:50 for La Senia airport at Oran. In 50 minutes, the transport plane lands at La Senia and the general disembarks to be met by General Rutledge, Commanderof the 45th C.A. Brigade, and Colonel Chapin, Coast Defense Officer for the Oran district . The party immediately goes to the Gun Operations Roomat Oran. Here a guard of honor is drawn up and after receiving flourishes, General ijlark inspects it . The Fifth Army Commanderthen inspects the GOR, nearby gun positions and the vivouac area of Headquarters Battery of the 1st Battalion, 505th AAA Leaving the GO the . R, , party, augmented by Col. McGarraugh, Cmrnmanding the 505th, drives westward along , the Mediterranean coast to Ain El Tourck. Here, GenerajL Clark inspects a battery of' 90 M anti-aircraft M guns and radar equipment of the 505th . After putting cotton in his ears to soften the heavy detonations, General Clark watches the big 99 MM guns in action . At Ain El Tourck, Colonel Bizzell, an old friend of General Clark's and acting commander of the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center due to the absence of' General 0 1Daniel on operation HUSKY, joins the party . The area between Ain El Tourck and Los Andalouses is being utilized for invasion training by British units from Gibraltar. The "Rock" is so compact and stepp that there is nowhere that troops stationed there ean train. Hence, since the Allied invasion of Africa, General Mason Macfarlane has been able to send his Gribraltar troops to North Africa for training. American uni t s are also training in this area and Colonel Bizzell conducts General Clark on an inspection of' various units of the 142nd Infantry which are in training along the coastline . The training is similar to that the general has already seen at Arzew. Amongthe activities seen are an obstacle course ; precision calisthenics by eight men exercising with a long log; probing for mines; hand to hand fighting, and street fighting. The J:E,rty then proceeds to headquarters of the British Battle School at Los Andalouses. General Clark watches the Tommies running a very difficult obsctacle course while rifles and machine guns fire over their heads and while gun cotton detonations go off around them. The Fifth Army Commander t hen inspects the Britis h mess and while refreshments are baing served, he learns of the Britishers• acut e shortage of transportation. General Clark promises to furnish the Battle School with a jeep immediately . �\ When the Los Andalouses inspection is over, General Clark bids Colonel Bizzell goodbye and contirrues on to Ain Temouchent with General Rutledge, Colonels Chapin and Robinson and the aides . At Ain Temouchent, he is met by Colonel Wil son , c.o. of the 8th Group, and Lieut . Col . Leary, his executive . A guard of honor is drawn up in the town square and General Clark reviews the troops . He then proceeds to General Wils6n I s villa for lunch . }>resent at the lunch are & Generals Clark and Rutledge; Colonels Wilson, Chapin,Robinson and Leary and the two aides . Following lunch, General Clark is taken to a class in aircraft recognition . Students at the Anti -Aircraft Artillery Training Center are learning recognition by use of moti on picrture slides . From the headquarters at Ain Temouchent, the party proceeds to the bivouac area of the 167th Battalion, about three miles east of to~n. General Clark observes disciplinary gun drill and inspects the area and messing .i\cillties . Bivouaced two or three miles away is the 410th battalion, J.... AA, and General Clark goes there to inspect the area and watch more disciplinary gun drill . Returning to Ain Tem ouchent, Colonel Wilson and Lieut. Col. Leary leave the party and General Clark proceeds to Lourmel where his C- 47 is waiting to take off for Oujda. During the return flight to his headquarters, General Clark , who is at the controls , circles the two- motored transport several times over the area where he has just inspected the two battalions . The flight is made to give the troops practice in tracking planes . Returning to (\ijda a few minutes before 5 PM General Clark thanks Col . , Robinson for an interesting inspection tour and goes to his office . Trying to clear up his desk , General Clark works until signing important papers on which ·fast action is necessary. alone at his villa . * ( * 6:11) PM reading and , He then has dinner * OUJDA-SAIDIA-OUJDA.,, 3, 1943- - --General Clark has placed on his desk today JULY the G- 2 plan and G- 2 estimate for operation BRI STONE This thick, comprehensive M . document is one that has been prepared by the special planning staff that is working night and day on plans for tho Fifth Army General Clark pores over the docu. ment for pa.rt of the morning . The liaison group that will work with Allied Force Headquarters on gearing BRI STO E plans has already gone to Algiers . M N The document that General Clark studies so closely and which will be virtually a bible to the Fifth Army during the coming months includes a terrain estimate , the battle order of Italian and German troops with a comparison of fire power and equipment, a table of airfields, landing grounds and seaplane bases , a map of the airfields of the BRIMST '.I!! O and other areas, a defense map of the BRIM N area, N S'l'O E a table of distances . It also includes a summary of the enemy situation, essential elements of information and gives detailed data in the way of maps, ihotographs and mosaics . Quietly and efficient~ , the Fli"th Army is making BRIMSTONE preparations . Yesterday, upon his return from the AA inspection trip, General Clark con-terred briefly with Generals Walker and Dawley who had spent most of the day at the Fifth Army Leadership and Battle Training Center . As the days go by, the circle of arm;r officials knowing about BRIM STONE widens . But it widens cautiously . Much depends on the success of HUSKY which is now just over the horizon . J Two of General Clark's Ou.jda Arab friends call on him this morning . One is MohamedZernma.ma local merchant with whomthe general 11diffa-ed" last rrhursday . , a The other is Abdellatif Sebti, co- owner of a business with Zenmiama They come to . bring the general a gif't - -a silver swoni . �There is still a lot of tumult boiling under the French North Africa political front exterior . The Giraud -DeGaulle "love feast" hasn ' t been too successful . Back in General Clark's bailiwick, there have been some changes that have caused concern to the American diplomats . General Clark receives today a copy of a communic ation from Mr. Culbert, Civil Affairs Officer at Ca:sablanca, to Mr. Murphy at Algiers . After pointing out that 27 changes have been made in top officials of the Protectorate of Morocco, Culbert writes: "The sweeping nature of the changes., as well as some of the more important individual ones, give the impression not only to us but to the French public that the new French governmental setup has reverted t6 the id, frequently discussed, and constantly criticized pre - war system existing in French politics. That is what disappoints a good many people who had hoped for an evolution of French politics into a definitely cl eaa er plane . Another thought which strikes ma.r.yof the old timers in Morocco is the difficulty Mf a new Administration will be faced with by such a wholesale change in organization at a time when order and security are most to be desired and are jeopardized in the civilian population here, particularly the native population . •• II General Clark also receives from the U. S. Consul General at Casablanca, H. Earle Russell, a memorandumfrom a Vice Consul , Russell Brooks . At t he bottom , 1 Russell has noted nemphatically appro ved ." Says the report, in part: "Rear Admiral M ssoffe last night expressed his fear to me that the friendly relations of American i Military Authorities with the Arabs in Morocco was brel:,king donw French influence in the Protectorate and that when the American forces eventually left the country, ~erious trouble can be eJq>ected. Admiral Missoffe appreciated our position here as tending to obtain the maximumfor the war effort from the Arabs, but believes that as they are a feud.al people, unaccustomed to liberty as it is known in the United States, they will not understand the reason for the difference between French control intended to maintain peaceable conditions (not to mention exploit ation) and the equality now accorded them by the Americans . "American-Arab policy here seems to be one of the moment and its possible effects after American troops have left apparenily do not weigh greatly in the scale . Admira l Missoffe said that we are probably unaware of the future troubles we are building up for the French in Morocco because of our lack of knowledge of Arab character, but he emphatically added that any such action was not taken with the intention of gaining for the United States Political advantages." , . In the afternoon, after clearing up his deak, the Firth Army Commanderflies to Saidia in his l3iper Cub. A companion plane bears Col. Lewis, Fifth Army Artillery Officer . Reason for taking Col. Lewis is that his name has just been sent to the Senate for promotion to Brigadier General . With the two Cub pilots , Captains Hall and Gillespie , General Clark and General Lewis spend the late af'ternoon on the beach. They return to Oujda at 6 PMand eat dinner together at the General ' s house . Because he is leaving early tomorrow on a two-day Fourth of July trip to Ra.rt and Casablanca, the Firth Army Commanderretms early . * ) * * OUJDA -RABAT-CASABLANCA, 4, 194.3 A "must" Fourth of July appearance in JULY -Rabat with the Sultan of Morocco and M Puaux, the new Resident General of French . Morocco, has the general starting for the airport from his villa at 7:.30 AMtoday . The trip westward is also going to be used by the Fifth Anny Commanderas an opportunity to inspect the Casablanca Replacement Depot and visit VI Corps and the I Armored Division, both 1''ifth Army units . �At 8:00 AM, General Clark ' s C- 47 talces off from the dusty and now quite deserted (because all troop carrier planes and gliders formerly there are being used in Operation HUSKY) airport . The party going to Ra.bat is made up of the general, Col . Saltzman ; Lt. Col . Sutherland; Bl'lli:Captain Byles, ~~~ / of the aides ; Lieut . Noah, who will act as photographer throughout the tri P. and ...,;,;J, members of the Mexican missi on to the Fifth Army, Colone l, Cardena s ~ °tnd ' ajor DeZaldo, who are returning to the United States . The general ' s transport arrives at the Rabat airport at 10 AM. .. A guard of honor, consisting of a French band and French and American troops, is lined up for General Clark . After inspecting the guard, the"'Fifth Army Command er ' s party, escorted by a reconnaissance troop, drives to the reviewing stand in the heart of Rabat . This is the main point p,css w which the Fourth of July parade m will pass . Arriving at the re viewing stand , General Clark is again given honors, this time by an American band . Soon after General Clark ' s arrival, the Sultan comes in regal splendor . He is preceded by his color1Ully dressed mounted guard on beau tiful horses . Then comes a foot barld with its shrill native instruments . Following this is the Sultan ' s Own Black Guard, huge black men with silver rings in their right ear lobes . The Guard is dressed in brilliant red uniforms . At 10: 45, the first unit of the Four th of July parade reaches the reviewing stand . It is a native Moroccan band and a goup of Cherifian infantry dressed in flowing native costumes . Next comes regiment of French infantry and a French band . All other units passing in review are American . First comes almost all elements of an Infantry Division , first the doughboys marching, then the artille r y towing its guns behind t.rucks follows with other division units brirgtng up the rear . El ements of an Armored Division fol l ow with the tanks and reconnai s sance vehicles rumbling their way down streets banked by a human hem. This is followed by. various battalions and companies made up of signal , medical and ordnance units . The end of the parade passes the reviewing stand at noon just as a 48 gun salute starts . From the review, General Clark goes to his Rabat villa to clean up and then proceeds to the Tour Hassan Hotel where a luncheon is given at the VI Corps Headquarters Officers' Mess., The luncehon -- which includes lobster, steak and straw berry shortcake -- is delicious . It is attended by M Puaux, the Sultan, General . Clark, General Dawley and high French and Arab officials . Fr om the luncheon , Gen. Clark goes to Rabat airfield and takes off for Casablanca in his transport . At Casablanca he is met by Colonel Ratay, commander of the Atlantic ~ase Section . After reviewing an honor guard at the airport, Gener~l Clark drives directly to Villa Maas, a beautiful home that overlooks Casablanca and the sea beyond from a fine site behind the city . The villa , owned by a prominent North Africhn oournal ist , is luxuriously furnished . The general and his party make immediute use of the villa ' s spacious swimming pool . The official United States ArmyBand has just arrived in Africa from the States and it comes to Villa Maas to paly a spec i al concert for the general . When the band has completed its half hour concert , General Clark goes out and thanks the band, reminding them how oft en he has heard them pl ay at his old station -- their home station -- the Army War College in Washington . Also staying at Villa Maas are Major General Gillam, who succeeded Lieut . Gen. Devers as head of the U.S. Armored Forces when Devers was made Commanding General of the European Theater of Operations with headquarters in London. General Clark spends quite some time in conversation with General Gillam. At 7 PM, General Cl~rk and his party go to the residence of U.S . Consul General and Mrs. Russell to attend a Fourth of July tea being given byJ the diplomatic offic - j �41 ial . A large group of French and American army and navy officials and French civilian officials are already gathered at the consul ' s home. Leaving the tea at 8:20 PM General Clark, with Colonels Sal t zman and Sutherland and Captain Byles, , drives to the apartment of Ted Culbert , head civil affairs officer at Casablanca. Culber t is giving a Fourth of July dinner and the 35 to 40 guests include many influential members of the Casablanca French community. Also present are M. and Mme. Puaux and their son, Lieut . Puaux, who is being assigned to the French mission with Fifth Army At 10:45, the General and his party go to the Hotel Robinson in . Casablanca. where the Atlantic Base Section is giving a Fourth of July dance . The orchestra is composed of special musicians out of the United States ArmyDand. At midnight , General Clark and his officers return to the villa . The Fifth Army Com mander goes~ to bed immediately but the other officers, including the General ' s pilot and co- pilot, Captain Worley and Lieutenant Adair , go swimming again in "the raw . " * * * CASABLANCA -RABAT-OUJDA, JULY5, 1943•- After breakfasting in the top floor dining room of Villa Maas, General Clark goes at 8:00 AMto the 2nd Replacement Depot to make an inspection,. He is met by Colonel Dockum, c.o. of the~Depot , and Lieut . Col . Wagner, who is in charge of training . The Fifth Army Commanderthen makes a rapid but complete tour of the replacement depot . He watches officers and men getting close order and manual of arms drill. At the conclusion of his inspec tion , about 5, 000 officers and men are assembled the drill field and the General addresses them. In a five minute talk, he emphasizes the need for discipline , of which, he says, 11the salute is the first indication . " He expresses the hope that "many of you in the audience will be assigned to Fifth Army units . "In almost al+ cases," he says, hitting hard on the discipline a.ngite, "troop failures can be directly attributed to officer failures and officers must realize their respon sibilities and never flag in their efforts to improve themselves . " In closing, General Clark, who has just heard that many in his audience were prevented by his visit from getting passes, declar es that he hopes the time will be made up to them. He is applauded heartily and cheered lustily at the end of his speech . on General Clark is pleased with the progress being made at the replacement cent er. It has been a source of worry to him and he tells Col. Dockumthat he is "doing a fine job . 11 Construction work at the depot is proceeding rapidly . Addit ional e:raining ,equipment, particularly rifles, is being obtained for the depot . The party then goes to the Casablanca airport and takes off in the General's transport . The big plane puts down at Sale, just across the river from Rabat, at 11 AM Gene:al Clark is met by General Dawley and taken to a VI Corps range . that is north of Sale along the Atlantic coast . Here, General Clarks ees a demon stration of the use of airplanes in chemical warfare . While Colonel Guild, Chemical Warfare Officer of VI Corps, conducts a running commentary, D-25s attack a target in front of General Clark with various types of indendiary bombs, white phosphorous and smoke. At first they dro p the chemicals in bombsMThen, the planes lay it in smoke screen form. Finally, the ..2011roar over and sprayx the officer audience with water to simulate a vesicant gas . -· Following the chemical warfare demonstration , General Clark witnesses a demonstration of an attack upon a strong point by tanks, supported by artillery. 11 A platoon of tanks, successively firing and advancing, attack a.n }Jenemy strong hold while the strong point is covered by percussion fire by a battery of 105 howitzers. I-'inally, the tanks overrun the strong point, firing their machine guns �~~"!t.lk~~~~ ll'ltS' ,W. ~T-lnfs'l'f''r;r rt'\V3 -,,. rr,·1;i; st::~<ttt::. z 'i'. while the artillery continues a heavy fire to neutralize "enemy personnel'' at the strong point . The artillerymen use high explosive with time fire. This fire, while destructive to enemy personnel, is not of suffi dient strength to damage the tanks which shed it quite easily. The artillel"J fire is laid dovm by a lh-d.ttery out of the 36th Division. The demonstratioh is spectacular . General Dawley is host at a luncheon given picnic style in a nearby cork forest . The chief guests are Generals Clark, Harmon and Walker. An orchestrq from one of the VI Corps units furnishes music . Following lunch, General Clark is taken by General t&:~J~ to the I Armored Od!vs headquarters where General Har; mon tqkos over . General Ciark is then taken by General Harmon on a drive through the ltst Armored Division area . From the car, General Clark sees how the division is set up in the cork forest area north of Sale . At J:50 PM General Clark is , back at Rabat airport and he takes off for Oujda in his transport after bidding Generals Dawley and Harmon goodbye . Lieut . Pu.aux returns to Oujda with the PBrrty. The transport lands at 6 PMand General Clark dJ:ives to his villa. Before having his dinner he works on urgent papers that are brought to his villa by his aides . * * * OUJDA, JULY6, 1943-- General Clark ' s long - standing conviction that the Anny, not the Navy, should be responsible for amphibious training is facing fire again as the U.S. Navy, already twice denied, brings to a head its determined lirive to take over amphibious training . C General Clark receives ae ,tt111arnunemrmw11JiMw..,,_ from Allied Ji'orce Head- \ quarters a communication declaring that 11The Commander, U.S . Naval Forces in North African Waters will forthwith assume responsibility for amphibious training of such troops as may be designated by this headquarters . The scope of this train- I ing will be such as to insure adequate training of Naval and Army elements in \ landing assualt and followup troops on designated bea ches; maintenance of corr.nrun ications from ship to shore and shore to ship from the moment the landing of leading elements is effected; movement of supplies from ship to dumps ashore, and maintenance of supply over beaches; all matters connected with an amphibious operation except training of land forces in the tactics and tebhnique employed by the several arms when once ashore; (establish various schools for specialized training) •11 The punch varagraph of the tram.ng directive says: "The Fifth Army Invasion iraining Center, less non-amphibious training activities, is transferred to Navy control andis redesignated as the Amphibious Training Center, North African Theater of Operations. Non-amphibious training facilities will be retained under control of Fifth Army for use of ground force units. under training. 11 Despite being somewhat ill with dysentry and spending the morning working on papers from his bedroom, General Clark comes to his office for a conference with General Wolfe, who has become temporl:l.ry c.o. of the ITC during General 0 1Daniels absence on operation HU SKY, and General Crane, who has flown down from Algiers to discuss the move with the 1',ifth Army Commander A long conference between . Generals Clark, Gruenther, Crane and Wolfe follows . The result is the drafting of the following memorandumto General Rooks, G- 3 of Allied Force Headqual'ters . Gen. Crane flies back to Algiers with it: "1 . General Crane and his group have visited us today in connection with the responsibility for amphibious tra . ,the Invasion Training Center . In view �Y9 of the extremely short time remaining prior to the D- day for the next operation it is considered impracticable to transfer the Invasion Training Center ' s activ ities to another agency as contemplated in the draft directive which General Crane presented . 112. It is propo eed that there be set up in the Arzew area, in addition to the Fifth Army Invasion Training Center now there, an amphibious training center to be conducted by the Navy. The Fifth Army Invasion Training Center will handle matters involving ground forces and the amphibious training center will conduct training involving the purely amphibious phase of operations . A commanding officer will be designated for each activity, and they will confer mutually to determine what specific activities will be undertaken by each . It is further contemplated that there would be an exchange of liaison officers to secure the necessary coordination . 113. In determining which training activities will be conducted by the Army and by the Navy, the guiding principle will be that the service responsible for a particular phase of the operation will also be responsible for the correspond ing training . 114 . other seasons why it is inadvisable to trans.fer the Invasion Training Center activities to the U.S. navy at this time are: "a . Training by the Fifth Army has already been started . "b . It is probable that the naval support for the next operation will be gi ven by the British Navy. Upon completion of that operation it is improbable that other large scale amphibious training will be donduct ed in the Mediterranean area . "c . The U.S . Navy is so preoccupied with current operations at this time that it will be able to contribute little to the actual training . (s) Mark W Clark, . Lieutenant General , USA, Commanding11 . After an early - morning visit from Col . Bruce and taking medicine for his dysentry , General Clark remains in his bedroom but works on papers that are taken to him by his aides . He remains at the villa until after lunch, then comes to his office for the all - important amphibious training conf erence . First he confers wi th General Wo+fe, the m, after General Crane has arrived and inspected a guard of honor, the conference is held . General Clark has other conferences during the afternoon -- with his Judge Advocate, Col onel M ckelwaite, and other general and i special staff officers . In the evening , General Clark has Col . Bruce at his villa Fifth Army Commanderretires early . * * for dinner . The * OUJDA-SAIDIA-OUJDA , JULY7, 1943- -The I Armored Corps, commandedby General Patton , is to become the Seventh United States Army just as soon as Operation HUSKY gets underway , which means with a very few days . Arrival of this secret document confims what General Clark already knew. Personnel and organizations now assigned or atta ched to the I Armored Corps (Reinforced) are to be assigned or attached to the Seventh Army upon its activation. This makes three United States Armies that have been organized outside the United States . First, General Clark ' s Fifth Army; then the Sixth Army under Gen. Krueger in the South Pacific, and now the Seventh A:rrrry, under General Patton . __,, Like the Fifth Army, the Seventh Army will be allocated to the comraandof the Cornmanderib - Chief , Allied Force , General Eisenhower . - �56 General Clark's entire morning-- and it s·ta.rts with him in his office before with pa.per work. General Gruenther is away on a one- day trip so there are no conferences of great importance . By concentrating on nothing but cables , memorandums etc ., the General has his desk cleared by noon . In the after , noon he drives to Saidi.a with two old friends , Colonel Markoe and Major Nygaard . They spend the afternoon on the beach and, following supper at the Saidia villa, return to Onjda . 8 AM is filled -- Allied aircraft *bave been relentlessiy pounding Sicily , -1Sardinia and Italy , proper for the past month. The Wops ar e suffering acutely from a ,rar of nerves . Allied aircraft are shooting down four Axis planes to one in their highly success ful forays . Heavy raids are being made against Germany from bases in England . The Axis is taking a lo t of shoving around now. In the South Pacific, an offensive · against the Japanese has been started and it ia proceeding v1ell . For the first time since their defeat in Tunisia, the Axis struck back last night , sending a 100 bomber raid against Bizerte where invasion craft are making ready to sail . Effect of the raid is not known. The Germans l.aanched yesterday a big offensive on the Russian front . They took a solid beating fro~ the intrenched Russians . German losses in tanks and men were heavy . * * * OUJDA,JUL 8 , 1943-- Looking to the day when t he Fifth Army will enter an Y enemy country and have to institute military government, General Clark has a long conference tod ay with Brigadier General Holmes, head of the .Military Government section of Allied Force Headquarters . General Holmes, just promoted, is the colonel w went to No h Africa with General Clark las t O ho rt ctober on the secret mission . An organization Jmownas AM GOI', Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories, has been set up. General Holmes explains its workings to Generals Clark and Gruenther and Lieut . Col . Sutherland, head of the Fifth Army Liaison section. Ea.ch army that has t o deal with the government of occupies tertitories will have a military government staff that is completely army. If the head staff officer is Ame ican, his chief executive officer will be British, or vice versa . r An equal distribution will be made of all military government posts so the officers are half British, half American . Military policemen for instance will be either British or Americah but they will be rexpresenting BarH governments . The important thing about AMGOT that it is joint, with no national differences . This military is government section will be all ready , when an army moves into a new country, to assuming the government of that country . Policing , courts, sanitation, fiscal , etc . , will all be provided for before the occupation starts . General Holmes explaina the organization as it particularly involves an army such as the Fifth . A Military Government school has been set up in Africa as a branch of the United States Army Military Government school in Virginia . It is decided that Col . Sutherland will go to Algiers and the Military Government school to get further details of the Military Government proceedure so he can head it up when the F'ifth Army moves into an occupied country . It is a vast and complicated field and exceptionally important because proper applicati on of military government means that the army can fight with eyes ahead, not with apprehensive glances back over the shoulder to be pre pared for a stab in the back b~ a discontented or mal-disciplined enemy populati on . General Holmes, an old friend of General Clark's, is to remai n overnight in Oujda. Upon his arrival, he reviews and honor guard for the first time, then goes into conference . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clark, Mark W. Diaries Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark (1896-1984) was a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in World War I and World War II, and was President of The Citadel from 1954 to 1965. <a href="http://www3.citadel.edu/museum/Clark_Inventory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This finding aid describes Clark's archival collection at The Citadel Archives</a>, the bulk of which covers Clark's World War II career and his time as Citadel President.<br /><br />This collection features diary entries from June 1942 to December 1950. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP Clark Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/collections/show/20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mark W. Clark Diary, June 1 - July 7, 1943 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Mark W. (Mark Wayne), 1896-1984. World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Military campaigns. United States—History, Military—20th century. Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina Description An account of the resource Mark W. Clark's World War II diaries were kept by an aide. These entries are from June 1 to July 7, 1943. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CP 9 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Citadel Archives & Museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Materials in The Citadel Archives & Museum Digital Collections are intended for educational and research use. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright. For more information contact The Citadel Archives & Museum, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29409. Relation A related resource Mark W. Clark Collection Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://citadeldigitalarchives.omeka.net/items/show/1566